Chapter XII (2)

_A._--If the crank pin breaks in a paddle vessel with two engines, the other engine must be made to work one wheel. In a screw vessel the same course may be pursued, provided the broken crank is not the one through which the force of the other engine is communicated to the screw. In such a case the vessel will be as much disabled as if she broke the screw shaft or screw.

740. _Q._--Will the unbroken engine, in the case of disarrangement of one of the two engines of a screw or paddle vessel, be able of itself to turn the centre?

_A._--It will sometimes happen, when there is much lead upon the slide valve, that the single engine, on being started, cannot be got to turn the centre if there be a strong opposing wind and sea; the piston going up to near the end of the stroke, and then coming down again without the crank being able to turn the centre. In such cases, it will be necessary to turn the vessel's head sufficiently from the wind to enable some sail to be set; and if once there is weigh got upon the vessel the engine will begin to work properly, and will continue to do so though the vessel be put head to wind as before.

741. _Q._--What should be done if a crack shows itself in any of the shafts or cranks?

_A._--If the shafts or cranks crack, the engine may nevertheless be worked with moderate pressure to bring the vessel into port; but if the crack be very bad, it will be expedient to fit strong blocks of wood under the ends of the side levers, or other suitable part, to prevent the cylinder bottom or cover from being knocked out, should the damaged part give way. The same remark is applicable when flaws are discovered in any of the main parts of the engine, whether they be malleable or cast iron; but they must be carefully watched, so that the engines may be stopped if the crack is extending further. Should fracture occur, the first thing obviously to be done is to throw the engines out of gear; and should there be much weigh on the vessel, the steam should at once be thrown on the reverse side of the piston, so as to counteract the pressure of the paddle wheel.

742. _Q._--Have you any information to offer relative to the lubrication of engine bearings?

_A._--A very useful species of oil cup is now employed in a number of steam vessels, and which, it is said, accomplishes a considerable saving of oil, at the same time that it more effectually lubricates the bearings. A ratchet wheel is fixed upon a little shaft which passes through the side of the oil cup, and is put into slow revolution by a pendulum attached to its outside and in revolving it lifts up little buckets of oil and empties them down a funnel upon the centre of the bearing. Instead of buckets a few short pieces of wire are sometimes hung on the internal revolving wheel, the drops of oil which adhere on rising from the liquid being deposited. upon a high part set upon the funnel, and which, in their revolution, the hanging wires touch. By this plan, however, the oil is not well supplied at slow speeds, as the drops fall before the wires are in proper position for feeding the journal. Another lubricator consists of a cock or plug inserted in the neck of the oil cup, and set in revolution by a pendulum and ratchet wheel, or any other means. There is a small cavity in one side of the plug, which is filled with oil when that side is uppermost, and delivers the oil through the bottom pipe when it comes opposite to it.

743. _Q._--What are the prevailing causes of the heating of bearings?

_A._--Bad fitting, deficient surface, and too tight screwing down. Sometimes the oil hole will choke, or the syphon wick for conducting the oil from the oil cup into the central pipe leading to the bearing will become clogged with mucilage from the oil. In some cases bearings heat from the existence of a cruciform groove on the top brass for the distribution of the oil, the effect of which is to leave the top of the bearings dry. In the case of revolving journals the plan for cutting a cruciform channel for the distribution of the oil does not do much damage; but in other cases, as in beam journals, for instance, it is most injurious, and the brasses cannot wear well wherever the plan is pursued. The right way is to make a horizontal groove along the brass where it meets the upper surface of the bearing, so that the oil may be all deposited on the highest point of the journal, leaving the force of gravity to send it downward. This channel should, of course, stop short a small distance from each flange of the brass, otherwise the oil would run out at the ends.

744. _Q._--If a bearing heats, what is to be done?

_A._--The first thing is to relax the screws, slow or stop the engine, and cool the bearing with water, and if it is very hot, then hot water may be first employed to cool it, and then cold. Oil with sulphur intermingled is then to be administered, and as the parts cool down, the screws may be again cautiously tightened, so as to take any jump off the engine from the bearing being too slack. The bearings of direct acting screw engines require constant watching, as, if there be any disposition to heat manifested by them, they will probably heat with great rapidity from the high velocity at which the engines work. Every bearing of a direct acting screw engine should have a cock of water laid on to it, which may be immediately opened wide should heating occur; and it is advisable to work the engine constantly, partly with water, and partly with oil applied to the bearings. The water and oil are mixed by the friction into a species of soap which both cools and lubricates, and less oil moreover is used than if water were not employed. It is proper to turn off the water some time before the engine is stopped, so as to prevent the rusting of the bearings.

MANAGEMENT OF LOCOMOTIVES.

745. _Q._--What are the chief duties of the engine driver of a locomotive?

_A._--His first duties are those which concern the safety of the train; his next those which concern the safety and right management of the engine and

boiler. The engine driver's first solicitude should be relative to the observation and right interpretation of the signals; and it is only after these demands upon his attention have been satisfied, that he can look to the state of his engine.

746. _Q._--As regards the engine and boiler, what should his main duties be?

_A._--The engineer of a locomotive should constantly be upon the foot board of the engine, so that the regulator, the whistle or the reversing handle may be used instantly, if necessary; he must see that the level of the water in the boiler is duly maintained, and that the steam is kept at a uniform pressure. In feeding the boilers with water, and the furnaces with fuel, a good deal of care and some tact are necessary, as irregularity in the production of steam will often occasion priming, even though the water be maintained at a uniform level; and an excess of water will of itself occasion priming, while a deficiency is a source of obvious danger. The engine is generally furnished with three gauge cocks, and water should always come out of the second gauge cock, and steam out of the top one when the engine is running: but when the engine is at rest, the water in the boiler is lower than when in motion, so that when the engine is at rest, the water will be high enough if it just reaches to the middle gauge cock. In all boilers which generate steam rapidly, the volume of the water is increased by the mingled steam, and in feeding with cold water the level at first falls; but it rises on opening the safety valve, which causes the steam in the water to swell to a larger volume. In locomotive boilers, the rise of the water level due to the rapid generation of steam is termed "false water." To economize fuel, the variable expansion gear, if the engine has one, should be adjusted to the load, and the blast pipe should be worked with the least possible contraction; and at stations the damper should be closed to prevent the dissipation of heat.

747. _Q._--In starting from a station, what precautions should be observed with respect to the feed?

_A._--In starting from a station, and also in ascending inclined planes, the feed water is generally shut off; and therefore before stopping or ascending inclined planes, the boiler should be well filled up with water. In descending inclined planes an extra supply of water may be introduced into the boiler, and the fire may be fed, as there, is at such times a superfluity of steam. In descending inclined planes the regulator must be partially closed, and it should be entirely closed if the plane be very steep. The same precaution should be observed in the case of curves, or rough places on the line, and in passing over points or crossings.

748. _Q._--In approaching a station, how should the supply of water and fuel be regulated?

_A._--The boiler should be well filled with water on approaching a station, as there is then steam to spare, and additional water cannot be conveniently supplied when the engine is stationary. The furnace should be fed with small quantities of fuel at a time, and the feed should be turned off just before a fresh supply of fuel is introduced. The regulator may, at the same time, be partially closed; and if the blast pipe be a variable one, it will be expedient to open it widely while the fuel is being introduced, to check the rush of air in through the furnace door, and then to contract it very much so soon as the furnace door is closed, in order to recover the fire quickly. The proper thickness of coke upon the grate depends upon the intensity of the draught; but in heavily loaded engines it is usually kept up to the bottom of the fire door. Care, however, must be taken that the coke does not reach up to the bottom row of tubes so as to choke them up. The fuel is usually disposed on the grate like a vault; and if the fire box be a square one, it is heaped high in the corners, the better to maintain the combustion.

749. _Q._--How can you tell whether the feed pumps are operating properly?

_A._--To ascertain whether the pumps are acting well, the pet cock must be turned, and if any of the valves stick they will sometimes be induced to act again by working with the pet cock open, or alternately open and shut. Should the defect arise from a leakage of steam into the pump, which prevents the pump from drawing, the pet cock remedies the evil by permitting the steam to escape.

750. _Q._--What precautions should be taken against priming in locomotives?

_A._--Should priming occur from the water in the boiler being dirty, a portion of it may be blown out; and should there be much boiling down through the glass gauge tube, the stop cock may be partially closed. The water should be wholly blown out of locomotive boilers three times a week, and at those times two mud-hole doors at opposite corners of the boiler should be opened, and the boiler be washed internally by means of a hose. If the boiler be habitually fed with dirty water, the priming will be a constant source of trouble.

751. _Q._--What measures should the locomotive engineer take, to check the velocity of the train, on approaching a station where he has to stop?

_A._--On approaching a station the regulator should be gradually closed, and it should be completely shut about half a mile from the station if the train be a very heavy one: the train may then be brought to rest by means of the breaks. Too much reliance, however, must not be put upon the breaks, as they sometimes give way, and in frosty weather are nearly inoperative. In cases of urgency the steam may be thrown upon the reverse side of the piston, but it is desirable to obviate this necessity as far as possible. At terminal stations the steam should be shut off earlier than at roadside stations, as a collision will take place at terminal stations if the train overshoots the place where it ought to stop. There should always be a good supply of water when the engine stops, but the fire may be suffered gradually to burn low toward the conclusion of the journey.

752. _Q._--What is the duty of an engine man on arriving at the end of his journey?

_A._--So soon as the engine stops it should be wiped down, and be then carefully examined: the brasses should be tried, to see whether they are slack or have been heating; and, by the application of a gauge, it should be ascertained occasionally whether the wheels are square on their axles, and whether the axles have end play, which should be prevented. The stuffing boxes must be tightened, and the valve gear examined, and the eccentrics be occasionally looked at to see that they have not shifted on their axles, though this defect will be generally intimated by the irregular beating of the engines. The tubes should also be examined and cleaned out, and the ashes emptied out of the smoke box through the small ash door at the end. If the engine be a six-wheeled one, with the driving wheels in the middle, it will be liable to pitch, and oscillate if too much weight be thrown upon the driving wheels; and where such faults are found to exist, the weight upon the drivings wheels should be diminished. The practice of blowing off the boiler by the steam, as is always done in marine boilers, should not be permitted as a general rule in locomotive boilers, when the tubes are of brass and the fire box of copper; but when the tubes and fire boxes are of iron, there will not be an equal risk of injury. Before starting on a journey, the engine man should take a summary glance beneath the engine--but before doing so he ought to assure himself that no other engine is coming up at the time. The regulator, when the engine is standing, should be closed and locked, and the eccentric rod be fixed out of gear, and the tender break screwed down; the cocks of the oil vessels should at the same time be shut, but should all be opened a short time before the train starts.

753. _Q._--What should be done if a tube bursts in the boiler?

_A._--When a tube bursts, a wooden or iron plug must be driven into each end of it, and if the water or steam be rushing out so fiercely that the exact position of the imperfection cannot be discovered, it will be advisable to diminish the pressure by increasing the supply of feed water. Should the leak be so great that the level of the water in the boiler cannot be maintained, it will be expedient to drop the bars and quench the fire, so as to preserve the tubes and fire box from injury.

754. _Q._--If any of the working parts of a locomotive break or become deranged, what should be done?

_A._--Should the piston rod or connecting rod break, or the cutters fall out or be clipped off--as sometimes happens to the piston cutter when the engine is suddenly reversed upon a heavy train--the parts should be disconnected, if the connection cannot be restored, so as to enable one engine to work; and of course the valve of the faulty engine must be kept closed. If one engine has not power enough to enable the train to proceed with the blast pipe full open, the engine may perhaps be able to take on a part of the carriages, or it may run on by itself to fetch assistance. The same course must be pursued if any of the valve gearing becomes deranged, and the defects cannot be rectified upon the spot.

755. _Q._--What are the most usual causes of railway collisions?

_A._--Probably fogs and inexactness in the time kept by the trains. Collisions have sometimes occurred from carriages having been blown from a siding on to the rails by a high wind; and the slippery state of the rails, or the fracture of a break, has sometimes occasioned collisions at terminal stations. Collision has also repeatedly taken place from one engine having overtaken another, from the failure of a tube in the first engine, or from some other slight disarrangement; and collision has also taken place from the switches having been accidentally so left as to direct the train into a siding, instead of continuing it on the main line. Every train now carries fog signals, which are detonating packets, which are fixed upon the rails in advance or in the rear of a train which, whether from getting off the rails or otherwise, is stopped upon the line, and which are exploded by the wheels of any approaching train.

756. _Q._--What other duties of an engine-driver are there deserving attention?

_A._--They are too various to be all enumerated here, and they also vary somewhat with the nature of the service. One rule, however, of universal application, is for the driver to look after matters himself, and not delegate to the stoker the duties which the person in charge of the engine should properly perform. Before leaving a station, the engine-driver should assure himself that he has the requisite supply of coke and water. Besides the firing tools and rakes for clearing the tubes, he should have with him in the tender a set of signal lamps and, torches, for tunnels and for night, detonating signals, screw keys, a small tank of oil, a small cask of tallow, and a small box of waste, a coal hammer, a chipping hammer, some wooden and iron plugs for the tubes, and an iron tube holder for inserting them, one or two buckets, a screw jack, wooden and iron wedges, split wire for pins, spare cutters, some chisels and files, a pinch bar, oil cans and an oil syringe, a chain, some spare bolts, and some cord, spun yarn, and rope.

INDEX.

Accidents in steam vessels, proper preparation for. Admiralty rule for horse power. Adhesion of wheels of locomotives to rails. Air, velocity of, entering a vacuum, required for combustion of coal; law of expansion of, by heat; Air pump, description of, action of; proper dimensions of. Air pump of marine engines, details of. Air pump of oscillating engine. Air pump of direct acting screw engines. Air pumps made both single and double acting, difference of, explained. Air pumps, double acting valves of, bad vacuum in; causes and remedy. Air pump rods, brass or copper, in marine engines. Air pump bucket, valves of. Air pump, connecting rod and cross head of oscillating engine. Air pump rod of oscillating engine. Air pump arm. Air vessels applied to suction side of pumps. "Alma," engine of, by Messrs. John Bourne & Co. "Amphion," engines of. Amoskeag steam fire engine. Angle iron in boilers, precautions respecting. Apparatus for raising screw propeller. Atmospheric valve. Atmospheric resistance to railway trains. Auxiliary power, screw vessels with. Axle bearings of locomotives. Axle guards. Axles and wheels of modern locomotives. "Azof," slide valve of.

Babbitt's metal, how to compound.
Balance piston to take pressure off slide valve.
Ball valves.
Barrel of boiler of modern locomotives.
Beam, working of land engine,
main or working strength proper for.
Bearings of engines or other machinery,
rule for determining proper surface of.
Bearings, heating of, how to prevent or remedy,
journals should always bottom, as, if they grip
on the sides, the pressure is infinite.
Beattie's screw.
Belidor's valves might be used for foot and delivery valves.
Bell-metal, composition of.
Blast pipe of locomotives, description of.
Blast in locomotives, exhaustion produced by,
proper construction of the blast pipe;
the blast pipe should be set below the root of
the chimney so much that the cone of escaping steam shall just fill the
chimney.
Blast pipe with variable orifice, at one time much used.
Blow-off cock of locomotives.
Blow-off cocks of marine boilers, proper construction of.
Blow-off cocks, description of.
Blowing off supersalted water from marine boilers.
Blowing off, estimate of heat lost by,
mode of.
Blow through valve, description of.
Blowing furnaces, power necessary for.
Bodies, falling, laws of.
Bodmer, expansion valve by.
Boilers, general description of: the wagon boiler,
the Cornish boiler;
the marine flue boiler;
the marine tubular boiler;
locomotive boiler--_see_ Locomotives.
Boilers proportions of: heating surface of,
fire grate, surface of;
consumption of fuel on each square foot of fire bars in wagon,
Cornish, and locomotive boilers;
calorimmeter and vent of boilers;
comparison of proportions of wagon, flue, and tubular boilers;
evaporative power of boilers;
power generated by evaporation of a cubic foot of water;
proper proportions of modern marine boilers both flue and tubular;
modern locomotive boilers;
exhaustion produced by blast in locomotives;
increased evaporation from increased exhaustion;
strength of boilers;
experiments on, by Franklin Institute;
by Mr. Fairbairn;
mode of computing strength of boilers;
staying of.
Boilers, marine, prevented from salting by blowing off,
early locomotive and contemporaneous marine boilers compared;
chimneys of land;
rules for proportions of chimneys;
chimneys of marine boilers.
Boilers, constructive details of: riveting and caulking of land boilers,
proving of;
seams payed with mixture of whiting and linseed oil;
setting of wagon boilers;
riveting of marine boilers;
precautions respecting angle iron;
how to punch the rivet holes and shear edges of plates;
setting of marine boilers in wooden vessels;
mastic cement for setting marine boilers;
composition of mastic cement;
best length of furnace;
configuration of furnace bars;
advantages and construction of furnace bridges;
various forms of dampers;
precautions against injury to boilers from intense heat;
tubing of boilers;
proper mode of staying tube plates;
proper mode of constructing steamboat chimneys;
waste steam-pipe and funnel casing;
telescope chimneys;
formation of scale in marine boilers;
injury of such incrustations;
amount of salt in sea water;
saltness permissible in boilers;
amount of heat lost by blowing off;
mode of discharging the supersalted water;
Lamb's scale preventer;
internal corrosion of marine boilers;
causes of internal corrosion;
surcharged steam produced from salt water;
stop valves between boilers;
safety or escape valve on feed pipe;
locomotive boilers consist of the fire box, barrel for
holding tubes, and smoke box;
dimensions of the barrel and thickness of plates;
mode of staying fire box and furnace crown;
fire bars, ash box, and chimney;
steam dome used only in old engines;
manhole, mudholes, and blow-oft cock;
tube plate, and mode of securing tubes;
expanding mandrels;
various forms of regulator.
Boilers of modern locomotives.
Boiler, the, proper care of, the first duty of the engineer.
Bolts, proper proportions of.
Boring of cylinders.
Boulton and Watt's rules for fly wheel,
proportions of marine flue boilers;
rule for proportions of chimneys of land boilers;
of marine boilers;
experiments on the resistance of vessels in water.
Bourdon's steam and vacuum gauges.
Bourne, expansion valves by.
Bourne, Messrs. J. & Co., direct acting screw engines by.
Brass for bearings, composition of.
Brazing solders.
Bridges in furnaces, benefits of.
Burning of boilers, precautions against.
Bursting velocity of fly wheel,
and of railway wheels.
Bursting of boilers,
causes of;
precautions against;
may be caused by accumulations of salt.
Butterfly valves of air pump.

Cabrey, expansion valve by. Calorimeter of boilers, definition of. Cams, proper forms of. Cast iron, strength of, proportions of cast iron beams; effects of different kinds of strains on beams; strength to resist shocks not proportional to strength to resist strains; to attain maximum strength should be combined with wrought iron. Casting of cylinders. Case-hardening, how to accomplish. Cataract, explanation of nature and uses of. Caulking of land boilers. Cement, mastic, for setting marine boilers. Central forces. Centre of pressure of paddle wheels. Centres of gravity, gyration and oscillation. Centres for fixing arms of paddle wheel. Centres of an engine, how to lay off. Centrifugal force, nature of, rule for determining; bursting velocity of fly wheel; and of railway wheels. Centrifugal pump will supersede common pump. Centripetal force, nature of. Chimney of locomotives. Chimney of steam vessels, what to do if carried away. Chimneys of land boilers, Boulton and Watt's rule for proportions of; of marine boilers. Chimneys, exhaustion produced by, high and wide chimneys in locomotives injurious. Chimneys of steamboats, telescope. Clark's patent steam fire regulator. Coal, constituents of, combustion of air required for; evaporative efficacy of; of wood, turf, and coke. Cocks, proper construction of. Cog wheels for screw engines. Coke, evaporative efficacy of. Cold water pump, description of, rule for size of. Combustion, nature of. Combustion of coal, air required for. Combustion, slow and rapid, comparative merits of, rapid combustion necessary in steam vessels, and enables less heating, surface in the boiler to suffice. Conchoidal propeller. Condensation of steam, water required for. Condenser, description of, action of; proper dimensions of. Condenser of oscillating engine. Condenser of direct acting screw engine. Condensing engine, definition of. Condensing water, how to provide when deficient. Conical pendulum or governor. Connecting rod, description of, strength proper for. Connecting rod of direct acting screw engines, of locomotives. Consumption of fuel on each square foot of fire bars in wagon, Cornish, and locomotive boilers. Copper, strength of. Corliss's steam engine. Corrosion produced by surcharged steam. Corrosion of marine boilers, causes of. Cost of locomotives. Cotton spinning, power necessary for. Counter for counting strokes of an engine. Crank, description of, unequal leverage of, corrected by fly wheel; no power lost by; action of; strength proper for. Crank of direct acting screw engines. Crank pin, strength proper for. Crank pin of direct acting screw engines. Cranked axle of locomotives. Cross head, description of, strength proper for. Cross head of direct acting screw engines. Cross tail, description of. Cylinder, description of, strength proper for. Cylinder of oscillating engine, of direct acting screw engine. Cylinders should have a steam jacket, and be felted and planted, should have escape valves. Cylinders of locomotives should be large, proper arrangement of. Cylinders, how to cast, how to bore; how to grind. Cylinder jacket, advantages of.

Damper. Dampers, various forms of. Deadwood, hole in, for screw. Delivery valve, description of. Delivery or discharge valves, proper dimensions of. Delivery valves might be made on Belidor's plan. Delivery valves in mouth of air pump, of india rubber. Direct acting screw engines should be balanced. Direct acting screw engine by Messrs. John Bourne &, Co., cylinder; discs; guides; screw shaft brasses; air pump; slide valve; balance piston; connecting rod; piston rods; cross head; air pump arm; feed pump; crank pin; screw shaft; thrust plummer block; link motion; screw propeller. Discharge valves. Disc valves of india rubber for air pumps. Discs of direct acting screw engine instead of crank. Dodds, expansion valve by. Double acting engines, definition of. Double acting air pumps, valves of; faults of. Draw bolt. Dredging earth out of rivers, power necessary for. Driving wheels of locomotives. Driving piles, power necessary for. Duplex pump, Worthington's. Dundonald, Earl of, screw by. Duty of engines and boilers, how the duty is ascertainable. Dynamometer, description of. Dynamometric power of screw vessels.

Eccentric, description of,
sometimes made loose for backing.
Eccentric and eccentric rod of oscillating engine.
Eccentric notch should be fitted with a brass bush.
Eccentric straps of locomotives,
rods of locomotives.
Eccentrics of locomotives,
how to readjust.
Economy of fuel in steam vessels.
Edwards, expansion valve by.
Elasticity, limits of.
Engine, high pressure, definition of,
low pressure, definition of.
Engines, classification of,
rotative, definition of;
rotatory, definition of;
single acting, definition of;
double acting, definition of;
mode of erecting in a vessel;
how to refix if they have become loose.
Engineers of steam vessels should make proper preparation for accidents.
Equilibrium slide valve,
grid-iron valve.
Erecting engines in a vessel.
Erection of engines in the workshop.
Escape valve on feed pipe.
Escape valves for letting water out of cylinders.
Evaporative efficacy of coal,
of wood, turf, and coke.
Evaporative power of boilers,
power generated by evaporation of a cubic foot of water;
increase of evaporation due to increased exhaustion in locomotives.
Excavator, Otis's.
Exhaustion produced by chimneys,
by the blast in locomotives;
increased evaporation from increased exhaustion.
Expanding mandrels for tubing boilers.
Expansion of air by heat.
Expansion of surcharged steam by heat.
Expansion of steam,
pressure of steam inversely as the space occupied;
law of expansion;
rule for computing the increase of efficiency produced by working
expansively;
necessity of efficient provisions against refrigeration in working
expansively;
advantages of steam jacket;
Forms of apparatus for working expansively: lap on the slide valve
wire drawing the steam;
Cornish expansion valve,
in rotative engines worked by a cam;
mode of varying the degree of expansion;
proper forms of cams;
the link motion;
expansion valves, by Cabrey, Fenton, Dodds, Farcot, Edwards,
Lavagrian, Bodmer, Meyer, Hawthorn, Gonzenbach, and Bourne.
Expansion joint in valve casing.
Expansion valves, Cornish,
the link motion;
by Cabrey, Fenton, Dodds, Farcot, Edwards, Lavagrian, Bodmer, Meyer,
Hawthorn, Gouzenbach, and Bourne.
Explosions of boilers,
causes of explosions;
precautions against;
dangers of accumulations of salt.

Face plates or planometers. Falling bodies, laws of. Farcot, expansion valve by. Feathering paddle wheels, description of, details of. Feed pump, description of, action of; proper dimensions of; rule for proportioning. Feed pump plunger, and valves. Feed pumps of locomotives, details of. Feed pumps of direct acting screw engines. Fenton, expansion valve by. Fire bars of locomotives. Fire box of locomotives, mode of staying. Fire box of modern locomotives. Fire engines, cost of running. Fire grate surface of boilers. Fire grate in locomotives should be of small area, coke proper to be burned per hour on each square foot of bars. Firing furnaces, proper mode of. Flaws in valves or cylinders, how to remedy. Float for regulating water level in boilers. Floats of paddle. Floats of paddle wheels, increased resistance of, if oblique, floats should be large. Fly wheel corrects unequal leverage of crank, proper energy for; Boulton and Watt's rule for; bursting velocity of; description of; action of, in redressing irregularities of motion. Foot valve, description of, proper dimensions of. Foot valves might be made on Belidor's plan, of india rubber. Frame at stern for holding screw propeller. Framing of locomotives. Framing of oscillating engine. Franklin Institute, experiments on steam by. French Academy, experiments on steam by. Friction, nature of, does not vary as the rubbing surfaces, but as the retaining pressure; does not increase with the velocity per unit of distance, but increases with the velocity per unit of time; measures of friction; effect of unguents; kind of unguent should vary with the pressure; Morin's experiments; rule for determining proper surfaces of bearings; friction of rough surfaces. Friction of the water the main cause of the resistance of vessels of good shape. Fuel burnt on each square foot of fire bars in wagon, Cornish, and locomotive boilers, economy of, in steam vessels. Funnel casing. Funnel, what to do if carried away. Funnels of steam boats. _See_ Chimneys. Furnaces, proper mode of firing, smoke burning: Williams's argand; Prideaux's; Boulton and Watt's dead plate; revolving crate; Juckes's; Maudslay's; Hull's, Coupland's, Godson's, Robinson's, Stevens's, Hazeldine's, &c.. Furnaces of marine boilers, proper length of. Furnace bridges, benefits of. Fusible metal plugs useless as antidotes to explosions.

Gauges, vacuum, steam; gauge cocks and glass tubes for showing level of water in boiler, description of. Gauge cocks for showing level of water in boiler. Gearing for screw engines. Gibs and cutters, strengths proper for. Giffard's injector. Glass tubes for showing water level in boilers. Glass tube cocks. Gonzeubach, expansion valve by. Gooch's indicator. Gooch's locomotive. Governor or conical pendulum, description of. Governor, Porter's patent. Gravity, centre of. "Great Western," boilers of, by Messrs. Maudslay. Gridiron valve. Griffith's screw. Grinding corn, power necessary for. Grinding of cylinders. Gudgeons, strength proper for. Guides of locomotives. Guides of direct acting screw engine. Gun metal, strength of. Gyration, centre of.

Harvey and West's pump valves. Hawthorn, expansion valve by. Heat, latent, definition of. Heat, specific, definition of. Heat, Regnault's experiments on. Heat, loss of, by blowing off marine boilers. Heating surface of boilers. Heating surface per square foot of fire bars in locomotives, a cubic foot of water evaporates by five square feet of heating surface. Heating of bearings, causes of, bearings should always be slack at the sides, else the pressure is infinite. High pressure engine, definition of. High pressure engines, power of. High speed engines, arrangements proper for high speeds. Hoadley's portable engine. Hodgson's screw. Hoe & Co.'s steam engine. Holding down bolts of marine engines, or bolts for securing engines to hull. Holms's screw propeller. Horses power, definition of, nominal horse power; actual power ascertained by the indictator; Admiralty rule for. Hot water or feed pump, description of. Hot well, description of.

Increasing pitch of screw. Incrustation in boilers. _See_ also Salt. India rubber valves for air pump. Indicator, description of the, by McNaught, structure and mode of using; Gooch's continuous indicator. Injection cock. Injection cocks of marine engines at ship's sides. Injection orifice, proper area of. Injector, Giffard's. Injection valve. Inside cylinder locomotives. Iron, strength of, limits of elasticity of; proper strain to be put upon iron in engines and machines; aggravation of strain by being intermittent; increase of strain due to deflection; strength of pillars and tubes, combination of malleable and cast iron. Iron, cast, strength of, cast iron beams; may be strong to resist strains, but not strong to resist shocks; should be combined with wrought iron to obtain maximum strength. Iron, if to be case hardened, should be homogeneous.

Jacket of cylinder, advantages of. Joints, rust, how to make.

Kingston's valves.

Lamb's scale preventer. Lantern brass in stuffing boxes. Lap and lead of the valve, meaning of. Large vessels have least proportionate resistance. Latent heat, definition of. Latta's steam fire engine. Lavagrian, expansion valve by. Lead and lap of the valve, meaning of. Lead of the valve, benefits of. Lever, futility of plans for deriving power from a lever. Lifting apparatus for screw propeller. Limits of elasticity. Links, main description of.

Link motion of direct acting screw engine.
Link motion, how to set.
Locomotive engines,
general description of the locomotive;
Stephenson's locomotive;
Gooch's locomotive for the wide gauge;
Crampton's locomotive for the narrow gauge.
Locomotives, adhesion of wheels of,
cost and performance of;
framing of;
cylinders of;
springs of;
outside and inside cylinders;
sinuous motion of;
rocking motion of;
pitching motion of;
pistons;
piston rods;
guides;
cranked axle;
axle bearings;
eccentrics;
eccentric rod;
starting handle;
link motion;
valves, how to set;
eccentrics, how to readjust;
feed pumps;
connection of engine and tender,
driving wheels;
wheel tires.
Locomotive engine of modern construction, example of,
fire box;
barrel of boiler;
tubes;
tube plate;
framing;
axle guards;
draw bolt;
wheels and axles;
cylinders;
valve;
piston;
piston rod;
guides;
connecting rod;
eccentrics;
link motion;
regulator;
blast pipe;
safety valve;
feed pump;
tendencies of improvement in locomotives.
Locomotives, management of.
Locomotive boilers, examples of modern proportions.
Locomotive boilers, details of.
Low pressure or condensing engine, definition of.
Lubrication of rubbing surfaces,
the friction depends mainly on the nature of lubricant;
oil forced out of bearings, if the pressure exceeds 800
lbs. per square inch longitudinal section;
water a good lubricant if the surfaces are large enough.
Lubrication of engine bearings.

McNaught's indicator. Main beam, strength proper for. Main centre, description of, strength proper for. Main links, description of, strength proper for. Mandrels, expanding, for tubing boilers. Manhole door. Manhole of locomotives. Marine flue boilers, proportions of. _See_ also Boilers. Marine boilers of modern construction, proper proportions of. Marine engines. _See_ Steam Engines, marine. Mastic cement for setting marine boilers. Maudslay, Messrs., boilers of "Retribution" and "Great Western," by, Mechanical powers, misconceptions respecting. Mechanical power, definition of, indestructible and eternal; the sun the source of mechanical power. Metallic packing for pistons. Metallic packing for stuffing boxes. Meyer, expansion valve by. Miller, Ravenhill & Co.'s mode of fixing piston rod to piston. Modern locomotives. Momentum, or _vis viva_. Morin, experiments on friction by. Mudholes of locomotives. Muntz's metal, composition of.

"Niger" and "Basilisk," trials of. "Nile," boilers of the, by Boulton and Watt. Notch of eccentric should be fitted with brass bush.

Oils for lubrication. _See_ Lubrication.
Oscillation, centre of.
Oscillating paddle engine, description of.
Oscillating engine, advantages of,
futility of objections to;
details of cylinder;
framing;
condenser;
air pump;
trunnions;
valve and valve casing;
piston;
piston rod;
air pump connecting rod and cross head;
air pump rod;
eccentric and eccentric rod;
valve gear;
valve sector;
shaft plummer blocks;
trunnion plummer blocks;
feathering paddle wheels;
packing of trunnions.
Oscillating engines, how to erect.
Otis's excavator.
Outside and inside cylinder locomotives.

Packing for stuffing box of Watt's engine. Packing of piston of pumping engines, how to accomplish. Packing of trunnions. Paddle bolts, proper mode of forming. Paddle centres. Paddle floats. Paddle shaft, description of. Paddle shaft, details of. Paddle shaft plummer blocks of oscillating engines. Paddle wheels, details of, structure and operation of; slip of; centre of pressure of; rolling circle; action of oblique floats; rule for proportioning paddle wheels; benefits of large floats. Paddle wheels, feathering, description of; details of. Paddles and screw combined. Parallel motion, description of, how to lay off centres of. Pendulum, cause of vibrations of; relation of vibrations of pendulum to velocity of falling bodies; conical pendulum or governor. Penn, Messrs., engines of "Great Britain," by, direct acting screw engines by; trunk engines by. Performance of locomotives. Pillars, hollow, strength of, law of strength varies with thickness of metal. Pipe for receiving screw shaft. Pipes of marine engines. Piston, description of, how to pack with hemp. Pistons, metallic packing for. Pistons for oscillating engines. Pistons, how to fit and finish. Pistons of locomotives. Piston rod, description of, strength proper for. Piston rods of locomotives. Piston rod of oscillating engine. Piston rods of direct acting screw engine. Pitch of the screw. Pitch, increasing or expanding. Pitching motion in locomotives. Planometers, or face plates. Plummer blocks of shafts and trunnions of oscillating engines. Plummer blocks for receiving thrust of screw propeller. Plunger of feed pump. Portable engine, Hoadley's. Porter's patent governor. Ports of the cylinder, area of. Pot-lid valves of air pump. Powers, mechanical, misconception respecting. Power, horses, definition of, nominal and actual power; power of high pressure engines. Power necessary for thrashing and grinding corn, working sugar mills, spinning cotton, sawing timber, grossing cotton, blowing furnaces, driving piles, and dredging earth out of rivers. Pressing cotton, power necessary for. Priming, nature and causes of. Priming, if excessive, may occasion explosion. Propeller, screw, description of. Proportions of screws with, two, four, and six blades. Proving of boilers. Prussiate of potash for case hardening. Pumping engines, mode of erecting, mode of starting. Pumps, loss of effect in, at high speed and with hot water, causes of this loss; remedy for. Pumps used for mines. Pump, air, description, of, action of. Pumps, air, proper proportions of, single and double acting. Pump, centrifugal, better than common pump. Pump, cold water, description of. Pump, feed, description of, action of; proper dimensions of; rule for proportioning; plunger of; valves of; independent. Pump valves for mines, &c. Punching and shearing boiler plates.

Railway wheels, bursting velocity of. Railway trains, resistance of. Rarefaction or exhaustion produced by chimneys. "Rattler" and "Alecto," trials of. Registration, benefits of. Regnault, experiments on heat by. Regulator, a valve for regulating the admission of steam in locomotives, description of; various forms of. Regulator, Clark's, patent steam and fire. Rennie, experiments on friction by. Resistance, experienced by railway trains. Resistance of vessels in water, mainly made up of friction; experiments on. Resistance and speed of vessels influenced by their size. "Retribution," boilers of, by Messrs. Mandslay. Riveting and caulking of land boilers. Rocking motion of locomotives. Rolling circle of paddle wheels. Rotatory engines, definition of. Rotative engines, definition of. Rust joints, how to make.

Safety valve, area of, in low pressure engines,
in locomotives.
Salinometer, or salt gauge, how to use,
how to construct.
Salt, accumulation of, prevented in marine boilers by blowing off,
if allowed to accumulate in boilers may occasion explosion;
amount of, in sea water.
Salt water produces surcharged steam.
Salting of boilers, what to do if this takes place.
Sawing timber, power necessary for.
Scale in marine boilers. _See_ also Salt.
Scale preventer, Lamb's.
Scrap iron, unsuitable for case hardening.
Scraping tools for metal surfaces.
Screw.
Screw engine, geared oscillating, description of,
direct acting, description of.
Screw engine, direct acting, by Messrs. John Bourne & Co.
Screw engines, best forms of.
Screw frame in deadwood.
Screw propeller, description of.
Screw propeller, mode of fixing on shaft,
modes of receiving thrust;
apparatus for lifting;
configuration of;
action of;
pitch of the screw;
screws of increasing or expanding pitch;
slip of the screw;
positive and negative slip;
screw and paddles compared;
test of the dynamometer;
trials of "Rattler" and "Alecto," and "Niger" and "Basilisk";
indicator and dynamometer power;
loss of power in screw vessels in head winds;
the screw should be deeply immersed;
screws of the Earl of Dundonald, Hodgson, Griffith, Holm, and Beattie;
lateral and retrogressive slip;
sterns of screw vessels should be sharp;
proportions of screws with two, four, and six blades;
screw vessels with auxiliary power;
screw and paddles combined;
economy of fuel in steam vessels;
benefits of registration.
Screw propeller, Holm's conchoidal.
Screw shaft, details of.
Screw shaft pipe at stern.
Screw shaft brasses of direct acting screw engines.
Sea water, amount of salt in.
Sea injection cocks.
Setting of wagon boilers,
of marine boilers.
Setting the valves of locomotives.
Shaft, paddle, details of.
Shaft of screw propeller, details of.
Shafts, strength of.
Shank's steam gauge.
Shocks may not be well resisted by iron that can well resist strains,
effect of inertia in resisting shocks.
Side levers or beams, description of.
Side lever marine engines, description of.
Side lever engines, how to erect.
Side rods, description of,
strength proper for.
Silsbee, Mynderse & Co.'s steam fire engine.
Single acting engines, definition of.
Single acting or pumping engines,
mode of erecting;
mode of starting.
Sinuous motion of locomotives.
Slide valve,
various forms of;
long D and three ported valve, description of;
action of the slide valve;
lead and lap of the valve;
rules for determining the proportions of valves;
advantages of lead in swift moving engines.
Slide valve, equilibrium.
Slide valve with balance piston of direct acting screw engine.
Slide valve, how to finish.
Slide valves of marine engines, how to set.
Slip of paddle wheels.
Slip of the screw,
positive and negative slip;
lateral and retrogressive slip.
Smoke, modes of consuming.
Smoke burning furnaces,
Williams's argand;
Prideaux's;
Boulton and Watt's dead plate;
revolving grate;
Juckes's;
Maudslay's;
Hall's, Coupland's, Godson's, Robinson's, Stevens's, Hazeldine's, &c.
"Snake" locomotive.
Southern,
experiments on friction by;
experiments on steam by.
Specific heat, definition of.
Speed of vessels influenced by their size.
Spheroidal condition of water in boilers.
Springs of locomotives.
Stand pipe for low pressure boilers.
Starting handle of locomotives.
Staying of boilers.
Staying tube plates, mode of.
Staying fire boxes of locomotives.
Steam, experiments on by Southern, French Academy, Franklin Institute,
and M. Regnault.
Steam pump,
Worthington's;
Woodward's.
Steam and water, relative bulks of.
Steam,
expansion of;
pressure of;
inversely as space occupied;
_See also_ Expansion of Steam.
Steam engine, applications and appliances of the.
Steam engine,
general description of Watt's double acting engine;
R. Hoe & Co.'s;
Corliss's;
Woodruff & Beach's.
Steam engine,
various forms of, for propelling vessels;
paddle engines and screw engines;
principal varieties of paddle engines;
different kinds of paddle wheels;
the side lever engine;
description of the side lever engine;
oscillating paddle engine;
description of feathering paddle wheels;
direct acting screw engine.
Steam dome of locomotives.
Steam fire engine,
Latta's.
Amoskeag.
Silsbee, Mynderse & Co.'s.
Steam gauge,
Bourdon's;
Shank's.
Steam jacket, benefits of;
Steam passages, area of;
Steam room in boilers;
Steam, surcharged, law of expansion by heat;
Steel, strength of;
Stephenson, link motion by;
Stop valves between boilers;
Straight edges;
Strains subsisting in machines;
Strain proper to be put upon iron in engines;
Strains in machines,
vary inversely as the velocity of the part to which the strain is
applied.
aggravated by being intermittent.
increase of strain due to deflection.
effects of alternate strains in opposite directions.
Strength of materials.
Strength of hollow pillars,
law of;
strength varies with thickness of metal.
Strength of cast iron to resist shocks does not vary as the strength
to resist strains,
increase of strength by combination with cast iron.
Strength of boilers,
experiments on, by Franklin Institute;
by Mr. Fairbairn;
mode of computing;
mode of staying for strength.
Strength of engines: cylinder,
trunnions;
piston rod;
main links;
connecting rod;
studs of the beam;
gudgeons;
working beam;
cast iron shaft;
malleable iron shaft;
teeth of wheels;
side rods;
crank;
crank pin;
cross head;
main centre;
gibs and cutter.
Studs, strength proper for.
Stuffing box, description of.
Stuffing boxes with metallic packing,
with sheet brass packed behind with hemp;
sometimes fitted with a lantern, brass.
Sugar mills, power necessary to work.
Summers' experiments on the friction of rough surfaces.
Surcharged steam, law of expansion of, by heat.
Surcharged steam produced by salt water,
corrosive action of.
Surfaces, how to make true.
Sweeping the tubes of boilers clean of soot.

Teeth of wheels. Telescope chimneys. Tender of a locomotive, description of, attachment of, to engine. Thrashing corn, power necessary for. Throttle valve, description of. Thrust of the screw propeller, modes of receiving. Thrust plummer block. Tires of locomotive wheels. Traction on railways. Trunk engine by Messrs. Rennie, disadvantages of. Trunk engines by Messrs. Penn. Trunnions of oscillating engines, description of, strength proper for; details of. Trunnion packing. Trunnion plummer blocks. Tube plates, mode of staying. Tube plates of modern locomotives. Tubes of modern locomotive boilers. Tubes of boilers, how to sweep clean of soot. Tubing of boilers. Tubing locomotive boilers.

Valve, atmospheric. Valve casing, description of. Valve casing should have expansion joint. Valve and valve casing of oscillating engine. Valve delivery, description of, action of Valve, equilibrium slide. Valve, foot, description of, action of. Valve gear of Watt's engine, action of. Valve gear of oscillating engine. Valve, gridiron. Valve, slide. _See_ Slide Valve. Valve, slide, how to finish. Valves, ball, Belidor's might be used for foot and delivery valves; butterfly, of air pump; concentric ring, for air pump bucket. Valves, equilibrium. Valves, escape, for cylinders. Valves, expansion. _See_ Expansion Valves. Valves of feed pumps. Valves, india rubber, for air pump. Valves, Kingston's. Valves of locomotives, how to set. Valves, pot-lid, of air pump. Vacuum, meaning of, nature and uses of; how maintained in engines. Vacuum sometimes occurs in boilers, evils of a vacuum in boilers. Vacuum, velocity with which air rushes into a. Vacuum gauge, Bourdon's. Velocity of air entering a vacuum. Velocity of falling bodies. Vent of boilers, definition of. Vessels, resistance of, mainly made up of friction in good forms; experiments on; influence of size. _Vis viva_, or mechanical power.

Waste steam pipe. Waste water pipe. Water required for condensation, pumps for supplying. Watt's double acting engine, description of. Wedge. Wheels, toothed, for screw engines. Wheels, teeth of. Wheels of locomotives, adhesion of. Wheels, driving, of locomotives. Wheel tires. Wheels and axles of modern locomotives. Wood, experiments on friction by. Wood, evaporative efficacy of. Woodman's steam pump. Woodruff & Beach's steam engine. Working beam of land engine, description of. Worthington's steam pump, duplex pump.

THE END.

End of Project Gutenberg's A Catechism of the Steam Engine, by John Bourne