Chapter IV (1)

Religious, Educational, and Benevolent 722–735 APPENDIX. City Authorities and Officials, &c. 736–738

[Picture: Decorative mark]

INDEX TO CONTENTS.

PAGE Aborigines of the District 146 Act obtained for Paving and 291, 324 Lighting Agricultural Implement Makers 611 Agricultural Society’s (Royal) 416 Visit Agriculture, Chamber of 441 Alexander Rev. John 490 Alfred Prince, in Norwich 443 Alfred the Great, Reign of 159 Allen Thomas, M.A. 248 Anchorages or Hermitages 139 Ancient City, The 117 Anderson William, Notice of 307 Andrew’s, St. Hall—see St. Andrew’s Hall Angles, Arrival of 11 Anglo-Saxon Coins 160, 161 Anglo-Saxon Dynasty, Restoration 12 of Anglo-Saxon Period, Norwich in 158 the Archæological Society, (British) 433 Visit of Artists of Norwich 541 Art, School of (in Free Library) 61 Assize Courts, City and County 50 Assizes removed to Norwich 381 Asylum, New Lunatic, contemplated 441 Austin Friars 138

Bank, the Crown 76 Banks and Banking 595 Baptist Chapels 110, 111, 112 Baptists in Norwich, History of 253 the Barbauld, Anna Letitia 307 Barlow, Peter 307 Barracks, Cavalry 76 Bathurst Bishop 36, 300, 328 Bathurst Bishop, Memoir of 520 Bathurst Bishop, Professor 329 Taylor’s account of Beechey, Sir William 307 Benedictine Priory 136 Bethel Built 270 Bible Society, Norwich Auxiliary 335 Established Bignold, Sir Samuel 378, 381, 432 Bigod, Hugh 169, 170, 172 Bigod, Roger 163, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175 Bigod, William 169 Bilney, the Martyr 51, 191 Bishop Bathurst, monument of 36, 521 ,, ,, mentioned in _Monthly 300 Magazine_ ,, ,, elected 328 ,, ,, Professor Taylor’s account 329 of ,, ,, Memoir of 520 ,, Goldwell, tomb of 36 ,, Hall, driven out 222, 227 ,, ,, Memoir of 226 ,, Hall’s palace 100 ,, Herbert de Losinga (first 13 bishop) ,, ,, Norman statue of 39 ,, Hinds, memoir of 524 ,, Horne, monument of 36 ,, Nykke, tomb of 34 ,, Parkhurst, tomb of 35 ,, Pelham, notice of 714 ,, Stanley, memoir of 524 ,, Wren and the “Book of Sports” 244 Bishop’s Palace, History and 43 description of Bishops of Norwich, list of 708 Black Friars 138 Blomefield, the Norfolk Historian 127, 306 Blind, Hospital for the 327, 733 Blythe, Hancock 307 Board of Health 14, 429 Boleyn, Sir William, tomb of 37 Bombazines, manufacture of 204 introduced Book of Sports 78, 244 Boot and Shoe Trade, Wholesale 601 Bourn, Samuel 297 Bracondale Lodge (Miss Martineau) 106 Brand, John, B.A. 307 Brasses, Monumental 140, 563 Bread Riots 286, 292, 340 Brethren of the Sac Friars 139 Brewers’ Mark, &c., Mr. R. Fitch 264 on Brewers, Wholesale 616 Bridge, Carrow, first stone laid 333 ,, Duke’s Palace, erected 347 ,, Foundry, first stone laid 334 Bridge W., M.A. 245 British Archæological Society, 433 Visit of ,, Association for the 444 Advancement of Science, Visit of Brooke, Sir James, educated at 45, 726 Grammar School Brown, Rev. Robert 243 Browne, Sir Thomas, memoir of 230 Brush and Paper Bag Makers 620 Burial Ground—the Rosary 108 Bury and Schneider unseated 656 Buxton, Thomas Fowell 104

Caer Gwent or Guntum, Norwich 10, 157 called so by the Iceni Caister, a village on the bank of 10, 11 the Taas Caister and Norwich, Traditional 10 Couplet Caister Camp 105, 157 Canons Honorary 718 Canute assigned custody of 152 Norwich Castle to Earl Turkel Cardinal Wolsey visited Norwich 189 Carmelite Friars 137 Caroline, Queen, Address to 350 Carriage Manufacturers 620 Carrow Abbey 84, 139 Carrow Bridge, first stone laid 333 Carrow Works (Messrs. J. and J. 84, 605 Colman’s) Carrying Trade 625 Carter, Rev. John, memoir of 239 Castle built 11, 163 ,, burnt by Danes 12 ,, description and history of 20 ,, fortifications of 21, 22 ,, ,, Mr. Woodward’s opinions 23, 119 ,, ,, Kirkpatrick’s opinions 23 ,, ,, Mr. Harrod’s opinions 24 ,, made the public prison 178 ,, Corporation, the 339 ,, Hill, View from 47 Cathedral, additions and repairs 29, 30, 31, 276 by Eborard, John de Oxford, Walter de Suffield, Ralph de Walpole, &c. ,, Brasses destroyed during 37 Commonwealth ,, Chartists attended at 406 ,, Cloisters, description of 41 ,, Close, Upper and Lower 44 ,, Dignitaries of the 717 ,, Dimensions of 32 ,, Edward I. and Eleanor at 29 ,, Exterior, description of 39 ,, Gateways 46 ,, Injuries by fires, wind, and 29, 30, 189, 212, 323 lightning ,, Injuries by Reformers 31, 219 ,, Interior description of 33 ,, Monument of Bishop Bathurst 36 ,, ,, Bishop Home 36 Cathedral, Monument of Sir 37 William Boleyn ,, Original Structure 28 ,, Prideaux, Dr., Inscription in 34 Memory of ,, Queen Elizabeth dined in 43, 205 Cloisters ,, Tomb of Bishop Goldwell 36 ,, ,, ,, Herbert de Losinga 37 ,, ,, ,, Nykke 35 ,, ,, ,, Parkhurst 35 ,, ,, Miles Spencer 34 ,, Yarmouth people ask for stones 31 for a workhouse Catherine, Queen, visited Norwich 189 Catholic Apostolic Chapel 115 Cattle and Corn Trade 623 Cattle Food and Manure Trades 622 Cattle Market, cost of 49 improvements, &c. Cavalry Barracks 76 Cemetery, Public (opened 1856) 101, 432 ,, The Rosary 108 Census of 1861 435 Chamber of Agriculture 441 Chantrey’s, Sir Francis last work 37, 521 Chapel Field 98, 133 Chapels, Nonconformists’ 720 ,, ,, Ber Street (Wesleyans) 112 ,, ,, Calvert Street (Methodist 112 Free Church) ,, ,, Catherine’s Plain 113 (Primitive Methodists) ,, ,, Chapel-in-the-Field 110 (Independents) ,, ,, Cherry Lane (Baptists) 112 ,, ,, Clement Court (Catholic 115 Apostolic—Irvingites) ,, ,, Crook’s Place (Methodist 112 Free Church) ,, ,, Cowgate Street (Primitive 113 Methodist) ,, ,, Dereham Road (Primitive 113 Methodist) ,, ,, Dutch Church (Free 114 Christian Church) ,, ,, Ebenezer (Baptists) 111 ,, ,, French Church 114 (Swedenborgians) ,, ,, Gildencroft (Baptists) 111 ,, ,, Jireh—Dereham Road 112 (Baptists) ,, ,, Lady Lane (Wesleyans) 112 ,, ,, Octagon (Unitarians) 113 ,, ,, Old Meeting (Independents) 109 ,, ,, Orford Hill (Baptists) 111 ,, ,, Pottergate Street 112 (Baptists) ,, ,, Princes Street 109 (Independents) ,, ,, Priory Yard (Baptists) 112 ,, ,, Queen Street 114 (Swedenborgians) ,, ,, St. Clement’s (Baptists) 111 ,, ,, St. Faith’s Lane (Jews) 115 ,, ,, St. John’s Maddermarket 113 (Roman Cath.) ,, ,, St. Mary’s (Baptists) 110 ,, ,, St. Peter’s Hall 112 (Presbyterians) ,, ,, Tabernacle (Lady 110 Huntingdon’s) ,, ,, Upper Goat Lane (Friends) 113 ,, ,, Willow Lane (Roman 113 Catholics) Chapels, Desecrated 133 Charing (Sherers’) Cross removed 275 Charitable Institutions 732 ,, ,, Bethel 270 ,, ,, Blind Hospital 327, 733 ,, ,, Doughty’s Hospital 733 ,, ,, Great Hospital (called also 79, 197, 279, 733 Old Men’s, St. Giles’, or St. Helen’s) ,, ,, Jenny Lind Infirmary 430, 733 ,, ,, Lying-in Charity 377 ,, ,, Norfolk and Norwich 280, 733 Hospital ,, ,, Norwich Magdalen 733 ,, ,, Orphans’ Home 733 ,, ,, Public Dispensary 325, 733 Charles II. and Queen visited 223, 225 Norwich Chartist Movements 406, 408, 653 Christ Church, New Catton 92, 405 Church Congress in Norwich 442 Church of England Young Men’s 732 Society Churches, All Saints 96 ,, Christ Church (New Catton) 92, 405 ,, desecrated 127–133 ,, despoiled by Reformers 219 ,, Holy Trinity (Heigham) 102 ,, list of 719 ,, number of, in olden times 62 ,, St. Andrew 70 ,, St. Andrew (Eaton) 104 ,, St. Augustine 87 ,, St. Bartholomew (Heigham) 102 ,, St. Benedict 75 ,, St. Clement 91 ,, St. Edmund 93 ,, St. Etheldred 82 ,, St. George Colegate 87 ,, St. George Tombland 77 ,, St. Giles 67 ,, St. Gregory 68 ,, St. Helen 80 ,, St. James 9 ,, St. John Maddermarket 69 ,, St. John Timberhill 97 ,, St. John Sepulchre 95 ,, St. Julian 81 ,, St. Lawrence 73 ,, St. Margaret 75 ,, St. Martin at Oak 86 ,, St. Martin at Palace 79 ,, St. Mark (Lakenham) 105 ,, St. Mary at Coslany 88 ,, St. Matthew (Thorpe) 106 ,, St. Michael Coslany 85 ,, St. Michael at Plea 77 ,, St. Michael at Thorn 96 ,, St. Paul 93 ,, St. Peter Hungate 78 ,, St. Peter of Mancroft 65 ,, St. Peter per Mountergate 81 ,, St. Peter Southgate 82 ,, St. Philip (Heigham) 102 ,, St. Saviour 92 ,, St. Simon and Jude 79 ,, St. Stephen 94 ,, St. Swithin 73 ,, Trinity, Holy (Heigham) 102 Cigar and Tobacco Trade 617 City and County of Norwich 170 City Jail 99, 355 City Library 61 City Officials, list of 736 City separated from County of 170 Norfolk Civic Feasts 52, 197, 204, 378, 402, 403 _et passim_ Civil Wars, the 216 Clabburn Thomas, monument of 87 Clarke, Dr. Adam, in Norwich 257 Clarke, Dr. Samuel, memoir of 236 Clergy, ignorance of, in 242 fifteenth century Clergy of City and Hamlets, list 719 of Close, Cathedral, Upper and Lower 44 Clothiers, Wholesale 601 Clover Joseph, artist 546 Coaches, Mail, to London 282 Coal Trade 622 Coins, Anglo-Saxon 160, 161 Coins of Iceni 149 Collinges Dr. 296 Commercial History 552 Commercial School 726 Compounding for Poor-rates 440 abolished Cooper Henry 308 Corn Exchange (old) opened 372 ,, description of 58 Corn Exchange, portraits in (Earl 59 Leicester & Jno. Culley, Esq.) Corn, high price of 286, 293 Corn Trade 623 Corporation, Municipal 170 ,, ,, First Mayor of New 402 ,, ,, History of the 316 ,, ,, Last Mayor of Old 401 ,, ,, Members of, for 1869 736 ,, ,, Present state of the 395 ,, ,, Presents to the, by Lord 279 Howard, 223; Sir Robt. Walpole, 275; Sir Armine Wodehouse Corporation, Old, _Commission of 381 Inquiry_ ,, Evidence of Athow, John 395 ,, ,, Bacon, R. M. 395 ,, ,, Barnard, A. 391 ,, ,, Bignold, S. (mayor) 383 ,, ,, Bolingbroke, Alderman 383, 391 ,, ,, Francis, John 391, 394 ,, ,, Gurney, J. J. 383, 388, 392 ,, ,, Newton, Alderman 386 ,, ,, Palmer, George 392 ,, ,, Robberds, J. W. 395 ,, ,, Simpson, W. 383 ,, ,, Stan, John Rising 390 ,, ,, Wilde, William 389 ,, ,, Willett, H. 393 ,, ,, Wright Mr. 394 Cosin, Dr. John, memoir of 238 Costume of various periods 553 Cotman, J. S., artist 550 Council Chamber 50 County Jail (the Castle) 27 Crape Manufacture 581, 592, 593 Crome, John, artist (“Old Crome”) 89, 542 Memorial of Crome, Miss, artist 546 Crome, J. B., artist 545 Cromwell and the Commonwealth 222 Cromwell, John 249 Crosse, John Greene, memoir of 530 Crotch, Dr. William 538 Crown Bank (Harveys and Hudson) 76 Crucifixion of a boy by Jews, 174 alleged

Dalrymple, William, memoir of 526 Danes, Incursions of 12 Danes settled in Norwich 162 Dean and Chapter 718 Dean and Chapter’s Library 44 Deans of Norwich, list of 715 Deave, Reuben 308 Denmark, Queen of, visit to 443 Norwich De Dominâ Friars 138 De Pica or Pied Friars 138 De Sacco Friars 139 Desecrated Chapels 133 Desecrated Churches 127–133 Dignitaries of the Diocese 717 Diocese, Dignitaries of 717 Disfranchisement of Freemen 374, 402 Dispensary, Public 325, 733 Dissolution of the Monasteries 194 Dixon, W. R., artist 547 Domesday Book 12, 13, 165, 260 Dominican Friars 138 Doughty’s Hospital 733 Drainage, the New Scheme for 446 Drapers, Wholesale 616 Dress at different periods 553 Drill Hall 98 Duchess of Norfolk (died 1593), 70 monument of Duke of Sussex visited Norwich 345 Duke of Wellington, Statue of 63 Duke’s Palace Bridge erected 347 Dungeon Tower 76 Dutch and Flemings, arrival of 166, 557 Dutch Church (Free Christian 114 Church)

Earlham Hall 103 Earlham, Hamlet of 103 Earthquakes felt in Norwich 278 Eaton, Hamlet of 104 Ecclesiastical History 706 Edinburgh, Duke of, in Norwich 443 Education in Norwich 726 Edward I. and Eleanor at 29 Cathedral Edward III. and Philippa visit 178 Norwich Edward VI. Commercial School 726 ,, Grammar School 45, 726 Eighteenth Century, Norwich in 268 the Eldon Club 641 Election, First under the Reform 662 Act of 1867 Election of Stormont and Scarlett (see Stormont and Scarlett) Elections since Reform Act of 650 1832 Elizabeth Fry 104, 503, 505 Elizabeth, Queen, visits of, to 43, 51, 205 Norwich Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of 185 Edward IV., visits Norwich Eminent Citizens, Notices of— ,, ,, Alexander, Rev. John 490 ,, ,, Anderson, William 307 ,, ,, Barbauld, Anna Letitia 307 ,, ,, Barlow, Peter 307 ,, ,, Bathurst, Bishop 520 ,, ,, Beechey, Sir William 307 ,, ,, Blomefield, Rev. F. 306 ,, ,, Blythe, Hancock 307 ,, ,, Brand, John, B.A. 307 ,, ,, Browne, Sir Thomas 230 ,, ,, Carter, Rev. John 239 ,, ,, Clarke, Dr. Samuel 236 ,, ,, Cooper, Henry 308 ,, ,, Cosin, Dr. John 238 ,, ,, Crosse, John Greene 530 ,, ,, Crotch, Dr. William 538 ,, ,, Dalrymple, William 526 ,, ,, Deave, Reuben 308 ,, ,, Enfield, Dr. 298, 309 ,, ,, Fenn, Sir John 309 ,, ,, Fry, Elizabeth 503, 505 ,, ,, Goslin, John 239 ,, ,, Gurney, John 499 ,, ,, Gurney, Joseph John 503 ,, ,, Hall, Bishop 226 ,, ,, Hall, Thomas 309 ,, ,, Hinds, Bishop 524 ,, ,, Hobart, John 310 ,, ,, Hooke, James 310 ,, ,, Hooker, Dr. 536 ,, ,, Kaye, John 210 ,, ,, Kinnebrook, David 310 ,, ,, Kirkpatrick, John 303 ,, ,, Legge, Dr. 209 ,, ,, Lens, John 310 ,, ,, Lubbock, Dr. 311 ,, ,, Mountain, Right Rev. J. 311 ,, ,, Opie, Mrs. 537 ,, ,, Parker, Archbishop 211 ,, ,, Parr, Dr. Samuel 311 ,, ,, Pearson, Dr. John 238 ,, ,, Rigby, Dr. 311 ,, ,, Robert, Viscount of 237 Yarmouth ,, ,, Saint, William 312 ,, ,, Sanby, George, D.D. 312 ,, ,, Say, William 312 ,, ,, Sayers, Frank, M.D. 312 ,, ,, Smith, Sir J. E., M.D. 312 ,, ,, Stanley, Bishop 522 ,, ,, Stevenson, William 313 ,, ,, Taylor, John, D.D. 313 ,, ,, Taylor, Professor Edward 475 ,, ,, Taylor, William 313 ,, ,, Thurlow, Edward, Baron 313 ,, ,, Wilkins, William 314 ,, ,, Wilkins, William, sen. 314 ,, ,, Wilks, Rev. Mark 482 ,, ,, Windham, William 314 ,, ,, Wrench, Sir Benjamin 314 Enfield, Dr. 298, 309 Erpingham Gate 46 Erpingham, Sir Thomas 46, 51 Ethelbert Gate 46 Exhibitions, Great, (1851 & 1862) 430, 436 Norwich Contributors to Exhibition, Norwich Industrial 443 Extent of Modern City 15

Fastolf Sir John, House of 46 Fenn, Sir John 309 Fifteenth Century, Norwich in the 183 Fires, serious injuries by 188, 277, 323 Fish Market 64 Fitch, R., Esq., on the Old Walls 121 and Gates Flag of France taken by Nelson 58 Flemings, Arrival or 166, 171, 204, 557, 560, 567 Flemish Refugees banished 244 Flint Implements of Iceni 148 Flint Structure, curious specimen 72 of Floods, violent, in Norwich 269, 279, 280 Flour Mills 621 Fortifications of the Old City 122 Foundry Bridge, first stone laid 334 Fourteenth Century, Norwich in 177 the Fourteenth to eighteenth 258 Centuries, social state Franciscan Friars 137 Fransham John 309 Free Christian Church 114 Free Library 61 Freemasons, Dean Prideaux, first 272 master here Freemen, disfranchisement of 374, 402 French Church (Swedenborgian) 114 French Revolution commemorated 284 Friaries 136 Friars, Carmelites or White 137 Friars de Dominâ 138 Friars de Pica or Pied Friars 138 Friars de Sacco 139 Friars Franciscan or Grey 137 Friars of St. Mary 138 Friars, Preachers (Black Friars) 138 Friends’ Meeting House 113 Fry, Elizabeth 104, 503, 505 Fynch, Martin 249

Gates and Walls, old 121 Gateways of Cathedral 46 Gedge, Mr. G., promoted National 410, 412, 414 Rate Goslin John, Memoir of 239 Grammar School 45, 726 ,, Brooke, Sir James, educated at 45, 726 ,, Lord Nelson 45, 726 ,, Valpy Dr., once head master 45, 726 Grantham Thomas 253 Great Exhibitions (1851 and 430, 436 1862), Norwich Contributions to Great Hospital (see Charitable Institutions) Grey Friars 137 Grocers, wholesale 617 Guardians, Corporation of 375, 438 Guild Feasts 52 Guild Hall, description of 50 ,, memorials of Nelson in 51 ,, Bilney the martyr confined 51 there Guilds and Pageants 180, 208, 239, 274, 282, 403 Guild, the Tanners’ 74 Gurney Family 103, 498 ,, Hudson, on Venta Icenorum 153 ,, John 502 ,, Joseph John 368, 509 ,, ,, buried in Gildencroft 111, 518

Hall, Bishop, memoir of 226 Hall’s Bishop, Palace 100 Hall, Guild (see Guildhall) Hall, St. Andrew’s (see St. Andrew’s Hall) Hall, Thomas 309 Hallett, Rev. J., on History of 251 Old Meeting House Hamlets—Earlham 103 ,, Eaton 104 ,, Heigham 98 ,, Hellesdon 103 ,, Lakenham 104 ,, Pockthorpe 108 ,, Thorpe 106 ,, Trowse, Carrow, and Bracondale 106 Harrod on Fortifications of 24 Castle Hart, Rev. R., on Old Costumes 564 Harvey, Charles 353 Harvey, John 354 Harvey, Robert 339 Harvey, Sir R. J. H., Bart., 107, 597 Heigham, Hamlet of 98 Hellesdon, Hamlet of 103 Henry I. visited Norwich 169 Henry VI. visited Norwich 184 Henry VII. visited Norwich 186 Herbert de Losinga (first bishop) 13 ,, tomb of 37 Hermitages or Anchorages 139 Hinds, Bishop, memoir of 524 Hobart, John 310 Hodgson, Charles, artist 547 Hodgson, David, artist 548 Holy Trinity, Church of the 102 Hooke, James 310 Hooker, Dr., notice of 536 Horticultural Implement Makers 611 Hospitals (see Charitable Institutions) Huntingdon’s, Lady, Connexion 110

Iceni, the 11, 147 ,, Coins of 149 ,, Flint Implements of 148 ,, Woodward on 117 ,, Sepulchral Urns 148 Independent Chapels 109, 110 Independents, History of the 247 Indigent Blind Hospital 327, 733 Indulgences to those buried in 137 “Pardon Cloister” Industrial Exhibition 443 Innes, Rev. J. B. 251 Iron Trade 609 Irvingites’ Chapel 115

Jail, the City 99, 355 Jail, the County 27 Jenny Lind Infirmary 430, 733 Jermy, Isaac, Recorder, Murder of 416 Jews accused of crucifying a boy 174 Jews, first settled in Norwich 165 Jews, large influx of 169 ‘Jews’ Synagogue 115 John’s (King) visit to Norwich 173 John of Gaunt visited Norwich 179

Kaye, John, memoir of 210 Kett’s Castle 136 Kett’s Rebellion 198 King (see Royal Visits) King Edward VI. Commercial School 726 King Edward VI. Grammar School 45, 726 Kinghorn, Rev. J., Tributary 256 Lines by Mrs. Opie Kinnebrook, David 310 Kirkpatrick, John, memoir of 303 Kirkpatrick—buried in St. Helen’s 80, 305 Church ,, on fortifications of Castle 23

Ladbrooke, Robert 548 Lady Huntingdon Chapels 110 Lakenham, Hamlet of 104 Law of Settlement and Removal 414 Legge, Dr., memoir of 209 Lens, John, M.A. 310 Library, City (at Free Library) 61 ,, Dean and Chapter’s 44 ,, Free Library 61 ,, Literary Institution 60 ,, Norwich Public 59, 298 Literary Institution, Norfolk and 60 Norwich Lollards’ Pit (see also Martyrs) 136, 184, 193, 203 Lord Abinger 401 Lord Nelson 45, 51, 56, 288, 289, 330 Lubbock, Richard, M.D. 311 Lunatic Asylum, new one 441 contemplated Lying-in-Charity, Established 377

Magdalen, or Female Home 733 Mail Coaches, first started to 282 London Maltby, Dr. Edward 297 Manufacture of Bombazines 204 introduced Manufacture of Worsted introduced 166 Manufacturers of the last century 302 Manufactures mentioned in “Paston 178 Letters” Manufactures, Norwich, at Great 430, 436 Exhibitions Manufactures, Norwich, presented 437 to Princess of Wales Manufactures—Textile 553 Fabrics—History of ,, ,, in Eighteenth Century 569 ,,, , in Nineteenth Century 578 Manure Manufacturers 622 Margaret of Anjou (Queen of Henry 185 VI.) visited Norwich Market, Corn 58 Market Cross, the 188 Market, Cattle, cost of 49 improvements, &c Market, Fish 64 Market Place, dimensions of 63 Market Place, formerly the Great 18 Croft Martineau Family 106 Martyr, the Boy William 174 Martyr, Thomas Bilney 51, 191 Martyrs (see also Lollards’ Pit) 184, 191, 193, 196, 203, 206, 242, 243 Masons, Free, Dean Prideaux first 272 master here Mayor and Sheriff, alternate 429 nominations of Mayor, the first 72, 170, 684 Mayors and Sheriffs, complete 684 list of Mayor’s Feast, curious speech at 53 a Mayors’ Feasts (see also Civic 52, 204, 378, 403 _et passim_ Feasts) Mayors’ Gold Chain 271 Members of Parliament first 176 elected for Norwich Members for Norwich, complete 669 list of Methodists, Calvinistic 256 Methodist Free Church Chapels 112 Methodist, Primitive, Chapels 112 Methodists, Wesleyan 112, 257 Miles Spencer, Tomb of 34 Ministers, Nonconformist 720 Modern City, situation and extent 15 of Monasteries, dissolution of 194 Monastic Institutions 135 Monumental Brasses 140 Moore William (last Mayor of Old 401 Corporation) Mountain, Right Rev. Jacob 311 Municipal Reform Act 170, 400 Murder of Isaac Jermy, Recorder 416 Museum, Norfolk and Norwich 60, 401 Musical Festivals 324, 333, 356, 403 ,, History of 455 Mustard and Starch Manufactory 84, 605 (Messrs. J. and J. Colman’s)

National Rate advocated by Mr. G. 410, 412, 414 Gedge and others Navigation, Norwich, history of 357 the Nelson, Lord, educated at Grammar 45, 726 School ,, memorials of, in Guildhall 51, 288 ,, portrait of, in St. Andrew’s 56, 289 Hall ,, statue of, in Cathedral Close 45 ,, victory of, celebrated in 330 Norwich New Catton (Christ Church) 92, 405 New Mills 74 Newspaper, first in Norwich 269 Nineteenth Century, Norwich in 315 the Nonconformist Ministers, list of 720 Nonconformists (see Chapels) 109, 720 ,, Baptists 110, 111, 112 ,, Catholic Apostolic 115 ,, Friends 113 ,, Free Christian Church 114 ,, Independents 109, 110 ,, Irvingites 115 ,, Jews 115 ,, Lady Huntingdon’s Connexion 110 ,, Methodist Free Church 112 ,, ,, Primitive 112 ,, ,, Wesleyan 112 ,, Presbyterian 112 ,, Roman Catholics 113, 114 ,, Swedenborgians 114 ,, Unitarians 113 Nonconformity in Norwich, history 241, 294 of Norman Conquest 165 Norman Architecture, specimens of 62 Northwic, Norwich named so by the 11 Angles Norwich—Aborigines 146 ,, and Caister, traditional 10 couplet ,, “a Port” 357 ,, Antiquities 116 ,, Assizes removed to 381 ,, became a Danish City 12 ,, Bishops, list of 708 ,, Clergy of City and Hamlets 719 ,, Corporation of (see Corporation) ,, Crape Manufacture 581, 592, 593 ,, custody of, assigned by Canute 162 to Earl Turkel ,, Deans, list of 715 ,, during Civil Wars 216 ,, during Commonwealth 222 ,, extract from Domesday Book 166 ,, first represented in 176 Parliament ,, from fourteenth to eighteenth 258 centuries ,, in the Roman Period 10, 152 ,, in the Anglo-Saxon Period 158 ,, in the Norman Period 165 ,, in the Twelfth Century 169 ,, in the Thirteenth Century 173 ,, in the Fourteenth Century 177 ,, in the Fifteenth Century 183 ,, in the Sixteenth Century 188 ,, in the Seventeenth Century 212 ,, in the Seventeenth Century, 224 Sir Thos. Browne and Lord Macaulay on ,, in the Eighteenth Century 268 ,, in the Nineteenth Century 315 ,, Jews first settled in 165 ,, made a Staple Town 178 ,, Mayors and Sheriffs, complete 684 list of ,, Members of Parliament for, 669 complete list of ,, Navigation, history of the 357 ,, Nonconformity, history of 241, 294 ,, Recorder of, Isaac Jermy, 416 murdered ,, Recorders, list of 704 ,, seriously injured by Fire 188, 277 ,, Shawl Manufacture 587 ,, Site of, formerly under the 9, 10 sea ,, Stewards, list of 705 ,, supplies against Spanish 205 Armada ,, under the Angles n 11 ,, under the Danes 162 ,, under the Reform Era 379 ,, Union (New Act) 438 ,, Venta Icenorum of the Romans 11, 117, 153

Octagon Chapel (Unitarian) 113, 138, 295 Old Bridewell, a curious flint 71 structure (built about 1370) Old Corporation (see Corporation) “Old Crome,” artist 89, 542 Old Meeting House 109 ,, Rev. J. Hallett on the History 251 of Old Men’s Hospital 79, 197, 279, 733 Old Norwich 117 ,, fortifications of 122 Old Walls and Gates—Mr. R. Fitch 121–127 on Opie, Mrs., buried in Gildencroft 111 ,, Notice of 537 Orphan’s Home 733

Paper Bag Makers 620 Paper Manufacturers 621 “Pardon Cloister” Indulgences 137 Parker, Archbishop, memoir of 211 Parishes and Parish Churches 62 Parliament—Norwich first 176 represented in Parliamentary Reform, Movements 284, 341, 380, 643, 648 in favour of Parr, Dr. Samuel 311 Parry, Capt. W. E., Freedom of 351 City presented to “Paston Letters” on Norwich 178 Manufactures Paving and Lighting, Act obtained 291, 324 for Paving of Norwich, worst in 14, 291 England Pearson, Dr. John, Memoir of 238 Pelham, Dr., present Bishop, 714 notice of Perpendicular Architecture, 62 Specimens of Peter, the Wild Youth 277 Physical Condition of Norwich at 9 an early period Plagues and Pestilences 203, 206, 213, 214, 259, 377 Pockthorpe, Hamlet of 108 Police Introduced 403 Political History 635 Poor Law, New Act for Norwich 438 Poor Law Reform 410 Poor Law Removal Act 412 Population, &c., by Domesday Book 12, 13, 260 ,, at various periods 13, 315, 375, 408, 430, 435 Portrait of J. H. Gurney, Esq., 60 in Museum Portrait of Nelson by Beechey 56 Portraits and Pictures in St. 57 Andrew’s Hall Portraits in Corn Exchange (Earl 59 of Leicester & J. Culley, Esq.) Portraits in Shirehall (Lord 50 Wodehouse, Earl of Leicester, and H. Dover, Esq.) Post Office 62 Precedence, Questions of 213 Presbyterian (Scotch) Chapel 112 Presbyterians (Unitarians) 295 History of Prideaux, Dr., Inscription in 34 memory of Primitive Methodist Chapels 112 Prince Alfred in Norwich 443 Prince and Princess of Wales in 443 Norwich Prince’s Street Chapel 109 Priories—Benedictine and St. 136 Leonard’s Priory Yard Chapel 112, 253 Protestant Association 407 Established Provisions, high price of 286, 293 Public Dispensary Established 325 Public Library 59 Publishers, Manufacturing 615 Pull’s Ferry 44 Puritans, their doings and 219, 243, 244 sufferings

Queen (see Royal Visits) Queen Caroline, Address to 350

Railway Communications 15, 16, 409 Rajah of Sarawak, Educated at 45, 726 Grammar School Read, Sir Peter, tomb of 65 Rebellion, Kett’s 198 Rebellion, Wat Tyler’s 178 Recorder of Norwich (Isaac Jenny) 416 murdered Recorders of Norwich, list of 704 Reed, Rev. Andrew 251 Reed, Rev. Andrew, on the Rise of 247 Nonconformity in Norwich Reformation, the 184, 206 Reform in Parliament, movements 284, 341, 380, 643, 648 in favour of Reformed Parliament—first 650 election (1832) Religious History of Norwich 722 Rifle Volunteers 433 Rigby, Edward, M.D. 311 Rise and Progress of the City 9, 11 River Wensum, rise and course of 16 River Yare 15 Robert, Viscount of Yarmouth, 237 memoir of Roger Bigod 163, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175 Roman Catholic Chapels 113, 114 Roman Invasion 152 ,, opinion of Rev. Scott Surtees 152 Roman Roads 117, 118, 119, 153 Rosary Burial Ground 108 Royal Agricultural Society’s 416 Visit Royal Visits—Catherine 189 ,, Charles II. and Queen 223, 225 ,, Duke of Edinburgh (Prince 443 Alfred) ,, Duke of Sussex 345 ,, Edward I. and Eleanor 29 ,, Edward III. and Philippa 178 ,, Elizabeth 43, 51, 205 ,, Elizabeth Woodville (Queen of 185 Edward IV.) ,, Henry I. 169 ,, Henry VI. 184 ,, Henry VII. 186 ,, John 173 ,, Margaret of Anjou (Queen of 185 Henry VI.) ,, Prince and Princess of Wales 443 ,, Prince Alfred (Duke of 443 Edinburgh) ,, Queen of Denmark 443 Rush, James Blomfield, murderer 416 of Isaac Jermy, Recorder

Saint William 312 Saints, All, parish of 96 Sampson and Hercules’ Court 46 Sandby, George, D.D. 312 Sandringham Gates, the 437, 612 Savings Bank opened 339 Say, William 312 Sayers, Frank, M.D. 312 Scarlett, Sir James, made Lord 401 Abinger School, Commercial 726 ,, Grammar 45, 726 ,, of Art 61 Schools, Endowed and Charity 628 See, Bishop’s, origin of 706 ,, removed to Norwich 13, 706 Separation of Norwich and Norfolk 170 Sepulchral Urns of Iceni 148 Settlement and Removal, Law of 414 Seventeenth Century, Norwich in 212 the ,, ,, Sir T. Browne & Lord 224 Macaulay on Shawls made in Norwich 587 Sheriffs of Norwich, complete 688 list of Shirehall, portraits in (Earl of 49, 50 Leicester, Lord Wodehouse, and H. Dover, Esq.) Shoe Trade, Wholesale 601 Shops, Warehouses, Banks, &c 18 Sixteenth Century, Norwich in the 188 Slavery, Abolition of 368, 371, 374 Smith, Sir James Edward 312 Soap Manufacture 621 Soc, Sac, and Custom 166 Spanish Armada, supplies against 205 Springfield, T. O. 373, 588 ,, first Mayor of New Corporation 403 St. Andrew, Parish of 70 ,, Andrew, Parish of (Eaton) 104 ,, Andrew’s Hall, description and 51 history of ,, ,, dimensions of 54 ,, ,, Flag of France taken by 58 Nelson ,, ,, Mayor’s Feasts in 52 _et passim_ ,, ,, Musical Festivals 53, 324, 333, 356, 403, 455 ,, ,, Portraits and Pictures in 57 ,, ,, Portrait of Nelson, by 56 Beechey ,, ,, restored 281 ,, ,, used as Corn Hall and 54, 272 Exchange ,, Augustine, parish of 87 ,, Bartholomew, Heigham 102 ,, Benedict, parish of 74 ,, Clement, parish of 91 ,, Edmund, parish of 93 ,, Etheldred, parish of 82 ,, George Colegate, parish of 89 ,, George Tombland, parish of 77 ,, Giles, parish of 67 ,, Giles’ Hospital (see Charitable Institutions) ,, Gregory, parish of 68 ,, Helen, parish of 79 ,, Helen’s Hospital (see Charitable Institutions) ,, James, parish of 93, 108 ,, John Maddermarket, parish of 69 ,, John Sepulchre, parish of 95 ,, John Timberhill, parish of 97 ,, Julian, parish of 81 ,, Lawrence, parish of 73 ,, Leonard’s Priory 136 ,, Margaret, parish of 74 ,, Mark (Lakenham) 105 ,, Martin at Oak, parish of 86 ,, Martin at Palace, parish of 79 ,, Mary, Friars of 138 ,, Mary Coslany, parish of 88 ,, Matthew (Thorpe) 106 ,, Michael at Coslany, parish of 85 ,, Michael at Plea, parish of 77 ,, Michael at Thorn, parish of 96 ,, Paul, parish of 93, 108 ,, Peter Hungate, parish of 78 ,, Peter Mancroft, parish of 64 ,, Peter per Mountergate, parish 81 of ,, Peter Southgate, parish of 82 ,, Philip (Heigham) 102 ,, Saviour, parish of 92 ,, Simon and Jude, parish of 79 ,, Stephen, parish of 94 ,, Swithin, parish of 73 Stanfield Hall, Murders at 416 Stanley, Bishop, Memoir of 522 Stannard, Alfred, artist 549 Stannard, Joseph, artist 548 Stannard, Mrs., artist 549 Staple Town, Norwich made a 178 Starch and Mustard manufactory 84, 605 (Messrs. J. and J. Colman’s) Stark, James, artist 550 Stevenson, William, F.S.A. 313 Stewards of Norwich, list of 705 Stormont and Scarlett’s Election—Commission of Enquiry ,, ,, Evidence of Bush, Henry 397 ,, ,, ,, Cooper, William 397 ,, ,, ,, Cozens, Mr. 397 ,, ,, ,, Francis, J. 397 ,, ,, ,, Hayes, John 397 ,, ,, ,, Rust, Thomas 396 ,, ,, ,, Turner, Alderman 397 ,, ,, ,, Wortley, Mr. 397 Stracey, Sir H. J., Bart., M.P., 668 unseated Street Improvements (London and 19 Opie Streets) Streets named from Trades 121 Streets, names of, first put up 280 Surtees, Rev. Scott F., on Roman 152 Invasion Survey of the City 9 Sutton, Dr. Charles Manners 328 Swedenborgians (French Church) 114 Sweyn, landing of 118

Tabernacle Chapel 110, 256 Tanners’ Guild 74 Taylor, Dr. John 295, 313 Taylor, Professor Edward 295, 344, 350, 458, 643 ,, ,, Memoir of 475 Taylor, William 313 Telegraphic Communications 16 Textile Manufactures, History of 553 ,, in Eighteenth Century 569 ,, in Nineteenth Century 578 Theatre Royal 61, 322, 367 Thelwall, the Republican Orator 287 Thirteenth Century, Norwich in 173 the Thorpe, Hamlet of 106 Thurlow, Edward Baron 313 Tillett, J. H., petitioned 668 against Sir H. J. Stracey, Bart., M.P. Tobacco and Cigar Trade 617 Tombland, St. George’s 77 Towers of the Old City 124 Trade Regulations in Seventeenth 265 Century Trade Stations and Rows in Olden 19, 121 Times Trinity, Holy, Church of 102 (Heigham) Trowse Millgate 106 Turnpike Roads opened 280 Twelfth Century, Norwich in the 169 Tyler’s Wat, Rebellion 178

Unitarian Chapel (Octagon) 113 Unitarians, History of the 295 Upholsterers, Manufacturing 619 Urns, Sepulchral, of Iceni 148

Valpy, Dr., Head Master of 45, 334 Grammar School Venta Icenorum 11 ,, Gurney, Hudson, on the 153 ,, Woodward, B. B., on the 117 Volunteer Infantry 325, 326 Volunteer Rifle Corps 433, 738

Wales, Prince and Princess of, in 443 Norwich Walloons settled here 204 Walls and Gates, old 121 Ward Elections, cost of contests 319, 320 Water Gate to Cathedral Precincts 44 Water Works 99 Wat Tyler’s Rebellion 178 Weavers’ Co-operative Society 441 Weavers, disturbances by 373, 406, 583 Weavers, number of (in 1839–1840) 584 Wellington, Statue of 63 Wensum River, rise and course of 16 Wesley, Revs. John and Charles in 112, 257 Norwich White Friars 137 Whitlingham (Sir R. J. H. 107 Harvey’s) Wilkins, William 314 Wilks, Rev. Mark 482, 637 William, “The Boy Martyr” 174 Windham, Major General, “Hero of 433 the Redan” Windham, William 314 Wine, Spirits, and Beer Trade 615 Woodward, B. B., on 23 Fortifications of Castle ,, on Venta Icenorum 117 Wool Weaving Introduced 171 Workhouse, first act for erecting 269 a Workhouse, New (built in 1859) 101 Workhouse, Old 327 Worship, Places of (see “Churches” and “Chapels”) Worsted Manufacture introduced 166 Wren, Bishop, and the “Book of 244 Sports” Wrench, Sir Benjamin 314

Yarn Company, first stone of 403 factory laid Young Men’s Christian Association 732

[Picture: Decorative graphic]

A SURVEY OF NORWICH.

Rise and Progress of the City.

IN tracing the rise and progress of the city, it is necessary to inquire respecting the physical condition of the district around it at an early period. Before the dawn of authentic history, it is in vain to expect full information on this point; but the natural changes that have taken place may be traced with tolerable clearness. Geologists inform us that the whole area of Norfolk, including Norwich, was in remote ages under the sea; that by the slow accumulation of alluvial matter islands were formed in this estuary; and that the waters were divided into several channels.

We may speculate as to the causes of these changes of the level of land and water, but we cannot doubt the fact of such changes having taken place. When or why the great body of waters retired to its great reservoir in the bed of the ocean is unknown; but whatever the causes, it is certain that between the first and the eleventh century the waters did gradually recede till the river assumed a narrower appearance. The higher part of the city from Ber Street up to Lakenham was probably, 2000 years ago, like an island surrounded by water flowing up the valley of the Taas on that side, and over the valley of the Wensum on the other side.

The existence of Norwich as a city during the Roman period from B.C. 50 till A.D. 400 or 500 is very doubtful. Camden says that its name occurs nowhere till the Danish wars. If it did exist, it was only a fishing station, for then a broad arm of the sea flowed up the valley of the Yare, and covered a great part of the north side of the present city. Indeed, for centuries after the Christian era this arm of the sea may have flowed over the greater part of the ground on which the north side of the city now stands. In the course of time, however, the arm of the sea gradually silted up and left only the present narrow river Wensum flowing into the Yare.

Tradition has handed down this couplet:

“Caister was a city when Norwich was none,
And Norwich was built of Caister stone.”

There is, however, no evidence that Caister was ever more than a village on the banks of the Taas, where the Romans built a camp to overawe the neighbourhood; while all the old Roman roads have always radiated from Norwich, proving that it was a place of importance in the Roman period. The _Iceni_ called it _Caer Gwent_, altered by the Romans into _Venta_, so that it was the _Venta Icenorum_ of the Romans, who probably threw up the mound on which a castle was afterwards built, in the Anglo-Saxon period.

Norwich very likely took its rise after the departure of the Romans, about A.D. 418, on account of the distracted state of the empire. Then, the camp or station at Caister being almost deserted, the few remaining Romans joined with the natives, and they became one people; and the situation of Norwich being thought preferable to that of Caister, many retired hither for the facility of fishing and the easier communication with the country. Caister, however, though almost deserted, kept up some reputation, till the river becoming so shallow, cut off all intercourse with it by water and reduced it to a place of no importance.

After the departure of the Romans, the Angles from the opposite coast made themselves masters of this part of the island, and to them is chiefly owing the further progress of the city and its present name. “Northwic” signifies a northern station on a winding river, and may have been so called because of its being situated north of the ancient station at Caister.

Norwich Castle was probably built in the reign of Uffa, the first king of the East Angles, soon after the year 575. About 642 it became a royal castle, and one of the seats of Anna, king of the East Angles, whose daughter Ethelfred, on her marriage with Tombert, a nobleman or prince of the Girvii (a people inhabiting the fenny parts of Norfolk), had this Castle, with the lands belonging to it, given her by her father. About 677, this Tombert and his wife granted to the monastery of Ely, which they had founded, certain lands held of Norwich Castle, by Castle guard, to which service they must have been liable before the grant, for, by the laws of the Angles, lands granted to the church were not liable to secular service, unless they were at first subject thereto whilst in secular hands, which proves that this was a Royal Castle in the time of King Anna.

The Danes soon came over in such large numbers and so frequently, that they at last got possession of the whole of East Anglia, and became the parent-stock of the inhabitants of parts of Norfolk and Suffolk. In 1003, Sweyn or Swaine, King of Denmark, came over with his forces and, in revenge for the massacre of the Danes in the previous year, burnt Norwich and its Castle, as well as many other places. They afterwards rebuilt the city and castle, and came hither in such large numbers, that Norwich became a Danish city, with a Danish Castle, about 1011. After the restoration of the Anglo-Saxon dynasty, the city entered on a new career of prosperity, and according to the Domesday Book of Edward the Confessor, it contained 25 churches, and 1320 burgesses, besides the serfs or labourers. It was still the capital of East Anglia, with a few hundred houses, but the greater part of the area round the Castle presented only marshes and green fields. Two broad arms of the sea still flowed up the valleys on each side of the city. The whole district all around consisted of marsh, and moor, and woods, and yet uncultivated land.

In 1094, Herbert de Losinga, then Bishop of Thetford, removed the See hither, and began to build the Cathedral, from which time the city increased yearly in wealth and trade. Domesday Book (1086) contains an account of all the lands and estates in England, and also of all the towns. Norwich was then next in size to York, and contained 738 families. Thetford had at the same time 720 burgesses, and 224 houses empty. Thetford, therefore, was decaying and Norwich was rising. In 1377, a census was taken of several great towns in England, and Norwich was found to contain 5300 people, for a migration hither of Flemings and Walloons, who introduced the manufacture of woollen and worstead fabrics, had increased the population. In 1575, the muster roll of men delivered to the government capable of bearing arms contained 2120 names, which would be the proportion for 15,000 people. The population in 1693 amounted to 28,881 inhabitants. In 1752 it had increased to 36,241, and in 1786 to 40,051. In 1801 it had decreased to 36,832. In 1811 the number was 37,256, and during the next ten years so large was the increase that in 1821 the number was 50,288. In 1831, when the census was taken, Norwich contained 61,116; in 1841, 61,796; in 1851, 68,713; in 1861, 74,414.

Notwithstanding the continued succession of wars from the revolution in 1688 to the conclusion of the peace in 1763, the city continued to prosper, and its trade had become very great, extending all over Europe, and Norwich manufactures were in demand in every town on the continent. Indeed, the period of war, from 1743 to 1763, was the most prosperous era in Norwich history. The prosperity continued till the disputes arose between the government and the North American colonies, which commenced in 1765 and became serious in 1774, and were not terminated till 1783, when the independence of the United States was acknowledged. During this period, in fact, the trade of the place was so good, that great numbers of people came from the surrounding villages and obtained employment in the factories. After the passing of the paving act in 1806, the new paving of the city commenced, and proceeded very slowly. This necessary work was interrupted at intervals from the want of money, and the Commissioners got deep in debt. In forty years they spent £300,000, and left Norwich the worst paved town in England. The drainage was very defective, and the hamlets were not drained at all. The supply of water was altogether insufficient, and in the hamlets was obtained from wells. The Board of Health was established in 1851, under the powers of the Public Health Acts, and since then its provisions have been carried out. The sanitary condition of Norwich has subsequently greatly improved and the rate of mortality decreased, owing to the wise and judicious measures which have been adopted of late years. A fuller description of “the Ancient City” will be found under the head of “Norwich Antiquities.”

The Modern City.

THE modern city, with all its improvements and extensions, presents a very different aspect to what it did in former times, when it was enclosed by high walls and gates. It stands for the most part on the summit and sloping sides of a rising ground, running parallel with the river Wensum on the southern side, above its confluence with the Yare. Its greatest extent from St. Clement’s Hill (north) to Hartford Bridges (south) is four and a quarter miles; and following the zigzag line of boundary it is about seventeen miles in circumference, comprising 6630 acres of land. Within its jurisdiction, as a city and a county of itself, it includes the picturesque hamlets of Lakenham and Bracondale on the south, of Catton on the north, of Thorpe on the east, and of Heigham on the west, in which direction Norwich is rapidly extending.

The city is situated in the eastern division of Norfolk, of which county it is the capital. It is 20 miles distant from the sea at Yarmouth, 108 miles distant from London, 42 from Lynn, 22 from Cromer, 43 from Ipswich, 72 from Cambridge, and 99 from Lincoln; being in latitude 52° 42′ N., and in longitude 1° 20′ E of Greenwich. The Great Eastern Railway system places it in communication with all the towns before named, and all the large towns of England. There is a railway station at Thorpe for the Norfolk line from Yarmouth to Ely, and another station at St. Stephen’s Gates for the Suffolk line from Norwich to Ipswich. Telegraphic lines are established along both railways, and there is also another line from London, viâ Norwich, to Cromer, on the northern coast of the county. Navigation is carried on by river from Norwich to Yarmouth. The Wensum, which rises at Rudham, enters the city on the N.W., and leaves it on the S.E. It pursues a boldly serpentine course through the town, first traces for a short space the western limits, then describes a semi-circle round the left bank, then winds through a thinly-built part of the city, and next traverses a compact eastern side. An eminence, that may be called a hill, compared with the flatness of the surrounding country, extends along the right bank of the river and terminates near its last bend; and this eminence bears on its summit and its slopes all the more ancient parts of the city, with a large portion of its present streets and buildings. The outline of the area within the old walls somewhat resembles the form of a cornucopia, with the narrow end twisted round from the S. to the S.E., and has been aptly compared to the figure of a haunch of venison. A strong flint embattled wall, flanked with forty towers, pierced by twelve beautiful gates, and fortified by a broad ditch, formerly surrounded the city, except at two places, where the Wensum formed a natural defence; but having fallen into decay, and being considered a hindrance to the growth and improvement of the town, it was stripped of all its gates, its ditch was filled in, and the only portions of walls which were permitted to remain are a few strips, here and there, of crazy ruin. The city inside the walls is divided into thirty-five parishes, and has five more and parts of two others within the county of the city. Altogether it contains forty parish churches, exclusive of the Cathedral, the French and Dutch Churches, and Christ’s Church, New Catton; and upwards of twenty Nonconformist chapels. It formerly included about twenty other parishes, but they have been consolidated with some of the present parishes, and the churches either desecrated or taken down. Among the chapels which have altogether disappeared may be mentioned the Chapel of St. Mary in the Field, St. Catherine’s Chapel, Hildebrand’s Chapel, Magdalen Chapel, St. Michael’s Chapel, (Tombland), St. Nicholas’s Chapel, St. Olave’s Chapel, (near King Street gates), and others.

The older portion of the city in most of its street arrangements is very irregular; and its thoroughfares are narrow and winding, following in some instances the line of the ancient walls. Some of its houses, however, are handsome structures, and are often admired by strangers as beautiful specimens of squared flint facings. The old street architecture, however, is rapidly vanishing before the hand of improvement. Many of the half-timber, lath and plaster houses, remarkable for their grotesque gables and picturesque appearance, have given place to plainer, but more comfortable and convenient dwellings; some of which have handsome fronts, more especially round the Market Place, and in the principal streets. We may, especially, notice the warehouses and shops of Messrs. Chamberlin, Mr. G. L. Coleman, and others in the Market Place; of Mr. Caley, Mr. Fiske, Mr. Livock, Mr. Dixon, Mr. Sawyer, and Mr. Allen in London Street; the offices of the National Provincial Bank in London Street; and of the Crown Bank on the Castle Meadow.

THE MARKET PLACE.

The Market Place, which occupies the centre of the city, is one of the most spacious in England; and being overhung by the singularly massive square tower of St. Peter’s, and presenting several specimens of antique houses of the gable-front construction, is very picturesque in its appearance. It was formerly the great Croft, belonging to the Castle, on the outer ditch of which it is supposed to have abutted. The first parts built upon were the east and west sides and the north end. The other portions were built by virtue of royal licenses. As already indicated, it has been within the last few years greatly improved, by the erection of new houses and fronts; and upon the whole it may be said to be well paved—though as regards the paving of the city generally, there is still room for improvement. The approaches to the Market Place, it should here be mentioned, were formerly very narrow and difficult, and they are not even now all that could be wished; but many improvements have nevertheless been made at very great expense. Thus, London Street has within the last few years been widened, at a cost of £20,000; and Opie Street has been opened from London Street to the Castle Hill. Of course, the principal places of business are mostly clustered together, either in the Market Place or in the nearest streets; but in former times, every business in Norwich had its particular row or station. Thus, in ancient deeds, we read of the Glover’s Row, Mercers Row, Spicer’s Row, Needler’s Row, Tawer’s Row, Ironmonger’s Row; also of the Apothecary’s Market, the Herb Market, the Poultry Market, the Bread Market, the Flesh Market, the Wool and Sheep Market, the Fish Market, the Hay Market, the Wood Market, the Cheese Market, the Leather Market, the Cloth-cutter’s Market, the White-ware Market; all of which we find mentioned before the reign of Richard II.; for about the latter end of the reign of Edward III., trades began to be mingled in such a manner, that many of these names were lost.

NORWICH CASTLE.

[Picture: Norwich castle]

HIGH over the centre of the old city, over all its churches, and towers, and streets, rises the Norman Castle, frowning in feudal grandeur over the whole district. It stands on the summit of a mound or hill, steep on all sides, which appears to be chiefly the work of nature, with additions by human labour. The embattled quadrangular keep, in its restored state, retaining all the details of architectural decoration peculiar to the Norman style, presents a faithful image, though without the grey antiquity, of its original exterior, and is a noble striking object from whatsoever point it is seen. The common history is, that a fortress existed here during the Saxon period, and that Uffa, the first King of the East Angles, formed one of earth, according to the rude method of the times. In 642, Anna, another of the East Anglian kings, is said to have resided here; and during the Danish wars, this fortress was often taken and retaken. Alfred is believed to have repaired it, and to have erected the first stone structure, which was destroyed by the Danes in 1004. Canute probably erected another castle here about 1018, and after the conquest it was much injured during a siege, and was rebuilt by Roger Bigod. The plan of the fortifications has been a subject of some controversy. According to the account commonly given of the fortress, it consisted of a barbican or outwork to defend the entrance; three nearly concentric lines of defence, each consisting of a wall and ditch, and enclosing a ballium or court; and a great central keep, as the last resort in the event of a siege. The area comprised a space of twenty-three acres, and each ditch had a bridge over it similar to the one now remaining. The barbican, or outwork of the fortification, was situated beyond the outer ditch, if it ever existed. The wall commenced at the opening called Orford Street, and gradually extended to the end of Golden Ball Lane, the other extremity terminating in Buff Coat Lane. The widest part is stated to have been forty yards broad, and gradually decreasing at the extremities, the length being about 220 yards. Part of the original form of the wall was supposed to be traceable from the position of the buildings erected on its site in Buff Coat Lane. The road to the castle from Ber Street was supposed to pass through the barbican, exactly where Golden Ball Lane recently stood. The circuits of the outer vallum and the middle vallum are minutely described by most of the local historians; but unfortunately there is no sufficient evidence in support of this old theory of three ditches round the castle—nothing but a vague traditional story, filled up by imagination. The editors of the history published by Crouse in 1768, say:

“This castle was defended by a wall surrounding it, built on the brow
of the hill on which it stands, and by three ditches; the outermost
of which reached on the west to the edge of the present Market Place,
on the north to London Lane, which it took in; on the east nearly to
Conisford Street, and on the south to the Golden Ball Lane. The
postern or back entrance into the works was on the north-east, by
which a communication was had with the earl’s palace, then occupying
the whole space between the outer ditch and Tombland. The grand
entrance is on the south, from which you passed three bridges in
going to the Castle. The first hath been immemorially destroyed; the
ruins of the second remained till the ditches were filled up and
levelled thirty years since; and the third still continues and
consists of one whole arch, exceeded by very few in England.”

Mr. John Kirkpatrick, who wrote an account of the Castle in the last century, gives quite a different description of the earth works. He notices the present ditch, and a second entrenchment lying between the present ditch and the Shire house, which then stood near the old weighing house on the hill. He also refers to the Shire house ditch as a distinct entrenchment. He describes a bridge house on the inner side of the great southern ditch in the middle of the present Cattle Market, and the line of the houses forming the southern limit of the Cattle Market seems to show the limit of the outwork.