Chapter IX: Part 9

PURPURA. Auct. ("_The shell-fish from which purple is taken_," Plin.)
_Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval or oblong,
thick; spire for the most part short, sometimes rather longer; external
surface generally sulcated, granulated, tuberculated or muricated;
aperture long, oval, somewhat dilated, emarginated anteriorly; outer
lip crenated, acute; columella flattened; operculum horny, with the
nucleus lateral, thin towards the columella.--_Obs._ True Purpuræ to be
found in the Lamarckian genera Buccinum, Ricinula, and others. They may
be generally distinguished by the flatness of the columellar lip, and
by the short canal or emargination, which is not reflected or raised,
as in Buccinum. The species are very numerous and very variable in
form, inhabiting the seas of temperate and tropical climates. The
animals secrete a purple liquor, which has been used advantageously for
dyeing; the origin of the famous Tyrian dye. Fig. 414, P. persica.

PURPURIFERA. Lam. (_Purpura_, purple; _fero_, to carry.) A family
belonging to the second section of Lamarck's order Trachelipoda, the
shells of which are described as having a very short recurved, or
ascending canal, or else only a notch between the inner and outer lips.
The name Purpurifera has been given to the family because the animals
which it includes, and particularly the genus Purpura, contain the
colouring matter from which the ancients obtained the well known
splendid purple. This family contains the following genera.

1. CASSIS. Outer lip thick, reflected, denticulated, canal turned
suddenly over the back; spire short; including _Cassidea_ and
_Cypræcassis_. Fig. 410 to 412.

2. CASSIDARIA. Canal turned gently upwards. Fig. 407, 408.

3. ONISCIA. Inner lip granulated; canal short. Fig. 409.

4. BUCCINUM. Outer lip thickened not reflected; canal short;
including _Cyllene_ and _Phos._ Fig. 416, 421, 422, 425.

5. NASSA. The same, with a notch or tooth at the extremity of the
columella; including _Cyclops_. Fig. 423, 424.

6. DOLIUM. Swelled, grooved spirally; outer lip not reflected. Fig.
420.

7. PURPURA. Aperture large; columellar lip flat; including
Tritonidea. Fig. 414, 415.

8. MONOCEROS. The same, with a tooth on the outer lip. Fig. 417.

9. CONCHOLEPAS. Patelliform; aperture as large as the shell. Fig.
417.

10. RICINULA. Columellar and outer lips granulated, denticulated,
outer lip digitated; including _Tribulus_. Fig. 413.

11. TRICHOTROPIS. Hairs on the epidermis, along the keels. Fig.
429.

12. TEREBRA. Elongated, with a spiral groove near the suture of the
whorls. Fig. 428.

13. BULLIA. Short; aperture wide; outer lip marginated. Fig. 427.

14. EBURNA. Like Buccinum, but the outer lip not thickened. Fig.
426.

15. HARPA. With varices at regular intervals. Fig. 419.

PUSIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Tiara (Mitra.) (Sw. Malac. p. 320.)

PUSIODON. Sw. A genus of "Lucerninæ," Sw. (Helix) thus described:
"Shell flattened, smooth; the body-whorl large, and much dilated at the
aperture; spire small, flat, of three or four contracted whorls;
aperture very oblique, sinuated, or obsoletely toothed at the base of
the outer lip, which is spreading and sub-reflected; inner lip
obsolete; umbilicus open. Zonaria Chemn. 132. f. 1188. auriculata Zool.
Ill. I. pl. 6." Sw. Malac. p. 330.

PUSIOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Columbellinæ." Sw. Thus
described: "general form of Columbella, but the outer lip is only
toothed in the middle, where it is greatly thickened; inner lip convex
between the granular teeth; punctata, E. M. 374. f. 4. mendicaria, 375.
f. 10. turturina, 314. f. 2. fulgurans. Lam." Sw. Malac. p. 313.

PUSTULARIA. Sw. A genus of "Cypræinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell
generally marked by elevated pustules; aperture narrow and linear; the
extremities more or less produced; the teeth continued beyond, and
frequently forming elevated striæ across the lips. P. Cicercula, P.
Globulus." Sw. Malac. p. 324.

PYGMÆA. Humph. COLUMBELLA, Auct.

PYLORIDEA. Bl. The ninth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl. the
shells of which are described as nearly always regular, rarely
otherwise, nearly always equivalve, gaping at both extremities; hinge
incomplete, the teeth becoming gradually obsolete; two distinct
muscular impressions; palleal impression very flexuous posteriorly.
This family is divided into: Section 1. Ligament internal; Pandora,
Thracia, Anatina, Mya, Lutricola. Section 2. Ligament external;
Psammocola, Soletellina, Solen, Sanguinolaria, Solenocurtus, Solenimya,
Panopæa, Glycimeris, Saxicava, Byssomya, Rhomboides, Hiatella,
Gastrochæna, Clavagella, Aspergillum.

PYRAMIDAL. (_Pyramidalis._) Resembling a pyramid in form. _Ex._
Cerithium Telescopium, fig. 378.

PYRAMIDELLA. Lam. (_A little pyramid._) _Fam._ Plicacea, Lam.
AURICULACEA, Bl.--_Descr._ Pyramidal, smooth, polished; spire long,
pointed, composed of numerous whorls; aperture small, modified by the
last whorl, rounded anteriorly; outer lip slightly expanded; columella
tortuous, with several folds. This is a genus of small, polished,
marine shells. Pyramidella Terebellum, fig. 342.

PYRAZUS. Montf. POTAMIS, Brongniart.

PYRELLA. Sw. A genus consisting of Turbinella Spirilla, Auct. and
similar species, having a long channel, a pyriform outline, and one
strong plait at the base of the columella, the apex of the spire is
enlarged. P. Spirillus, fig. 384. (The proper term would be Spirilla.)

PYRIFORM. (_Pyrum_, a pear; _forma_, shape.) Shaped like a pear, i. e.
large and rounding at one end, and gradually tapering at the other.
_Ex._ Pyrula, fig. 390.

PYRGO. Defr. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

PYRGOMA. Auct. ([Greek: Purgos], _pyrgus_, a tower.) _Order_, Sessile
Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Composed of a single conical, hollow paries,
with a small aperture closed by an operculum of four valves, and
supported upon a cup-shaped base.--_Obs._ The genera into which Leach
has divided this genus are Pyrgoma, Adna, and Megatrema; his genera
Nobia and Savignium differ in having but two valves for the operculum.
Pyrgoma differs from Creusia in having the body of the shell, i. e. the
parietal cone, simple, not divided into valves. Fig. 31.

PYRGOPOLON. De Montfort's figure of this genus appears as if it had
been drawn from the nucleus of a Belemnite.

PYRULA. Auct. (_A little pear._) _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam.
Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, oblong, pyriform, ventricose
towards the spire, gradually tapering towards the anterior of the
aperture, spire short, consisting of few volutions; aperture wide,
terminating in a long, narrow, open, canal; columella smooth, elegantly
tortuous.--_Obs._ The above description includes all the true Fig
shells, which present a most graceful form; the contour partaking of
the peculiar curve, called by painters the line of beauty. P. Ficus,
fig. 390.

PYRUM. Humph. PYRULA, Lam.

QUADRATE. (_Quadratus._) Square, applied when the outline of shells is
formed by nearly straight lines meeting at right angles.

QUADRILATERAL. Four-sided.

QUINQUELOCULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

RADIATING. (_Radians._) A term applied to the ribs, striæ, bands of
colours, &c. when they meet in a point at the umbones of a bivalve
shell, and spread out towards the ventral margin.--_Ex._ The bands of
colour in Tellina radiata, fig. 105.

RADICATED. (_Radix_, a root.) Attached, and as it were rooted by means
of a fibrous byssus.

RADIOLATA. Lam. A family belonging to the order Cephalopoda, Lam. The
shells belonging to it are described as discoidal, with the spire
central, and the chambers radiating from the centre to the
circumference. This family contains the genera Rotalina, Lenticulina,
and Placentula.

RADIOLITES. A genus belonging to the family of Rudistes, differing from
Sphærulites, in having both the valves more conical.

RADIUS. Montf. A genus composed of OVULUM Volva, Auct. and other
similar species, having a long attenuated canal at each extremity. Fig.
442.

RADIX. Montf. A genus composed of species of LIMNÆA, having a short
spire and wide aperture.--_Ex._ L. aperta, fig. 309.

RAMIFIED. (_Ramus_, a branch.) Branched out.--_Ex._ The varices of some
Murices, &c.

RAMPHIDOMA. Schum. POLLICIPES, Leach.

RAMOSE. (_Ramosus_, branched.) Spread out into branches. _Ex._ Murex
inflatus, fig. 395.

RANELLA. Auct. (_Rana_, a frog.) _Fam_. Canalifera, _Lam._
Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval or oblong, depressed, thick, with
two rows of continuous varices, skirting the outline, one on each side;
spire rather short, pyramidal, acute, aperture oval, terminating in a
canal at each extremity; outer lip thickened within, crenulated, or
denticulated, forming an external varix; inner lip spread over a
portion of the body whorl.--_Obs._ The shells composing this
well-defined genus, are for the most part covered with tuberculations,
and granulations, and from the colour and squat shape of some species,
have been likened to frogs. The Ranellæ are mostly inhabitants of the
East Indian seas. The few fossil species known, occur in the tertiary
beds. The two continuous rows of varices skirting the spire,
distinguish this genus from Triton, which it nearly approaches, and
into which some species run by imperceptible gradations. Fig. 393, 394.
Many new species were brought to this country by Mr. Cuming, and are
represented in parts 84, 85, 88, 89, 92, 93, of the author's
Conchological Illustrations.

RANGIA. Desmoulins. GNATHODON, Gray.

RAPANUS. Schum.? A genus consisting of species of PYRULA, Auct. which
are thin, much inflated, with short canals. Fig. 389, P. papyracea.

RAPELLA. Sw. A genus of "Pyrulinæ," Sw. thus described: "Shell
ventricose, generally thin, almost globose; the base suddenly
contracted, and forming a short canal, the channel almost obsolete;
umbilicus large, partly concealed by the inner lip. R. papyracea. En.
Méth. 436, f. 1." Sw. p. 307. RAPANUS, Schum. Fig. 389.

RAPHANISTER. Montf. A species of madrepore, described as a shell.

RAPUM. Humph. TURBINELLA, Lam.

RAZOR SHELL. A common name by which shells of the genus Solen, are
known in the market.

RECTILINEAR. (_Rectus_, right; _linea_, a line.) In a straight line.
_Ex._ The hinge of Byssoarca Noæ, fig. 132.

RECURVED. (_Re_, back; _curvo_, to bend.) Turned backwards; the term,
when applied to symmetrical conical univalves, is used to signify that
the apex is turned towards the posterior margin, as in Emarginula, fig.
241.

REFLECTED. (_Reflected_, to fold back.) Turned, or folded backwards.
_Ex._ The edge of the outer lip in Bulinus, fig. 282, is _reflected_,
while that of Cypræa, fig. 445 to 450, is _inflected_.

REMOTE. (_Remotus_, distant.) Remote lateral teeth in a bivalve shell,
are those that are placed at a distance from the cardinal teeth. _Ex._
The lateral teeth of Aphrodita, (fig. 123.) are remote; those of Donax,
(fig. 108) are near.

RENIELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Malleus. Lardn. Cyclop. Malac. p. 886.
Gray states it to be only a distorted specimen of Vulsella, Syn. B. M.
p. 145.

RENIFORM. (_Ren_, a kidney; _forma_, shape.) Shaped like a kidney.
_Ex._ The aperture of Ampullaria, fig. 318.

RENULINA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

REOPHAX. Montf. A genus of microscopic Orthocerata, Bl.

REPENT. (_Repens_, creeping.) A term applied to those shells, which,
being attached by the whole length of their shell, give the idea of
creeping or crawling. _Ex._ Vermilia, fig. 7.

RETICULATED. (_Reticulatus._) Resembling net-work.

RETIFERA. Bl. The first family of the order Cervicobranchiata, Bl.
containing the genus Patella.

REVERSED or SINISTRAL SHELLS, are those in which the aperture is on the
left side of the shell, while it is held with the mouth downwards, and
towards the observer. _Ex._ Balea, fig. 296. Attached bivalves are said
to be reversed, when the left valve is free, instead of the right; a
circumstance which sometimes occurs in Chama and Ostrea.

RHEDA. Humph. HYALÆA, Lam.

RHINOCLAVIS. Sw. A genus of "Cerithinæ," Sw. thus described: "channel
curved backwards, in an erect position; inner lip very thick, with a
tumid margin; pillar generally with a central plait; operculum
ear-shaped; lineatum. En. M. 443, fig. 3, Vertagus. Ib. f. 2,
subulatum. Lam. No. 23, fasciatum. Mart. 157, f. 1481. obeliscus, En.
Méth. 443, f. 4; aluco, Ib. f. 5, (Aberrant,) semi-granosum. Ib. 443,
f. 1, asperum. Mart. 157, f. 1483."

RHINOCURUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

RHINODOMUS. Sw. A genus of "Scolyminæ," Sw. thus described: No internal
groove; shell clavate; the spire longer than, or equal with the
aperture; the whorls with ridges or longitudinal varices, and rendered
hispid by transverse grooves; inner lip wanting; pillar with a terminal
fold; aperture striated; outer lip with a basal sinus. R. senticosus,
Chem. tab. 193. f. 1864-1866.

RHIZORUS. Montf. A genus described from a microscopic shell, appearing
to be a cylindrical Bulla.

RHODOSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Turbininæ," Sw. p. 344.

RHOMBOIDAL. ([Greek: rhomboeidos], _rhomboeidus_.) Having a rhombic
form, i. e. four-sided; two sides meeting at acute, two at obtuse,
angles. Conchologists are not very strict in the application of this
term, for, indeed, a perfect rhomboidal figure could not be found among
all the testaceous productions of the sea.

RHOMBOIDES. Bl. A genus described as resembling Byssomya in the shell,
but differing in the animal. MYTILUS rugosus, Gmelin. HYPOGÆA barbata,
Poli.

RHOMBUS. Montf. ([Greek: rhombos], _rhombos_, a rhomb.) A genus
consisting of species of CONUS, having a rhomboidal or quadrilateral
form and a coronated spire. _Ex._ Conus nocturnus, fig. 459.

RICINULA. Lam. (Resembling the seed-vessel of the _Ricinus_.) _Fam._
Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Sub-ovate, thick,
tuberculated; spire short; aperture narrow, terminating anteriorly in a
short canal; outer-lip thickened, denticulated within, digitated
without; columellar lip spread over a portion of the body whorl, and
granulated.--_Obs._ This interesting genus is composed of some neat
little shells allied to Purpura, from which they are distinguished by
the finger-like branching of the outer lip, and the granulations of the
columella. Fig. 413, R. Horrida.

RIGHT. See DEXTRAL.

RIMULA. Defr. A genus consisting of a minute species of EMARGINULA,
Auct. which has a fissure near the margin, but not reaching it. R.
Blainvillii, fig. 243.

RIMULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

RINGICULA. Deshayes. A genus founded on Auricula ringens of Lamarck and
several small fossils, resembling in some respects Pedipes of Adanson;
they would belong to Tornatella, were it not for the lips being
thickened and marginated, fig. 540, A. ringens.

RISSOA. Freminville. _Fam._ Ellipsostomata, Bl. Melaniana,
Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong, turrited, acuminated; spire long, consisting of
numerous whorls; aperture round or oval, pointed posteriorly, dilated
anteriorly; outer lip slightly thickened, emarginated, operculum
horny.--_Obs._ The Rissoæ are small white, marine shells, considered by
some authors as resembling Melaniæ, but placed by Sowerby near the
Scalariæ. They are principally from the shores of the Mediterranean,
and are also very abundant on the British shores, as well as the East
and West Indian. Fig. 346, R. reticulata.

ROBULUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

ROLLUS. Montf. A genus composed of CONUS Geographus, Auct. fig. 462,
and other species, rather cylindrical in form, and having a coronated
spire.

ROSALINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

ROSTELLARIA. (From _rostrum_, a beak.) _Fam._ Alatæ, Lam.
Siphonostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Turrited, fusiform, thick, smooth or
ribbed; aperture oval, terminating anteriorly in a long canal,
posteriorly in a channel running up the spire; outer lip dilated,
thickened, sometimes digitated, running up all or part of the spire,
with a sinus near the anterior canal; inner lip smooth, spread over
part of the body whorl and of the spire. The Red Sea and the Indian
Ocean produce the few known species of this genus.--_Obs._ HIPPOCHRENES
is the name given by De Montfort, to those fossil species which have
the outer lip simple and very much dilated. R. curvirostrum, fig. 412.
APORRHAIS is a name given to another proposed genus, composed of
Rostellaria pes-pelecani, Auct. fig. 404. and similar species.

ROSTRATED. (From _rostrum_, a beak.) Having one or more protruding
points, as Tellina rostrata.

ROTALIA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera. The same as
Rotalites of De Montfort.

ROTELLA. Lam. (_A little wheel._) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.--_Descr._
Orbicular, generally smooth, shining; spire conical, depressed, short;
aperture subtrigonal; outer lip thin, angulated near the centre; inner
lip spread over the surface of the whorls, forming a thickened disc.
Operculum horny, orbicular, spiral, with numerous whorls.--_Obs._ The
pretty little shells thus described are found in seas of tropical
climates. They are distinguished from other genera of the family by
their lenticular form and the orbicular callosity of the under surface.
Fig. 357, R. vestiaria.

RUDISTES. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera Monomyaria, Lam. the
shells of which are described as irregular, very inequivalve, without
distinct umbones; the ligament, hinge and animal entirely unknown. The
shells contained in this family may be thus distinguished.

1. CALCEOLA. Large valve conical; attached by a flat space between
the umbones, which form the extremities of the shell. Fig. 194.

2. HIPPURITES. Large valve cylindrical, with two internal lobes or
varices. Fig. 198.

3. SPHÆRULITES. Large valve attached, including _Radiolites_.
Birostrites is proved to be the cast of a Sphærulites. Fig. 193,
196.

4. HIPPONYX. Flat valve attached, upper valve conical. Fig. 199,
200.

RUDISTES. Bl. The second order of the class Acephalophora, Bl.
containing the genera Sphærulites, Crania, Hippurites, Radiolites,
Birostrites and Calceola.

RUDOLPHUS. Lam. MONOCEROS, Auct.

RUFOUS. Reddish brown.

RUGOSE. Rough, rugged.

RUPELLARIA. Fl. de Belvue. An unfigured shell placed by De Blainville
in a division of the genus Venerirupis.

RUPICOLA. Fl. de Belvue. A shell described by De Blainville as an
equivalve, terebrating species of ANATINA. A. rupicola, Lam.

SABINEA. A genus of shells resembling small species of LITTORINA, as L.
Ulvæ, &c. of our shores.

SADDLE OYSTER. PLACUNA Sella, so called on account of a resemblance in
shape to a saddle; the part near the umbones being flat, and the
ventral margins being turned up in a sort of fluting or peak.

SAGITTA. (_An arrow._) An ancient name for Belemnites.

SALIENT. (_Saliens._) Jutting out, prominent.

SALPACEA. Bl. The second family of the order Heterobranchiata, Bl.
containing no genera of shells.

SANDALINA. Schum. CREPIDULINA, Lam. A genus of microscopic
Foraminifera.

SANGUINOLARIA. Lam. (_Sanguis_, blood.) _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.
Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, transverse,
sub-ovate, rounded anteriorly, sub-rostrate posteriorly, compressed,
thin, covered with a shining epidermis, gaping at the sides; hinge with
two cardinal teeth in each valve, and an external ligament supported
upon a prominent fulcrum; muscular impressions two in each valve,
lateral, irregular, palleal impressions with a large sinus.--_Obs._
This description is made to exclude some of Lamarck's species of
Sanguinolaria, such as S. occidens, S. rugosa, which are Psammobiæ; and
to include others which he has left out. The Sanguinolariæ are
sub-rostrated posteriorly, while the Psammobiæ are sub-quadrate and
have a posterior angle. Fig. 98, S. rosea. Sandy shores of tropical
climates.

SARACENARIA. Defr. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

SAVIGNIUM. Leach. A genus of Sessile Cirripedes, described as composed
of four valves soldered together, and a convex bivalve operculum; the
ventral and posterior valve on each side being soldered together, in
other respects resembling PYRGOMA. Fig. 30.

SAXICAVA. Fl. de Belvue. Journ. de Ph. an. 10. (_Saxum_, a stone;
_cava_, a hollow.) _Fam._ Lithophagidæ, Lam. Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._
Transverse, irregular, generally oblong, inequilateral, sub-equivalve,
gaping anteriorly; ligament external; muscular impressions two,
lateral; palleal impression interrupted, not sinuated; hinge, when
young with sometimes two or three minute, obtuse, generally indistinct,
cardinal teeth; which become obsolete when full grown.--_Obs._ Several
genera have been founded only upon the difference between the young and
old shell of the same species of this genus. The Saxicavæ are found in
the little hollows of rocks; in cavities on the backs of oysters, of
roots of sea-weeds, &c. in northern and temperate climates. S. rugosa,
fig. 94.

SCABRICULA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, consisting of species which have
a roughened external surface, &c. Sw. Malac. p. 319.

SCABROUS. Rough.

SCALA. Klein. SCALARIA, Auct.

SCALARIA. Auct. _Fam._ Scalariana, Lam. Cricostomata, Bl.--_Descr._
Turrited, oval or oblong; spire long, composed of rounded, sometimes
separate whorls, surrounded by regular concentric ribs; aperture oval,
peristome reflected continuous, entire.--_Obs._ The typical species of
this genus, commonly called the Wentletrap, (S. pretiosa) is celebrated
for the beautiful appearance caused by the numerous ribs encircling the
whorls, and formerly produced an immense price in the market. It is
brought from China. There are many smaller species, some of which are
equally elegant. Fig. 351, S. Pallasii, Kiener.

SCALARIANA. Lam. A family belonging to the first section of the order
Trachelipoda, Lam. The shells belonging to it are described as having
the inner and outer lips continuous, without a canal, emargination, or
other division. In this respect the family is stated to differ from the
Turbinacea, and is therefore separated. The genera may be distinguished
as follows:--

1. VERMETUS. Irregularly twisted, like Serpula. Fig. 345.

2. EULIMA. Pyramidal; apex contorted; including _Bonellia_. Fig.
347, 348.

3. RISSOA. Pyramidal, straight, consisting of few whorls. Fig. 346.

4. SCALARIA. With external varices. Fig. 351.

5. CIRRUS. Trochiform. Fig. 349.

6. ENOMPHALUS. Orbicular. Fig. 350.

7. DELPHINULA. Few whorls, rapidly increasing. Fig. 352.

SCALLOP. The common name for shells of the genus Pecten, the larger
species of which were worn by pilgrims to the Holy Land in the time of
the Crusades.

SCALPELLUM. Leach. (A little knife or lancet.) _Order_, Pedunculated
Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Flat, quadrated, acuminated, composed of
thirteen valves, one dorsal, arcuated; one pair apicial, acuminated;
one pair ventral; two pair lateral, small, sub-quadrate; pedicle
scaly.--_Obs._ This genus and _Smilium_, are the only Pedunculated
Cirripedes which have thirteen valves; in the latter genus, which we
think should at any rate be united to this, the valves are somewhat
differently placed, and the pedicle is said to be smooth. Fig. 35,
Scalpellum vulgare. British.

SCAPHA. Klein. (_A boat._) NAVICELLA, Auct.

SCAPHANDER. Montf. BULLA lignaria, Auct. Fig. 251.

SCAPHELLA. Sw. A genus of the family "Volutinæ," Sw. thus described:
"Shell smooth, almost polished; outer lip thickened internally; suture
enamelled; lower plaits the smallest; apex of the spire various: 1.
fusiformis. Sw. Bligh. Cat. 2. undulatus. _Ex._ Conch. pl. 27. 3.
Junonia, _Ex._ Conch. pl. 33. 4. stromboides. 5. papillosa. Sw. Sow.
gen." Sw. Malac. p. 318.

SCAPHITES. (_A boat._) _Fam._ Ammonacea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._
Convolute, chambered, closely related to the Ammonites, from which it
differs in the last whorl being eccentrically straightened, and
lengthened, and again incurved towards the extremity. Only known in a
fossil state. Fig. 481, S. æqualis.

SCAPHULA. Sw. A genus of "OLIVINÆ," Sw. thus described: "Spire very
short, thick, obtuse, and not defined; aperture very wide, with only
two or three oblique plaits at the base. Sw. patula, _Sow._ Tank. Cat.
2331. (_b._)" (Sw. p. 322.)

SCARABUS. Montf. (_Scarabæus_, a kind of beetle.) _Fam._ Colimacea,
Lam. Auriculacea, Fer.--_Descr._ Oval, somewhat compressed, smooth,
with slightly raised varices; spire equal in length to the aperture,
pointed, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture ovate, rounded
anteriorly, pointed posteriorly, modified by the last whorl; outer lip
sub-reflected, with several prominent folds on the inner edge; inner
lip spread over a portion of the body whorls, with several prominent
folds.--_Obs._ The shells of this genus are found like Auriculæ, in
marshy places. C. imbrium is said to have been found on the tops of
mountains, by Captain Freycinet. Fig. 299*, S. imbrium.

SCHIZODESMA. Gray. A genus composed of species of MACTRA, Auct. with
the ligament placed in an external slit. Fig. 8, M. Spengleri.

SCISSURELLA. D'Orbigny. (_Scissus_, cut.) _Fam._ Turbinacea,
Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-globose, umbilicated, with a spiral groove
terminating at the margin of the outer lip in a slit; spire short;
aperture oval, modified by the last whorl; outer lip sharp, with a deep
slit near the spire. Recent on the coasts of Britain; fossil in the
Calcaire-grossièr.--_Obs._ This genus, consisting of small shells, is
known from Pleurotomaria by the shortness of the spire; the latter
genus being trochiform. Fig. 340, S. elatior.

SCOLYMUS. Sw. A genus of the family "Scolyminæ." Sw. (Turbinella) thus
described: "Sub-fusiform, armed with foliated spines; spire shorter;
pillar with distinct plaits in the middle." The species enumerated are,
"cornigerus, pugillaris, Globulus, Rhinoceros, ceramicus, Capitellum,
umbilicaris, mitis." Sw. Malac. p. 304.

SCORTIMUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

SCROBICULARIA. Schum. Species of LUTRARIA, Act. of a rounded shape.
LIGULA, Leach.

SCROBICULATED. (_Scrobiculus_, a little ditch or furrow.) Having small
ditches or furrows marked on the surface.

SCUTELLA. Brod. (_Scutellum_, a little shield.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana,
Lam.--_Descr._ Shaped like Ancylus, pearly within; apex posteriorly
inclined, central, involute; muscular impressions two, oblong, ovate,
lateral; aperture large, ovate.--_Obs._ This genus is intermediate
between Ancylus and Patella; while in the aspect of the beak, the
observer is reminded of Navicella.

SCUTIBRANCHIATA. Bl. (_Scutum_, a shield; _branchiæ_, gills.) The third
order of Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita, Bl. containing animals with
patelliform, but not symmetrical shells, and divided into the families
Otidea and Calyptracea.

SCUTUM. Montf. (_A shield._) PARMOPHORUS ELONGATUS, Lam.

SECURIFORM. (_Securis_, an axe; _forma_, shape.) Hatchet-shaped. _Ex._
Pedum, fig. 179.

SEDENTARY ANNELIDES. Lam. The third order of the class Annelides, Lam.
distinguished from the two other orders by the circumstance of the
animal being enveloped by a shelly tube which it never entirely leaves.
The order is divided into the families Dorsalia, Maldania, Serpulacea,
and Amphitrites. Fig. 1 to 13.

SEA DATE. The common name for PHOLAS Dactylus in the market, given to
it on account of its cylindrical shape. Fig. 35.

SEGMENTINA. Flem. NAUTILUS Lacustris, Montagu. Test. Brit. Planorbis
nitidus, Drap. tab. 2. Fig. 17 to 19.

SEMICORDATE. Half heart-shaped.

SEMIDISCOIDAL. Forming the half of a circular disc.

SEMILUNAR. Half moon-shaped.

SENECTUS. Humph. A genus of "Senectinæ," thus described by Swainson:
"Imperforate; the base produced into a broad flat lobe, spire rather
elevated and pointed; the whorls convex; aperture perfectly round; not
more oblique than _Helix_; inner lip entirely wanting, imperialis.
Mart. 180. f. 1790. marmoratus. l. M. 448. f. 1." Sw. p. 348.

SEMIPHYLLIDIANA. Lam. The second family of the order Gasteropoda, Lam.
the genera of which are distinguished as follows:--

1. UMBRELLA, round, flat; apex central, muscular impression not
interrupted. Fig. 233.

2. PLEUROBRANCHUS, apex lateral, sub-spiral. Fig. 232.

SENOCLITA. Schum. CINERAS, Leach.

SEPTARIA. Lam. See TEREDO.

SEPTUM. (Lat.) An enclosure, applied to the thin plate of Crepidula,
fig. 239; also to the plates dividing the chambers of multilocular
shells.

SERAPHS. Montf. TEREBELLUM convolutum, Lam. Fig. 451.

SERPULA. Auct. (_A little serpent._) _Fam._ Surpulacea, Lam.--_Descr._
Tubular, narrow, pointed at the apex, gradually widening towards the
aperture, attached irregularly, sometimes spirally, twisted,
imbricated; keeled or plain; aperture generally round, with the edge
simple, or angulated by the termination of external ribs or
keels.--_Obs._ This description is intended to include the genera
Serpula, Spirorbis, Vermilia, Galeolaria, &c. The Serpulæ abound in all
seas, on rocky shores, at any time covered by water, attached to any
kind of marine substance, whether moveable or stationary. The fossil
species occur in almost all tertiary strata. Fig. 4 to 7.

SERPULACEA. Lam. The fourth family of the order Sedentary Annelides,
Lam. containing the following genera of tubular, irregular shells.

1. SERPULA, attached by a small portion of the shell. Fig. 4.

2. SPIRORBIS, attached by the whole length, coiled. Fig. 5.

3. Galeolaria, with the open extremity raised, and the aperture
tongue-shaped. Fig. 6.

4. VERMILIA, attached by the whole length, straight or waved. Fig.
7.

5. SPIROGLYPHUS, which hollows a bed in the body to which it is
attached. Fig. 8.

Sowerby. (Genera of Shells, published at 50, Great Russell
Street, Bloomsbury,) gives satisfactory reasons for re-uniting the
whole of the preceding under the name SERPULA.

6. MAGILUS, which burrows in coral; outer lip reflected. Fig. 9 to
10.

7. LEPTOCONCHUS, outer lip reflected. Fig. 11.

8. STYLIFER, spiral, thin, globular, living in Starfish. Fig. 12,
13.

The three last genera should certainly find some other place in
the system.

SESSILE CIRRIPEDES. Lam. (_Sessilis_, low, dwarfish.) An order of
Cirripedes, consisting of those which are attached by the base of the
shells, containing the genera Tubicinella, Balanus, Coronula, Acasta,
Pyrgoma, Creusia. To which may be added some other genera enumerated in
explanation of figures 14 to 33. The shells of the Sessile Cirripedes
consist of two different sets of valves: 1st. The _parietal_ valves, or
pieces arranged in a circle, side by side, around the body of the
animal, (an arrangement designated _coronular_ by De Blainville.) 2nd.
The _opercular_ valves, or pieces placed so as to enclose the aperture.
Between those opercular valves the ciliæ protrude which characterize
the class. Besides these two sets of valves, there is generally a
shelly plate, serving as a sort of foundation to the rest. The Sessile
Cirripedes may be thus arranged.

1. TUBICINELLA. Six parietal valves, tube-shaped, opercular valves
perpendicular. Fig. 14.

2. CORONULA. Six parietal valves, opercular valves horizontal. Fig.
15, 16, 17, 18.

These two genera fix themselves in the skin of the Whale. The
latter has been divided into the genera Chelonobia, Cetopirus,
Diadema, and Chthalamus.

3. PLATYLEPAS. Valves divided, each having a prominent internal
plate. Fig. 19.

4. CLITIA. Parietal valves four, opercular valves two, valves
dove-tailed into each other. Fig. 20.

5. ELMINEUS. Parietal valves four, opercular valves four. Fig. 22.

6. CONIA. Parietal valves four, thick and porous at the base. Fig.
21.

7. OCTOMERIS. Parietal valves eight. Fig. 24.

8. CATOPHRAGMUS. Parietal valves numerous, irregular. Fig. 23.

9. BALANUS. Parietal valves six; opercular valves four, placed
against each other conically in pairs. This genus has been divided
into Acasta, Conoplea, Chirona, and Balanus. Fig. 25, 26, 27.

10. CREUSIA. Parietal valves four, supported on the edge of a
funnel-shaped cavity. Fig. 28.

11. PYRGOMA. Paries simple, supported on a cavity. This genus has
been divided into the genera Nobia, Savignium, Pyrgoma, Adna,
Megatrema, and Daracia. Fig. 29 to 33.

SETIFEROUS. Hairy.

SHANK SHELL. The vulgar name for the shell designated Murex Rapa. It is
used in Ceylon for ornamental purposes.

SIDEROLITES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

SIGARETUS. Lam. _Fam._ Macrostomata, Lam.--_Descr._ Suborbicular,
oblique, haliotoid, thick; spire depressed, consisting of two or three
rapidly increasing whorls; aperture wide, entire, modified by the last
whorl, the width exceeding the length; columella tortuous; inner lip
spread thinly over part of the body whorl; epidermis thin.--_Obs._ This
genus is distinguished from Natica, by the width of the aperture, and
the absence of the umbilical callosity. It may be known from Stomatia,
and Stomatella, by the texture, which in Sigaretus, is never pearly as
in Stomatia, the former being partly an internal shell. Fig. 334, S.
concavus. Mostly brought from tropical climates.

SILIQUA. Megerle. (A husk, or pod.) LEGUMINARIA, Schum. A genus
composed of species of SOLEN, Auct. which have an internal rib. Fig.
51, Solen radiatus.

SILIQUARIA. Brug. _Fam._ Cricostomata, Bl. Dorsalia, Lam.--_Descr._
Tubular, rugose, spiral near the apex, irregularly twisted near the
aperture, with a longitudinal fissure radiating from the apex, and
proceeding through all the whorls and sinuosities of the tube.--_Obs._
This genus was included in Serpula by Linnæus, from which, however, it
is distinguished by the longitudinal slit, fig. 1. S. anguina. The
recent species are found in the sponges with siliceous spiculæ, in the
Mediterranean; the fossils in tertiary beds.

SIMPLE. (_Simplex_, lat.) Single, entire, uninterrupted, undivided.

SIMPLEGAS. Mont. 1, 83. (_Simplex_, simple; [Greek: gastêr], _gaster_,
belly.) A genus described by De Blainville, as being discoidal, and
having the spire uncovered like AMMONITES, but having the chambers
divided, by simple septa, like Nautilus.--_Obs._ The septa of the shell
named Simplegas by De Montfort, are evidently sinuous, according to his
figure. Fig. 475, S. sulcata.

SINISTRAL. (_Sinister_, left.) On the left side. A sinistral shell is a
_reversed_ one. The sinistral valve of a bivalve shell may be known, by
placing the shell, with its ligamentary or posterior part towards the
observer; the sides of the shell will then correspond with his right
and left side.

SINUOUS. Winding, serpentine. The septa of Ammonites are sinuous. The
muscular impression of the mantle, or palleal impression of some
bivalve shells, is sinuated near the posterior muscular impression.

SINUS. (_Sinus_, a winding, or bay.) A winding or tortuous excavation.
The sinus in the outer lip of Strombus, fig. 406; and that in the
muscular impression of Venus, will be indicated by the letter _s_.

SIPHON. ([Greek: Siphon], siphon.) A pipe, or tube. A shelly tube
passing through the septa of chambered shells. It is said to be
_dorsal_, _central_, or _ventral_, according to its situation near the
outer, or inner parts of the whorl. See Introduction.

SIPHONAL SCAR. The name applied by Mr. Gray, to the opening or winding
sinus in the palleal impression of a bivalve shell, in the place where
the siphonal tube of the animal passes.

SIPHONARIA. Sow. ([Greek: Siphon], siphon.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana, Lam.
Patelloidea, Bl.--_Descr._ Patelliform, depressed, inclining to oval,
ribbed; apex nearly central, obliquely inclining towards the posterior
margin; muscular impression partly encircling the central disc, but
interrupted in front, where the head of the animal reposes, and at the
side by a siphon, or canal passing from the apex to the margin.--_Obs._
This siphon, which is in some species very distinct, serves to
distinguish this genus from Patella. S. Sipho, fig. 231*.

SIPHONOBRANCHIATA. Bl. (_Siphon_, and _Branchiæ_, gills.) The first
order of Paracephalophora Dioica, Bl. divided into the families
Siphonostomata, Entomostomata, and Angiostomata.

SIPHONOSTOMA. Guild. A sub-genus of Pupa, consisting of several
elongated species, which have the aperture detached from the whorls;
such as P. costata, and fasciata.

SIPHONOSTOMATA. Bl. ([Greek: Siphon], _siphon_; [Greek: stoma],
_stoma_, mouth.) The first family of Siphonobranchiata, Bl. the shells
of which are extremely variable in form, but always have a canal or
notch at the anterior extremity of the aperture. This family partly
answers to the Canalifera of Lamarck and the genus Murex in the system
of Linnæus. It contains the genera Pleurotoma, Rostellaria, Fusus,
Pyrula, Fasciolaria, Turbinella, Columbella, Triton, Murex, Ranella,
and Struthiolaria.

SIPHUNCLE. (Siphunculus.) A small siphon.

SISTRUM. Montf. RICINULA, Auct. fig. 413.

SKENEA. _Flem._ A genus including some species of EUOMPHALUS and
CIRRUS.

SMILUM. Leach. _Fam._ Pedunculated Cirripedes.--_Descr._ Thirteen
pieces, ten of which are in pairs, lateral, subtriangular; one
posterior dorsal, linear; all smooth; peduncle hairy.--_Obs._ This
genus is distinguished from Pentelasmis, by the number of its valves,
and from Scalpellum, by the hairy peduncle. S. Peronii, fig. 36.

SNAIL. The common garden Snail, so destructive to our vegetables,
belongs to the genus Helix. The water snail, found in ponds, is
Planorbis.

SOL. Humph. A genus consisting of several species of the genus Trochus,
and corresponding with the sub-genus Tubicanthus, Sw. Malac. Fig. 349.

SOLARIUM. Auct. (_A terrace, or gallery_.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Lam.
Goniostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Discoidal beneath, conical above, with a
wide umbilicus, the spiral margin of which is angulated and crenulated;
aperture trapezoidal; peritreme thin, sharp; columella straight;
operculum horny, subspiral.--_Obs._ The Solarium Perspectivum, is
commonly called the Staircase Trochus, from the angulated edges of the
whorls being seen through the umbilicus, which reaches to the apex, and
presents the appearance of a winding gallery. The species are not
numerous, they belong to tropical climates. A few fossil species occur
in the tertiary formations. Fig. 353, S. Perspectivum.

SOLDANIA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

SOLEN. Auct. (_A kind of shell-fish_, Plin.) _Fam._ Solenacea, Lam.
Pyloridea, Bl.--_Descr._ Bivalve, transversely elongated,
sub-cylindrical, equivalve, very inequilateral, gaping at both
extremities, umbones terminal, close to the anterior extremity; hinge
linear, with several small cardinal teeth, and a long, external
ligament; muscular impressions distant, anterior tongue-shaped, placed
behind the cardinal teeth, posterior irregular, sub-ovate; palleal
impression long, bilobed posteriorly.--_Obs._ The above description of
the genus Solen, is framed so as to admit only those species which are
commonly called Razor Shells, with the umbones terminal, and the
anterior muscular impression behind them. They are found buried deep in
the sand, in a perpendicular position, their situation being pointed
out by a dimple, on the surface. They are abundant in temperate
climates. Some of the Lamarckian Solenes will be found in the genus
Solenocurtus, Bl. Fig. 60, 61.

SOLENACEA. Lam. A family of the order Conchifera, Dimyaria Lam. The
shells belonging to it are described as transversely elongated,
destitute of accessary pieces, gaping only at the lateral extremities;
ligament external.--The genera may be thus distinguished.

1. SOLEN. Razor shells, truncated at the extremities. Fig. 60.

2. PANOPÆA. Broad, with prominent tooth. Fig. 65, 66.

3. SOLENOCURTUS. Rounded at the extremities, with internal bar.
Fig. 61.

4. SOLENIMYA. No teeth, epidermis over-reaching the shell. Fig. 68.

5. GLYCIMERIS. Thick, fulcrum of the ligament prominent. Fig. 67.

6. LEPTON. Flat, scale-shaped. Fig 62.

7. NOVACULINA. Umbones nearly central; covered by a thin epidermis.
Fig. 63.

8. GLAUCONOME. Oval, margins close. Fig. 64.

SOLENELLA. Sow. (_Solen._) _Fam._ Arcacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval,
equivalve, subequilateral, compressed, covered with a thin, shining,
olive-green epidermis; hinge with three or four anterior, and numerous
sharp posterior lateral teeth, arranged in a straight line; muscular
impressions two, lateral; palleal impression with a large sinus;
ligament external, prominent, elongated.--_Obs._ This genus partakes of
the characters of the genus Nucula, and of the family Solenacea. A few
specimens of the only species known (S. Norrisii, fig. 138.) were
dredged by Mr. Cuming at Valparaiso.

SOLENIMYA. Lam. (Solen and Mya.) _Fam._ Mactracea, Lau. Pyloridea,
Bl.--_Descr._ Equivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong, rounded at
the extremities with the umbones near the posterior side, covered with
a shining brown epidermis extending beyond the edges of the shell;
hinge without teeth; ligament partly internal, placed in the margin of
an oblique, flattish, posterior rib; muscular impressions two, distant,
lateral. From the Mediterranean, Australian, and Atlantic
Oceans.--_Obs._ Solenimya differs from Solenocurtus and the true
Solens, in having the posterior side of the shell the shortest; in the
internal ligament; and in being destitute of teeth. It resembles
Glycimeris, but is not incrassated. Fig. 68, Solenimya radiata.

SOLENOCURTUS. Bl. (_Solen_ and _curtus_, short.) _Fam._ Pyloridea, Bl.
Solenacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oval, elongated, equivalve, sub-equilateral,
with the edges nearly straight and parallel, and the extremities rather
truncated; umbones not very prominent, sub-central; hinge with or
without two or three rudimentary cardinal teeth; ligament prominent,
placed upon thick callosities; muscular impressions two, distant,
rounded; palleal impression straight, with a deep sinus. East
Indies--_Obs._ Distinguished from the true Solenes by the central
position of the umbones and an internal bar reaching partly across the
shell.

SOLETELLINA. Bl. SANGUINOLARIA radiata. S. Diphos, f. 99. S. livida of
Sowerby, and similar species, are placed together in this genus.

SPATHA. Lea. A sub-genus of IRIDINÆ, consisting of I. rubens and I.
nilotica, which have not distinctly crenulated margins. Spatha
solenoides, of Lea, is the genus Mycetopus D'Orbigny. Fig. 151.

SPHÆNIA. Turt. A genus consisting of a small species resembling
Saxicava, in general appearance, but having a spoon-shaped process on
the hinge of one valve. S. Binghamii, Fig. 96.

SPHÆROIDINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

SPHÆRULACEA. Bl. The first family of Cellulacea consisting of the
following genera of microscopic Foraminifera: Miliola, Melonia,
Saracenaria, Textularia.

SPHÆRULACEA. Lam. The fourth family of Cephalopoda, Lam. described as
multilocular, globular, sphærical, or oval, with the whorls enveloping
each other; some of them have a particular internal cavity, and are
composed of a series of elongated, straight and contiguous chambers
which altogether form a covering for the internal cavity. This family
contains the genera Miliola, Gyrogona and Melonia.

SPHÆRULITES. Lam. (_Sphæra_, a sphere.) _Fam._ Rudistes, Lam. and
Bl.--_Descr._ Orbicular, inequivalve, irregularly foliated outside;
lower valve cup-shaped, depressed; upper valve nearly flat, like an
operculum.--_Obs._ These fossils are not regarded as shells by all
conchologists. S. foliacea, Fig. 193.

SPHINCTERULUS. Montf. LENTICULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic
Foraminifera.

SPINES. (_Spina_, a thorn.) Thin, pointed spikes.

SPINOSE. (Spinosus.) Having spines or elevated points, as Neritina
spinosa. Fig. 325.

SPIRAL. (_Spira_, a spire.) Revolving outwards from a central apex or
nucleus, like the spring of a watch. A shell or an operculum, may be
spiral, without being produced into a pyramid. Bands of colour, striæ,
grooves, &c. commencing from the nucleus and following the volutions of
the shell, are described by the above word.

SPIRAMILLA. Bl. A genus of Serpulacea, differing from other Serpulæ
principally in the characters of the animal.

SPIRATELLA. Bl. LIMACINEA, Lam. Fig. 224.

SPIRE. (_Spira._) The cone or pyramid produced in a non-symmetrical
univalve by its oblique revolution downwards from the apex or nucleus.
The spire, in descriptions, includes all the volutions above the
aperture. See Introduction.

SPIRIFER. Sow. (_Spira_, a spire; _fero_, to bear.) _Order_,
Brachiopoda, Lam.--_Descr._ Transverse, equilateral; hinge linear,
straight, widely extended on both sides of the umbones, which are
separated by a flat area in the upper and larger valve; this area is
divided in the centre by a triangular pit for the passage of the
byssus; interior with two spirally convolute appendages.--_Obs._ This
genus, which is only known in a fossil state, is distinguished from
Terebratula externally, by the flat area in one valve, internally, by
the singular spiral process from which the above name is derived. Fig.
214, 215. Most of the species belong to the mountain or carboniferous
limestone.

SPIROGLYPHUS. Daud. A genus consisting of a species of Serpula _Auct._
which makes a groove for itself in the surface of shells. Serpula
spirorbis, var. Dillwyn. Fig. 8.

SPIROLINA. Lam. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

SPIROLOCULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

SPIRORBIS. Lam. A genus composed of species of SERPULA, Auct. which are
coiled round in a spiral disc like a snake at rest. S. nautiloides,
fig. 5, is the common little white shell, found upon the shell of
lobsters.

SPIRULA. (_Spira_, a winding compass.) _Fam._ Lituolata, Lam. Lituacea,
Bl.--_Descr._ Convolute, smooth, symmetrical, discoid, with parallel
unconnected whorls, divided into numerous chambers by transverse septa;
siphon continuous.--_Obs._ This pretty little shell is partly internal,
only a part of it being visible when on the animal. Fig. 471.

SPISULA. Gray. A genus composed of MACTRA fragilis, and other similar
species, which have the ligament sub-external, marginal, not separate
from the cartilage; with the posterior lateral teeth double in one
valve, and single in the other. M. fragilis, fig. 80, is the species
figured for Spisula in Mr. Gray's paper on the Mactradæ, in the second
series of Loudon's Magazine of Natural History. We have since learned,
however, that it was figured there by mistake, not having been intended
for a Spisula, but belonging more properly to the genus Mactra, as
defined by Mr. Gray, whose description of Spisula, is as
follows:--"Shell ovate, trigonal, sub-angular at each end. Hinge and
lateral teeth as in Mactra, but hinge of left tooth small. Siphonal
inflexion ovate." The principal difference between Spisula and Mactra
is, that the ligament is not separated from the cartilage in the
former.

SPONDYLUS. Auct. (_A shell-fish_, Ancients.) _Fam._ Pectenides, Lam.
Sub-ostracea, Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve, sub-equilateral, irregularly
foliaceous and spinose, auriculated, denticulated at the margins,
attached by the lower and deeper valve; hinge rectilinear, with two
prominent teeth in each valve, locking into corresponding cavities in
the opposite valve; umbones separated by a broad, elongated, triangular
disc in the lower valve; ligament contained in a groove, dividing the
triangular area in the centre; muscular impressions one in each valve,
sub-central, sub-orbicular. The Mediterranean, East and West Indies,
and China, produce Spondyli most abundantly.--_Obs._ This genus is
remarkable for the richness and beauty of the spines and foliations,
which adorn the external surface of most of the species, the splendid
colours by which many of them are varied, and the natural groupings
formed by their attachment to each other. Fig. 177, and Frontispiece.

SPORULUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

SQUAMOSE. (_Squama_, a scale.) Scaly, covered with scales, as the
pedicle of Pollicipes Mitellus, fig. 37*.

STENOPUS. Guild. ([Greek: Stenos], narrow, [Greek: pous], foot.) A
genus nearly "allied to the Linnæan Helices, from all of which it
differs in the curious contraction of the pedal disc, and the caudal
tentaculum furnished with a gland beneath." The shell is described as
heliciform, umbilicated, transparent, with the aperture transverse. The
two species described are Stenopus cruentatus and lividus; they are
both from the Caribbæan Islands, Guild. Zool. Journ. xii. p. 528, tab.
15, f. 1 to 5.

STOMATELLA. Lam. See STOMATIA.

STOMATIA. Auct. ([Greek: stoma], _stoma_, mouth.) _Fam._ Macrostomata,
Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-orbicular, oblong, auriform, variegated without,
iridescent within; spire depressed; aperture entire, very wide,
oblique; peritreme uninterrupted. _Obs._ This genus is known from
Haliotis by being destitute of the series of holes; is distinguished
from Sigaretus by the substance of the shell, the latter being
internal, and never pearly. Our description includes STOMATELLA, Lam.
The Stomatiæ are marine, and belong to the East Indies and New Holland.
Fig. 335, S. Phymotis.

STORILLUS. Montf. 1, 131. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera, included
in the genus Rotalites in M. De Blainville's system.

STRAPAROLLUS. Mont. A genus containing some species of HELIX, Auct.
Generic characters not defined.

STREPTAXIS. Gray. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Ovate, or oblong;
when young, sub-hemispherical, deeply umbilicated, with rapidly
enlarging whorls. At length the penultimate whorl is bent towards the
right and dorsal side of the axis, and the umbilicus becomes depressed,
and often nearly closed. The mouth is lunulate, the edge slightly
thickened and reflected, and often with a single tooth on the outer
side of the inner lip.--_Obs._ This genus of land shells is separated
from Helix on account of the eccentricity of the penultimate whorl. S.
contusa, fig. 269.

STRIATED. (_Stria_, a groove.) Marked with fine grooves or lines.

STRIGOCEPHALUS. Defr. PENTAMERUS, Sow.? GYPIDIA, Dalman.

STROMBUS. Auct. _Fam._ Alatæ, Lam. Angiostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oblong,
turrited, rather ventricose, solid; aperture generally lengthened,
terminating posteriorly in a short canal, and anteriorly in an
emargination or truncated canal; outer lip, when young, thin; when full
grown, thickened and expanded, lobed at the spiral extremity, sinuated
anteriorly near the caudal canal.--_Obs._ This well known genus
includes some species of immense size, commonly called conch shells.
Most of the recent species are brought from the Indian Ocean. Very few
fossil species are known. The young shells have very much the
appearance of cones, the outer lips being thin. There are also several
species which do not, even when full grown, thicken their outer lips
very considerably. The genus Strombus is distinguished from
Rostellaria, by the notch in the outer lip, which in the latter genus
is close to the canal. Fig. 406, S. pugilis.

STROPHOMENA. Rafinesque. ORTHIS, Dalman.

STROPHOSTOMA. Deshayes. A fossil shell, of the family of Colimacea,
Lam. in some degree resembling Anostoma, having the aperture turned
upwards towards the spire, it is, however, umbilicated, and is said to
have an operculum resembling that of Cyclostoma. It is the Ferussina of
Grateloup. Fig. 534, 5, 6.

STRUTHIOLARIA. Auct. (_Struthio_, an Ostrich.) _Fam._ Canalifera,
Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong, turrited, thick; spire turrited, composed of
several angulated whorls; aperture oval, sub-quadrate, oblique; outer
lip thickened, reflected, advancing in the centre, receding towards the
extremities; inner lip thickened, expanded over the columella and part
of the body whorl.--_Obs._ This singular genus, consisting of three or
four recent species, is named "Pied D'Autruche" by the French, on
account of some resemblance in the outer lip to the foot of the
Ostrich. From New Zealand. Fig. 391, S. straminea.

STYLIFER. Brod. (_Stylus_, a style; _fero_, to bear.)--_Descr._ Thin,
pellucid, turbinated; apex a little out of the perpendicular; aperture
wide anteriorly, gradually narrowing towards the spiral extremity,
where it terminates acutely.--_Obs._ This is a genus of small,
transparent shells, found burrowing in the rays of Starfish. There are
but two or three species at present known, one of which is elongated
like Terebra, the other nearly globular. Fig. 12, S. astericola. West
Indies, Gallapagos, and Britain.

STYLINA. Flem. STYLIFER, Brod.

SUB. (_under._) Used as a prefix and signifying nearly. Thus a
bivalve-shell, the valves of which are nearly alike, would be described
as _sub_-equivalve.

SUB-APLYSIACEA. Bl. The first family of the order Monopleurobranchiata,
Bl. containing several genera of Mollusca without shells, and the genus
Pleurobranchus.

SUB-BIVALVES. A term of distinction applied by De Blainville, to those
spiral univalves which have an operculum; these, as they constitute two
distinct pieces, he considers as forming a medium between univalves and
bivalves.

SUB-MYTILACEA. Bl. The sixth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl.
the shells belonging to which are described as free, rather pearly,
regular, equivalve; hinge dorsal, laminated; ligament external; two
muscular impressions; palleal impression not sinuated. This family,
with the exception of the last genus, agrees with the family Nayades of
Lamarck, and contains the genera Anodon, Unio, and Cardita.

SUB-OSTRACEA. Bl. The second family of Lamellibranchiata, Bl. the
shells of which are described as of a compact texture, sub-symmetrical;
with the hinge rather complex; one single, sub-central, muscular
impression, without any traces of palleal impression. This family
corresponds with the Pectenides of Lamarck, and part of the genus
Ostrea in the system of Linnæus. It contains the genera Spondylus,
Plicatula, Hinnites, Pecten, Pedum, Lima.

SUB-SPIRAL. Not sufficiently spiral to form a complete volution.

SUBULA. Bl. (_An awl._) A generic name under which M. De Blainville
includes TEREBRA maculata, Auct. f. 428, together with nearly all the
species of Terebra, enumerated by Lamarck and other authors; only
leaving in the latter genus those species, which being more bulbous, or
ventricose, nearly resemble Buccinum in general form. These last
mentioned species, such as Terebra buccinoidea, (fig. 247) have been
formed into a new genus by Mr. Gray, under the name Bullia. If both
these genera were adopted, the genus Terebra would be extinct.

SUBULATE. (_Subula_, an awl.) A term applied to shells which are long
and pointed as in Terebra. Fig. 427, 428.

SUCCINEA. Drap. (_Succinum_, amber.) _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam. Limacinea,
Bl. _Sub-genus_, Cochlohydra, Fer.--_Descr._ Ovate, rather elongated;
aperture large, entire, longitudinal; spire short; outer lip thin,
continuous with the thin, sharp-edged columella; inner lip spread over
a part of the body-whorl.--_Obs._ The shells belonging to this genus of
partly amphibious mollusca, are distinguished from Limnæa by not having
a fold on the columella The S. amphibia is of a bright amber colour.
Fig. 265, 266. Temperate and tropical climates.

SULCATED. (SULCATUS, lat.) Having grooves or furrows.

SULCI. Grooves or furrows.

SUTURE. (_Sutura_, lat.) A seam, stitch, joining together. Applied
particularly to the line which marks the joining of the whorls of the
spire. The suture is distinguished as _simple_, as in most cases; or
_double_, when accompanied by a parallel groove close to it;
_marginated_, when produced into a ledge by the matter which fills up
and covers it; _obsolete_, when it is filled up so as not to be
visible, as in the case of Ancillaria.

SYLVICOLA. Humph. CYCLOSTOMA, Lam.

SYMMETRICAL, ([Greek: sun], _syn_, similar; [Greek: metron], _metron_,
proportion.) Both sides alike. Although the term is used thus as one of
distinction, it is to be observed that no shells are strictly and
perfectly symmetrical; even in the Nautilus, the apex verges in a
slight degree towards one side of the shell. Two kinds of univalve are
symmetrical, or nearly so; 1st. Those which are symmetrically
convolute, as the Nautilacea and the Ammonacea, which are spiral; 2nd.
Those which are not spiral, but simply conical, as the patelliform
shells. Bivalves belonging to the Brachiopoda are also symmetrical.
_Ex._ Patella, fig. 229. Ammonites, fig. 478.

SYMPHYNOTA. Lea. A genus of Nayades, in which Mr. Lea proposed to
include species of the genus UNIO, the valves of which are connate, or
united at the dorsal margin. We believe that this distinction, as a
genus, has been abandoned by its author. The fact is, that all the
Uniones are Symphynotæ when in a young state. In Unio Alatus, (fig.
147) and Dipsas plicatus, (fig. 142) it will be observed that the
valves have not separated at the dorsal edge, but are broken lower
down.

TAPADA. (Gray. Turton. p. 127.) A division of the genus HELIX,
containing HELIX aperta, Auct. or the Tapada snail.

TAPES. Schum. PULLASTRA. Sow.?

TECTUS. Montf. A genus composed of species of the genus Trochus, having
elevated, conical spires, and columella notched or truncated by a
spiral fold. Fig. 359. Trochus maculatus, presents an example.

TELEBOIS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.

TELESCOPIUM. Montf. CERITHIUM Telescopium, Auct. fig. 378.

TELLINA. Linn. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._
Sub-equivalve, inequilateral, compressed, rounded anteriorly, slightly
beaked or angulated posteriorly, the posterior ventral margin having a
flexuosity; hinge with two cardinal and generally two lateral teeth in
each valve; muscular impressions, two in each valve, remote; palleal
impression with a large sinus.--_Obs._ The fold or bending in the
posterior margin distinguishes this genus from others which it nearly
resembles. It is composed of some bivalves of great beauty and variety,
which are found in nearly all climates. Fig. 105, T. radiata, 106, T.
lingua-felis.

TELLINIDES. Lam. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-equivalve,
inequilateral, transverse, compressed, rounded anteriorly, slightly
beaked or angulated posteriorly; hinge with two cardinal teeth in each
valve, and one lateral tooth in one valve, very near the cardinal
teeth. Muscular impressions two, distant, palleal impression with a
large sinus. _Obs._ This genus is distinguished from Tellina in having
but one lateral tooth near the cardinal teeth. Fig. 107, T. rosea.
Tropical.

TENUIPEDES. (_Tenuis_, slender; _pedes_, feet.) The second section of
the order Conchifera Dimyaria, divided into the families Mactracea,
Corbulacea, Lithophagidæ, Nymphacea.

TERACLITA. Schum. CONIA, Auct.

TEREBELLUM. Lam. (_Terebra_, an augur?) _Fam._ Convolutæ, Lam.
Angyostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Smooth, slender, oblong, sub-cylindrical;
spire obtuse, short, sometimes hidden; (Seraphs, Montf.) aperture long,
narrow posteriorly, wider anteriorly; outer lip slightly thickened,
truncated, unconnected at the base with the columella; inner lip thin,
smooth, nearly straight, spread over a portion of the body-whorl,
continued in a ridge above the sutures of the spire.--_Obs._ Montfort
has separated the fossil species with hidden spires, under the name
Seraphs. (T. convolutum, Lam.) Only one recent species is known, of
which there are several varieties, one spotted, one marked in
sub-spiral lines, another in patches. It is brought from the East
Indies. Fig. 451, T. convolutum; 452, T. subulatum.

TEREBRA. (_An augur, a piercer._) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam.
Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Subulate, elongated, pointed, turrited;
spire long, consisting of numerous whorls; aperture small terminating
in a short, reflected canal; outer lip thin; columella tortuous;
operculum horny. The recent species are mostly tropical.--_Obs._ Nearly
all the species enumerated by Lamarck and other authors are included by
De Blainville in his genus Subula; those few species which that
conchologist left in the present genus, being shorter and more
ventricose than the others, approximate in shape to some of the
Buccina, and are distinguished by Mr. Gray under the generic name
Bullia. It seems strange, that De Blainville, being convinced of the
necessity of separating the two groups, and consequently applying a new
generic term to one of them, should have given that term to the larger
number and the more typical species of the Lamarckian genus. Fig. 427,
Bullia vittata. (Terebra.) Fig. 428, Terebra maculata. (Subula.)

TEREBRALIA. Sw. A genus of "Cerithinæ," Sw. thus described: "Outer lip
much dilated, generally uniting at its base to the inner lip; leaving a
round perforation at the base of the pillar; channel truncate;
operculum round: palustre. Mart. f. 1472." Sw. p. 315.