Chapter XIV: Part II: Ch. iii.—“Does not the Horse and the Ass carry you and your

Burthens; don’t the Ox plough your Ground?”

John Newbery’s private memoranda show mistakes of the same kind.

[Sidenote: 3.]

(a) John Newbery died in 1767, when the business was divided into two branches, one under his son Francis, in partnership with T. Carnan, the other under Francis Newbery the nephew, whose widow Elizabeth succeeded him in 1780. T. Carnan afterwards set up on his own account.

(b) In the curious “appendix” to _Goody Two-Shoes_, there is “an Anecdote respecting Tom Two-Shoes, communicated by a Gentleman who is now writing the History of his Life”. This is the chief incident in _Tommy Two-Shoes_, published at the close of the century by Wilson and Spence of York.

Imitations only mark the distinction of the Newbery books. Many were published by John Marshall (_c._ 1780). These include _The Orphan; or, the Entertaining History of Little Goody Goosecap_; and _The Renowned History of Primrose Prettyface_, “who, by her Sweetness of Temper and Love of Learning, was raised from being the Daughter of a poor Cottager, to great Riches and the Dignity of Lady of the Manor.... London, printed in the Year when all little Boys and Girls should be good”, etc.

One copy is inscribed “Thos. Preston, March 22nd, 1788”. If this be the date of purchase, the book may be earlier; but it may be the date of the child’s birth.

[Sidenote: 4.]

“The Lilliputian Masquerade: recommended to the Perusal of those Sons and Daughters of Folly, the Frequenters of the Pantheon, Almack’s and Cornelly’s. Embellished with Cuts, for the Instruction and Amusement of the rising Generation. Price of a Subscription Ticket, not Two Guineas, but Two Pence”.—Carnan’s List for 1787.

The Masquerade was “occasioned by the Conclusion of Peace between those potent Nations the Lilliputians and Tommy-thumbians”, after a quarrel “concerning an Affair of no less Importance than whether, when a Cat wagged her Tail, it was a Sign of fair or foul Weather”; and the Peace had been made by “an old Lady _whose Name was Reason_”.

A later edition in Dutch paper covers (probably after 1800) published by P. Norbury at Brentford, has no reference to the Pantheon, etc., but is recommended by the couplet:

“Behind a Mask you’ll something find
To please and to improve the mind.”

[Sidenote: p. 78. 2.]

First Worcester edition: _The Juvenile Biographer_, “containing the Lives of little Masters and Misses. Including a Variety of Good and Bad Characters. By a little Biographer.... Worcester, Mass. Printed by Isaiah Thomas and sold at his Book Store. Sold also by E. Battelle, Boston, 1787.”

[Sidenote: p. 81. 1.]

_Juvenile Correspondence_; “or, Letters designed as Examples of Epistolary Style, for Children of both Sexes”. By Lucy Aikin. 2nd Edition. London, for Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, Paternoster Row, and R. Hunter, St. Paul’s Churchyard, 1816.

Miss Aikin’s aim was to supply children with “juvenile equivalents of Gray, Cowper and Lady Mary Wortley Montague”; but the influence of Mrs. Barbauld adds natural touches not found in “Lilliputian” books.

[Sidenote: p. 82. 1.]

_A Father’s Memoirs of his Child_, by Benjamin Heath Malkin (1806), contains letters written by a child from his third to his seventh year (1798-1802).

The little boy, Thomas Williams Malkin, born in October, 1795, died when he was seven. His father, beginning the _Memoirs_, says: “It is not intended to run a parallel of his infancy with that of Addison in his assumed character of Spectator, who ‘threw away his rattle before he was two months old, and would not make use of his coral until they had taken away the bells from it’”; but the disclaimer proves that he was conscious of the parallel.

On his own showing, he had made the child into a “little Philosopher” who never had so much as a rattle to throw away, whose first toy was a box of letters. The boy’s letters show a pathetic struggle between natural simplicity and the artificial system on which he was being trained. Some are more precocious and pedantic than any in _Juvenile Correspondence_.

The tendency of parents to encourage stilted “epistolary patterns” was shown earlier in the childish letters of Mrs. Trimmer (See _The Life and Writings of Mrs. T._)

[Sidenote: p. 83. 2.]

Canning deals with the Newbery books much as Addison does with the ballads, though Canning’s classical parallels are not serious. He begins by recommending to novel-readers, instead of “the studies which usually engross their attention”, the “instructive and entertaining Histories of Mr. Thomas Thumb, Mr. John Hickathrift and sundry other celebrated Worthies; a true and faithful account of whose adventures and atchievements may be had by the Curious and the Public in general, price two-pence gilt, at Mr. Newbery’s, St. Paul’s Churchyard, and at some other Gentleman’s whose name I do not now recollect, the _Bouncing B., Shoe-Lane_”. (This refers to John Marshall’s sign of the “Great A and Bouncing B”.)

He identifies “Tom Thumb” with Perrault’s “Little Thumb”, and draws a parallel between that hero and Ulysses; and between the Ogre and Polyphemus, comparing the incidents in a mock-heroic vein. There is no trace of the “Lilliputian” Hickathrift which he mentions.

[Sidenote: p. 84. 1.]

“Jemmy” Catnach, and “Johnny” Pitts of the “Toy and Marble Warehouse”, were rival printers of ballads and chap-books in Seven Dials.

Catnach’s nursery books include rhymed versions of Perrault’s Tales, _The Butterfly’s Ball_, _The Tragical Death of an Apple Pie_ (a very old alphabet rhyme) and various “gifts”. (See Charles Hindley’s _History of the Catnach Press_, 1886.)

Pitts printed a penny edition of _Goody Two-Shoes_ (_c._ 1815). His farthing books include _Simple Simon_ and other nursery rhymes.

John Evans, another Seven Dials printer, also published a farthing series including _Dick Whittington_, _Cock Robin_ and _Mother Hubbard_. (See Edwin Pearson’s _Banbury Chap-books_, etc., 1890.)

IV

[Sidenote: p. 91. 1.]

Armand Berquin was born in France in 1749. He refused an appointment as tutor to the son of Louis XVI. Towards the end of his life he was denounced as a Girondist, and driven into exile. He died in 1791.

Mr. Charles Welsh gives a most interesting account of him in his introduction to the reprint of _The Looking-Glass for the Mind_, published by Griffith, Farran, Okeden and Welsh, 1885.

[Sidenote: p. 100. 1.]

Mrs. Pilkington, writing “on the Plan of that celebrated work _Les Veillées du Château_, by Madame de Genlis”, produced _Tales of the Cottage; or Stories Novel and Amusing for Young Persons_, printed for Vernor & Hood in the Poultry, and sold by E. Newbery, 1799.

She was the wife of a naval doctor, and became governess to a family of orphans, for whom she wrote. Other books published for her by E. Newbery include _Biography for Boys_, 1808; _Biography for Girls_, 1809; _Marvellous Adventures; or the Vicissitudes of a Cat_, and a translation (abridged) of Marmontel’s _Contes Moraux_.

[Sidenote: p. 102. 1.]

_Le Théâtre d’Education_ was followed, in England, by Hannah More’s _Sacred Dramas_ (1782).

Moral plays by the German Rousseauists, Engel and Weisse, were translated in _The Juvenile Dramatist_ (1801), and _Dramas for Children_, imitated from the French of L. F. Jauffret, by the Editor of Tabart’s _Popular Stories_, was printed for M. J. Godwin, at the Juvenile Library, Skinner Street, in 1809. The table of contents includes “The Curious Girl;” “The Dangers of Gossipping”; “The Fib Found Out”; “The Little Coxcomb”.

These educational dramas are no more dramatic than the average moral tale. They may be regarded as a result of Rousseau’s realism, an effort on the part of educators to use the dramatic instincts of children to impress the lesson.

V

[Sidenote: p. 106. 1.]

Thomas Day (1748-1789) was educated at the Charter House and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was an intimate friend of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, although he had paid his addresses in turn to Honora and Elizabeth Sneyd, afterwards the second and third Mrs. Edgeworth.

Day was a member of Dr. Darwin’s literary circle at Lichfield, and was the author of verses and political pamphlets. The third edition of his poem “The Dying Negro” was dedicated to Jean Jacques Rousseau.

[Sidenote: p. 113. 2.]

_The History of Prince Lee Boo_ (1789) is an early example of this interest in coloured races. Children’s books of the early nineteenth century include many stories of the Slave Trade and adventures of Negroes. Some of the most popular were _The Adventures of Congo_ (1823); Mary Ann Hedge’s _Samboe; or, the African Boy_ (1823); _Radama; or, the Enlightened African_ (1824).

[Sidenote: p. 114. 1.]

Third edition, 1759; new version in _The Children’s Miscellany_, 1787; Children’s chap-book in Dutch flowered boards, _c._ 1789: _The English Hermit; or, The Adventures of Philip Quarll_, “who was lately discovered by Mr. Dorrington, a Bristol Merchant, upon an uninhabited Island, where he has lived above fifty years, without any human assistance, still continues to reside and will not come away. Adorned with cuts and a Map of the Island”. London, John Marshall. Price Six Pence bound and gilt. (Inscribed “Margaret H. Haskoll, (Au. 14th, 1789).”) Other editions: 1795, 1807, 1816.

The 1807 edition, repeated in Newcastle, York and Banbury chap-books, has cuts attributed to Bewick.

VI

[Sidenote: p. 124. 1.]

_The Life and Adventures of a Fly_, “supposed to have been written by himself”. Price Sixpence. (E. Newbery’s list, 1789.)

Another edition, with cuts by John Bewick, was printed in 1790 (_Bewick Collector_).

[Sidenote: p. 125. 2.]

_The Young Misses’ Magazine_ was reviewed in the _Critical Review_, Aug., 1757. It consists of “Dialogues of a wise Governess with her Pupils”, and was almost certainly inspired by Miss Fielding’s _Governess_. The studies of Madame de Beaumont’s pupils, under the names of _Ladi Sensée_, _Ladi Spirituelle_, _Ladi Tempête_, etc., although they represent types, are made from life.

Madame de Beaumont also wrote “_Moral Tales_”, designed to counteract supposed dangers in Richardson’s novels. “The whole,” she says, “is drawn from the pure source of Nature, which never fails to move the heart.”

[Sidenote: p. 127. 1.]

Other books by “M. P.” include:

_Anecdotes of a Boarding School_, _Anecdotes of a Little Family_, and _Letters from a Mother to her Children_.

See below:—“Adventures” of things, by “S. S.”

[Sidenote: p. 131. 1.]

Other stories by Elizabeth Sandham are:

_The Happy Family at Eason House_, 1822; _The History of Elizabeth Woodville_, 1822; _The Orphan_, n.d. and _The Twin Sisters_, n.d.

[Sidenote: p. 133. 2.]

Other books by Arabella Argus:

_The Adventures of a Donkey_ (1815); _Further Adventures of a Donkey_ (1821); _Ostentation and Liberality_ (1821).

[Sidenote: p. 136. 1.]

(a) On the occasion of a literary dispute at Reynolds’s house, Mrs. Trimmer, then Miss Kirby, fifteen years old, produced from her pocket a copy of _Paradise Lost_. Johnson marked his appreciation of the incident as recorded above.

(b) From 1802 to 1804, Mrs. Trimmer edited _The Guardian of Education_ (published monthly) which exercised a kind of censorship over children’s books. A reference by Mrs. T. to Perrault’s _Tales_, which she had read as a child, called forth the criticism of a correspondent who denounced “Cinderella” in particular as encouraging envy, jealousy, vanity and other evil passions in children. Mrs. Trimmer’s principles forced her to agree with this stern moralist.

[Sidenote: p. 140. 2.]

Bird stories by Mr. Kendall include:

_The Crested Wren._ E. Newbery, 1799; _The Swallow_. E. Newbery, 1800; _The Sparrow and The Canary Bird_ are also mentioned in _The Stories of Senex; or, Little Histories of Little People_, by the same author.

[Sidenote: p. 141. 2.]

Elizabeth Sandham also wrote:

_The Adventures of a Bullfinch._ J. Harris, 1809.

and _The Perambulations of a Bee and a Butterfly_, 1812.

[Sidenote: p. 144. 2.]

Other “adventures” of things:

_The Adventures of a Silver Penny._ Price 6d. E. Newbery. (Advertised in the London Chronicle, Dec. 21-29, 1787, “just published”); _The Adventures of a Doll_, by Mary Mister, 1816; _Memoirs of a Peg Top_, by S. S. Author of _The Adventures of a Pincushion_. Marshall’s list, _c._ 1788.

VII

[Sidenote: p. 155. 1.]

In the preface to _The Adventures of Ulysses_, Lamb says: “This work is designed as a supplement to the Adventures of Telemachus”; and in a letter to Manning (1808) he says it is “intended as an introduction to the reading of Telemachus”.

Fénélon’s _Télémaque_ (1699) which, like his _Fables_ and _Dialogues des Morts_, was written for his pupil, the grandson of Louis XIV, was translated into English in 1742. It is a kind of sequel to the fourth book of the _Odyssey_, describing the further adventures of Telemachus in search of his father. Fénélon turned his “adventures” into a moral tale, and Lamb, in his preface, also lays stress on the moral of his book.

[Sidenote: p. 156. 1.]

At the back of the third edition of _Mrs. Leicester’s School_ is a list of “new books for children”, published by M. J. Godwin, at the Juvenile Library, Skinner Street. Many of these are school texts, some by Godwin, writing under his pseudonym of “Edward Baldwin”. Others include the _Tales from Shakespear_; the _Adventures of Ulysses_; _Poetry for Children_; _Stories of Old Daniel_; _Dramas for Children_, from the French of L. F. Jauffret; Mrs. Fenwick’s _Lessons for Children_ (a sequel to Mrs. Barbauld’s); and Lamb’s _Prince Dorus_.

_Stories of Old Daniel_, which has been attributed to Lamb, has the alternative title “_or Tales of Wonder and Delight_”. It contains “Narratives of Foreign Countries and Manners”, and was “designed as an Introduction to the study of Voyages, Travels and History in General”: a sufficient proof that Lamb had nothing to do with it.

[Sidenote: p. 161. 2.]

The passage in “Susan Yates” runs thus:

“Sometimes indeed, on a fine dry Sunday, my father would rise early, and take a walk to the village, just to see how _goodness thrived_, as he used to say, but he would generally return tired, and the worse for his walk.”

Mr. Lucas points out that Charles Lamb’s father came from Lincolnshire, and that the saying was probably his.

[Sidenote: 3.]

Isaac Taylor, the father, was the author of several moral and instructive tales for youth.

Jefferys Taylor, the brother of Jane and Ann, wrote _Æsop in Rhyme_ (1820); _Harry’s Holiday_ (1822); and other books for children.

[Sidenote: p. 170. 1.]

(a) Some of Mrs. Sherwood’s most popular books were: _Little Henry and his Bearer_ (her first book) _c._ 1815; _The History of Henry Milner_ (4 parts) 1822-1836; _The Little Woodman and his Dog Cæsar_ (1819).

Many of the chap-books were written for stock illustrations.

(b) Mrs. Cameron, Mrs. Sherwood’s sister, was also a prolific writer of children’s chap-books; but these are undistinguished in style and matter. (See B. M. collections under title: “Cameron’s Tales”.)

[Sidenote: p. 171. 1.]

The introduction to Mrs. Sherwood’s version of _The Governess_ states that “the little volume was published before the middle of the last century, and is said to have been written by a sister of the celebrated Fielding”.

[Sidenote: p. 172. 1.]

Mary Elliott (afterwards Mrs. Belson), a Quaker, wrote many other tales for children. Among these are: _Precept and Example_ (_c._ 1812); _The Modern Goody Two Shoes_ (_c._ 1818); _The Adventures of Thomas Two Shoes_: “being a sequel to the Modern G. T. S.” (_c._ 1818); _The Rambles of a Butterfly_ (1819); _Confidential Memoirs, or the Adventures of a Parrot, a Greyhound, a Cat and a Monkey_ (1821).

Priscilla Wakefield, another Quaker, was the author of _Mental Improvement_, _The Juvenile Travellers_ and other instructive books.

VIII

[Sidenote: p. 176. 2.]

The Stories in _The Parent’s Assistant_ (1845) are:—

Vol. I. Lazy Laurence; Tarlton; The False Key; The Birth-day Present; Simple Susan.

Vol. II. The Bracelets; The Little Merchants; Old Poz; The Mimic; Mademoiselle Panache.

Vol. III. The Basket Woman; The White Pigeon; The Orphans; Waste Not, Want Not; Forgive and Forget; The Barring Out; or, Party Spirit; Eton Montem.

A modern edition, with an introduction by Anne Thackeray Ritchie, was published by Macmillan in 1903; and a selection, _Tales from Maria Edgeworth_, with an introduction by Mr. Austin Dobson (Wells, Gardner, Darton & Co.), appeared in the same year.

[Sidenote: p. 180. 1.]

_Little Plays_ (1827) contains “The Grinding Organ” (written May, 1808); “Dumb Andy” (written in 1814) and “The Dame School Holiday”.

“Old Poz” and “Eton Montem” in _The Parent’s Assistant_, are also in dialogue form.

[Sidenote: 2.]

From the letter to Mrs. Ruxton (March 19, 1803), describing a visit to Madame de Genlis in Paris:

(a) “... She looked like the full-length picture of my great-great-grandmother Edgeworth you may have seen in the garret, very thin and melancholy, but her face not so handsome as my great-grandmother’s; dark eyes, long sallow cheeks, compressed thin lips, two or three black ringlets on a high forehead, a cap that Mrs. Grier might wear,—altogether an appearance of fallen fortunes, worn-out health, and excessive, but guarded irritability.”

(b) From the same letter:

“... Forgive me, my dear Aunt Mary, you begged me to see her with favourable eyes, and I went to see her after seeing her ‘Rosière de Salency’” (a play in the _Théâtre d’Education_) “with the most favourable disposition, but I could not like her.”

At this time it would seem that the old countess was soured by neglect and disappointment.

[Sidenote: 3.]

The school stories in the _P. A._ are: “The Bracelets” (an early story of a girls’ school); “The Barring Out” and “Eton Montem”, both theoretic studies of schoolboys.

[Sidenote: p. 183. 1.]

The four volumes of _E. L._ contain the following stories:

Vol. I. The Little Dog Trusty; The Cherry Orchard; Frank.

Vol. II. Rosamond; Harry and Lucy.

Vol. III. The Continuation of Frank and part of the Continuation of Rosamond.

Vol. IV. The Continuation of Rosamond and of Harry and Lucy.

These were followed by _Rosamond: a Sequel to Rosamond in “Early Lessons”_. 2 vols., 1821; and _Frank: a Sequel to Frank in “Early Lessons”_. 3 vols, 1822.

[Sidenote: p. 184. 1.]

Dr. Darwin attempted to deal poetically with matter of Science; but his couplets show all the worst features of eighteenth century verse. The passage quoted in _Frank_ (E. L., Vol. I.) runs thus:—

“Stay thy soft murmuring waters, gentle rill;
Hush, whispering winds; ye rustling leaves, be still;
Rest, silver butterflies, your quivering wings;
Alight, ye beetles, from your airy rings;
Ye painted moths, your gold-eyed plumage furl,
Bow your wide horns, your spiral trunks uncurl;
Glitter, ye glow-worms, on your mossy beds;
Descend, ye spiders, on your lengthen’d threads;
Slide here, ye horned snails with varnish’d shells;
Ye bee nymphs, listen in your waxen cells.”

[Sidenote: p. 187. 1.]

The lines, repeated to test Harry’s power of attention, are these:—

“So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf, to make
an apple-pie; and at the same time a great she-bear coming
up the street, pops its head into the shop. ‘What! No soap?’
So he died, and she very imprudently married the barber; and
there were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the
Garyulies, and the grand Panjandrum himself, with the little
round button at top; and they all fell to playing the game of
catch as catch can, till the gunpowder ran out at the heels of
their boots.”

“The Great Panjandrum Himself” was later “pictured” as a schoolmaster in cap and gown, by Randolph Caldecott.

[Sidenote: p. 192. 1.]

Children’s books recommended by Mr. Edgeworth in his “Address to Mothers” (E. L. Vol. III):—

“Fabulous Histories”; “Evenings at Home”; Berquin’s “Children’s Friend”; “Sandford and Merton”; “Little Jack”; “The Children’s Miscellany”; “Bob the Terrier”; “Dick the Pony”; “The Book of Trades”; “The Looking-glass, or History of a Young Artist”; “Robinson Crusoe”; “The Travels of Rolando”; “Mrs. Wakefield on Instinct”; _parts_ of White’s Natural History of Selborne; and _parts_ of Smellie’s Philosophy of Natural History.

_The Dog of Knowledge; or Memoirs of Bob the Spotted Terrier_ (1801) and _Dick the Pony_ were by the same author.

_The Book of Trades_ is a modern equivalent of _Dives Pragmaticus_ (see above—Introd:)

_The Looking-glass_, etc., by “Theo Marcliffe”, is the story of the early life of Mulready the painter, written by Godwin under this pseudonym.

IX

[Sidenote: p. 195. 2.]

A revised and abridged edition of Bunyan’s “Rhimes” appeared in 1701, under the title: _A Book for Boys and Girls; or, Temporal Things Spiritualised_.

A ninth edition was published in 1724 under the new title _Divine Emblems; or, Temporal Things Spiritualised_.

[Sidenote: 3.]

_A Little Book for Little Children_, “wherein are set down in a plain and pleasant Way, Directions for Spelling and other remarkable Matters. Adorned with Cuts. By T. W.” (Thomas White).

London, printed for G. O. and sold at the King in Little Britain.

[Sidenote: p. 196. 1.]

_The Child’s Week’s Work_; “or, A Little Book so nicely suited to the Genius and Capacity of a little Child, both for Matter and Method, that it will infallibly allure and lead him into a Way of Reading, with all the Ease and Expedition that can be desired.” By William Ronksley. London, printed for G. Conyers and J. Richardson in Little Britain, 1712.

[Sidenote: p. 201. 2.]

R. L. Stevenson quotes this rhyme in the lines “To Minnie” (_A Child’s Garden of Verses_, pp. 130-1):

“Our phantom voices haunt the air
As we were still at play;
And I can hear them call and say:
‘_How far is it to Babylon?_’

“Ah far enough, my dear,
Far, far enough from here—
Yet you have farther gone!
‘_Can I get there by candlelight?_’

“So goes the old refrain.
I do not know—perchance you might—
But only children hear it right,
Ah, never to return again!

“The eternal dawn, beyond a doubt,
Shall break on hill and plain,
And put all stars and candles out,
Ere we be young again.”

[Sidenote: p. 206. 2.]

Few of the themes are original. Two by Adelaide O’Keefe, “The Boys and the Apple Tree” and “The Vine”, are verse readings of stories in _The Looking Glass for the Mind_. So also is “The Two Gardens” by Ann Taylor.

[Sidenote: p. 208. 1.]

_Poetry for Children_ was praised in the _Monthly Review_ for Jan., 1811, but soon went out of print. The original edition was lost sight of until 1877, when it was sent from Australia “a courteous and most welcome gift from the Hon. William Sandover” to Mr. R. H. Shepherd. (See the Introduction to Mr. Shepherd’s reprint.—Chatto & Windus, 1878.)

In the meantime, twenty-two of the pieces had been preserved in a _First Book of Poetry_ printed by W. F. Mylius, a master at Christ’s Hospital, “For the Use of Schools. Intended as Reading Lessons for the Younger Classes.” This was mentioned in the _Monthly Review_ for April, 1811.

[Sidenote: p. 209. 2.]

The following poems were reprinted in the 1818 edition of Lamb’s Works:—

“To a River in which a Child was Drowned”; “The Three Friends”; “Queen Oriana’s Dream”.

[Sidenote: p. 216. 1.]

Lamb says that Martin Burney read _Clarissa_ in snatches at a book-stall, until discouraged by the stall-keeper. He adds: “A quaint poetess of our day has moralised upon this subject in two very touching but homely stanzas”.

[Sidenote: p. 219. 1.]

(a) _The Peacock “At Home.”_ “A Sequel to the Butterfly’s Ball. Written by a Lady and illustrated with elegant engravings”. Harris, successor to E. Newbery, 1807.

(b) _The Lion’s Masquerade._ “A Sequel to the Peacock ‘At Home’. Written by a Lady.” London, J. Harris, etc., 1807.

(c) _The Elephant’s Ball and Grand Fête-Champêtre_: Intended as a Companion to those much admired Pieces, The Butterfly’s Ball and The Peacock “At Home”. By W. B. London, J. Harris, etc., 1807.

Facsimile reprints by Charles Welsh, 1883.

[Sidenote: p. 221. 1.]

(a) _The Daisy_, “Adapted to the Ideas of Children from four to eight years old”—was illustrated with 30 copperplate engravings.

(b) _The Cowslip_ was announced as “By the Author of that much admired little work entitled The Daisy”. Both were published by Harris, and reprinted with introductions by Charles Welsh in 1885.

(c) Imitations were:—

_The Snowdrop; or, Poetry for Henry and Emily’s Library._ By a Lady. Harris, 1823 (3rd edition); and _The Crocus; or, Useful Hints for Children_, “being Original Poems on Popular and Familiar Subjects”. London, R. Harrild, 1816.

[Sidenote: p. 223. 1.]

_The Journey of Goody Flitch and her Cow_, a variant of _Old Mother Hubbard_, 1817.

[Sidenote: 2.]

_Dame Wiggins of Lee and Her Seven Wonderful Cats_, “A Humorous Tale. Written Principally by a Lady of Ninety. Embellished with sixteen coloured Engravings. Price one shilling”. London, Dean & Munday, 1823.

The rhyme was reprinted by Ruskin, who admired its strong rhythm.

[Sidenote: 3.]

_The History of Sixteen Wonderful Old Women_, “Illustrated by as many Engravings, exhibiting their principal Eccentricities and Amusements”. London, Harris & Son, 1821.

[Sidenote: 4.]

_Readings on Poetry._ By Richard Lovell Edgeworth and Maria Edgeworth (London, 1816), followed the plan used with the Edgeworth children. No word or phrase is allowed to pass without explanation.

This may have inspired the author of _The Young Reviewers; or, the Poems Dissected_. London, William Darton, 1821.