Chapter XIV: Part 14

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The next table gives the Fahrenheit equivalent for every tenth degree Centigrade from absolute zero to the boiling point of water. To find the corresponding F. for any degree C., multiply the given C. temperature by nine, divide by five, and add thirty-two. Conversely, to change F. to C. equivalent, subtract thirty-two, multiply by five, and divide by nine.

CENT. FAHR.
-------------
100 212
90 194
80 176
70 158
60 140
50 122
40 104
30 86
20 68
10 50
0 32
-10 14
-20 -4
-30 -22
-40 -40
-50 -58
-100 -148
-------------
Absolute zero
-273 -459

LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

The following articles comprise a simple equipment for a laboratory class of ten. The equipment for larger classes is proportionately less in price. The following articles may be obtained from any reliable dealer in laboratory supplies, such as the Bausch and Lomb Optical Company of Rochester, N.Y., or the Kny-Scheerer Company, 404, 410 West 27th Street, New York City:--

1 balance, Harvard trip style, with weights on carrier.
1 bell jar, about 365 mm. high by 165 mm. in diameter.
10 wide mouth (salt mouth) bottles, with corks to fit.
10 25 c.c. dropping bottles for iodine, etc.
25 250 c.c. glass-stoppered bottles for stock solutions.
100 test tubes, assorted sizes, principally 6" x 3/4".
50 test tubes on base (excellent for demonstrations).
2 graduated cylinders, one to 100 c.c., one to 500 c.c.
1 package filter paper 300 mm. in diameter.
10 flasks, Erlenmeyer form, 500 c.c. capacity.
2 glass funnels, one 50, one 150 mm. in diameter.
30 Petri dishes, 100 mm. in diameter, 10 mm. in depth.
10 feet glass tubing, soft, sizes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, assorted.
1 aquarium jar, 10 liters capacity.
2 specimen jars, glass tops, of about 1 liter capacity.
10 hand magnifiers, vulcanite or tripod form.
2 compound demonstration microscopes or 1 more expensive compound
microscope.
300 insect pins, Klaeger, 3 sizes assorted.
10 feet rubber tubing to fit glass tubing, size 3/8 inch.
1 chemical thermometer graduated to 100 deg. C.
15 agate ware or tin trays about 350 mm. long by 100 wide.
1 gal. 95 per cent alcohol. (Do not use denatured alcohol.)
1 set gram weights, 1 mg. to 100 g.
1 razor, for cutting sections.
1 box rubber bands, assorted sizes.
1 support stand with rings.
2 books test paper, red and blue.
10 Syracuse watch glasses.
1 steam sterilizer (tin will do).
1 spool fine copper wire.
1 test tube rack.
5 test tube brushes.
10 pairs scissors.
10 pairs forceps.
20 needles in handles.
10 scalpels.
12 mason jars, pints.
12 mason jars, quarts.
1 alcohol lamp.
1 gross slides.
100 cover slips No. 2.
1 mortar and pestle.
2 bulb pipettes.
1 liter formol.
1 oz. iodine cryst.
1 oz. potassium iodide.
6 oz. nitric acid.
6 oz. ammonium hydrate.
6 oz. benzole or xylol.
6 oz. chloroform.
1/2 lb. copper sulphate.
1/2 lb. sodium hydroxide.
1/2 lb. rochelle salts.
6 oz. glycerine.

The materials for Pasteur's solution and Sach's nutrient solution can best be obtained from a druggist at the time needed and in very small and accurately measured quantities.

The agar or gelatine cultures in Petri dishes may be obtained from the local Board of Health or from any good druggist. These cultures are not difficult to make, but take a number of hours' consecutive work, often difficult for the average teacher to obtain. Full directions how to prepare these cultures will be found in Hunter's _Laboratory Problems in Civic Biology_.

INDEX

(Illustrations are indicated by page numerals in bold-faced type.)

Absorption, definition, 270;
of digested foods, 308, 309.
Accommodation of eye, 361.
Acetanilid, 295.
Action of the heart, 319.
Adaptations, 24;
in bee, 36;
in birds, |189|;
in fish, 232;
in frog, 241;
in mammalia, 192.
Adenoids, 340, 395.
Adulteration in foods, 288.
Air, and bacteria, 145;
composition of, |20|;
fresh, 337;
needed in germination, |66|;
necessary in starch making, 91;
passages in lungs, 330;
use to plants and animals, 21.
Albumin, 62.
Alcohol, a food, 289;
a poison, 291.
and ability to resist disease, 363;
and ability to work, 368;
and body heat, 345;
and crime, 371, |372|;
and digestion, 311;
and duration of life, 370;
and efficiency, 369;
and heredity, 372;
and intellectual ability, 364;
and kidneys, 346;
and living matter, 291;
and memory, |365|;
and mental ability, |366|;
and nervous system, 362;
and organs of special sense, 362;
and pauperism, 371;
and resistance, 327;
and respiration, 346;
and the blood, 327;
and treatment of disease, 364;
effect on circulation, 327;
effect on eye, 361;
effect on liver, 312;
produces poisons, 347.
Algae, 176.
Alfalfa plant, |151|.
Alimentary canal, 297.
Alkali, 306.
Alkalinity, 298.
Alligator, |230|.
Ambergris, 205.
Ammonium hydrate, 61.
Amoeba, |170|, 182, 332.
Amphibia, 186, 187;
as food, 202.
Anal fin of fish, 233.
Angiosperms, 176.
Animals, as disease carriers, 227;
breeding of, 259;
domesticated, 260;
functions of, 48, 180;
need plants, 34;
oils of, 205;
parasitic, 227;
series, 182;
that prey upon man, 230;
use to man, 17;
use to plants, 34.
Annual rings, 98.
Anopheles, 217, |218|.
Anosia plexippus, 32.
Anther, 36.
Antibodies, uses of, 316.
Antiseptics, 157.
Antitoxin, 157, |391|.
Anura, 188.
Anvil, 359.
Aorta, 320.
Apoplexy, 328.
Appendages of the fish, 233.
Appendicular skeleton, 268.
Appendix, 309.
Apples, 56, |124|.
Aqueous humor, 361.
Arachnida, 185.
Arteries, 318;
structure of, 323.
Arthropods, 185.
Artificial, cross-pollination, 46;
propagation of fishes, 240;
respiration, 340;
selection, 253.
Asexual reproduction, 174.
Assimilation in plants, 103.
Attention, effect of alcohol, 364.
Audubon, 211.
Auricle of human heart, 319;
of fish heart, 236.
Automatic activity, 348, 354.
Axial skeleton, 268.

Bacillus, 142.
Bacteria, 134;
and fermentation, 150;
cause decay, 149;
cause disease, 151;
effect on food, 144;
growth of, 145;
isolating a pure culture, 142;
nitrogen fixing, 80, |81|, 151, |152|;
of decay, 144;
relation to man, 16;
size and form, 142, |143|;
useful, 150;
where found, 139, |141|.
Bacteriology, 16.
Bad posture, |270|.
Balanced, aquarium, 159, |160|;
diet, 285.
Barbels of fish, 234.
Barberry embryo, |103|.
Bark, use of, 98.
Barrier, natural, |25|.
Bast, 97.
Beans, as food, 62.
Beans, peas, 55.
Beans, seedlings, |63|.
Bedroom, care of, 374.
Bee, adaptations, 36;
head of, |38|;
mouth parts, 38.
Beer and wine making, 137.
Benedict's test, 68.
Benzoic acid, 148.
Beverages and condiments, 124.
Biceps, |269|.
Bichloride of mercury, 148.
Bile, functions of, 306, 307.
Biology, definition, 15;
relation to society, 18.
Birds, 189;
as food, 202;
classification, 191;
development, 246;
eat insects, 209;
eat weed seeds, 210;
embryo, |246|, 247.
Bismuth, 304.
Bison, |192|.
Black Death, 227.
Blade of leaf, 85.
Blastula, 177.
Blood, amount and distribution, 318;
changes in lungs, 330;
circulation of man, 318;
clotting, 314;
composition, |314|;
effect of alcohol, 327;
function, 313;
plates, 315;
poisoning, 156;
temperature, 318;
vessel of skin, |344|.
Blubber, 205.
Blue crab, |199|.
Board of health, functions, 389.
Body, a machine, 348;
cavity, 270;
heat and alcohol, 345;
of fish, 232.
Bony fish, |187|.
Boracic acid, 148.
Borax, 148.
Brain, of fish, 237;
of man, 351.
Bread, making, 139;
mold, |133|.
Bream, |233|.
Breathing, |333|;
and tight clothing, 339;
hygienic habits, 338;
in leaf, |93|;
of fish, 234;
of frog, 242;
of vertebrates, 232;
rate of, 334.
Breeding of animals, 259.
Bright's disease, 346.
Bronchi, 330.
Bronchial tubes, 330.
Bruises, 345.
Bryophytes, 176.
Bubonic plague, 227.
Budding, 255, |256|.
Bumblebees, 37.
Burbank, Luther, 406.
Burns, treatment of, 345.
Butter and eggs, 38, |39|.

Calorie, portion, |286|;
requirement, 282.
Calyx, 35.
Cambium layer, 98.
Canning, 145.
Cannon, Prof., 304.
Capillaries, 318, 323;
circulation in, |322|;
of fish, 236.
Carbohydrates, 60, 273.
Carbolic acid, 149.
Carbon and oxygen cycle, |161|.
Carbon dioxide, test for, |64|.
Care of milk supply, 380, 383.
Carnivorous, 230.
Caudal fin of fish, 233.
Cause of dyspepsia, 310.
Cells, |50|;
as units, 171;
division, |51|;
mucous, 299;
of pond scum, |173|;
reproduction of, 50;
respiration, 332;
tissue, |179|;
work of, 270.
Cephalothorax, 185.
Cerebellum, 352.
Cerebro-spinal nervous system, 350.
Cerebrum, 351.
Cestodes, 227.
Changes, of blood in lungs, 330;
of air in lungs, 331.
Characters, determiners of, 258.
Chelonia, 188.
Chemical, compounds, 20;
elements, 20;
of human body, |21|.
Chestnut canker, |131|.
China, deforestation in, |108|.
Chittenden table, |311|.
Chloral, 293.
Chlorophyll bodies, 50, 90.
Chloroplasts, 90.
Chromosomes, 50;
and heredity, 251.
Chrysalis, 33.
Cilia, 171.
Circulation, effect of alcohol, 327;
effect of exercise, 326;
effect of tobacco, 328;
in fish, frog, man, |321|, |322|;
in stem, 99, |100|, |101|;
of blood of man, 318;
of fish, 236;
of frog, 243;
portal, 322;
pulmonary, 320;
systemic, 320.
City's need for trees, 115.
Civic hygiene, 388.
Clams, 200.
Classification, of birds, 191;
of plants, 176.
Cloaca of frog, 243.
Clothing, 203.
Clotting of blood, 314.
Coal, 64.
Cobra, 230.
Cocaine, 293.
Coccus bacteria, 142.
Cochineal and lac, 208.
Cochlea, 359.
Codling moth, 215.
Coelenterates, 183.
Cold-blooded animals, 318;
effect of, |23|.
Cold storage, 147.
Colds and fevers, 343.
Coleoptera, 32.
Collecting ashes, |387|.
Colonies of bacteria, 141;
of trilliums, |175|.
Colorless corpuscles, 313;
structure, 315;
function, |316|.
Common foods contain nutrients, 275.
Comparison, of food tube of frog and man, |297|;
of mold, yeast and bacteria, |143|;
of starch making and milling, 92.
Complemental air, 334.
Complex one-celled animals, 171.
Composition, of milk, |273|, |280|;
of plasma, 313;
of soil, 77.
Compound eyes of bumblebee, 37, |38|.
Conservation, of food fish, 239;
of fur-bearing animals, 204;
of our natural resources, 17.
Constipation, 310.
Constrictor killing a mouse, |213|.
Contagious diseases, 152.
Convolutions, 352.
Corn, 120, |121|;
germinated grain cut lengthwise, |69|;
long section of ear, |67|;
structure of grain, |66|.
Cornfield, |44|.
Corolla, 35.
Corpuscles, colorless and red, 313.
Cost of food and diet, 281, |283|;
of parasitism, 263.
Cotton, 125;
boll weevil, 126, |127|, |214|.
Cotyledons, 59;
food in, 60.
Crab, |199|.
Crayfish, |184|.
Crocodile, 230.
Crocodilia, 189.
Crustacea, 185.
Culex, 218, |218|.
Culture medium, 140.
Cuts and bruises, treatment, 326, 345.

Daily calorie requirement, 282;
fuel needs of body, 284.
Dandelion, whorled leaves, |90|.
Darwin, Charles, 40, 404.
Darwin and natural selection, 253.
Deaths, table, |312|.
Decay caused by bacteria, 149.
Decayed teeth, 396.
Defects in eye, 361.
Deforestation in China, |108|.
Dendrites, 351.
Department of Agriculture, work of, 255.
Department of street cleaning, 387.
Determiners, 251;
of character, 258.
Development, of apple, 56;
of bird, 246;
of egg, |178|;
of trout, |238|;
of mammal, 247;
of salmon, |241|;
of simple animal, 177.
Diagram of frog's tongue, |242|;
of gills of fish, |235|;
of neuron, |351|;
of wall small intestine, |307|.
Diaphragm, 270, 297.
Diastase, 101, 300;
action on starch, 69.
Diet, and cost of food, 281;
and digestibility, 281;
balanced, 285;
relation of age, 280;
relation of environment to, 280;
relation to sex, 280;
relation of work to, 277;
the best, 284.
Dietary, the best, 282.
Digested food, absorption of, 308.
Digestibility and diet, 281.
Digestion, 68, 100, 181;
effect of alcohol, 311;
definition of, 270;
in stem, 99;
in stomach, 304;
of starch, 299;
purpose of, 69, 296.
Digestive system of fish, 235.
Digestive tract of frog and man, |297|.
Diphtheria, 152.
Dipnoi, 187, 236.
Diptera, 31.
Discoverers of living matter, 398.
Disease, and alcohol, |312|;
and bacteria, 151;
carriers, animals, 226;
carriers, flies, 222;
carriers, insects, 225;
caused by bacteria, 152;
caused by protozoa, 172;
effect of alcohol, 327;
of nose and throat, 340;
protozoan, 221.
Disinfectants, 148.
Division of labor, 178, 267.
Dog, skeleton, |185|.
Domesticated animals, 203, 260.
Dominant characters, 258.
Dormant, 22.
Dorsal, 186;
fin, 233.
Drugs, use and abuse, 294.
Duff, 113.
Dyspepsia, cause and prevention, 310.

Ear, section, |359|.
Echinoderms, 184.
Economic value of green plants, 117;
importance of spawning habits of fishes, 239.
Ectoderm, 177.
Effect of light on leaves, 88.
Efficiency of a week, |370|.
Egg, 177, 246.
Egg-laying habits of fishes, 238.
Ehrlich, Paul, 403.
Elasmobranchs, 187.
Elements, chemical, 20, |21|.
Elodea, |49|, 50.
Embryo, 58, 59, |103|;
of bird, 247;
of mammal, |247|.
Emulsion, 306.
Endoderm, 177.
Endoskeleton, definition, 237.
Endosperm, 67.
Enemies of forests, 113, |114|.
Energy, 64;
of a tree, |94|;
source of, 88.
English sparrow, 212.
Environment, |19|, 19;
care and improvement of, 26;
changes in, 25;
determines kind of plants and animals, 23, |23|, |24|;
normal, 28;
of man, 26, 266;
natural, 25;
relation to diet, 280;
what plants and animals take from, 21.
Enzymes, 68, 101, 298.
Epicotyl, 59.
Epidermis, 86.
Epithelial layer, 308.
Epithelium, 179.
Erosion, prevention of, |106|, 108;
at Sayre, Pa., |106|.
Essential organs, 36.
Esophagus, 302.
Eugenics, 261.
Eustachian tubes, 300, 359.
Euthenics, 264.
Evaporation, |99|;
of water, 85, 86, |87|.
Evolution, 194, 195.
Excretion, 181, 270, 332;
organs of, 340;
in plants, 103.
Exercise and circulation, 326;
and health, 339.
Exoskeleton, 185, 237.
Extermination of birds, 211.
Eye, compound, |30|;
defects in, 361;
section of, |360|.
Eyestrain, 395.

Factory inspection, 379.
Fallowing, 82.
Fatigue, 326;
and nerve cells, |356|.
Fats and oils, 60, 273.
Fehling's solution, 68, 299.
Fermentation, 135, |136|, 150.
Fertilization, of fish eggs, |240|;
of flower, 54.
Fibers, vegetable, 127.
Fibrin, 315.
Fibrinogen, 315.
Fig insect, 43.
Filament, 36.
Filter beds at Albany, N. Y., |385|.
Fins, 233.
Fishes, 186;
artificial propagation, 240;
as food, 201;
body of, 232;
breathing, 234;
circulation, 236, |321|;
digestive system, 235;
egg-laying habits, 238;
food getting, 234;
food of, 237;
gills, |234|;
heart, 236;
migration, 238;
nervous system, 237;
skeleton, 237;
senses, 233;
swim bladder, 236.
Fission, 170.
Flagella of bacteria, 142.
Flatworms, 183.
Flax, |128|.
Flea, |225|.
Floral envelope, 35.
Flower, fertilization of, 54;
lengthwise section, |35|;
use and structure, 35.
Fluid, 181.
Fly, a disease carrier, 222;
foot of, |223|;
life history, |222|;
typhoid, 223.
Foods, absorption of, 309;
adulteration, 288;
amphibia as, 202;
birds as, 202;
cost of, |283|;
fish as, 201;
fruits and seeds, 119;
getting of fish, 234;
in cotyledons, 60;
inorganic, 274;
inspection, 380;
is alcohol a food, 289;
leaves, 117, |118|;
making in green leaf, |93|;
mammals as, 202;
of animal origin, |279|;
of bacteria, 144;
of fishes, 237;
of insects, 33;
of plant origin, |278|;
of starfish, 216;
reptiles as, 202;
roots as, 119;
stems as, 118;
taking, 181;
tube of frog, |243|;
values, tables, |276|;
waste in kitchen, 287;
why we need, 272.
Foraminifera, 182.
Forestry, 113.
Forest destruction, 112, |113|;
fires, 112;
of North Carolina, |105|;
other uses, 109;
protecting, 114;
regions of United States, |109|.
Formaldehyde, 148.
Formation of habits, 354.
Four o'clock embryo, |103|.
Fresh air, |337|.
Frog, adaptations for life, 241;
and man, digestive tract, |297|;
breathing, 242;
circulation, 243, 322;
development of, 244;
diagram of tongue, |242|;
food tube, 243;
glands, 243;
locomotion of, 241;
long section, |243|;
metamorphosis, |245|;
nervous system, 352;
sense organs, 242.
Fruit, a typical, 55.
Fruit of locust, |55|.
Fruits and seeds as foods, 119.
Fruits, how scattered, 56.
Fuel, daily needs, 284.
Fuel values of nutrients, 277.
Functions, of all animals, 180;
of an animal, 48;
of bile, 307;
of blood, 313;
of cerebrum, 353;
of colorless corpuscle, |316|;
of lymph, 317;
of parts of plant, 48;
of red corpuscle, 314.
Fungi, 130, 176;
moldlike, 135;
of our homes, 132.
Fur-bearing animals, 204.

Gall bladder, 306;
insects, 208.
Gallflies, 43.
Ganoids, |186|, 187.
Garbage cans, |377|.
Garden fruits, 123.
Gastric glands, 303;
of frog, 243.
Gastric juice, 303.
Gastrula, 177, |178|.
Genus, 175.
Geranium, |45|.
German forest, |114|.
Germ cells, 251.
Germination, of bean, 63;
of pollen, |54|.
Gills of fish, 234;
rakers, 172, 234.
Glands, 297, 298, 299;
gastric, 303;
lymph, 324;
of frog, 243;
salivary, 299.
Glomerulus, |341|.
Glottis of frog, 243.
Glycogen, 307.
Gonorrhea, 156.
Grafting, |256|.
Grains, 122.
Grape sugar, test for, |68|.
Gravity, influence on root, 72.
Green plants, economic value, 117;
give off oxygen, 95;
harmful, 127;
make starch, 90, |92|.
Groups of plants, 174.
Guano, 82.
Guard cells, 88.
Gullet, 297, 300, 301, 302, |303|;
of frog, 243.
Gymnosperms, 176.
Gypsy moth, 215.

Habits, 354.
Habitat of protozoa, 172.
Habit formation, 354.
Haemoglobin, 314, 330.
Hammer, 359.
Hard palate, 301.
Harm done by insects, |34|, 225.
Harmful green plants, 127;
preservatives, 148.
Hay infusion, 163, |164|.
Head of a bee, |38|.
Heart a force pump, |320|;
diagram, |319|;
in action, 319;
internal structure, 319;
of fish, 236;
size, position, 318.
Heat, and bacteria, 145;
effect of, 22;
output, 285.
Heating the house, 375.
Hemiptera, 32.
Hen's egg, |246|.
Herbivorous animals, 213.
Heredity, and evolution, 404;
bearers of, 251;
definition, 249;
relation of alcohol to, 372.
Hervey, William, 399.
Hibernate, 22.
Hides, 205.
Hilum, 59.
Honey and wax, 207.
Hookworm, 183, 228, |229|.
Horse, ancestor of, |193|, |260|.
How food is swallowed, 302.
Human blood, |314|.
Human body, a machine, 267;
composition of, |21|.
Human physiology, definition, 15.
Humming bird, |43|.
Humus, 79.
Hundred calorie portions, |286|.
Huxley, 398.
Hybridizing, 254.
Hybrids, 254.
Hydra, |179|.
Hydrochloric acid, 303.
Hydrogen of water, |20|, 20.
Hydrophobia, 392.
Hygiene, 27;
of breathing, 338;
of skin, 344;
of mouth, 302;
of muscles and bones, 268;
outline, 415;
personal, 261.
Hypocotyl, 59.
Hymenoptera, 30.

Ichneumon fly, |208|.
Illness of drinkers, |363|.
Imperfect flowers, 44, |45|.
Immunity, 157, 390.
Improvement, by selection, |253|;
of man, 261.
Impure water, 289.
Incisors, |301|.
Infectious diseases, 27, 363, 390.
Infusoria, 182.
Inner ear, 359.
Inoculation, 157.
Inorganic soil, |77|;
foods, 274.
Insects, 185;
and foods, 376;
as disease carriers, 225;
as pollinating agents, 36;
damage done by, |34|, 214;
diagram of, |29|;
food of, 33;
of the house, 216;
orders of, 30.
Inspection, of factories, 379;
of raw food, 380.
Instincts, 195.
Internal secretions, 317.
Intestinal fluid, 306;
glands, 308.
Intestine, large, 309.
Invertebrates, 185.
Iris, 360.
Isolation, 390.

Jenner, Edward, |400|.
Jimson weed, 128.
Jukes, 261.

Kidney bean, |59|, |63|.
Kidneys, 181;
human, |341|;
of frog, 243.
Kinetic energy, 267.
Knots, 112.
Koch, Robert, |403|.

Labor, division of, 178.
Laboratory equipment, 418.
Lacteals, 309, 324.
Lactic acid, 150.
Lactometer, 288.
Ladybug, 209.
Large intestine, 309;
of frog, 243.
Larva of milkweed butterfly, 32.
Latent energy, 267.
Lateral line, 234.
Leaves, as food, 117;
evaporation of water from, 85;
cell structure of, 85;
mosaic, 90;
respiration, 96;
section, |49|;
skeleton of, |85|;
structure, 85, |86|.
Length measures, 417.
Leopard frog, |188|.
Lepidoptera, 30.
Levers, |269|.
Life comes from life, 399.
Life cycle, 104;
of plants, 103.
Life history of malarial parasite, 217.
Ligaments, 268.
Ligature, applying, |326|.
Light, a condition of environment, 21, |22|;
and bacteria, 145;
effect of, |22|;
necessary for starch making, 91.
Lighting the home, 376.
Lily, narrow leaves, |90|.
Limewater test, |64|.
Lister, Sir Joseph, 403.
Liver, 306;
a storehouse, 307;
effect of alcohol on, 312;
of frog, 243.
Living matter and alcohol, 291;
plant and animal compared, 47;
things, needs of, 266;
things, varying sizes of, 51.
Lizard, |188|.
Lobster, |198|.
Locomotion, 181;
of frog, 241.
Lowell, typhoid area, |384|.
Lumber transporting, |110-111|.
Lungs, air passages, 330;
changes of blood in, 330.
Lymph, function, 317;
glands and vessels, 324, |325|.
Lysol, 148.

MacNichol, Dr. T. Alexander, 327.
Macronucleus, 169.
Malaria, cause, 217.
Malarial mosquito, |218|.
Malarial parasite, life history, 217.
Mammal development, 247;
embryo, |247|.
Mammals, 191;
adaptations, 192;
as food, 202;
classification, 192.
Mammary glands, 191.
Man, animals that prey upon, 230;
and his environment, 266;
circulation of blood, 318;
improvement of, 261;
in his environment, 26;
mouth cavity, 300;
place in nature, 195;
races of, 196;
stomach, 303.
Manufacture of fats, 93.
Measures, 417.
Mechanics of respiration, 332, |333|.
Membrane, mucous, 299.
Mendel, Gregor, 257, 406.
Mesenteric glands, 309.
Mesentery, 297.
Mesoderm, 177.
Metamorphosis of frog, 244, |245|.
Metchnikoff, 316.
Methods, of cutting timber, 111;
of breathing in vertebrates, 232.
Micronucleus, 169.
Micropyle, 59.
Middle ear, |359|.
Migration of fishes, 238.
Milk, and tuberculosis, 381;
composition of, |273|, |280|;
germs in, 381;
grades of, 381;
under microscope, |150|, |305|.
Milkweed, butterfly, 32, |33|.
Milling and starch making, 92.
Mink, 205.
Mixed diet, 284.
Moisture, |24|, |78|.
Mollusca, 185.
Mollusk, |185|.
Mold, 133, 134, 135;
yeast and bacteria, |143|.
Morning glory embryo, |103|.
Mosquito, malarial, |218|;
yellow fever, 219.
Moss plant, |177|.
Mother of pearl, |206|.
Motor nerves, 351.
Mouth cavity in man, 300, |300|.
Mouth parts of bee, 38.
Mucous membrane, 299.
Mucus cells, 299.
Muscles and bones, hygiene, 268.
Mutations, 253, 406.
Mutual aid between flowers and insects, 41.
Mycelium, 133.
Myriapoda, 185.

Natural environment, 25;
selection, 253.
Nectar, 35.
Need, of food, 272;
of sleep, 356;
of ventilation, 335.
Needs of living things, 266.
Nerve cells and fatigue, 356;
vasomotor, 325.
Nervous control, 181;
of heart, 325;
of respiration, 334;
of sweat glands, 343.
Nervous system, 271, |349|;
of frog, 352.
Neuron, diagram, |351|.
Newt, |187|.
Nicotine, 293.
Nictitating membrane of frog, 242.
Nitrates, 80.
Nitric acid, 61.
Nitrogen, 80;
cycle, |162|;
fixing bacteria, 80, |81|, 151;
of air, |20|.
Nodules, 81.
Normal heat output, 285.
Nose and throat, diseases, 340.
Nucleus, 50.
Nutrients, 273, 274;
fuel values, 277;
in common foods, 275.

Object of a field trip, 28.
Oils, test for, 61.
Operculum, 234.
Ophidia, 189.
Orbit of eye, 360.
Orchard fruits, 124.
Organic matter, 64.
Organic nutrients, 60.
Organisms, 47.
Organs, 47, 48, 180;
of Corti, 360;
of excretion, 340;
of hearing, 358;
of respiration, 330;
of taste, 358;
of touch, 357.
Orthoptera, 30.
Osmosis, definition, 75;
experiment, |100|;
physiological importance, 77.
Ostrich, |191|.
Outline of courses, 407-414.
Ovaries of frog, 243.
Ovary, 36.
Ovules, 54.
Oxidation, 64;
in our bodies, 65.
Oxygen cycle, |161|;
given off by green plants, 95;
of air, 20;
of water, |20|.
Oyster, |199|, 200.

Packard (zoologist), 33.
Palate, hard and soft, 301.
Palisade tissue, 86.
Pancreas, 305;
of frog, 243;
work of, 305.
Papillae, 301.
Pappus, 57.
Paramoecium, 167, |168|, |169|;
needs of, 266;
response to stimuli, 167.
Parasites, 131.
Parasitic animals cause disease, 227.
Parasitism, cost and remedy, 263.
Parotid, 299.
Pasteur, Louis, |401|.
Pasteurization, 146.
Pea pod, 55.
Pearls, 206.
Pectoral fin, 233.
Pelvic fin, 233.
Pepsin, 303.
Peptic gland, |304|.
Perfumes, 205.
Pericardium, 319.
Peristaltic waves, |303|.
Personal hygiene, 261.
Perspiration, 343.
Petals, 35.
Petri dishes, 140.
Phagocytes, 316.
Pharynx, 301.
Phenolphthalein, 80.
Phosphoric acid, 82.
Photosynthesis, |92|, 93.
Physiology of mold, 133.
Pistil, 36.
Pith, 97.
Placentae of mammal, 247.
Plankton, 235.
Plants, animals depend on, 34;
and animals, mutually helpful, 18;
classification, 176;
food for insects, 33;
as food makers, 88;
function of parts, 48;
groups, 174;
need minerals, 80;
need of nitrogen, 80, |82|;
processes, 103;
reproduction, 173.
Plasma, 313.
Plasmodium malariae, 182, 217.
Pleura, 332.
Pleurococcus, |166|.
Plumule, 59.
Pneumonia, 336.
Pocket garden, 73.
Poison, alcohol, 291;
ivy, |128|;
produced by alcohol, 347.
Polar bear, |204|.
Pollen, 36;
germination of, 53, |54|.
Pollination, 36, 40;
cross and self, 40;
wind, 44.
Pond scum, |173|.
Pons, 352.
Porifera, 182.
Portal circulation, 309, 322.
Portions, hundred calorie, |286|.
Potato beetle, 214.
Potato beetle, embryo, |103|.
Premolars, 302.
Preservatives, 147.
Prevention of dyspepsia, 310;
of molds, 134.
Proboscis, 30.
Prolegs, 32.
Pronuba, |42|, |43|.
Protecting forests, 114.
Proteins, 60, 273;
making, 93;
test for, |61|.
Protoplasm, 50;
what it can do, 52.
Protozoa, 172, 182, 205.
Protozoan diseases, 221.
Pteridophytes, 176.
Ptomaines, 144, 147.
Ptyalin, 300.
Public hygiene, 389.
Pulmonary circulation, 320.
Pulse, cause, 323.
Pupa of milkweed butterfly, |33|.
Pupil of eye, 360.
Pure food laws, 288.
Purpose of digestion, 69, 296.
Pyloric caeca, 235.

Quarantine, 27, 390.

Rabies, 392.
Races of man, 196.
Radiolaria, 182.
Radiolarian skeleton, |182|.
Recessive characters, 258.
Rectum, 297.
Red corpuscles, 313, 314.
Reflex actions, 353.
Regulation of heat of body, 343.
Relation, of age to diet, 280;
of alcohol to crime, 371;
of alcohol to heredity, 372;
of alcohol to pauperism, 371;
of animals to man, 17;
of bacteria to free nitrogen, 81;
of bacteria to man, 16;
of biology to society, 18;
of cost of food to diet, 281;
of digestibility to diet, 281;
of environment to diet, 280;
of green plants and animals, 15, 161, |162|;
of sex to diet, 280;
of work to diet, 277;
of yeasts to man, 135.
Rennin, 303.
Reproduction, 103, 181;
importance of, 52;
in seed plants, 173, 174;
of cells, 50;
of Paramoecium, 169.
Reptiles, 186.
Reptilia, 188.
Reserve air, 334.
Residual air, 334.
Respiration, 66, 181;
and alcohol, 346;
and nervous control, 334;
and tobacco, 346;
mechanics of, 332, |333|;
necessity for, 329;
organs of, 330;
of cells, |332|;
of leaves, 96.
Retina, 360.
Rhizoids, 133.
Rhizopoda, 182.
Rice field, |123|.
Ringworm, 134.
Roaches, 216.
Rock fern, |175|.
Rockweed, |176|.
Roots as food, 119;
as food storage, 83;
downward growth of, 72;
fine structure, 73;
give out acid, 79, |80|;
hairs, 74, |75|;
influence of gravity, 72;
influence of moisture, 73;
passage of soil water, 76;
pressure, 101;
system, primary, secondary, tertiary roots, 72;
uses of, 71.
Rotation of crops, 81.
Roundworms, 183, 228.
Rules of habit formation, 356.
Russian thistle, 129.

Saliva, 69, 299.
Salivary glands, 299;
glands of frog, 243.
Salmon, |201|, |241|.
Sand shark, |186|.
Sandworm, |184|.
Sanitarium for tuberculosis, |394|.
Sanitation, 27.
Saprophytes, 131.
Scavengers, 150.
Schleiden and Schwann, 398.
Schultz, Max, 398.
Sclerotic coat, 360.
Sea anemones, |183|.
Secretion, 299, 306.
Secretions, internal, 317.
Section, of ear, |359|;
of timber, |111|.
Sedgwick, William T., 312.
Seed, 54;
how scattered, 56;
plants, reproduction, |174|;
why it grows, 58.
Seedlings of bean, |63|.
Segmented worms, 183.
Selection, artificial, 253;
natural, 253.
Selective planting, 254.
Semicircular canal, 359.
Sensations, 350.
Sense organs, 181;
of fish, 233;
of frog, 242.
Senses, 357.
Sensory nerves, 351.
Sepals, 35.
Series, animal, 182.
Serum, 314.
Sewage disposal, |386|.
Sex, relation to diet, 280.
Shelf fungi, |132|.
Sieve tubes, 97.
Simple animal, development, 177.
Simplest plants, 166.
Skeleton, of dog, |185|;
of fish, 237;
of leaf, |85|;
of man, |268|.
Skin, 268;
hygiene of, 344.
Skunk, 205.
Sleep, need of, 356.
Small intestine, |307|, 308.
Smell, sense of, 358.
Snail, |185|.
Snakes, |189|;
food of, 212.
Soft palate, 301.
Soil, composition of, 77;
how water is held in, 77, |78|.
Sound, character of, 360.
Sour bread, 139.
Soy beans, |152|.
Sparrow, |246|.
Spawning habits, economic importance, 239.
Species, 175, 194.
Sperm, 177.
Spermaries of frog, 243.
Spermatophytes, 176.
Spinal cord of fish, 237.
Spiracles, 29.
Spirillum, 142.
Sponge, |180|, 182, |183|, 206.
Spore, 131, 173;
plants, 174.
Sporozoa, 182.
Sprengel, Conrad, 40.
Squash bug, 215.
Stables, clean and filthy, |388|.
Stamens, 36.
Starch, action of diastase, 69;
digestion, 299;
grains, |60|;
in bean, 61;
made by green leaves, 90, |92|;
test for, |61|.
Starch making and milling, 92.
Starfish, |184|;
food of, 216.
Stegomyia, |221|.
Stems, as food, 118;
passage of fluids up, |84|;
structure of, 97.
Sterilization, 145.
Sterilizer, |140|.
Stigma, 36.
Stimulants, 289.
Stirrup, 359.
Stomata, 86, |88|.
Stomach, 297;
digestive experiments, 304;
of frog, 243;
of man, 303.
Street cleaning department, 387.
Structure, colorless corpuscles, 315;
of leaf, 85;
of red corpuscle, 314;
of root, 73;
of root hairs, 74.
Sturgeon, |186|.
Style, 36.
Sublingual glands, 299.
Submaxillary glands, 299.
Suffocation, 340.
Sulphur, 149.
Sun, source of energy, 88.
Sundew, 102.
Sunlight in home, 374.
Sweat glands, |342|.
Sweeping and dusting, 336.
Swim bladder of fish, 236.
Symbiosis, 163.
Sympathetic nerves, 352;
nervous system, 304, 350.
Syphilis, 152, 156.
Systemic circulation, 320.

Table of cost of food, |276|, |283|.
Tactile corpuscles, 357.
Taenia solium, 227.
Tapeworm, |227|.
Taproot, cross section, |74|.
Taste buds, 301, 358.
Teeth, |301|.
Teleosts, 187.
Temperature, 417;
of blood, 318.
Tern, |190|.
Testa, 59.
Test, for carbon dioxide, 64;
nutrients, 61, 68.
Thallophytes, 176.
Thoracic duct, 324.
Tidal air, 334.
Timber, methods of cutting, 111.
Tissue cells, 49, |179|.
Toad, use of, 209.
Tobacco and circulation, 328;
and respiration, 346;
users of, 293.
Tortoise, |188|.
Touch, 357.
Tourniquet, 326.
Toxin, 152, 316.
Trachea, 185.
Transpiration, |85|, 87.
Transportation of lumber, |110|, |111|.
Treatment of cuts and bruises, 326.
Trees, need of city, 115;
preventing erosion, 108;
regulate water supply, 105;
value of, 105.
Trichina, |228|.
Trichinosis, 228.
Trillium, |175|.
Trout, development, |238|.
Trypanosomes, 221.
Tuberculosis, 152, |153|;
and milk, 381;
how to fight, 393, |394|.
Tussock moth, |215|.
Twig, section of, |98|.
Tympanic membrane, 358.
Tympanum of frog, 242.
Tyndall box, |399|.
Typhoid, |224|, |385|;
and diarrhoea, |200|.
Typhoid fever, 152, |155|, |382|.

Unit characters, 258.
Ureter, 342.
Urethra, 342.
Urine, 341.
Urodela, 188.
Uses, of animals, 198;
of antibodies, 316;
of green plants, 117;
of ice, 377;
of nutrients, 274;
of protozoa, 172.
Uterus of a mammal, |247|.

Vaccination, 157, 221, 391.
Vacuoles, contracting, 168.
Value, of insects, 208;
of trees, 105.
Valves, 185, 319;
in vein, |324|.
Variation, 250.
Vasomotor nerves, 325.
Vegetable fibers and oils, 127.
Veins, 318;
function and structure, 323;
valves, |324|.
Venae cavae, 322.
Ventilation, 335, 338.
Ventricle, 319;
of fish heart, 236.
Venus fly trap, 102.
Vermiform appendix, 309.
Vertebral column, 186.
Vertebrates, breathing of, 232.
Villi, 308.
Virginia creeper, 128.
Virus, 392.
Vitreous humor, 361.
Vorticella, |171|, 178.
Vries, Hugo de, 253, 406.

Warner, Chas. Dudley, 211.
Waste of food, 287.
Water, 275;
composition of, |20|;
impure, 289;
supply, 383.
Weed, |48|, 128.
Weights, 417.
Wheat crop, 121, |122|.
Wild orchid, |40|.
Windpipe, 300, 301.
Wood, uses of, 110.
Work of cells, 270;
of Department of Agriculture, 255;
relation to diet, 277.
Worms, 183.

Yeasts, 136, 138, 139;
relation to man, 135.
Yellow fever mosquito, 219.
Yucca, 42, |43|.

Zygospore, |174|.

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation, use of hyphens, and accent marks were standardized. Obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged. Spelling of 'paramoecium' and 'paramoecia' were left unchanged.

Braces are used to indicate subscripted numbers in chemical formulas, e.g. CO{2}. Pipes (|) are used to designate bold numbers in the index.

Footnotes were moved to the end of the paragraph in which the anchor occurs. Footnote anchors [6] and [7] refer to the same footnote, as do anchors [37] and [38].

Greek letters in the chart in Chapter XX are spelled within brackets: [alpha] and [beta].

The following changes were made for consistency within the text:

'zoological' to 'zoological'
'diarrhea' to 'diarrhoea'

Other changes:

'proteid' to 'protein' in the header of the table in Chapter V
'do' added to header to Chapter VII ... how do green plants make food?...
'S arpe' to 'Sharpe' in the Reference Books list at the end of
Chapter XIV
'yoke' to 'yolk' ... (which is the yolk or yellow portion) ...
'does' to 'do' ... Both ... do the same thing ...
'page 207' to 'page 307,' in reference to lacteals.
'centers' to 'center's' ... the nervous center's controlling the blood ...
'scapels' to 'scalpels' in the appendix list of laboratory equipment
'and' added to '... Pasteur's solution and Sach's nutrient solution ...'
'Scavangers' to 'Scavengers' in the index

End of Project Gutenberg's A Civic Biology, by George William Hunter

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A Civic Biology, Presented in ProblemsChapter XIV: Part 14

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