Chapter I: Part 1

Transcriber's Note: Phonetic characters are represented by the
following symbols:
[xT] = any letter "x" with inferior inverted "T"
[=x] = any letter "x" with superior macron
[x=] = any letter "x" with inferior macron
[=oo] = "oo" with superior macron
[)x] = any letter "x" with superior breve
[)oo] = "oo" with superior breve
[.x] = any letter "x" with superior dot (semi-dieresis)
[x.] = any letter "x" with inferior dot (semi-dieresis)
[x:] = any letter "x" with inferior double-dot (dieresis)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON

ORTHOGRAPHY AND READING.

BY

B.A. HATHAWAY,

_AUTHOR OF THE "1001 QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK SERIES._

THE BURROWS BROTHERS COMPANY,

CLEVELAND, OHIO.

* * * * *

IN THE SAME SERIES.

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(Embracing Descriptive, Physical, and Mathematical Geography.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON GRAMMAR.

(With copious Illustrations, Parsing and Analysis.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON ARITHMETIC.

(Including nearly 300 Test Examples, with Solutions.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING.

(The latest and most exhaustive Book on this subject ever published.)

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(Containing a separate and exhaustive Chapter on the Physiological effects of Alcohol and Narcotics.)

1001 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON ORTHOGRAPHY AND READING.

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EXTRA CLOTH, PRICE 50c. Each. Postage prepaid.

ANY 6 ASSORTED FOR $2.50, POSTPAID. ANY 8 ASSORTED FOR $3.25, POSTPAID. THE 10 ASSORTED $4.00 POSTPAID.

PUBLISHED BY

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* * * * *

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888,

BY B.A. HATHAWAY,

In the office of the librarian of Congress at Washington, D.C.

* * * * *

PREFATORY NOTE.

_In presenting this, the seventh book of the "1001 Question and Answer Series," we feel that a great want is partially met. It is evident, from the number of inquiries made for such a book, that the works devoted to the subject of Orthography are very limited._

_We are also aware that the Authors of the different Grammars devote such a limited space to the subject of Orthoepy and technical Orthography, that both Teacher and Pupil turn away from the subject in disgust._

_In preparing this list of questions and answers we have consulted the best authority of the present day, and believe we have gone over the ground in such a way that it will meet the approval of all interested._

_The questions and answers on Reading we trust will add to the interest of the book, and only hope that it will be received with as gracious a welcome and hearty approval as the rest of the series._

B.A.H. APRIL, 1888.

* * * * *

CONTENTS.

PAGE.
Letters, 5
Orthoepy, 13
Substitutes, 17
Definitions and Words, 20
Rules and Terms, 25
Numerical Values of the Letters, 32
Capitals and Italics, 35
Abbreviations, 38
Accent and Punctuation, 40
Diacritical Marks, 44
Prefixes and Suffixes, 46
Promiscuous Questions, 56
Reading and Elocution, 60
Miscellaneous Exercises, 80

* * * * *

LETTERS.

1. _What is Orthography?_
The science and art of the Letters of a language.

2. _Of what does Orthography treat?_
The nature and power of letters, and correct spelling.

3. _From what is the word Orthography derived?_
Two Greek words, signifying "To write right."

4. _What is a Letter?_
A character used to represent an elementary sound, or combination
of sounds.

5. _What is an Alphabet of a Language?_
A complete list of its letters.

6. _What is the origin of the word Alphabet?_
It is derived from the first two letters of the Greek Alphabet:
Alpha and Beta.

7. _Where did the Alphabet originate?_
The English comes from the Greek, which was brought by Cadmus from
Phoenicia, about the year 1490 B.C.

8. _What was the first Alphabet ever used?_
The Hebrew.

9 _How many letters were in the original Alphabet?_
Sixteen.

10. _Where did the other letters originate?_
They have been added since the time of Cadmus, as their use became
necessary.

11. _What was the last letter added to the English Alphabet?_
W.

12. _Why was it called W?_
On account of it being composed of two u's, or a double u.

13. _How many letters in the English Alphabet?_
Twenty-six.

14. _How many in the Latin Alphabet?_
Twenty-five.

15. _What is the difference between the Latin Alphabet and the
English?_
The Latin omits the letter W.

16. _What Alphabet has the greatest number of letters?_
The Chinese.

17. _How many letters in the Chinese Alphabet?_
Over two hundred.

18. _What is a Perfect Alphabet?_
One which contains the same number of letters that it has
elementary sounds.

19. _Is the English a perfect Alphabet?_
It is not.

20. _How many Elementary sounds in the English Language?_
About forty-three.

21. _What is an Imperfect Alphabet?_
One in which the number of sounds exceeds the number of letters.

22. _What is an Equivocal Alphabet?_
An Imperfect one.

23. _What is an Unequivocal Alphabet?_
Same as Perfect.

24. _Is the English Alphabet Equivocal or Unequivocal?_
Equivocal.

25. _What is a Univocal Alphabet?_
One that has a separate character for each elementary sound.

26. _What is an Alphabetic Language?_
A language in which the characters represent separate articulate
sounds.

27. _What is a Phonetic Alphabet?_
One in which there is a separate character for each elementary
sound.

28. _Is there any Phonetic Alphabet of the English Language?_
There have been several published, but they are not in general use.

29. _How many letters in the English Phonetic Alphabet?_
Forty-three.

30. _What is the name of a Letter?_
The appellation by which it is known.

31. _What is the difference between a Letter and its Name?_
The letter is the character, and the name is its appellation.

32. _What Letters name themselves?_
The vowels A, E, I, O, and U.

33. _How are the Letters divided?_
Into Vowels and Consonants.

34. _What are Vowels?_
Those letters which represent only pure tones.

35. _Name all the Vowels._
A, E, I, O, U, and in some situations W and Y.

36. _What is a Consonant?_
A letter that represents an interruption of sound or breath.

37. _Why called Consonants?_
Because they cannot be used alone in a word, but must be connected
with a Vowel.

38. _How many kinds of Consonants are there?_
Two; single Letters and Combinations.

39. _Name the Consonant letters._
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z.

40. _Name the Consonant Combinations._
Th, Sh, Ch, Zh, Wh, and Ng.

41. _Name the two Orders of the Consonants._
Mutes and Semi-vowels.

42. _What are Mutes?_
Those letters which admit of no escape of breath while the organs
of speech are in contact.

43. _Name the Mutes._
B, D, K, P, T, and C and G hard.

44. _What other term is often applied to the Mutes?_
Close Consonant.

45. _What are Semi-vowels?_
Those letters that admit of an escape of breath while the organs
of speech are in contact.

46. _Name the Semi-vowels._
F, H, J, L, M, N, R, S, V, W, X, Y, Z, and C and G soft.

47. _Are the Combinations Mutes or Semi-vowels?_
They are all Semi-vowels.

48. _What letters are called Nasals?_
M, N, and Ng.

49. _What other term is often applied to the Semi-vowels?_
Loose Consonant.

50. _What letters are called Liquids?_
L, M, N, and R.

51. _Why are the Liquids so called?_
Because of their flowing sound, which readily unites with the
sound of other letters.

52. _What are Sibilants?_
Letters which have a hissing sound; as, S and Z.

53. _What letter is called the Mute Sibilant?_
The letter X.

54. _What letters represent no sound of their own?_
C, Q, and X.

55. _What are these letters called?_
Redundant letters.

56. _Why are they so named?_
Because they are not necessary for the completion of the Alphabet.

57. _By what letters are the sounds of C represented?_
K and S.

58. _What letters represent the sound of Q?_
Kw.

59. _What letters represent the sound X?_
Ks.

60. _What letters of themselves form words?_
A, I, and O.

61. _Spell all of the Consonants._
Bee, Cee, Dee, Eff, Gee, Aitch, Jay, Kay, Ell, Em, En, Pee,
Kw, Ar, Ess, Tee, Vee, Double-u, Ex, Wy, and Zee.--_Goold
Brown_.

62. _What letters are called the Twins?_
Q and U.

63. _Why so called?_
Because Q is always followed by U in English spelling.

64. _Is there any exception to this rule?_
The word LEECLERCQ is sometimes given as an example, but in
English it is spelled LEECLERC.

65. _What is meant by style of letters?_
Different type; as, Roman, Script, Italics, etc.

66. _How many forms have letters?_
Two.

67. _What are they?_
Small letters and Capitals.

68. _What are the Natural Divisions of Consonants?_
Subvocals and Aspirates.

69. _What are Subvocals?_
Those Consonants which produce an undertone of voice when their
sounds are uttered.

70. _Name the Subvocals._
B, D, G hard; J and G soft; L, M, N, R, V, W, Y, Z, Zh, and Ng.

71. _What are Aspirates?_
Mere whispers made by the organs of speech and breath.

72. _Name the Aspirates._
C, F, H, K, P, Q, S, T, X, Ch, Sh, and Wh.

73. _What Combination is both Aspirate and Subvocal?_
Th.

74. _What are Cognate letters?_
Those which are produced by the same organs of speech in a similar
position.

75. _Give an example of a Cognate letter._
D is a cognate of T.

76. _What are Quiescent letters?_
Those that are silent.

77. _How many uses have Silent letters?_
Five.

78. _What are they?_
To modify vowels; to modify consonants; to determine
signification; to determine origin; and to distinguish
words of like signification.

79. _What are Explodents?_
Those letters whose sound cannot be prolonged.

80. _Name the Explodents._
B, D, G, J, P, Q, T, and K.

81. _What are the principle organs of speech?_
Lips, teeth, tongue, and palate.

82. _What is meant by Organical division of the consonants?_
Pertaining to those particular organs used in their pronunciation.

83. _Name the Organical divisions._
Labials, Dentals, Linguals, and Palatals.

84. _What are Labials?_
Those letters whose sounds are modified by the lips.

85. _Name them._
B, F, M, P, V, W, and Wh.

86. _What are Dentals?_
Those letters whose sounds are modified by the teeth.

87. _Name them._
J, S, Z, Ch, Sh, Zh, C and G soft.

88. _What are Linguals?_
Those letters whose sounds are modified by the tongue.

89. _Name them._
D, L, N, R, T, Y, and Th.

90. _What are Palatals?_
Those letters whose sounds are modified by the palate.

91. _Name them._
K, Q, X, Ng, C and G hard.

92. _What letters have no Organical classification?_
H, and all the vowels.

93. _What is an Aphthong?_
A silent letter or combination.

94. _How many kinds of Aphthongs?_
Three.

95. _What are they?_
Vowels, Consonants, and Combinations.

96. _What letters are never silent?_
F, J, Q, R, and X.

97. _In what words is V silent?_
Sevennight and twelvemonth.

98. _In what word is Z silent?_
Rendezvous.

99. _What letters are never doubled?_
X and H.

100. _How many words contain all the vowels in regular order?_
Two.

101. _What are they?_
Abstemious and Facetious.

102. _What is a Diphthong?_
Two vowels sounded together in the same syllable.

103. _Name the Diphthongs._
Ou, Ow, Oi, and Oy.

104. _How many sounds do they represent?_
Two.

105. _What are the sounds called?_
Diphthongal sounds.

106. _How many kinds of Diphthongs are there?_
Two.

107. _What are they?_
Separable and Inseparable.

108. _Which ones are Separable?_
Oi and Oy.

109. _What is an Improper Diphthong?_
The union of two vowels in a syllable, one of which is silent.

110. _By what other name are they known?_
Digraph.

111. _How many Digraphs are there?_
Twenty-five.

112. _Name them._
Aa, Ae, Ai, Ao, Au, Aw, Ay, Ea, Ee, Ei, Eo, Eu, Ew, Ey, Ie, Oa,
Oe, Oi, Oo, Ou, Ow, Ua, Ue, Ui, and Uy.

113. _What is a Trigraph?_
A union of three vowels in one syllable, two of which are silent,
or all three representing one sound.

114. _How many Trigraphs are there?_
Eight.

115. _Name them._
Awe, Aye, Eau, Eou, Eye, Ieu, Iew, and Uoi.

116. _What is a Tetragraph?_
Union of four vowels in one syllable.

117. _How many Tetragraphs are there?_
One.

118. _What is it?_
Ueue in the word Queue.

119. _May the terms Digraph, etc., be used with the Consonants?_
They may.

120. _Give example of Consonant Digraph._
Gh, in the word laugh.

121. _Give example of Consonant Trigraph._
Thr, in the word throw.

122. _Give example of Consonant Tetragraph._
Phth, in the word phthisic.

123. _What is a regular Triphthong?_
A vowel trigraph in which all three of the vowels are sounded.

124. _Give an example._
Quoit.

ORTHOEPY.

1. _What is Orthoepy?_
That science which treats of the elementary sounds and the
pronunciation of words.

2. _What is Phonology?_
The science of the elementary sounds uttered by the human voice in
speech.

3. _What is an Elementary sound?_
One that cannot be divided so as to be represented by two or more
letters.

4. _What is Sound?_
A sensation produced on the auditory nerve by the rapid vibratory
motion of any elastic substance.

5. _What is the least number of vibrations that will produce an
audible sound?_
Sixteen per second.

6. _What is the greatest number that can be heard?_
About forty thousand per second.

7. _What is Voice?_
Sound produced by the vocal chords.

8. _What is an Articulate sound?_
One made by the organs of speech and used in language.

9. _What is a Vocal sound?_
One that is modified but not obstructed by the articulatory organs.

10. _What is a simple Vocal sound?_
One made without any change in the position of the articulatory
organs during its emission.

11. _What is a Coalescent?_
An articulate sound that always precedes and unites with a vocal.

12. _What is a Guttural sound?_
One that is modified by the soft palate.

13. _What are Unarticulate sounds?_
The sounds of the vowels.

14. _How many Elementary sounds do the vowels represent?_
Fifteen.

15. _How many do the Consonants represent?_
Eighteen.

16. _How many do the Combinations represent?_
Seven.

17. _How many do the Diphthongs represent?_
Only one, as oi and oy only repeat sounds already represented by a
and i.

18. _How many sounds has A?_
Five.

19. _What are they?_
Long, Short, Medial, Flat, and Broad.

20. _How many sounds has E?_
Two.

21. _What are they?_
Long and Short.

22. _How many sounds has I?_
Two.

23. _What are they?_
Long and Short.

24. _How many sounds has O?_
Three.

25. _What are they?_
Long, Short, and Slender.

26. _How many sounds has U?_
Three.

27. _What are they?_
Long, Short, and Medial.

28. _How many sounds has B?_
One; as heard in the word babe.

29. _How many sounds has C?_
None that may be properly called its own.

30. _How many sounds has D?_
One; as heard in the word did.

31. _How many sounds has F?_
One; as heard in the word flew.

32. _How many sounds has G?_
Two; as heard in the words go and age.

33. _How many sounds has H?_
One; as heard in the word high.

34. _How many sounds has J?_
None of its own, but represents one; the sound of G.

35. _How many sounds has K?_
One; as heard in the word key.

36. _How many sounds has L?_
One; as heard in the word lily.

37. _How many sounds has M?_
One; as heard in the word money.

38. _How many sounds has N?_
One; as heard in the word nat.

39. _How many sounds has P?_
One; as heard in the word pie.

40. _How many sounds has R?_
One; as heard in the word roar. (REM.--Some authors give r three
sounds.)

41. _How many sounds has S?_
One; as heard in the word same.

42. _How many sounds has T?_
One; as heard in the word tight.

43. _How many sounds has V?_
One; as heard in the word view.

44. _How many sounds has W?_
One; as heard in the word we.

45. _How many sounds has X?_
None of its own, as it is a redundant letter.

46. _How many sounds has Z?_
One; as heard in the word ooze.

47. _How many sounds has Th?_
Two; as heard in the words thigh and the.

48. _How many sounds has Ch?_
One; as heard in the word church.

49. _How many sounds has Sh?_
One; as heard in the word ash.

50. _How many sounds has Zh?_
One obscurely; represented by _si_ in such words as fusion, _zi_
in glazier.

51. _How many sounds has Wh?_
One; as heard in the word what.

52. _How many sounds has Ng?_
One; as heard in the word sing.

53. _What are regular sounds?_
The long sounds of the letters.

SUBSTITUTES.

1. _What is a Substitute?_
A letter representing a sound usually represented by another.

2. _What are Equivalent letters?_
Letters representing the same sound.

3. _What properties do Substitutes assume?_
The properties of the letter whose sound it represents.

4. _How many Substitutes has a long?_
Four.

5. _What are they?_
_E_ in tete; _ei_ in feint; _ey_ in they; and _ao_ in gaol.

6. _How many Substitutes has a middle?_
Two.

7. _What are they?_
_E_ in there; and _ei_ in heir.

8. _How many Substitutes has a broad?_
Two.

9. _What are they?_
_O_ in cord; and _ou_ in sought.

10. _How many Substitutes has e long?_
Three.

11. _What are they?_
_I_ in marine; _ie_ in fiend; and _ay_ in quay.

12. _How many Substitutes has e short?_
Two.

13. _What are they?_
_A_ in says; and _u_ in bury.

14. _How many Substitutes has i long?_
Two.

15. _What are they?_
_Y_ in chyme; and _oi_ in choir.

16. _How many Substitutes has i short?_
Six.

17. _What are they?_
_Y_ in hymn; _e_ in England; _u_ in busy; _o_ in women; _ee_ in
been; and _ai_ in captain.

18. _How many Substitutes has o long?_
Two.

19. _What are they?_
_Eau_ in beau; and _ew_ in sew.

20. _How many Substitutes has o short?_
One.

21. _What is it?_
_A_ in what.

22. _How many Substitutes has u long?_
One.

23. _What is it?_
_Ew_ in new.

24. _How many Substitutes has u short?_
Three.

25. _What are they?_
_E_ in her; _i_ in sir; and _o_ in son.

26. _How many Substitutes has u medial?_
One.

27. _What is it?_
_O_ in wolf.

28. _How many Substitutes has F?_
Two.

29. _What are they?_
_Gh_ in laugh; and _ph_ in philosophy.

30. _How many Substitutes has J?_
Three.

31. _What are they?_
_G_ in rage; _di_ in soldier; and _d_ in verdure.

32. _How many Substitutes has S?_
Two.

33. _What are they?_
_C_ soft, as in central; and _z_ in quartz.

34. _How many Substitutes has T?_
One.

35. _What is it?_
_Ed_ final, after any aspirate except t.

36. _How many Substitutes has V?_
One.

37. _What is it?_
_F_ in of.

38. _How many Substitutes has W?_
One.

39. _What is it?_
_U_ in quick.

40. _How many Substitutes has X?_
One.

41. _What is it?_
_Ks_ in exist.

42. _How many Substitutes has Y?_
One.

43. _What is it?_
_I_ in alien.

44. _How many Substitutes has Z?_
Three.

45. _What are they?_
_S_ in was; _c_ in suffice; and _x_ in xebec.

46. _How many Substitutes has Ch?_
Two.

47. _What are they?_
_Ti_ in question; and _t_ in nature.

48. _How many Substitutes has Sh?_
Six.

49. _What are they?_
_Ce_ in ocean; _ci_ in social; _si_ in mansion; _ti_ in motion;
_ch_ in chaise; and _s_ in sugar.

50. _How many Substitutes has Zh?_
Four.

51. _What are they?_
_Si_ in fusion; _zi_ in brazier; _z_ in azure; and _s_ in rasure.

52. _How many substitutes has Ng?_
One.

53. _What is it?_
N generally before palate sounds; as, conquer, etc.

54. _What letters have no Substitutes?_
B, D, G, H, L, M, N, P, and R.

55. _What combinations have no Substitutes?_
Th and Wh.

56. _Why is X never doubled?_
It already represents the sounds of K and S.

57. _What letter ends no English word?_
J.

DEFINITIONS AND WORDS.

1. _What is Language?_
Any method for the communication of thought and feeling.

2. _What is Natural Language?_
Instinctive methods of communicating thought or feeling.

3. _What is Artificial Language?_
That which must be learned before it can be used.

4. _Is the English Language natural or artificial?_
Artificial.

5. _How many kinds of Artificial Language?_
Two.

6. _What are they._
Spoken and written.

7. _What is Spoken Language?_
That produced by the vocal organs.

8. _What is Written Language?_
Any method of communicating thought or feeling by the use of
written or printed characters.

9. _What are the messengers of thought?_
Sentences.

10. _What is a Sentence?_
An assemblage of words conveying a thought.

11. _What is a Word?_
A sign of an idea.

12. _What is Lexicology?_
That science which treats of the meaning of words.

13. _What is Etymology?_
That science which treats of the origin and derivation of words.

14. _What is Orthogeny?_
That science which treats of the classification of words into
parts of speech.

15. _What is Syntax?_
That science which treats of the relation and connection of words
in the construction of a sentence.

16. _What is Prosody?_
That science which treats of punctuation and the laws of
versification.

17. _Of what is a word composed?_
A syllable or combination of syllables.

18. _What is a Syllable?_
A letter or letters uttered by a single impulse of the voice.

19. _What is the essential part of a syllable?_
A vowel.

20. _Can there be a syllable without it containing a vowel sound?_
There cannot.

21. _What is Syllabication?_
That branch of etymology which treats of the division of words
into syllables.

22. _How many methods of Syllabication are there?_
Two.

23. _What are they?_
English and American.

24. _What is the object of the English method?_
To separate words into their elementary parts without regard to
pronunciation; as, a-tom.

25. _What is the object of the American method?_
To indicate the proper pronunciation by separating affixes from
the roots.

26. _What is a word of one syllable called?_
A monosyllable.

27. _What is a word of two syllables called?_
A dissyllable.

28. _What is a word of three syllables called?_
A trisyllable.

29. _What is a word of more than three syllables called?_
A polysyllable.

30. _What is the Ultimate syllable of a word?_
The last syllable.

31. _What is the Penultimate syllable?_
Next to the last syllable in a word.

32. _What is the Antepenultimate syllable?_
The last syllable but two in a word.

33. _What is the Preantepenultimate syllable?_
The last syllable but three in a word.

34. _What other way may the syllables be described?_
In their numerical order; as, first, second, etc.

35. _How many syllables can a word have?_
As many as it has vowels or diphthongs sounded.

36. _How many words in the English language?_
About one hundred and twenty thousand.

37. _How are words divided in reference to form?_
Into simple and compound.

38. _How are they divided in reference to origin?_
Into primitive and derivative.

39. _What is a Simple word?_
One that is not composed of two or more whole words.

40. _What is a Compound word?_
One that is composed of two or more distinct words.

41. _What is a Primitive word?_
One in no way derived from another in the same language.

42. _What is a Radical word?_
Same as primitive.

43. _What is a Derivative word?_
One formed by joining to a primitive some letter or letters to
modify its meaning.

44. _What is Analysis?_
Separating a word or syllable into its elements or parts.

45. _What is Synthesis?_
The process of combining elements to form syllables and words.

46. _What is the Base of a Compound word?_
That word representing the fundamental idea.

47. _What is the Modifier in a Compound word?_
That word which describes the other.

48. _What is the Base of a Derivative word?_
The primitive from which it is derived.

49. _What is the Modifier in a Derivative word?_
The affix.

50. _What is an Affix?_
That part of a derivative word attached to the root.

51. _How many Root words in the English language?_
Over one thousand.

52. _What is a Prefix?_
That part of a derivative word placed before the root.

53. _What is a Postfix?_
That part of a derivative word placed after the root.

54. _What is a Suffix?_
Same as a postfix.

55. _What are Affixes?_
Prefixes and postfixes together are called affixes.

56. _How many kinds of Derivatives are there?_
Two.

57. _What are they?_
Regular and irregular.

58. _What is a Regular derivative?_
One that is formed by the addition of affixes without changing the
letters in the primitive part (except final _e_ silent).

59. _What is an Irregular derivative?_
One in which the letters of the primitive part are changed.

60. _In using Affixes, what rule should be observed?_
The affix and root should be from the same language.

61. _Is the same rule to be observed in forming Compound words?_
It is.

62. _What is a Mongrel compound word?_
One formed contrary to the rule.

63. _Give an example._
Cable-graph and cable-gram.

64. _What are Barbarisms?_
Same as mongrel.

65. _When use the hyphen in Compound words?_
When they are not permanently compounded.

66. _What is an Obsolete word?_
One gone out of date.

RULES AND TERMS.

1. _What is Spelling?_
A distinct expression of the letters or sounds of a word in their
proper order.

2. _How many kinds of Spelling?_
Two.

3. _What are they?_
Orthographic and Phonic.

4. _What is Orthographic spelling?_
An expression of the letters of a written or printed word in their
proper order.

5. _What is Phonic spelling?_
An expression of the elementary sounds of a word in their proper
order, according to established usage.

6. _What is meant by good usage?_
The usage, or custom, of the best speakers and writers of the times.

7. _How do we know when we have spelled a word correctly?_
By reference to the Dictionary?

8. _What is a Lexicographer?_
An author of a dictionary.

9. _Can we spell by Rules?_
We cannot.

10. _Why?_
Because there are too many exceptions.

11. _What makes a rule in Orthography?_
Whenever a letter is silent, or usually so, a rule is formed.

12. _Why is c placed before r in acre, massacre, etc.?_
To preserve the hard sound of c.

13. _What is the rule for Digraphs?_
A digraph must have one vowel silent.

14. _Give rule for E final._
E final is silent when another vowel precedes it in the same
syllable.

15. _What effect does final E have on the preceding vowel?_
It usually preserves its long sound.

16. _When is B silent?_
Before _t_, or after _m_, in the same syllable.

17. _When is C silent?_
Before _k_ in the same syllable; also, before _z_, _l_, or
_t_, in a few words.

18. _When is D silent?_
Before _g_ in the same syllable.

19. _When is G silent?_
Before _m_ or _n_ in the same syllable.

20. _When is H silent?_
After _g_ or _r_ in the same syllable; and _h_ final after a
vowel is always silent; also, in a few words after _t_, and
initial in a few words.

21. _When is L silent?_
After _a_ when followed by _f_, _m_, _k_, or _v_, except in the
word valve; also, before _d_ in could, etc.

22. _When is M silent?_
Before _n_ in a few words.

23. _When is N silent?_
Final after _l_ or _m_.

24. _When is P silent?_
Initial before _n_, _s_, or _t_.

25. _When is S silent?_
In a few irregular words; as, _isle_, _puisne_, _viscount_,
_corps_, etc.

26. _When is T silent?_
Before _ch_ in the same syllable; also, in _Christmas_, _eclat_,
_mortgage_, etc.

27. _When is V silent?_
In two words only--_Sevennight_ and _Twelvemonth_.

28. _When is W silent?_
Before _r_ in the same syllable also, in _whoop_, _sword_, _two_,
etc.

29. _When is Gh silent?_
After _i_ in the same syllable; also, after _au_ and _ou_ in some
words.

30. _When is Ch silent?_
In a few words; as, _drachm_, _yacht_, etc.

31. _When is Z silent?_
In one word only--_Rendezvous_.

32. _What letters are never silent?_
F, J, Q, and R.

33. _What is meant by Antecedent part of a syllable?_
That part before the vowel.

34. _What is the Consequent part of a syllable?_
That part which follows the vowel.

35. _How many words end in Ceed?_
Three.

36. _What are they?_
Exceed, proceed, and succeed.

37. _How many of the English words are derived from the Latin?_
About, three-fourths.

38. _What Language is called "Our mother tongue?"_
Anglo-Saxon.

39. _From what language do we get most of our Scientific terms?_
The Greek.

40. _How many English words begin with_ IN _as a prefix?_
Two hundred and fifty.

41. _How many begin with im?_
Seventy-five.

42. _How many begin with un?_
About two thousand.

43. _Were final E not silent, what would be the result?_
Another syllable would be formed.

44. _When is final E dropped in spelling?_
Before vowel terminations mostly.

45. _Why is the final E retained in such words as changeable and
traceable?_
To preserve the soft sound of the c or g.

46. _In the words fleeing, seeing, etc., why retain both Es?_
To determine the proper meaning of the word.

47 _What is a Figure of orthography?_
Any departure from the ordinary spelling of a word.

48. _How many Figures are there?_
Two.

49 _What are they?_
Archaism and Mimesis.

50. _What is Archaism?_
The spelling of a word according to ancient usage.

51. _What is Mimesis?_
The spelling of a word in imitation of a false pronunciation.

52. _When is i used as a consonant?_
When followed by a vowel in the same syllable; as in alien, etc.

53. _When is y final changed to e?_
Before the suffix ous; as in beauteous.

54. _When is y final changed to i?_
Before the suffix ful; as in beautiful.

55. _What is a Redundant prefix?_
One that does not change the signification of the root; as, _a_ in
the word adry.

56. _When is ie changed to y?_
Before the ending _ing_.

57. _When use the digraph ei in spelling?_
Ei follows c soft, and begins words.

58. _When use ie in spelling?_
Ie follows consonants (except c soft), and ends words.

59. _In changing the word hoe to hoeing, why retain the e?_
To preserve its signification.

60. _What is the origin of the suffix less?_
Anglo-Saxon.

61. _What is the origin of the word English?_
It is derived from the word Angles.

62. _Who were the Angles?_
They were a tribe of people who came from the land of the Low
Germans and settled in Britain in the fifth century.

63. _What does the word England mean?_
"The land of the Angles."

64. _Why is our language sometimes called the "Teutonic language"?_
Because it is derived from the ancient Germans, who were called
Teutons.

65. _What kind of words end in ize?_
Verbs derived from the Greek.

66. _What kind of words end in ise?_
Most words derived from the French.

67. _Why is the English called a Composite Language?_
Because it is derived from so many different sources.

68. _Does adding a single consonant to a word ever make an
additional syllable?_
It does.

69. _Give examples._
Grade, grad-ed; confide, con-fi-ded.

70. _Can a word be compound and derivative at the same time?_
It can; as, ball-player.

71. _How distinguish between an affix and a part of a compound
word?_
If all the parts retain their literal signification they form
a compound; if not, the part which loses its signification
becomes an affix in a derivative.

72. _Is the word outside compound or derivative?_
It is compound.

73. _Is the word outrun compound or derivative?_
It is derivative.

74. _What is Derivation?_
That branch of etymology which treats of the sources of the words
of a language.

75. _How many kinds of Derivation?_
Two.

76. _What are they?_
Paronymous and Historical.

77. _What is Paronymous derivation?_
That part of etymology which treats of present sources of English
words.

78. _Give examples of Paronymous derivation._
Kingdom, from king; Manly, from man, etc.

79. _What is Historical derivation?_
That part of etymology which treats of the foreign sources of the
English language.

80. _Give examples of Historical derivation._
Book, from boc; Moon, from mona, etc.

81. _When use a, and when an, in a sentence?_
Use a before all words beginning with a consonant sound, and
use an before words beginning with a vowel sound,
_h_ mute, or _h_ initial, if the accent is on any other
syllable than the first.

82. _Why do words in the English language become obsolete?_
Because it is a living language.

83. _What is a new word?_
One that has recently come into use.

84. _Name some new words._
Outsider, intensify, repudiate, and idiom.

85. _What is meant by suspended animation of a word?_
A word that passes out of use for a while and then resumes its
place in literature.

86. _Give examples of suspended words._
The words reckless, abate, and abandon, fell into disuse in the
seventeenth century, but have since been revived.

87. _What letters are called the pivots?_
Y and w.

88. _Why are they so called?_
Because of their peculiar sounds in changing from vowels to
consonants.

89. _What kind of new words should be avoided?_
Any word formed contrary to the genius of the language.

90. _What is meant by idiom?_
A peculiar mode of expression.

91. _What is diction?_
Diction treats of the selection and right use of words.

92. _When is our diction pure?_
When we use only such words as belong to the idiom of our language.

93. _What are Synonyms?_
Words having a similar signification.

94. _What is a Synonymicon?_
A dictionary of synonymous words.

95. _What is meant by a reputable word?_
One that is used by educated people.

96. _What is an Anacoluthic word?_
One that is unnecessary to the completion of a sentence.

97. _What is an Idiomatic word?_
A word belonging to an individual language.

98. _What is an Ideographical language?_
One in which the characters represent ideas rather than sounds.

99. _Can there be a derivative word without an affix?_
There can; as, brought from bring.

100. _What is Dactylology?_
The art of spelling words with the fingers.

101. _What is the Pythagorean letter?_
Y.--_Am. Cyclopedia_.

102. _Why so called?_
Because its Greek original represents the sacred triad used to
designate the diverging paths of virtue and vice.

NUMERICAL VALUES OF THE LETTERS.

1. _What is meant by the Numerical value of letters?_
Its value as a numeral used in the notation of different languages.

2. _Have all the letters Numerical value?_
All except J, U, W, and Y.

3. _What is the Numerical value of A?_
500.

4. _By whom used?_
The ancient European Nations.

5. _What is the Numerical value of B?_
300.

6. _By whom used?_
The Romans.

7. _What is the Numerical value of C?_
100 in the Roman notation.

8. _What is the Numerical value of D?_
500 in the Roman notation.

9. _What is the Numerical value of E?_
5.

10. _By whom used?_
The ancient Greeks.

11. _What is the Numerical value of F?_
40 in some of the Ancient notations; 80 in the Arabian; and 10,000
in the Armenian.

12. _What is the Numerical value of G?_
400.

13. _By whom used?_
The Latins.

14. _What is the Numerical value of H?_
100 in the Greek notation; and 200 in the Latin.

15. _What is the Numerical value of I?_
1 in the Roman notation; and 100 in some of the Ancient notations.

16. _What is the Numerical value of K?_
20 in the Greek notation; and 60 in the Semitic.

17. _Give the Numerical values of L._
50 in Roman, and 30 in Semitic notation.

18. _What are the Numerical values of M?_
As a Roman numeral, 1,000; Greek and Hebrew, 40.

19. _What is the value of N as a Numeral?_
In the Greek notation, 50; Roman, 90; and by some other, 900.

20. _What is the Numerical value of O?_
70 in the Greek; and 11 in the Ancient Latins.

21. _What is the Numerical value of P?_
In the Greek notation, 5; in the Latin, 80; and in the Roman, by
some authors, 7, by one, 100, and by still another, 400.

22. _As a Numeral, what is the value of Q?_
500.

23. _By whom used?_
Several of the Ancient Nations of Europe.

24. _What is the Numerical value of R?_
80

25. _By whom used?_
The ancient Romans.

26. _What is the Numerical value of S?_
7

27. _By whom used?_
The Ancients.

28. _Give the values of T as a Numeral._
300 in the Greek notation; in the Latin, 160.

29. _What is the Numerical value of V?_
5 in the Roman notation.

30. _What are the values of X as a Numeral?_
In the Roman, 10; in the Greek, 60.

31. _What are the Numerical values of Z?_
7 in the Greek notation; and 2,000 in the Roman.

32. _Why have J, U, W, and Y no Numerical values?_
Because they have been introduced into the Alphabet since the
Science of Arithmetical Notation was invented.

33. _What effect does it have on the value of a letter to draw a
line above it?_
In most cases it increases its value a thousand times.

34. _Is a line ever drawn beneath a letter for the same purpose?_
In some instances it is.

35. _What effect does it have on a letter as a numeral to repeat
it?_
Repeats its value as often as it is repeated.

CAPITALS AND ITALICS.

1. _What is a Capital letter?_
A large letter.

2. _What is an Italic letter?_
A form of oblique letters derived from the Italians.

3. _What is Rule 1 for the use of Capitals?_
Title pages and headings of chapters should be entirely in capitals.

4. _Give Rule 2._
The first word of every book, tract, essay, letter, etc., should
begin with a capital.

5. _Give Rule 3._
The first word of every sentence should begin with a capital.

6. _Give Rule 4._
Clauses separately numbered should begin with a capital.

7. _Give Rule 5._
The first word after an interrogation point should usually begin
with a capital.

8. _Give Rule 6._
The first word of a clause, or sentence, given as an example,
should begin with a capital.

9. _Give Rule 7._
In quoting a title of a book, each important word of the title
should begin with a capital.

10. _Give Rule 8._
First word of a direct question should begin with a capital.

11. _Give Rule 9._
The first word of a direct quotation should begin with a capital.

12. _Give Rule 10._
All letters used as numerals should be written or printed in
capitals.

13. _Give Rule 11._
The pronoun I should always be a capital.

14. _Give Rule 12._
The vocative particle O should always be a capital.

15. _Give Rule 13._
The first word of every line of poetry should begin with a capital.

16. _Give one exception to Rule 13._
In humorous poetry, when a word is divided at the end of a
line, the detached syllable at the beginning of the next line
should begin with a small letter.

17. _Give Rule 14._
All names and titles of the Deity should begin with a capital.

18. _Give Rule 15._
All proper names should begin with a capital.

19. _Give Rule 16._
All words derived from proper nouns should begin with a capital.

20. _Give Rule 17._
Titles of honor and distinction should begin with capitals.

21. _Give Rule 18._
The words father, mother, sister, brother, aunt, etc.,
when followed by a proper noun, should always begin with a
capital.

22. _Give Rule 19._
All words referring to the Bible should begin with a capital.

23. _Give Rule 20._
All proper adjectives should begin with a capital.

24. _Give Rule 21._
The names of famous events, historical eras, noted documents,
etc., should begin with a capital.

25. _What establishes a rule for Capitals?_
Good usage, or custom.

26. _Give Rule 1 for the use of Italics._
Words for emphasis should be printed in italics.

27. _Give Rule 2._
Names of books, poems, etc., are usually printed in italics.

28. _Give Rule 3._
Words from foreign languages are printed in italics.

29. _Give Rule 4._
Words in the Bible supplied by the translators are printed in
italics.

30. _How are written words marked that are to be printed in
Capitals?_
By underscoring the words with two lines.

31. _How are written words marked that are to be printed in
Italics?_
By underscoring the words with one line.

32. _When use the Interjection O?_
The letter O is a vocative particle, and should always be
used before nouns or pronouns in the absolute case by direct
address.--[_Ridpath._]

33. _When use Oh?_
In all cases where it is not followed by nouns, or pronouns, in
the vocative case.--[_Ridpath._]

ABBREVIATIONS.

1. _What is an abbreviation?_
One or more of the letters of a word standing for the whole word.

2. _What is the signification of A.C.S.?_
American Colonization Society.

3. _Give meaning A.B.C.F.M._
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

4. _What is the signification AAA.?_
Amalgamation.

5. _What is the signification of Ang.-Sax.?_
Anglo-Saxon.

6. _Give signification of A.T._
Arch-Treasurer.

7. _What is the signification of C.A.S.?_
Fellow of the Connecticut Academy.

8. _What is the signification of C.C.?_
County Court, or County Commissioner.

9. _What is the meaning of D.C.L.?_
Doctor of Civil Law.

10. _What is the signification of D.M.?_
Doctor of Music.

11. _What is the signification of A.U.C.?_
In the year of the city.

12. _What is the meaning of F.E.S.?_
Fellow of the Entomological Society.

13. _What is the signification of H.R.I.P.?_
Here rests in peace.

14. _What is the signification of L.C.J.?_
Lord Chief Justice.

15. _What is the signification of N.u.?_
Name unknown.

16. _What is the signification of P.a.?_
Participial adjective.

17. _What is the signification of P.v.?_
Post village.

18. _What is the signification of Qy.?_
Query.

19. _What is the signification of Ro.?_
Righthand page.

20. _What is the signification S.C.L.?_
Student of the Civil Law.

21. _What is the signification of S.R.I.?_
Holy Roman Empire.

22. _What is the signification of S.J.C.?_
Supreme Judicial Court.

23. _What is the signification of U.S.S.?_
United States Ship.

24. _What does U.K. signify?_
United Kingdom.

25. _What does V.R. signify?_
Queen Victoria.

26. _What does V.G. signify?_
For example.

27. _What does Xt. signify?_
Christ.

28. _What does Xmas. signify?_
Christmas.

29. _What is the signification of Y.B.?_
Year Book.

30. _What is the signification of Zoöl.?_
Zoölogy.

31. _What does Yt. signify?_
That.

32. _What is the signification of S.T.P.?_
Doctor of Divinity.

ACCENT AND PUNCTUATION.

1. _Why is a word divided into syllables?_
For the purpose of showing their proper pronunciation and
etymological composition.

2. _What is Accent?_
A greater stress of voice placed on one syllable of a word than
the others.

3. _What kind of words have no accent?_
Monosyllables.

4. _Why?_
Accent implies comparison, and there can be no comparison with one
syllable.

5. _How many kinds of accent?_
Common, Emphatic, and Discriminating.

6. _What is common accent?_
Ordinary accent of spelling.

7. _How many kinds of common accent?_
Two.

8. _What are they?_
Primary and secondary.

9. _What is primary accent?_
The principal accent.

10. _What is secondary accent?_
The partial accent.

11. _What kind of accent is essential to every word of more than
one syllable?_
Primary.

12. _How close can primary and secondary accent come together?_
Not closer than two syllables.

13. _How many primary accents can one word have?_
Only one.

14. _How many secondary accents can a word have?_
Two.

15. _In case of two secondary accents, where are they placed?_
On the first and third.

16. _In case of two secondary, where is the primary accent?_
On the last but two.

17. _Do the primary and secondary ever change places?_
They do.

18. _In words of two syllables, where is the accent?_
Usually on the first.

19. _In trisyllables, what syllable is accented?_
Usually the first.

20. _Are there any exceptions?_
There are.

21. _In polysyllables, where is the accent?_
On the antepenult usually.

22. _In all words ending in ation, where is the accent?_
On the syllable next to the last.

23. _What is Emphatic accent?_
Accent used for emphatic distinction.

24. _Have monosyllables any accent?_
They have sometimes an emphatic, or poetic.

25. _What is Discriminating accent?_
That used to determine parts of speech.

26, _Give some examples._
Au'gust, Au-gust'; Reb'el, Re-bel'.

27, _What is Punctuation?_
The use of certain characters to aid the reader in determining the
thought of the writer.

28. _How many kinds of punctuation are there?_
Four.

29. _What are they?_
Rhetorical, Etymological, for Reference, and for the Printer.

30. _What is Rhetorical punctuation?_
That used for rhetorical effect.

31. _What is Etymological punctuation?_
That used in Orthography and Orthoepy.

32. _What is Reference punctuation?_
That used to refer the reader to the margin of the page.

33. _What is punctuation for the Printer?_
That used by the writer to inform the printer the kind of type to
use.

34. _What are the principal Etymological points?_
Apostrophe, Caret, Dieresis, Macron, Breve, Tilde, Grave Accent,
Acute Accent, Circumflex Accent, Hyphen, and Period.

35. _What is the use of the Apostrophe?_
To indicate the omission of a letter, or letters, of a word.

36. _What letter is omitted in the word o'clock?_
The letter f.

37. _What is the use of the Caret?_
To correct an error of omission.

38. _Is the Caret used in printed copy or manuscript?_
In manuscript.

39. _For what is the Dieresis used?_
To separate two vowels which would otherwise form a diphthong.

40. _Give an example of the use of the Dieresis._
Zoölogy, and Diëresis.

41. _What is the use of the Macron?_
To mark the long quantity of syllables.

42. _What is a long syllable?_
One in which the vowel has the long sound.

43. _What is the use of the Breve?_
To mark the short quantity of syllables.

44. _What is a short syllable?_
One in which the vowel has the short sound.

45. _What kind of a mark is the Tilde?_
A Spanish mark.

46. _How many uses has the Tilde?_
Two.

47. _What are they?_
Placed over _n_ it gives the sound of _ny_ as, in cañon. In
English it indicates certain sounds of the vowels.

48. _How many accent marks are there?_
Three.

49. _What are they?_
Grave, Acute, and Circumflex.

50. _What is the use of the Grave accent?_
To mark the falling inflection.

51. _What is the use of the Acute accent?_
To mark the primary accent, and the rising inflection.

52. _What is the use of the Circumflex?_
To mark the peculiar inflection of the voice in the pronunciation
of a word.

53. _How many uses has the Hyphen?_
Three.

54. _What are they?_
To separate the parts of a compound word; to separate a word into
syllables; and to divide a word at the end of a line.

55. _When should the Hyphen be used in a compound word?_
When the word has not become permanently compounded.

56. _When use the Dieresis instead of the Hyphen?_
When the syllables are divided by the hyphen, there is no hyphen
used between the vowels of the digraph.

57. _What is the use of the Period?_
To denote an abbreviation.

58. _Are there any other uses of the Period?_
There are.

59. _Where else is the Period used?_
In Rhetorical punctuation.

60. _Name the points used in Reference punctuation._
Asterisk, Obelisk, Parallels, Section, Paragraph, and Index.

61. _Are these marks ever doubled?_
They are.

62. _Are Letters ever used for reference?_
They are.

DIACRITICAL MARKS.

1. _What are Diacritical Marks?_
Characters indicating the different sounds of letters.

2. _Name the Diacritical Marks._
Macron, Breve, Dieresis, Semi-Dieresis, Caret, Tilde, Cedilla, and
the inverted T.

3. _Make the Diacritical Marks in the order named:_
(¯); ([breve]); (¨); (·); ([caret]); (~); (¸); ([T]).

4. _What does the Macron indicate?_
Over a vowel, its long sound; under e, the sound of a, long;
across c, the sound of k; over g, the hard sound; across
th, the subvocal sound, and over oo, the long sound.

5. _What are the uses of the Breve?_
Over vowels, it indicates their short sound, and over oo, its
short sound.

6. _What does the Dieresis indicate?_
Over a, its Italian sound; under a, its broad sound; over i,
the sound of e, long; under u, when preceded by r,
makes it equivalent to o, Italian.

7. _What is the use of the Semi-Dieresis?_
Over a, gives it the medium sound; under a, the sound of o,
short; over o, the sound of u, short; under o, the sound;
over g, the soft sound; and under u, the sound of Italian o.

8. _Where is the Cedilla used?_
Under c, to give it the sound of s.

9. _What is the use of the Caret as a Diacritical Mark?_
Over a, it indicates the flat sound; over e, the sound of a, flat;
over u, the sound of e, in her.

10. _Where is the Tilde used?_
Over n in Spanish words it indicates that the sound of y
immediately follows. It is also used over e in such words
as her, and over i in sir, etc.

11. _What is the use of the inverted [T]?_
Under s, it gives it the sound of z; under x, it gives the sound
of gz.

12. _Give some words illustrating the use of the Macron._
M[=a]te, b[=e]am, f[=i]ne, b[=o]at, t[=u]be, r[=oo]d, [=g]o, and
pr[e=]y.

13. _Give words showing the use of the Breve._
M[)a]t, s[)e]t, l[)o]t, t[)u]b, and f[)oo]t.

14. _Illustrate the use of the Dieresis._
Cär, polïce, f[a:]lling, and tr[u:]e.

15. _Give words showing the use of the Semi-Dieresis._
M[.a]sk, wh[a.]t, m[.o]ney, [.g]in, w[o.]lf, and b[u.]sh.

16. _Illustrate the use of the Caret._
Fâir, thêre, sûrge, and sometimes over o as in stôrm.

17. _Give words showing the use of the Tilde._
M[~e]rge and cañon.

18. _Illustrate the use of the Cedilla._
Çell and çhaise.

19. _Give some words showing the use of the inverted t._
Wa[sT] and e[xT]ist.

20. _Are there any other names for the inverted t?_
It has been given different names by different authors.

21. _What are they?_
"The Perpendicular," "Suspended Macron," etc.

22. _Is the letter y ever marked by Diacritical Marks?_
It is, sometimes.

23. _What marks are used for y?_
Macron and Breve.

24. _Give examples where y is marked with the Macron._
Sp[=y], sl[=y], st[=y], etc.

25. _Give example where y is marked with the Breve._
H[)y]mn.

26. _What mark is used to cancel silent letters?_
Short bar, similar to the Macron.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

1. _What is the signification of A as a Prefix?_
On, in, at, to, or towards.

2. _Is A as a prefix ever redundant?_
It is.

3. _Give examples._
Adry and ameliorate.

4. _What does the prefix Ab signify?_
From.

5. _What does Ab signify?_
Away from.

6. _What is the signification of Ante?_
Before.

7. _Name all the prefixes meaning To._
Ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, and at.

8. _What does Anti signify?_
Against.

9. _What does Bis signify?_
Twice.

10. _What other prefix means the same?_
Dis, from the Greek.

11. _What does Be signify?_
Upon.

12. _What does Circum signify?_
Around, as circumscribe.

13. _What is the meaning of Cis?_
On this side, as cisalpine.

14. _What prefixes signify With?_
Con, com, co, col, and cor.

15. _What prefixes signify Against?_
Contra and counter.

16. _What does Di signify?_
Two, as ditone.

17. _What prefixes signify Out of, or From?_
E, and ex.

18. _What does Dys signify?_
Ill, or difficult, as dysentery and dyspepsia.

19. _What does Enter signify?_
Between or among.

20. _What does Epi signify?_
On, as epitaph; during, as ephemeral.

21. _What prefix signifies Equal?_
Equi, as equidistant.

22. _What does Extra signify?_
Beyond, as extraordinary.

23. _What is the signification of Eu?_
Well, or agreeable, as euphony.

24. _What does Gain signify?_
Against, as gainsay.

25. _What is the signification of Hex?_
Six, as Hexagon.

26. _What does Hyper signify?_
Over, as hypercriticism.

27. _What does Hypo signify?_
Under, or beneath, as hypotenuse and hypocrite.

28. _What prefixes signify Not or In?_
In, im, il, and ir.

29. _What is the signification of Inter?_
In the midst of, or between, as intellect and intermarry.

30. _What does Intra signify?_
Within, or on the inside of.

31. _What other prefix means the same as Intra?_
Intro.

32. _What is the signification of Juxta?_
Joined to, or next, as juxtaposition.