Chapter 27: Bibliography (2)

Mr. Stevens was one of the most acute and learned bibliographers I have known. He was a man of marked individuality and independent views; with a spice of eccentricity and humor, which crept into all his catalogues, and made his notes highly entertaining reading. Besides his services to the British Museum Library, in building up its noble collection of Americana, and in whose rooms he labored for many years, with the aid of Panizzi and his successors, whom he aided in return, Stevens collected multitudes of the books which now form the choice treasures of the Lenox library, the Carter Brown library, at Providence, the Library of Congress, and many more American collections. To go with him through any lot of Americana, in one of his enterprising visits to New York, where he sometimes came to market his overflowing stores picked up in London and on the continent, was a rare treat. Every book, almost, brought out some verbal criticism, anecdote or reminiscence of his book-hunting experiences, which began in America, and extended all over Europe.

He was not only an indefatigable collector, but a most industrious and accurate bibliographer, doing more work in that field, probably, than any other American. He wrote a singularly careful, though rapid hand, as plain and condensed as print, and in days before modern devices for manifolding writing were known, he copied out his invoices in duplicate or triplicate in his own hand, with titles in full, and frequent descriptive notes attached. His many catalogues are notable for the varied learning embodied. He was a most intelligent and vigilant book collector for more than forty years, his early labors embracing towns in New York and New England, as purveyor for material for Peter Force, of Washington, whose American Archives were then in course of preparation. Among the library collectors who absorbed large portions of his gathered treasures, were James Lenox, Jared Sparks, George Livermore, John Carter Brown, Henry C. Murphy, George Brinley, the American Geographical Society, and many historical societies. He was an authority on all the early voyages, and wrote much upon them. No one knew more about early Bibles than Henry Stevens.

His enterprise and ambition for success led him to bold and sometimes extensive purchases. He bought about 1865, the library of Baron von Humboldt, and this and other large ventures embarrassed him much in later years. He became the owner of the Franklin manuscripts, left in London by the great man's grandson, and collected during many years a library of Frankliniana, which came to the Library of Congress when the Franklin manuscripts were purchased for the State Department in 1881.

He was proud of his country and his State, always signing himself "Henry Stevens, of Vermont." His book-plate had engraved beneath his name, the titles, "G. M. B.: F. S. A." The last, of course, designated him as Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, but the first puzzled even his friends, until it was interpreted as signifying "Green Mountain Boy." His brother used jocosely to assure me that it really meant "Grubber of Musty Books."

As to his prices for books, while some collectors complained of them as "very stiff," they appear, when compared with recent sales of Americana, at auction and in sale catalogues, to be quite moderate. The late historian Motley told me that Mr. Stevens charged more than any one for Dutch books relating to America; but Mr. Motley's measure of values was gauged by the low prices of Dutch booksellers which prevailed during his residence in the Netherlands, for years before the keen demand from America had rendered the numerous Dutch tracts of the West India Company, etc., more scarce and of greater commercial value than they bore at the middle of this century.

As treating of books by American authors, though not so much a complete bibliography of their works, as a critical history, with specimens selected from each writer, Duyckinck's "Cyclopaedia of American Literature" deserves special mention. The last edition appeared at Philadelphia, in 1875, in two large quarto volumes. Equally worthy of note is the compilation by E. C. Stedman and Ellen M. Hutchinson, in eleven volumes, entitled "Library of American Literature," New York, 1887-90. A most convenient hand-book of bibliographical reference is Oscar F. Adams's "Dictionary of American Authors," Boston, 1897, which gives in a compact duodecimo volume, the name and period of nearly every American writer, with a brief list of his principal works, and their date of publication, in one alphabet.

Of notable catalogues of books relating to America, rather than of American publications, should be named White Kennet's "Bibliotheca Americana primordia," the earliest known catalogue devoted to American bibliography, London, 1713; O. Rich, Catalogue of Books relating to America, 1500-1700, London, 1832; Rich, "Bibliotheca Americana nova," books printed between 1700 and 1844, two volumes, London, 1835-46; H. Harrisse, "Bibliotheca Americana vetustissima," New York, 1866, and its supplement, Paris, 1872, both embracing rare early Americana, published from 1492 to 1551. This is a critically edited bibliography of the rarest books concerning America that appeared in the first half century after its discovery.

The important field of American local history has given birth to many bibliographies. The earliest to be noted is H. E. Ludewig's "Literature of American Local History," New York, 1846. Thirty years later came F. B. Perkins's "Check List for American Local History," Boston, 1876; followed by A. P. C. Griffin's "Index of articles upon American Local History in historical collections," Boston, 1889, and by his "Index of the literature of American local history in collections published in 1890-95," Boston, 1896. Closely allied to the catalogues of city, town, and county histories, come the bibliographies of genealogies and family histories, of which the last or 4th edition of D. S. Durrie's "Bibliographia genealogica Americana; an alphabetical index to American genealogies in county and town histories, printed genealogies, and kindred works," Albany, 1895, is the most comprehensive and indispensable. This work gives us an alphabet of family names, under each of which are grouped the titles of books in which that special name is treated, with citation of the page. It also gives the name and date of publication of the special family genealogies which are separately printed, whether book or pamphlet, with number of pages in each. The work is by a librarian, to whose laborious diligence Americans are deeply indebted.

Among other bibliographies of genealogy are Munsell's "American Genealogist: a catalogue of family histories," Albany, 1897. This work aims to give the titles of all separately printed American genealogies, in an alphabet of family names, giving titles in full, with place and year of publication, name of publisher, and collation, or number of pages.

For the multitudinous public documents of the United States, consult B. P. Poore's "Descriptive catalogue of the government publications of the United States, 1775-1881," Washington, 1885, and F. A. Crandall, Check list of public documents, debates and proceedings from 1st to 53d Congress (1789-1895), Washington, 1895; also,

Comprehensive index to the publications of the United States government, 1889-1893. The same--United States Catalogue of Public Documents, 1893 to 1895, Washington, 1896. Several biennial or annual lists of United States Documents have followed.

As supplementing these extensive catalogues, we have in the Appendix to the "American Catalogue" of 1885 a List of United States Government publications from 1880 to 1884; in that of 1891 a List from 1884 to 1890; and in that of 1896 a List covering the years 1891 to 1895.

A most important recent bibliography is found in H. C. Bolton's "Catalogue of Scientific and Technical Periodicals, 1665-1895," Washington, 1897.

There are also many sale catalogues of American books, with prices, some of which may be noted, _e. g._ J. R. Smith, Bibliotheca Americana, London, 1865; F. Müller, Catalogue of books and pamphlets relating to America, Amsterdam, 1877, and later years. Ternaux-Compans, "Bibliothèque Américaine;" books printed before 1700, Paris, 1837: P. Trömel, "Bibliothèque Américaine," Leipzig, 1861: D. B. Warden, "Bibliothèque Américaine," Paris, 1840: R. Clarke & Co., "Bibliotheca Americana," Cincinnati, 1874, 1878, 1887, 1891, and 1893.

There are, besides, important catalogues of some private libraries, devoted wholly or chiefly to books relating to America. Among these, the most extensive and costly is John R. Bartlett's catalogue of the library of J. Carter Brown, of Providence, in four sumptuous volumes, with fac-similes of early title-pages, of which bibliography only fifty copies were printed. It is entitled, "Bibliotheca Americana: a catalogue of books relating to North and South America," 1482-1800, 4 vols. large 8vo., Providence, 1870-82. The Carter Brown Library is now the richest collection of Americana in any private library in the world.

Among catalogues of libraries sold by auction, and composed largely of American books, are those of John A. Rice, New York, 1870: W. Menzies, New York, 1875: George Brinley, in five volumes, sold 1878 to 1886: Henry C. Murphy, New York, 1884: S. L. M. Barlow, New York, 1889: and Brayton Ives, New York, 1891.

The wide field of bibliography of English literature has given birth to many books. Only the more comprehensive can here be noted.

R. Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica, in four quarto volumes, Edinburgh, 1824, although now old, is still an indispensable work of reference, giving multitudes of titles of English books and pamphlets not found in any other bibliography. It of course abounds in errors, most of which have been copied in Allibone's Dictionary of English literature. This extensive work is a monument of labor, to which the industrious compiler devoted many years, dying of too intense study, at Glasgow, at the early age of forty-five, in the year 1819. The issue of the work in 1824, being thus posthumous, its errors and omissions are largely accounted for by the author's inability to correct the press. The plan of the work is unique. Vols. 1 and 2 contain the alphabet of authors and titles, with dates and publishers' prices when known. Vols. 3 and 4 contain an alphabet of subjects, in which the titles re-appear, with a key alphabet in italic letters attached to each title, by which reference is made to the author-catalogue, at a fixed place, where all the works of the author are recorded.

The work is printed in small type, with two crowded columns on a page, thus containing an enormous amount of matter. The key is quickly learned, and by its aid, and the alphabet of subjects, the librarian can find out the authors of many anonymous books. Watt is the only general bibliography of English literature which gives most of the obscure writers and their works.

Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature, in its second edition, enlarged by H. G. Bohn, is a most indispensable bibliography. This work is arranged alphabetically by authors' names, and aims to record all important books published in Great Britain, from the earliest times to about A. D. 1834. It is in eleven parts, or 6 vols. 16 mo. of very portable size, Lond., 1857-65. While it gives collations of the more important works, with publishers and dates, it fails to record many editions of the same work. Its quoted prices represent the original publisher's price, with very frequent additions of the sale prices obtained at book auctions. The chief defect of Lowndes' Manual is its total lack of any index of subjects.

S. Austin Allibone's "Critical Dictionary of English literature," Philadelphia, 1858-71, 3 volumes, with supplement by John F. Kirk, in 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1891, is a copious reference book, which, in spite of its many errors and crudities, should be in all libraries. It contains in abbreviated form most of the titles in Watt and Lowndes, with the addition of American authors, and of British books published since the period covered by Lowndes. The three volumes of Allibone accompany the titles of works by noted authors with many critical remarks, copied mostly from reviews and literary journals. This feature of the book, which makes it rather a work of literary history and criticism than a bibliography pure and simple, has been dropped in Mr. Kirk's supplement, which thus becomes properly a bibliography. The publications of England and America, from about 1850 to 1890, are more fully chronicled in this work of Kirk than in any other bibliography.

The important "English Catalogue of Books," from A. D. 1835 to 1897, in 5 vols., with its valuable Index of Subjects, in 4 vols., from 1857 up to 1889, is so constantly useful as to be almost indispensable in a public library. It records, in provokingly brief one-line titles, with publisher's name, year of issue, and price, all books published in Great Britain whose titles could be secured. It thus subserves the same purpose for English publications, which the American Catalogue fulfills for those of the United States. Both are in effect greatly condensed bibliographies, enabling the librarian to locate most of the published literature in the English language for many years back. The English catalogue, from 1897 to date, is supplemented by its annual issues, entitled "the English Catalogue of Books for 1898," etc.

I have said that accuracy should be one of the cardinal aims of the librarian: and this because in that profession it is peculiarly important. Bibliography is a study which approaches very nearly to the rank of an exact science; and the practice of it, in application to the daily work of the librarian, is at once a school of accuracy, and a test of ability. A habit of analytical methods should be assiduously cultivated, without which much time will be lost in fruitless searches in the wrong books to find what one wants. As a single illustration of this need of method, suppose that you want to find the title of a certain book with its full description, a want likely to occur every hour in the day, and sometimes many times an hour. The book is perhaps Sir Walter Scott's Life of Napoleon,--9 vols., London, 1827, and your object is to trace its title, published price, etc., among the numerous bibliographies of literature. You begin by a simple act of analysis--thus. This is a London, not an American book--hence it is useless to look in any American catalogue. It is written in English, so you are dispensed from looking for it in any French or other foreign bibliography. Its date is 1827, London. Therefore among the three leading English reference books in bibliography, which are Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica, Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual, and the English Catalogue, you at once eliminate the former as not containing the book. Why do you do this? Because Watt's great work, in four huge quartos, though invaluable for the early English literature, stops with books published before the date of its issue, 1824. Your book is published in 1827, and of course could not appear in a catalogue of 1824. Shall you refer then to the English Catalogue for its title? No, because the five volumes of that useful work (though some imperfect book lists were published earlier), begin with the year 1835, and the book you seek bears date of 1827. You are then reduced, by this simple process of analyzing in your mind the various sources of information, and rejecting all except one, namely Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual, to a search in a single catalogue for your title. This simplifies matters greatly, and saves all the time which might otherwise have been lost in hunting fruitlessly through several works of reference. Lowndes' invaluable Manual was published in 1834, and though a second edition, edited by Bohn, appeared thirty years later, it does not contain books published after that date, unless they are later editions of works issued earlier. You find in it your Scott's Napoleon, date 1827, with its published price, £4. 14. 6, and an account of other later editions of the book. Of course you will observe that it is necessary to know what period of years is covered by the various bibliographies, and to carry those dates perpetually in your memory, in order thus to simplify searches, and save time. Once learned, you will have the comfort of knowing where to turn for light upon any book, and the faculty of accurate memory will reward the pains taken to acquire it.

I must not omit to include, in noting the more useful and important English bibliographies, the very copious list of works appended to each biography of British writers, in the new "Dictionary of National Biography," Lond., 1885-1900. This extensive work is nearly finished in about 65 volumes, and constitutes a rich thesaurus of information about all British authors, except living ones.

Living characters, considered notable, and brief note of their books, are recorded in "Men and Women of the Time," 15th ed. London, 1899--but this book, although highly useful, is far from being a bibliography.

I should not omit to mention among useful librarians' aids, the "Book Prices Current; record of prices at which books have been sold at auction." This London publication began with the year 1887. No sales are reported of books bringing less than one pound sterling. The book-sales of 1898 were reported in 1899 of this issue, and the book is published in each case the next year. The similar catalogue entitled "American Book Prices Current" was begun with 1895, being compiled from the sale catalogues of American auctioneers, for that year, and the prices brought at auction in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago, are recorded for all notable books, but limited to works bringing as much as $3 or upward. Five years' reports, in as many volumes, have now been issued, and the publication is to be continued. Its utility of course consists in informing librarians or collectors of the most recent auction values of books. At the same time, a word of caution is required, since it is not safe to judge of average commercial values, from any isolated bid at an auction sale.

A very useful classed catalogue, published by the British Museum library, and edited by G. K. Fortescue, an assistant librarian, is the so-called "Subject-index to modern works," of which three volumes have appeared, beginning with the accessions of 1880-85, each covering five years additions of new works, in all European languages, to that library. The third volume embraces the years 1890 to 1895, and appeared in 1896. As this is not confined to works in English, it should be classed with universal bibliography. As containing most of the latest books of any note, all three volumes are important aids to research. They are printed in large type, in which it is a refreshment to the eye to read titles, after the small and obscure print of Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica, and the but little better type of Lowndes' Manual, and of the English Catalogue. A collation of pages is also added in most cases, and the importance of this can hardly be overrated. These catalogues of the British Museum Library abound in pamphlets, English, French, German, Italian, etc., evincing how large a share of attention is given to the minor literature coming from the press in the more recent years.

W. H. D. Adams's "Dictionary of English Literature," London, 1880, and later, in a compact volume, gives authors and titles of the more important English and American books. Also, in the same alphabet, an index to the titles, as well as authors, by the first word, and to many sayings or quotations, with their original sources. It is a highly useful book, although its small bulk leaves it far from being a comprehensive one.

Chambers' Cyclopaedia of English Literature, in 2 vols., London, 1876, has an account of the most notable British writers, with specimens of their works, and forms what may be termed an essential part of the equipment of every public library.

The Library Association of the United Kingdom, since 1888, the date of its organization, has published Transactions and Proceedings; also, since 1889, "The Library," a periodical with bibliographical information.

It may be noted, without undue expression of pride, that America first set the example of an organized national association of Librarians (founded in 1876) followed the same year by a journal devoted to Library interests. That extremely useful periodical, the _Library Journal_, is now in its twenty-fourth volume. Its successive issues have contained lists of nearly all new bibliographical works and catalogues published, in whatever language.

The London Publisher's Circular, first established in 1838, is a weekly organ of the book-publishing trade, aiming to record the titles of all British publications as they appear from the press. It gives, in an alphabet by authors' names, the titles in much abbreviated form, with publisher, size in inches, collation, price, and date, with a fairly good index of titles or subjects, in the same alphabet. Covering much the same ground, as a publishers' periodical, is "The Bookseller," issued monthly since 1858, with lists of the new issues of the British press, and critical notices. In addition to the English catalogue, there is the extensive Whitaker's "Reference catalogue of current literature," published every year, which now makes two large volumes, and embraces the trade catalogues of English publishers, bound up in alphabetical order, with a copious index, by authors and titles, in one alphabet, prefixed.

While on English bibliographies, I must note the important work on local history, by J. P. Anderson, "Book of British Topography," London, 1881. This gives, in an alphabet of counties, titles of all county histories or descriptive works of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, followed in each county by a list of town histories or topographical works. The arrangement under each town is chronological. Its only want is a collation of the books. British genealogy, or the history of families, is treated bibliographically in G. W. Marshall's "The Genealogist's Guide," London, 1893, which gives an alphabet of family names, with references in great detail to county and town histories, pedigrees, heralds' visitations, genealogies, etc., all over Great Britain, in which any family is treated.

The wide field of foreign bibliography, by countries, cannot here be entered upon, nor can I now treat of the still more extensive range of works devoted to the bibliography of various subjects.

INDEX.

Access to shelves, 215-225
Accuracy, rarity of, 254-257
Adams (O. F.) Dictionary of American authors, 490
Adams (W. H. D.) Dictionary of English literature, 499
Administration, faculty of, 249
Advertising, library, 353-356
Aids to readers, 190-214
Alexandrian library, 107, 289
Allibone (S. A.) Critical dictionary of English literature, 494-495
Alphabeting titles, 380, 388-389
American book prices, current, 1895-99, 498
American catalogue, 1876-1899, 481-484
American Library Association
catalogue of 5,000 books, 25, 371
foundation of, 499
list of novelists, 22
on open shelves, 223
on size-notation, 390
Americana,
bibliographies of, 472-493
rare, 454-456
what are, 473
Anderson (J. P.) book of British topography, 500
Arabic figures, 81
Art of reading, 171-189
Art, lesson from, 24
Assistants in libraries
appointment of, 337-339
qualifications of, 242-274
regulations for, 341-345
Astor library, N. Y., 35, 306
mutilation in, 137, 140
Auction sales, 38-40, 45-47, 457
Authorship, 271-2

Bad books, 20-24, 281-2
Bartlett (J. R.) catalogue of J. Carter Brown library, 493
Bay Psalm book, 455
Beckford library sale, 74, 457-8
Beecher (H. W.) on books, 15
Bibliography, 459-500
accessibility of, 463-464
bibliographies of, 469-471
classification of, 464-5
definition of, 459
earliest American, 478
early works in, 465
no full American, 475
of American publications, 472-493
selection of works in, 462
Binding of books, 50-87, 93-94
colors in, 57
desiderata in, 52
how a bibliomaniac binds, 432
importance of, 87
lettering titles, 72, 78-83
machine methods, 62-3
marbling and gilding, 68-69, 73
materials for, 53
rebinding methods, 64
Biography, 4-7, 17
discrepancies in, 210-212
living characters, 197
Blake (A. V.) American booksellers' trade-list catalogue, 479
Boccaccio of 1471, sale of, 46
Bolton (H. C.) catalogue of scientific and technical periodicals, 492
Book binding, 50-87, 93-94
Book buying, 33-49
Book covering, 97
Book-marks, 115
Book plates, 90-93, 97-100
Book prices
current, 1887-99, 497-498
American, 1895-99, 498
Book shops, second hand, 42-45, 458
Book supports, 96, 110
Book worms, 108
Books, cheap and poor editions of, 30
Books, choice of, 3-32
Books for public libraries, selection of, 15-32, 361
Books of reference, 16, 462-463
Books, three classes of, 182
Books which have helped me, 183
Books,--_see_ Reading
Bores, how to treat, 259
Boston Athenaeum library, 305, 485
early pamphlets in, 149
Boston public library, 315
appointments in, 338
languages demanded, 247
Bowker (R. R.)
American catalogue, 482-483
Publishers' weekly, 483
British Museum library
appointments in, 338
catalogue of, 396-399, 498
its defects, 398
classification, 367
mutilation in, 137-138
trustees of, 340
Brown (J. Carter) library of Americana, 493
Brunet (J. C.) Manuel du libraire, 467
Bry (De) Voyages, 449, 451
Buildings, library, 321-333
cost of, 331
light in, 325
location of, 323-324
many mistakes in, 321
materials for, 324
periodical room, 328
shelving, 325
Bulwer-Lytton (E. L.) writings of, 23, 174
Burnham (T. O. H. P.), 44
Bury, Richard de, 292
Buying of books, 33-49
methods of, 36-37

Calf binding, 55
Campbell (John), 45
Capitals, how to be used in catalogues, 378, 387
Card catalogue system, 393
its defects, 393-394
how obviated, 394-396
Cards, for catalogues, 393
Carlyle (Thomas)
life of Cromwell, 148
on librarians, 249
on reading, 171
Carnegie (Andrew) gifts to libraries, 315
Catalogue of all books printed in the U. S. 1804, 478-479
Catalogues, 373-399
abridging titles, 382-383
accession, 386
auction, 38-39
card system for, 393
chronology of authors, 381, 389, 398
classed, 374-5, 383
collations in, 379
cross references, 377
Cutter's rules for, 375
deficiencies of American, 473-476
dictionary, 373-5, 383-384
English, 383, 495
errors in, 384-385, 388
imprints, how given, 379
kinds of, 373
of British Museum library, 396-399, 498
printing, advantages of, 395-396
rules for, 375-381
sale, value of, 33-34, 37
shelf, 386
size-notation in, 389-391
use of capitals in, 378, 387
Caxton's press, books, 451
Census of wealth, futility of, 194-196
Chambers' Cyclopaedia of English literature, 499
Children's books, 276, 278
reading-rooms, 329-330
Choice of books, 3-32, 277, 335
Chronology of authors, 381, 398
Classic authors, 30
Classification of books, 362-372
application of, 366
Bibliothèque nationale, system of, 368
British museum, system of, 368
Brunet's system of, 367
close classification, 364-365
conflict of systems, 362-363
Crunden's verses on, 430
Cutter, system of, 369
Dewey, system of, 370
Fletcher, system of, 372
fixed shelf location, 371
Library of Congress, system of, 368
Cleaning books, 103-104, 127-130
Clergymen, some book-abusing, 138, 140
Cleveland public library
fiction experience, 27
methods of selections, 31
Cogswell (J. G.), 35
Collation, 61, 379
Collier, J. Payne, as a cataloguer, 385
Congressional library--_see_ Library of Congress
Copy tax,
origin of, 400
rationale of, 406, 409
Copyright
and libraries, 400-416
aggregate copyrights entered, 410
and Library of Congress, 404-411
books not entered, 474
duration of, 413
foundation of, 402, 412
history of, 403
in the Constitution, 401
international, why, 412-413
origin of, 401
perpetual, 402, 413
provisions of, 414
Counting a library, 350, 386
Courtesy, in libraries, 250, 261
Croton bug, 109
Crowding of books on shelves, 116-117
Crunden (F. M.) verses on classification, 430
Cutter (C. A.) Boston Athenaeum catalogue, 485
classification, 430
rules for catalogue, 375
Sabin's Bibliotheca Americana, 485
Cutting edges, 60-61, 67

Damage to books, _see_ Injuries
Damp, an enemy of books, 104
Dates, errors in, 210-212
Dates of books, ancient expression of, 391-393
Decimal system, 370, 390
Denis (F.) Nouveau manuel de bibliographie, 468-469
Dewey (Melvil)
classification, 370
remark by, 433
Dictionary catalogues, 373-375, 383-384
Dictionary of national biography, 197, 497
Dime novels, 21, 281
Documents (U. S. public) catalogues, 492
Dogs-earing books, 114
"Dont's," list of proper warnings, 134
Duplicates in libraries, 31, 167-168
Durrie (D. S.) Bibliographia genealogica Americana, 491
Dust,
in libraries, 101-103
to remove from books, 103
Duyckink's Cyclopaedia of American literature, 490

Eames (W.) continuation of Sabin's Bibliotheca Americana, 485
Editions,
to be always noted, 387
first, 46, 388, 452
Education, 245, 282-283
Egypt, libraries of, 287-289
Elzevirs, 424, 457
Emerson (R. W.) cited, 172, 185
Encyclopaedia Britannica, scope and limitations of, 14, 197-199, 245
Enemies of books, 101-118
English catalogue,
1835-1899, 383, 495
uses dictionary form, 383
Errors
in books, 210-212, 255
in librarians, 256-257
Essays, 9, 17

Facsimile reproduction, 132-134
Fiction, 12, 18-28, 179
Fires,
in libraries, 106-108, 131, 297
destruction of books by, 448-449
First editions, 46, 388, 452
Fletcher (W. I.),
classification, 372
index to periodicals, 169
Force (Peter) historical library of, 304
rich in pamphlets, 150
Formation of libraries, 357-362
Franklin (B.)
collections of Frankliniana, 456
his manuscripts, 489
on Philadelphia library, 299
French language, need of, 246-248, 257
Furnishings of libraries, 326

Gas, an enemy of books, 105
Genealogy, bibliographies of, 491-492, 500
George IV, library of, 212
Georgi (T.) Allgemeines Europäisches bücher-lexikon, 465
Gesner (C.) Bibliotheca universalis, 465
Gould (Jay) History of Delaware county, N. Y., 453
Gowans (William), 43
Graesse, Trésor des livres rares et précieux, 468
Grangerising, 450
Greece, libraries of, 288-289
Griffin (A. P. C.) indexes of American local history, 491
Grolier bindings, 73, 75
Grolier club, N. Y., 85, 447
Growoll (A.)
Book trade bibliography in the U. S., 479
Publishers' weekly, 483

Hain (L.) Repertorium bibliographicum, 466
Halliwell-Phillipps (J. O.), privately printed books, 446
Harris (W. T.) experience with memory, 239
Harrisse (H.) Bibliotheca Americana, 491
Harvard university library, 296
Haven (S. F.) Catalogue of American publications, 1639-1775, 477
Heat, an enemy of books, 104
Heber library, 34
Helps to readers, 191-214
History, 7-8, 17
of libraries, 287-320
(local) bibliography, 491, 500
Homer, 173, 184, 458
Horace, perfection of his odes, 184
Humboldt (Baron von), 449
Humors of the library, 430-443
Hurst (J. F.) on choice books, 15

Illustrated books, 279, 450, 451, 453-454
Immoral books, 20, 22, 453
Index expurgatorius, 448, 470
Indexes,
use of, 205-206
how to make, 388-389
substitutes for, 207
Injuries to books, _See_ Crowding, Cutting, Dogs-earing, Enemies,
Ink, Margins, Mutilations, Soiling, Tracing, Torn leaves
Ink,
use of, 113
how removed, 128-129
Inquiries, innumerable, 191-201
International copyright, 412-416
Iron construction, 106

Jöcher (C. G.) Allgemeines gelehrten-lexikon, 466
Juvenile books, 276, 278, 279

Kelly (J.) American catalogue, 1861-1871, 481
Khayyam (Omar), 457
Kirk (J. F.) Supplement to Allibone, 1850-1890, 495

La Bedoyère, French revolution collection, 149
Labelling books, 90-93
Ladies' reading-rooms, 329
Languages, foreign, 246-248
La Serna de Santander, Dictionnaire bibliographique, 467
Law books, binding, 76
Letters, 8-9
Leypoldt (F.) Books of all time, 481
Librarian
a constant aid, 200
ancient idea of, 273
as an author, 271-272
as preserver and restorer of books, 120-121
benefits to, of inquiries, 202
high standard for, 272
indispensable, how to become, 200, 203
intercourse with readers, 199
librarian's dream, 417
qualifications of, 242-274
accuracy, 254
business habits, 249, 258
courtesy, 250, 261
energy and industry, 262
foreign languages, 246-248
good temper, 250
habits of order, 257-260
health, 251
impartial liberality, 264-265
knowledge of books, 248
love of his work, 253
patience inexhaustible, 261
sound common sense, 252
tact unfailing, 262
reserve in recommending books, 213
"who reads is lost," 242, 274
woes of a, 441-443
Librarianship,
attractions of, 193, 268-271
drawbacks attending, 266-268
opens avenues to growth, 269
school of human nature, 270

Libraries,
ancient, of clay, 287-288
and copyright, 400-416
and schools, 275, 282
and universities, 282, 293
annual reports of, 349-356
catalogues of, 373-399
classification of, 362-372
exaggeration of volumes in, 212-213
formation of, 357-362
founded by individual gift, 311-313
history of, 287-320
historical, 319
list of, over 100,000 vols., 309-310
mercantile, 319
monastic, 290-292
picture of ancient, 273
poetry of, 417-430
professional, 319
prompt service in, 341-342
readers in, 186, 285-286
special report on, 1876, 309
state libraries, 316-317
statistics of American, 308
subscription libraries, 360
ten largest, 293
travelling libraries, 319-320
uses of, 275-286
Library, how to count a, 350, 386
Library, humors of the, 430
Library, poetry of the, 417
Library advertising, 353-356
Library association of United Kingdom, 499
Library buildings and furnishings, 321-333
_See_ Buildings
Library bulletins, 353
Library commissioners, 345
Library committees, 333-340, 360
Library donations, 361
Library Journal, N. Y., 1876-99, 499
Library laws (State), 357, 359
Library of Congress
and copyright books, 404-411, 416
appointments in, 338
joint committee on, 340
our national conservatory of books, 181-182
restriction of MSS. and rare books, 225
sketch of its history, 303-305
Library regulations, 341-349, 433-434
Library reports, 349
Library science schools, 338
Library trustees or boards of managers, 333-340
Literature, history of, 12-14
Loudon (A.) History of Indian wars, 476
Lowndes (W. T.) Bibliographer's Manual, 494

Macaulay (T. B.) memory, 229
Maittaire (M.) Annales typographici, 467
Marbling, 68
Margins, writing or marking on, 114, 124-125, 136
Mazarin Bible, 46, 445
Memory,
the faculty of, 226-241
attention and association, its corner-stones, 236-237
cardinal qualification of a librarian, 226-227
discursive reading impairs it, 240-241
improvement of, 236-240
intuitive memory, 230
local memory, 229
verbal memory, 228
Migne (J. P. _abbé_) Patrologie, 447
Milton, 11, 147, 184, 187, 458
Mnemonic systems, 234-236
Morocco binding, 56
Morris (William) Kelmscott press, 447
Mutilation of books, 111, 124-126
penal laws for, 135-136
posting offenders, 138

New Hampshire library law, 314
Newspapers, _see_ Periodicals
New York Mercantile Library, selections for, 32
New York Public library, 307
Notation
of book sizes, 390
of book dates, 381, 391
Novels, _see_ Fiction
Nuremberg chronicle, 452

Omar (Caliph) sentence imputed to, 107, 171, 289
Omniscience, no human, 172
Open shelves, 215-225
American library association on, 223
an open question, 222
benefits of, 215-222, 224
evils of, 216-224
international library conference on, 220-221
Opinions on books, 27
Ostend manifesto, 196-197

Pamphlets,
literature of, 145-156
binding of, 153-155
British museum, wealth in, 149, 499
classification of, 152, 155
definitions of, 145
dignity and power of, 148
embarrassments of, 146
great works printed as, 147
how to acquire, 151
La Bedoyère collection of, 149
Peter Force, collection of, 150
swift disappearance of, 151
Thomason collection of, 148
Panzer (G. W.) Annales typographici, 466
Parchment, 54
Peignot (G.)
Repertoire bibliographique universelle, 469
Dictionnaire des livres condamnés, 448
Periodicals,
literature of, 157-170
binding of, 84-85
cardinal importance of, 153-154, 157, 161, 285
check list for, 168
compared with books, 164
completeness of, 158-159
continuous reading of impairs the memory, 241
indexes to, 169-170
lettering by Poole index, 84
limited library circulation, 167-168
newspapers
abuses of, 180
destruction of, 62
filing for readers' use, 166
library notices in, 353-356
mutilation of, 112
number of, 157, 160
over-reading of, 180, 241
percentage of, to books, 157
syndicate publication, 165
value of, 301-302
Perkins (F. B.) check-list for American local history, 491
Petzholdt (J.) Bibliotheca bibliographica, 469
Philadelphia library company's library, 299-302
Philadelphia Mercantile Library fire, 131-132
Phillipps (Sir T.) privately printed books, 447
Plato, reading of, 172, 178
Plutarch's lives, 3, 184
Poetical quotations, 193, 204-205
Poetry, 9-11, 18
Poetry of the library, 417-429
Politics in libraries, 265
Poole (W. F.)
plan of library building, 327
on ladies' reading-rooms, 329
Poole's indexes to periodical literature, 169
Poor Richard's almanac, 456
Pratt Institute library, thefts in, 144
Preparation for the shelves, 88-97
Press, the, and the library, 353-356
Prices of books, 36, 46-48, 444-451, 455-456, 497-498
Privately printed books, 446-447, 473
Problems, insoluble, 194-196
Pseudonyms, 376-377
Publishers' Circular (London), 499
Publishers' Weekly, N. Y., 483

Qualifications of librarians, 242-274
Questions asked, innumerable, 191, 204, 206-209
Quotations, search for, 193, 204

Rare books, 113, 114, 224, 444-459
causes of rarity, 445-457
mere age not a cause, 446
Readers,
aids to, 190-214
classification of, 186-187, 190-191, 206, 285-286
favoritism among, 217
limitations of aid, 204, 208
Reading,
art of, 171-189
best, not the latest, 178-179
choice of, 3-32, 181-2, 277-278
formative power of, 183-185
passion for, 458-459
inspiration of, 183-185
librarian's, 121, 243-244, 248
methods of, 175-178, 186-187
the literal, 175
the intuitive, 176
novel reading, 179
over-much reading of newspapers, 180, 241
perils of too great absorption in, 185-186
pleasures of, 182-189
reading aloud, 177-178, 280
taste in, 181
time to read, 173
Reading rooms, 326
Reclamation of books, 119-144
Recommending books, 32
to be done sparingly, 213, 244
Reference, books of, 16, 461-463
Religion, questions about, 201, 265
Reports, librarians', 349-356
comprehensive, 349
printing of, 352
Reserved books, 224-245
Restoration and reclamation of books, 119-144
Rich (O.) Bibliotheca Americana, 491
Roman libraries, 290
Roman numerals, 81, 391-392
Roorbach (O. A.) Bibliotheca Americana, 1820-1861, 480
Rubber bands, untrustworthy, 155
Rules, library, 341-349
call slips or tickets, 346
circulation, limit, 346-347
done into verse, 433-434
hours, 344
prompt service, 341-342
registration, 347
vacations, 345
Rush (James) bequest to Philadelphia Library Co., 301-302
Ruskin on collecting books, 14
Russia binding, 56

Sabin (J.) Bibliotheca Americana, 484-487
School district libraries a failure, 317-319
Schools and libraries, 275-282
Science, books of, 11, 18
Scott's Napoleon, bibliographical object-lesson, 496-497
Second-hand book shops, 42-45
Selection of books, 3-32, 277
_See_ Choice of books
Shakespeare, 10, 46, 184, 188, 458
Sheep binding, 55
Shelves, library, 325
access to, 215
preparation of books for, 88
Shelves, open, 215-225
Signatures, 65
Size-notation of books, 389-391
Sizing paper, 128
Smith's Historie of Virginia, 455
Smithsonian Institution
collection in Library of Congress, 304
copyright privilege of, 404
Soiling of books, 116
how removed, 127
Spelling, facility in, 232
Stack system, 216, 325
Stamps in books, 88-90, 114
State libraries, 316-317
appointments in, 339
Stealing of books, 111
_See_ thefts
Stedman (E. C.) Library of American literature, 490
Stein (H.) Manuel de bibliographie, 470-471
Stevens (Henry) characteristics of, 487, 489
Story (A) about stories, 436-437
Style,
importance of, 175-176, 226
sample of prose run mad, 26
Sunday-school books, 276
Syndicate publishing, 165-166

Teaching, 269
Tennyson (Alfred) early editions of poems, 452
Thackeray (W. M.) curious question of, 205
Thefts,
book, 111, 136-144
leniency in case of, 142-144
methods of reclamation, 141-144
Time, use of, 173-174, 258-259
Titles,
abridgment of, 382-383
alphabeting of, 388-389
entry of, in catalogues, 375-377
headings of, 377
lettering of, 72-73, 78-83
use of capitals in, 378, 381, 387
Titles of novels, done into verse, 436-437
Torn leaves, how repaired, 122
Tracing of maps or plates, 113
Travels, 11, 18
Tree calf binding, 74
Trübner (N.) Bibliographical guide to American literature, 484
Trustees, boards of library, 268, 333-340
Turner's illustrations, 454, 458

Ulster Co. Gazette, 1800, 456
Universal catalogue, 465
Universities, use of the library to, 282-285
University libraries, 294
Uses of libraries, 275-286

Vallée (L.) Bibliographie des bibliographies, 470
Vellum binding, 54
Voyages, 11, 18

Walpole (Horace) Strawberry hill press, 446
Washing soiled books, 127, 129
Watt (R.) Bibliotheca Britannica, 493-494
Wealth, all estimates of, futile, 194-196
Winsor (Justin)
a prolific author, 272
on librarians' instructions, 284
Woes of a librarian, 441-443
Worcester, Massachusetts, public library
methods of selection, 31
theft in, 143
use of by schools, 281

Yale university library, 298

Books for Authors

AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS

[Sidenote: Authors and Publishers]

A MANUAL OF SUGGESTIONS FOR BEGINNERS IN LITERATURE

Comprising a description of publishing methods and arrangements, directions for the preparation of MSS. for the press, explanations of the details of book-manufacturing, instructions for proof-reading, specimens of typography, the text of the United States Copyright Law, and information concerning International Copyrights, together with general hints for authors. By G. H. P. and J. B. P.

_Seventh Edition, re-written with additional material._ _8°, gilt top_ _net, $1.75_

CHIEF CONTENTS