Chapter I: Introduction (1)

I trust that this chronicle of the chief events of the war will prove a useful and an interesting record. It has been decided to omit maps, because their inclusion within bounds less than cumbersome would prove practically worthless. The number of towns, as opposed to villages, which were definitely connected with the war is surprisingly small, and their locality is known to nearly every one. The great majority of places which the war has brought into prominence are villages so small that they are marked only in maps of an exceptionally large scale. What is required, therefore, for adequate study of the topography of the war, is either a moderate number of maps of great size or a far larger and confusing number less bulky but each covering only a small area. As the inclusion of either would necessitate a detached and cumbrous volume, I have in its absence taken pains to indicate accurately the position of every place whose locality might be unfamiliar.

In the following pages the names given to the battles, and the dates on which they began and ended, are from sources either official or authoritative. The same may be said of the strategical or tactical aims or results which I have in some cases noted--particularly in 1918.

As appendices I have chosen the four documents most closely connected with the outbreak of the war (the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, Serbia's reply, and Germany's declarations of war on Russia and France), President Wilson's 'Fourteen Points,' and the chief instruments in the restoration of peace, _i.e._ the terms of Armistice with the Central Powers and the Treaty of Versailles. The text of this last is so long, and concerned with so many small matters of detail, that I have thought it best to represent it by a short summary of its main provisions. An exception has, however, been made in the case of its very important Military, Naval, and Aerial Clauses, which are given in the fuller form of the official précis.

In cross-references, where no year is given the reference is to the same year as the entry referenced.

I am indebted to Mr. A. D. L. Cary, Librarian of the Royal United Service Institution, for an introduction to certain valuable records not readily accessible. I have also to thank the Librarian of the Admiralty for his assistance in connection with the dates of various naval incidents.

R. P. P. ROWE.

A CONCISE CHRONICLE OF EVENTS OF THE GREAT WAR

1914

June 28 (Sun.)

Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria, at Sarajevo.

July 23 (Thur.)

The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (see Appendix I.).

July 25 (Sat.)

Serbia replies, yielding on all points except two (see Appendix II.). The Austrian Minister leaves Belgrade.

July 26 (Sun.)

The Admiralty countermands orders for the dispersal of the British Fleet.

July 27 (Mon.)

France and Italy accept England's proposal for an international conference.

July 28 (Tues.)

Germany rejects England's proposal for an international conference.

Austria declares war on Serbia.

July 29 (Wed.)

First shots of the war: Austria bombards Belgrade.

Germany makes proposals to secure England's neutrality.

July 31 (Fri.)

German ultimatums to Russia and France (see Appendices III. and IV.).

The French Socialist leader, M. Jaurès, is assassinated in Paris.

Aug. 1 (Sat.)

Germany declares war on Russia.

Aug. 2 (Sun.)

The German army enters Luxemburg. German patrols cross the frontiers of France. Germany invades Poland.

The German ultimatum to Belgium.

A moratorium is proclaimed in England.

Aug. 3 (Mon. Bank Holiday)

Germany invades Belgium and declares war on France.

Grey's speech in the House of Commons.

Italy declares her neutrality.

The mobilisation of the British Navy is announced complete.

Aug. 4 (Tues.)

The British Government[1] delivers an ultimatum to Germany, which is summarily rejected. Great Britain declares war on Germany as from 11 P.M. on this day.

[1] At the outbreak of war: Prime Minister and Secretary for War
(see Aug. 5), Mr. Asquith; Foreign Secretary, Sir E. Grey; First
Lord of the Admiralty, Mr. Churchill; Chancellor of the Exchequer,
Mr. Lloyd George; Secretary for India, Marquis of Crewe (see May 26,
1915).

Sir John Jellicoe assumes command of the British Home Fleets.

Aug. 5 (Wed.)

Liége is bombarded by the Germans.

Austria declares war on Russia.

Montenegro declares war on Austria.

Lord Kitchener is appointed Secretary of State for War in Great Britain.

The _Königin Luise_, equipped as a German mine-layer, is sunk by the British Third Destroyer Flotilla (parent ship _Amphion_) off the Suffolk coast.

Aug. 6 (Thur.)

Fall of three of the forts of Liége.

H.M.S. _Amphion_ (light cruiser) is sunk by a mine in the North Sea.

The _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_ escape at dusk from Messina and run for the Dardanelles.

Aug. 7 (Fri.)

Fall of Liége; but its northern forts hold out (see Aug. 15).

A French reconnaissance into Alsace: Altkirch is captured.

The Russians invade East Prussia.

H.M.S. _Gloucester_ (light cruiser) attacks and pursues the _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_ in the Mediterranean.

Aug. 8 (Sat.)

The French occupy Mulhausen, in Alsace.

A British and French force enters Togoland (see Aug. 26).

Aug. 9 (Sun.) (Heligoland ceded to Germany in 1890).

British troops land in France (disembarkation completed on August 16th).

German submarines attack a British light cruiser squadron: the U15 is sunk by the _Birmingham_.

Aug. 10 (Mon.)

France declares war on Austria.

The French evacuate Mulhausen, and retire in Alsace, but gain successes in the Vosges.

Austria invades Russian Poland.

The _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_ reach the Dardanelles.

Aug. 11 (Tues.)

The Belgian army is defeated and falls back before the Germans.

A German reverse at Spincourt, in Lorraine.

Aug. 12 (Wed.)

Great Britain declares war on Austria.

Serbia invades Bosnia.

Aug. 13 (Thur.)

Austria invades Serbia (see Aug. 25).

Dar-es-Salaam (German East Africa) is shelled and raided by the British cruisers _Astræa_ and _Pegasus_.

Aug. 14 (Fri.)

A Russian proclamation guarantees autonomy to Poland.

The Russians defeat the Austrians at Sokal.

Aug. 15 (Sat.)

Japan delivers an ultimatum to Germany, demanding the evacuation of Kiao-Chau.

The last Liége forts are reduced.

East Africa:--The Germans occupy Taveta.

Aug. 16 (Sun.)

The disembarkation in France of the original British Expeditionary Force is completed, with Sir John French in supreme command (see Dec. 15, 1915), the First Corps being commanded by Sir D. Haig, the Second Corps by Sir James Grierson (see Aug. 17).

The Austrians capture Shabatz from the Serbians.

The Austrian light cruiser _Zenta_ is sunk during a sweep up the Adriatic by the Allied Fleets.

Aug. 17 (Mon.)

Death of Lieut.-General Sir James Grierson: he is succeeded in command of the British Second Corps by Sir H. Smith-Dorrien.

The Germans advance in Belgium: Tirlemont and Louvain are captured. The Belgian Government moves to Antwerp.

The Serbians attack on the Jardar (the Battle of the Jardar, which leads to the expulsion of the Austrians from Serbian territory).

Aug. 18 (Tues.) Gravelotte, 1870.

The French advance in Lorraine culminates in the capture of Saarburg on the Metz-Strasbourg Railway.

Aug. 19 (Wed.)

The Belgians retire on Antwerp.

Alsace:--Mulhausen is again taken by the French (see Aug. 10, 25).

The Battle of the Jardar ends in a complete victory for the Serbians (see Aug. 17).

Aug. 20 (Thur.)

The Germans enter Brussels. They bombard Namur.

The French retire before a German counter-offensive in Lorraine.

A Russian victory at Gumbinnen (East Prussia), which leads to the retirement of the Germans on Königsberg, and to the appointment of Hindenburg to High Command (see Aug. 22).

Aug. 21 (Fri.)

The forts of Namur are silenced.

The Battle of Charleroi (east of Mons) begins (see Aug. 23).

South Africa:--German patrols cross into Union territory near Nakob.

Aug. 22 (Sat.)

The French and Belgians are defeated outside Namur.

The Germans approach Nancy: the Battle of Nancy (see Sept. 11).

General von Hindenburg is appointed to command the German armies in East Prussia.

Aug. 23 (Sun.)

Japan declares war on Germany.

Namur is captured by the Germans.

The Battle of Mons.

The Battle of Charleroi ends in the defeat of the French (see Aug. 21).

East Prussia:--The Russians are victorious at Frankenau.

Galicia:--The Russians take Brody and Tarnopol (see Sept. 1 and 7, 1915).

Aug. 24 (Mon.)

The retreat of the Allies on the Western Front begins.

The Germans occupy Tournai.

Cattaro, in the Adriatic, is bombarded by the Allied fleets.

Aug. 25 (Tues.)

Louvain is sacked by the Germans.

The British fight severe actions at Landrecies and Maroilles, and reach the line Cambrai--Le Cateau in 'the Retreat.'

Mulhausen is again captured by the Germans.

In East Prussia the Russians approach Königsberg.

The Austrians defeat the Russians in the First Battle of Krasnik.

The Austrians evacuate Serbia (see Aug. 13).

Invasion of the Cameroons by the French and British (see Feb. 19, 1916).

Aug. 26 (Wed.) (Crécy, 1346).

The First Battle of Le Cateau: further retirement of the Allies in France. Maubeuge is invested by the Germans (see Sept. 7).

The beginning of the Battle of Tannenberg, which, after four days' fighting, leads to the crushing defeat of the Russians by Hindenburg.

Togoland surrenders to the Allies (see Aug. 8).

H.M.S. _Highflyer_ (a light cruiser, used before the war as a training ship for naval cadets) sinks the German auxiliary cruiser _Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse_ off the West African coast.

Aug. 27 (Thur.)

The Allies fall back behind the Somme. Lille and Mézières are occupied by the Germans. Ostend is occupied by British marines.

Halicz (Galicia) is captured by the Russians.

The blockade of Tsingtau (Kiao-Chau) begins (see Aug. 15, Nov. 7).

The German cruiser _Magdeburg_ runs ashore in the Gulf of Finland, and is blown up by her captain.

Aug. 28 (Fri.)

The Battle of the Bight of Heligoland: British destroyers supported by light cruisers and battle cruisers sink three German cruisers and two destroyers; no British vessel is lost.

New Zealand troops, supported by an Allied naval force, occupy German Samoa.

Aug. 29 (Sat.)

The British Army, in touch at last with the French on both flanks, rests temporarily for the first time in 'the Retreat.' General Joffre and Sir J. French meet and confer at Compiègne. In the evening the retreat is resumed in an orderly manner.

The Battle of Tannenberg ends in a complete victory for the Germans (see Aug. 26).

Aug. 30 (Sun.)

The British reach a line a little north of Compiègne-Soissons. The Germans occupy La Fère and Laon. The British bases are established temporarily at St. Nazaire and Nantes instead of at Havre and Boulogne.

Aug. 31 (Mon.)

The Germans occupy Amiens.

In Galicia the First Battle of Lemberg begins (see Sept. 2).

Sept. 1 (Tues.)

The Germans occupy Soissons. The British fight gallant actions at Villers-Cotterets and Néry in 'the Retreat.'

East Africa:--The first portion of the Expeditionary Force arrives at Mombasa.

Sept. 2 (Wed.)

The British reach the north bank of the Marne in 'the Retreat.'

The First Battle of Lemberg ends in a heavy defeat of the Austrians by the Russians (see Aug. 31).

China:--Japanese troops are landed to attack Tsingtau (Kiao-Chau).

Sept. 3 (Thur.)

The French Government moves to Bordeaux.

The British cross the Marne in 'the Retreat,' and blow up the bridges.

Lemberg is occupied by the Russians (see June 22, 1915).

H.M.S. _Speedy_, torpedo gunboat, is sunk by a mine off the Humber.

Sept. 4 (Fri.)

The Germans cross the Marne in force.

The Russians advance into the Carpathian passes.

Sept. 5 (Sat.)

The Franco-British retreat ends; Joffre orders a counter-offensive. The Germans take Rheims and on their right are close to Paris. Heavy fighting on the Ourcq.

The British light cruiser _Pathfinder_ is sunk, with serious loss of life, by a German submarine off St. Abb's Head (the first ship to be sunk by a submarine).

Sept. 6 (Sun.)

The Allied offensive in France begins with the First Battle of the Marne (see Sept. 10). A decisive day in the Battle of Nancy (see Aug. 22 and Sept. 11); German attacks are repulsed.

East Prussia:--The Battle of the Masurian Lakes begins (see Sept. 12).

In Galicia, the Battle of Grodek begins (see Sept. 13).

Sept. 7 (Mon.)

Maubeuge surrenders to the Germans (see Aug. 26). The Allies press forward in France.

The Germans advance into Russia.

Austria begins a second invasion of Serbia (see Sept. 15).

The formation of the British Royal Naval Division is announced.

Sept. 8 (Tues.)

The advance of the Allies in France continues. Von Kluck is now definitely in retreat.

H.M.S. _Oceanic_ (armed merchant cruiser) is wrecked and lost off the Shetland Islands.

Sept. 9 (Wed.)

The decisive day of the Battle of the Marne: the British cross the river and advance north of it; the French carry the Ourcq. Foch makes a decisive move with the 9th French Army.

General Botha announces the decision of the South African Government to undertake an expedition against German South-West Africa.

Sept. 10 (Thur.)

The victory of the Marne is complete (see Sept. 6): the Allies advance rapidly.

Poland:--The Austrians are defeated in the Second Battle of Krasnik.

The Serbians occupy Semlin (Hungary).

The _Emden_ appears in the Bay of Bengal.

Sept. 11 (Fri.)

The French reoccupy Châlons. The British cross the Ourcq. The Battle of Nancy ends in complete failure by the Germans (see Aug. 22).

Australian military and naval forces occupy the Bismarck Archipelago.

Sept. 12 (Sat.)

The Battle of the Masurian Lakes (see Sept. 6) ends in the defeat and further retreat of the Russians: East Prussia is cleared of the invader.

Sept. 13 (Sun.)

The Battle of the Aisne begins (see Sept. 28); the British force the passage of the river. Soissons and Amiens are reoccupied by the French.

Galicia:--The Battle of Grodek (see Sept. 6) ends in a complete Russian victory.

The German light cruiser _Hela_ is sunk off Heligoland by the British submarine E9 (the first successful submarine attack by the British).

Sept. 14 (Mon.)

High ground north of the Aisne is captured by the British 1st Corps. The Germans evacuate Rheims.

In Galicia, the Russians advance across the San.

H.M.S. _Carmania_ (auxiliary cruiser) sinks the German auxiliary cruiser _Cap Trafalgar_ off Trinidad after a sharp action.

Sept. 15 (Tues.)

The Russians take Czernowitz, in the Bukovina (see Oct. 22).

The Serbians defeat the Austrians on the Drina: this ends the second Austrian invasion of Serbia (see Sept. 7).

The rebellion in South Africa begins, but the accidental shooting of De la Rey delays the open outbreak designed and upsets the rebel plans (see Oct. 9, 22).

Sept. 16 (Wed.)

East Africa:--Longido is occupied by the Germans.

Sept. 17 (Thur.)

The Belgians fall back on Antwerp.

Hungary:--Semlin is evacuated by the Serbians (see Sept. 10).

Sept. 19 (Sat.)

British marines are landed at Dunkirk.

South-West Africa:--Luderitz Bay is occupied by Union troops.

Sept. 20 (Sun.)

The Germans bombard Rheims Cathedral.

H.M.S. _Pegasus_ is sunk by the _Königsberg_ off Zanzibar (95 casualties).

Sept. 21 (Mon.)

The French retake Noyon (see Sept. 25).

The German forces advancing from East Prussia reach the Niemen.

Sept. 22 (Tues.)

The Russians invest Przemysl.

The Serbians invade Bosnia again (see Aug. 12).

South Africa:--General Botha assumes command of the Union forces.

H.M.S. _Cressy_, _Aboukir_, and _Hogue_ (cruisers) are torpedoed by a German submarine off the Hook of Holland: 1400 lives are lost.

The _Emden_ shells Madras.

A British naval air-raid on Düsseldorf.

Sept. 23 (Wed.)

The Germans capture St. Mihiel.

The Russians take Jaroslav (Galicia).

Sept. 24 (Thur.)

The Germans occupy Péronne.

Australian forces occupy German New Guinea.

China:--A British force is landed to aid the Japanese in their operations against Tsingtau.

Sept. 25 (Fri.)

Noyon is retaken by the Germans (see Sept. 21). The Battle of Albert (see Sept. 29) begins, the Germans attacking.

Sept. 26 (Sat.)

The Battle of the Niemen (see Sept. 28) begins, the Russians standing on the line of the river against the German attack.

Sept. 27 (Sun.)

The Germans fail to cross the Niemen and retire.

The Cameroons:--Duala surrenders to the Allies.

Sept. 28 (Mon.)

The Germans attack Antwerp.

The Battle of the Aisne (see Sept. 13) ends in trench warfare.

The Battle of the Niemen (see Sept. 26) ends in the definite retreat of the Germans.

The occupation of Galicia is completed by the Russians, who threaten Cracow and invade Hungary.

Sept. 29 (Tues.)

End of the Battle of Albert (see Sept. 25): the Germans are repulsed.

The Battle of Augustovo (see Oct. 4) begins: the Russians, having advanced from the Niemen, attack the Germans.

Sept. 30 (Wed.)

The French re-enter Arras and reoccupy Lille.

Oct. 1 (Thur.)

The transfer of the British Army from Champagne to Flanders begins (see Oct. 19).

Oct. 3 (Sat.)

The Germans attack from Varennes to Verdun.

Before Antwerp the Belgians retire to the line of the Nethe.

Oct. 4 (Sun.)

Lens and Bailleul (see Oct. 14) are occupied by the Germans in their movement towards the coast.

The end of the Battle of Augustovo (see Sept. 29): the Russians re-enter East Prussia.

Oct. 5 (Mon.)

The British Naval Division reaches Antwerp.

The first German advance on Warsaw begins.

Oct. 6 (Tues.)

The British 7th Division is disembarked at Ostend.

The British submarine E9 sinks a German destroyer off the mouth of the Ems.

Oct. 7 (Wed.)

The Belgian Government moves from Antwerp to Ostend.

Japan occupies the Marshall Islands.

Oct. 8 (Thur.)

The city of Antwerp is bombarded; the garrison retires across the Scheldt. A force of Belgians and 2000 British are driven into Dutch territory.

A British air-raid on Cologne and Düsseldorf.

Oct. 9 (Fri.)

The end of the second Russian advance into East Prussia.

South Africa:--Maritz openly rebels and joins forces with the Germans on the border of South-West Africa (see Oct. 22).

A British naval air-raid on Düsseldorf, by which a Zeppelin is destroyed in its shed.

Oct. 10 (Sat.)

Antwerp is captured by the Germans.

Oct. 11 (Sun.)

The Battle of La Bassée begins (see Oct. 31); the British (2nd Corps) attack the La Bassée position.

A heavy attack on the British 7th Division at Ghent is repulsed.

The Russian cruiser _Pallada_ is destroyed by German submarines in the Baltic.

Oct. 13 (Tues.)

The Germans occupy Ghent and reoccupy Lille; the British (3rd Corps) drive them from Méteren.

Oct. 14 (Wed.)

The British (3rd Corps) recapture Bailleul (see Oct. 4).

Jabussi, in the Cameroons, is occupied by the Allies.

Oct. 15 (Thur.)

The Germans occupy Zeebrugge and Ostend. The British (3rd Corps) advance towards the Lys.

The First Battle for Warsaw begins (see Oct. 27). The Siege of Przemysl is raised for three weeks.

South Africa:--Union forces under Colonel Brits attack and defeat the rebel commando under Maritz at Ratedrai.

H.M.S. _Hawke_ (cruiser) is torpedoed by a German submarine in the North Sea (500 lives lost).

Oct. 16 (Fri.)

The Battle of the Yser begins (see Oct. 30). The Belgians retire from the Forest of Houthulst.

Oct. 17 (Sat.)

The British (9th Brigade) recapture Aubers.

H.M.S. _Undaunted_ (cruiser) and four British destroyers sink four German destroyers off the Dutch coast.

Oct. 18 (Sun.)

British monitors bombard the right flank of the German army in Belgium.

The British submarine E3 is sunk in the North Sea (the first British submarine to be lost through enemy action).

Oct. 19 (Mon.)

The transfer of the British to Flanders is completed (see Oct. 1). The First Battle of Ypres begins (see Nov. 21). The first division of Indians reaches the Western Front.

Oct. 20 (Tues.)

The German attack on Arras begins.

Oct. 22 (Thur.)

Bukovina:--Czernowitz is reoccupied by the Austrians (see Sept. 15, Oct. 27).

South Africa:--Beyers, Kemp and De Wet openly rebel (see Sept. 15, Oct. 9).

Oct. 23 (Fri.)

French troops support the British at Zonnebeke.

South-West Africa:--Angola (Portuguese colony) is entered by the Germans.

Oct. 24 (Sat.)

The French advance near Zonnebeke. The Germans cross the Yser.

South Africa:--De Wet seizes Heilbron.

H.M.S. _Badger_ rams a German submarine off the Dutch coast.

Oct. 26 (Mon.)

South Africa:--Union troops under Colonel Brits defeat and break up rebel forces under Maritz at Kakamas.

The Cameroons:--Edea is occupied by the Allies.

The French liner _Amiral Ganteaume_ is sunk by a submarine off Cape Grisnez.

Oct. 27 (Tues.)

The British line is drawn back at Ypres.

The end of the First Battle for Warsaw (see Oct. 15): the Germans retreat.

Bukovina:--Czernowitz is reoccupied by the Russians (see Oct. 22, 1914; Feb. 17, 1915).

The Serbians are driven out of Bosnia by the Austrians.

South Africa:--General Botha defeats and disperses Beyers' commando at Commissie Drift, near Rustenburg; Beyers escapes.

H.M.S. _Audacious_ (dreadnought) is sunk by a mine off Lough Swilly on the north coast of Ireland.

Oct. 28 (Wed.)

The Belgians flood the land round the Yser.

The _Emden_ sinks the Russian cruiser _Jemchug_ and the French destroyer _Mousquet_ off Penang.

Oct. 29 (Thurs.)

Lord Fisher succeeds Prince Louis of Battenberg as British First Sea Lord (see May 28, 1915).

Fierce fighting round Kruseik and Gheluvelt.

Oct. 30 (Fri.)

The Germans are forced back by the floods in the Yser district: the end of the Battle of the Yser (see Oct. 16). The British are driven from Zandvoorde but hold at Klein Zillebeke.

South Africa:--Colonel Brits clears the north-west of Cape Province by defeating the remnant of the rebels left in this locality at Schuit Drift.

The German cruiser _Königsberg_ is discovered in the Rufiji River (German East Africa) and shelled by H.M.S. _Chatham_ and other British warships (see July 11, 1915).

Oct. 31 (Sat.)

The end of the Battle of La Bassée (see Oct. 11).

A critical day in the First Battle of Ypres; the British line is broken and restored.

Tsingtau is bombarded by the Japanese and British (see Nov. 7).

H.M.S. _Hermes_ (aircraft-carrier) is sunk by a submarine in the Straits of Dover.

Nov. 1 (Sun.)

The Germans take Messines.

The third Austrian invasion of Serbia begins (see Dec. 15).

The forts of Tsingtau are silenced (see Nov. 7).

A British squadron is defeated off Coronel (Chile) by a German squadron of superior strength under Admiral von Spee: the _Good Hope_ and _Monmouth_ are sunk.

Nov. 2 (Mon.)

The Germans capture Neuve Chapelle from the British.

Nov. 3 (Tues.)

The Dardanelles Forts are bombarded by the British and French Mediterranean fleets.

East Africa:--Tanga is attacked by the British (see Nov. 5).

A German cruiser squadron bombards Yarmouth and escapes.

Nov. 4 (Wed.)

The Austrians are heavily defeated at Jaroslav (Galicia).

East Africa:--A British attack on Longido is repulsed.

The German armoured cruiser _Yorck_ is sunk by a mine at the entrance to Jahde Bay (west of the mouth of the Weser).

Nov. 5 (Thur.)

Great Britain declares war on Turkey and annexes Cyprus.

The British line at Ypres is readjusted.

East Africa:--The British attack on Tanga is repulsed (see Nov. 3).

Nov. 6 (Fri.)

Carl Lody is shot for espionage in the Tower of London.

The Germans attack at Klein Zillebeke.

Mesopotamia:--Fao, at the mouth of the Shatt-el-Arab, is captured by the British.

Nov. 7 (Sat.)

Tsingtau is taken by the Japanese and British (see Aug. 27, Oct. 31).

Nov. 9 (Mon.)

H.M.S. _Sydney_ of the Australian navy destroys the _Emden_ off Cocos Island.

Nov. 10 (Tues.)

The Germans capture Dixmude.

Goldap (East Prussia) is occupied by the Russians.

H.M.S. _Chatham_ and other British warships again shell the _Königsberg_ in the Rufiji River (German East Africa) (see Oct. 30 and July 11, 1915).

Nov. 11 (Wed.)

A critical day in the First Battle of Ypres: a great attack by the Prussian Guard is repulsed.

The Russians begin the Second Siege of Przemysl (see March 22, 1915).

The British torpedo-gunboat _Niger_ is sunk by a German submarine off Deal.

Nov. 12 (Thur.)

A fresh German assault on the Klein Zillebeke position is partially successful.

South Africa:--Botha completely routs the rebel forces under De Wet at Mushroom Valley in the Orange Free State.

Nov. 14 (Sat.)

Death of Lord Roberts at British G.H.Q. in France (St. Omer).

Nov. 15 (Sun.)

The Russians advance rapidly in East Prussia.

Nov. 17 (Tues.)

South-West Africa:--The Germans again invade Angola (see Oct. 23).

East Africa:--Longido is occupied by the British.

Libau is shelled by a German squadron.

Nov. 18 (Wed.)

The Second Battle for Warsaw begins (see Dec. 28).

The _Goeben_ and the _Breslau_ are attacked by a Russian squadron in the Black Sea, the _Goeben_ being damaged.

Nov. 20 (Fri.)

The Germans invade Uganda.

Nov. 21 (Sat.)

The end of the First Battle of Ypres (see Oct. 19).

Basra, at the head of the Persian Gulf, is occupied by British forces from India.

A British air-raid on the Zeppelin sheds at Friedrichshafen.

Nov. 23 (Mon.)

The Germans attack the Indians at Festubert; trenches are lost and recovered.

The Russian front is broken near Lodz.

Zeebrugge is bombarded by two British battleships.

The German submarine U18 is rammed and sunk off the north coast of Scotland.

Nov. 24 (Tues.)

The Russian line near Lodz is restored.

Nov. 25 (Wed.)

Mesopotamia:--A naval reconnaissance up the Tigris to Gurneh.

Nov. 26 (Thur.)

H.M.S. _Bulwark_ (battleship) is destroyed by an accidental explosion off Sheerness with heavy loss of life.

Nov. 27 (Fri.)

The Russians begin to evacuate Lodz.

Dec. 1 (Tues.)

South Africa:--De Wet is captured by Union troops at Waterburg (100 miles west of Mafeking) (see Oct. 22).

Dec. 2 (Wed.)

A French success at Vermelles.

Belgrade is occupied by the Austrians.

Dec. 3 (Thur.)

The Battle of the Ridges, between the Serbians and the Austrians, begins (see Dec. 6).

Dec. 4 (Fri.)

South Africa:--Part of the rebel forces surrenders near Reitz.

Dec. 6 (Sun.)

The Battle at Lodz (see Nov. 23, 24 and 27) ends in the capture of the town by the Germans.

The Battle of the Ridges (see Dec. 3) ends in the rout of the Austrians.

Dec. 7 (Mon.)

The Russians attack the forts of Cracow.

Mesopotamia:--A British success at Mezera.

Dec. 8 (Tues.)

The Battle of the Falkland Islands: a German squadron under Admiral von Spee is destroyed by a British cruiser force under Admiral Sir F. Doveton Sturdee; only the _Dresden_ escapes.

South Africa:--General Beyers, after a crushing defeat south of Bothaville, is drowned in attempting to escape across the Vaal River. The main rebel force surrenders to General Botha (see Oct. 22).

Dec. 10 (Thur.)

The Cameroons:--Bare is occupied by the British.

Dec. 11 (Fri.)

The _Goeben_ is driven from Batum.

Dec. 12 (Sat.)

The Austrians take the Dukla Pass. The Russians are forced to retreat from Cracow.

Dec. 13 (Sun.)

The British submarine B11 passes under the Dardanelles mine-fields and sinks the Turkish battleship _Messudiyeh_.

Dec. 15 (Tues.)

The end of the third Austrian invasion of Serbia: the Serbians retake Belgrade and again drive the Austrians out of the country (see Nov. 1).

Dec. 16 (Wed.)

German cruisers bombard Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby.

Dec. 18 (Fri.)

The Khedive of Egypt, Abbas II., is deposed, and Prince Hussein Kamel Pasha, a son of the ex-Khedive Ismail, is appointed Sultan of Egypt by Great Britain (see Oct. 9, 1917).

Dec. 19 (Sat.)

An attack by the Indian Corps at Givenchy: ground is gained and lost.

Dec. 20 (Sun.)

The Germans capture Indian positions near Givenchy.

The Russians recapture the Dukla Pass and advance in the Carpathians.

A British air-raid on Brussels airship sheds.

Dec. 22 (Tues.)

The situation near Givenchy is restored by a British counter-attack.

Dec. 24 (Thurs.)

A British air-raid on the German airship sheds near Brussels.

Dec. 25 (Fri.)

German warships are bombed by British seaplanes off Cuxhaven.

South-West Africa:--Walfish Bay is occupied by Union troops.

Dec. 26 (Sat.)

Valona (Albania) is temporarily occupied by the Italians (see May 29, 1915).

Dec. 28 (Mon.)

The Second Battle for Warsaw (see Nov. 18) ends in failure for the Germans.

Dec. 29 (Tues.)

The Caucasus:--The Battle of Sarykamish begins, between the Russians and the Turks (see Jan. 2, 1915).

Dec. 30 (Wed.)

A raid by German aeroplanes on Dunkirk.

1915

Jan. 1 (Fri.)

A new British decoration, the 'Military Cross,' is instituted.

The Caucasus:--Ardahan is occupied by the Turks.

H.M.S. _Formidable_ (battleship) is torpedoed in the English Channel (600 lives lost).

Jan. 2 (Sat.)

The Caucasus:--The end of the Battle of Sarykamish (see Dec. 29, 1914): the Turks are routed.

East Africa:--Jassin is occupied by the British (see Jan. 19).

H.M.S. _Fox_ and H.M.S. _Goliath_ bombard Dar-es-Salaam (German East Africa).

Jan. 3 (Sun.)

The Caucasus:--Ardahan is reoccupied by the Russians.

Jan. 4 (Mon.)

A Russian advance in the Bukovina begins.

Jan. 7 (Thurs.)

The Cameroons:--A German attack on Edea is repulsed.

Jan. 8 (Fri.)

The Battle of Soissons begins (see Jan. 14): the French advance.

The Caucasus:--The Battle of Kara Urgan begins (see Jan. 13).

Jan. 9 (Sat.)

Northern Persia:--The Turks capture Tabriz from the Russians (see Jan. 30).

Jan. 11 (Mon.)

A German counter-attack at Soissons is repulsed.

Jan. 12 (Tues.)

East Africa:--The Island of Mafia surrenders to the British.

Jan. 13 (Wed.)

Caucasus:--The Battle of Kara Urgan ends in a Turkish defeat (see Jan. 8).

Jan. 14 (Thur.)

The French fall back on Soissons: the end of the Battle of Soissons (see Jan. 8).

South-West Africa:--Swakopmund is occupied by Union forces.

Jan. 19 (Tues.)

The Austrian army enters Galicia.

East Africa:--Jassin is captured by the Germans (see Jan. 2).

A Zeppelin raid on Yarmouth, Cromer and King's Lynn.

Jan. 21 (Thur.)

The Germans capture the Hartmannsweilerkopf (Alsace).

Jan. 22 (Fri.)

A British air-raid on Zeebrugge.

Jan. 24 (Sun.)

South Africa:--The rebels under Maritz and Kemp are repulsed with heavy loss at Upington.

The Battle of the Dogger Bank: Beatty's squadron destroys the _Blücher_ and damages other German warships.

Jan. 25 (Mon.)

German attacks are repulsed at Cuinchy and near Givenchy.

The German light cruiser _Gazelle_ is torpedoed in the Baltic.

The Russians destroy a German airship over Libau.

Jan. 26 (Tues.)

The Turks advance on Egypt from Palestine.

Jan. 29 (Fri.)

The Turks occupy Katiyeh, near the Suez Canal.

Jan. 30 (Sat.)

Northern Persia:--The Russians reoccupy Tabriz (see Jan. 9).

Jan. 31 (Sun.)

Farsan Island (Red Sea) is occupied by Arab forces.

Feb. 1 (Mon.)

The British hospital ship _Asturias_ is attacked near Havre by a German submarine.

Feb. 2 (Tues.)

The first Turkish attack on the Suez Canal.

Feb. 3 (Wed.)

The Turks are repulsed on the Suez Canal.

South Africa:--Kemp, the last rebel leader, surrenders unconditionally; this ends the rebellion (see Oct. 22, 1914).

Feb. 4 (Thur.)

The British cross the Suez Canal and pursue the Turks.

Feb. 6 (Sat.)

The Russians again advance in East Prussia.

Feb. 7 (Sun.)

The Russians retire before a German advance in East Prussia, and are driven back by the Austrians in the Bukovina.

Feb. 8 (Mon.)

South-West Africa:--General Botha sails for Walfish Bay (see July 9, 1915).

French airmen bombard Ostend.

Feb. 11 (Thur.)

A British air-raid on Zeebrugge.

Feb. 12 (Fri.)

The Germans invade Russia and take Miriampol.

The Austrians advance in the Carpathians.

Aden Protectorate is invaded by the Turks.

Feb. 14 (Sun.)

The Germans capture Lyck and again clear East Prussia.

Feb. 15 (Mon.)

Mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry at Singapore.

Feb. 16 (Tues.)

The Austrians capture Kolomea (Bukovina).

A British naval air-raid on Zeebrugge.

Feb. 17 (Wed.)

Czernowitz is recaptured by the Austrians (see Oct. 27, 1914).

Feb. 18 (Thur.)

The declaration by Germany of a submarine blockade round the British Isles comes into force.

The end of the German advance into Russia.

Feb. 19 (Fri.)

The Austrians drive the Russians out of Stanislau (see March 4).

A naval attack on the Dardanelles begins: the outer forts are bombarded until the 23rd.

Feb. 21 (Sun.)

A Zeppelin raid on Calais.

Feb. 22 (Mon.)

The Germans advance on Przasnysz (the Battle of Przasnysz).

The Turks are driven from Akaba (Red Sea).

South-West Africa:--Garub is occupied by Union troops.

Feb. 24 (Wed.)

The Germans capture Przasnysz (see Feb. 27).

Feb. 25 (Thur.)

The bombardment of the Dardanelles forts is resumed; the _Queen Elizabeth_ comes into action.

Feb. 26 (Fri.)

The entrance to the Dardanelles is swept clear of mines.

Feb. 27 (Sat.)

Przasnysz is reoccupied by the Russians (see Feb. 24 and July 14).

Feb. 28 (Sun.)

A German retreat from North Poland begins.

A German submarine is rammed by the _Thordis_ off Beachy Head (the first case of a submarine being rammed by a merchant ship).

Mar. 3 (Wed.)

South-West Africa:--Makob is occupied by Union forces.

Mar. 4 (Thur.)

Stanislau is recaptured by the Russians (see Feb. 19).

The Dardanelles forts are bombarded from inside the Straits.

The German submarine U8 is sunk by British destroyers near Dover.

Mar. 5 (Fri.)

The Allies bombard Smyrna.

Mar. 6 (Sat.)

Another great attack on the Dardanelles forts.

Mar. 7 (Sun.)

Lemnos, in the Ægean Sea, is occupied by the British.

Mar. 8 (Mon.)

The British Government announces that a separate treatment will be meted out to prisoners captured in German submarines (see April 12 and June 12).

Heavy fighting near Augustovo: the Russians drive the Germans back to the frontier.

A British air-raid on Ostend.

Mar. 9 (Tues.)

East Africa:--The British defeat the Germans on the Mora River.

The German submarine U12 is rammed and sunk by the British destroyer _Ariel_ off the Firth of Forth.

Mar. 10 (Wed.)

The Battle of Neuve Chapelle begins: the British advance (see March 13).

Mar. 11 (Thur.)

South-West Africa:--Nabas is occupied by Union forces.

H.M.S. _Bayano_ (armed merchant cruiser) is sunk by a submarine off the Clyde.

Mar. 13 (Sat.)

The Battle of Neuve Chapelle ends: the British gains are consolidated (see March 10).

The Russians breach the defences of Przemysl.

Mar. 14 (Sun.)

The Germans attack at St. Eloi and take the village.

H.M.S. _Kent_ and _Glasgow_ sink the _Dresden_ off Juan Fernandez Island.

Mar. 15 (Mon.)

The British retake St. Eloi.

H.M.S. _Amethyst_ makes a raid up the Dardanelles.

Mar. 17 (Wed.)

A further enemy attack at St. Eloi is repulsed.

Sir Ian Hamilton arrives at Tenedos (Ægean Sea).

Mar. 18 (Thur.)

The Battle of the Narrows: an Allied naval attack on the Dardanelles is repulsed; the French battleship _Bouvet_ and the British battleships _Irresistible_ and _Ocean_ are sunk.

The Russians again invade East Prussia and temporarily occupy Memel (see March 21).

A Zeppelin raid on Calais.

Mar. 20 (Sat.)

South-West Africa:--General Botha defeats the Germans at Riet on the Swakop.

Mar. 21 (Sun.)

The Germans retake Memel (see March 18).

Mar. 22 (Mon.)

Przemysl surrenders to the Russians, who claim 126,000 prisoners (see Nov. 11, 1914, and June 3, 1915).

A second Turkish attack on the Suez Canal.

Mar. 23 (Tues.)

The Turks are again driven back from the Suez Canal.

Mar. 24 (Wed.)

A British air-raid on German submarine works at Hoboken, near Antwerp.

Mar. 25 (Thur.)

The French attack the Hartmannsweilerkopf (Alsace).

The Dutch steamship _Medea_ is sunk by a German submarine off Beachy Head.

The German fleet bombards the coast of Courland.

A French air-raid on Metz.

Mar. 27 (Sat.)

The French capture the Hartmannsweilerkopf (Alsace).

Mar. 28 (Sun.)

The British liner _Falaba_ is sunk by the U28 south of St. George's Channel.

Libau is bombarded by German warships.

A German air-raid on Calais.

April 1 (Thur.)

South-West Africa:--Union forces seize Hasuur.

A British air-raid on Hoboken and Zeebrugge.

April 4 (Easter Sunday)

South-West Africa:--Warmbad is occupied by Union forces.

April 5 (Mon.)

The French attack at Les Eparges.

Caucasus:--Artvin is occupied by the Russians.

April 6 (Tues.)

A German counter-attack at Les Eparges.

April 8 (Thur.)

The French win the summit of Les Eparges.

April 9 (Fri.)

A final German counter-attack at Les Eparges is repulsed.

April 12 (Mon.)

Germany places 39 British officers in detention barracks as a reprisal against the treatment of submarine prisoners by Great Britain (see March 8 and June 12).

Mesopotamia:--The British are attacked at Shaiba.

April 14 (Wed.)

Mesopotamia:--The Battle at Shaiba ends in the defeat of the Turks.

A Zeppelin raid on the Tyneside.

April 15 (Thur.)

A Zeppelin raid on East Anglia.

April 16 (Fri.)

Northern Persia:--Urmia is occupied by the Turks.

April 17 (Sat.)

The British capture 'Hill 60,' near Ypres.

South West Africa:--Seeheim is occupied by Union forces.

April 18 (Sun.)

The Germans counter-attack on 'Hill 60' and regain part of it.

On the North-West Frontier of India Mohmand Inshkar is defeated by the British.

April 20 (Tues.)

Fierce fighting on 'Hill 60.' The Germans bombard Ypres.

April 21 (Wed.)

The Germans are driven from 'Hill 60' (see May 5).

April 22 (Thur.)

The Second Battle of Ypres (see May 24) begins; poison gas is used by the Germans for the first time; the Canadians suffer heavily.

April 24 (Sat.)

A second German gas attack; the Germans storm St. Julien.

April 25 (Sun.)

Alsace:--The French lose ground on the Hartmannsweilerkopf.

April 25-26 (Sun.-Mon.)

The Allies land in Gallipoli (the Battle of Cape Helles).

April 27 (Tues.)

The Baltic Provinces are invaded by the Germans.

The British positions in Gallipoli are consolidated.

The French armoured cruiser _Leon Gambetta_ is torpedoed and sunk at the entrance of the Straits of Otranto (night of 26-27).

The British submarine E14 enters the Sea of Marmora.

April 28 (Wed.)

The German offensive is held at Ypres.

Alsace:--The French retake the Hartmannsweilerkopf, the summit of which had been lost on the 25th.

Gallipoli:--The First Battle for Krithia: the Allies are repulsed.

An unsuccessful Turkish attack on the Suez Canal (the third).

South-West Africa:--The Germans are defeated at Gibeon.

French airmen raid Friedrichshafen.

April 29 (Thur.)

A Turkish transport is sunk by the E14 in the Sea of Marmora.

April 30 (Fri.)

A Zeppelin raid on East Anglia.

May 1 (Sat.)

The great Austro-German offensive in Western Galicia begins. In the Baltic Provinces the Germans occupy Shavli and approach Libau.

The Turks attack in Gallipoli.

The British destroyer _Recruit_[2] is sunk by a submarine off the Galloper lightship. Two German torpedo boats are sunk by British destroyers in the North Sea.

[2] Launched 1896. The new _Recruit_ (launched Dec. 1916) was sunk
on Aug. 9, 1917.

May 2 (Sun.)

A German gas attack at Ypres is repulsed.

The Austro-Germans cross the Biala; Ciezkowice is taken.

The British counter-attack in Gallipoli.

May 3 (Mon.)

The British line at Ypres is shortened.

The Germans advance on the Eastern Front.

May 4 (Tues.)

Gallipoli:--The British fail in an attack at Gaba Tepe.

May 5 (Wed.)

The Germans recapture 'Hill 60' (see Apr. 21).

South-West Africa:--Union forces occupy Karibib.

May 6 (Thur.)

Gallipoli:--The Second Battle for Krithia begins (see May 8).

May 7 (Fri.)

The _Lusitania_ is torpedoed by a German submarine off the Old Head of Kinsale; 1198 lives are lost (including 124 Americans).

The British destroyer _Maori_ is sunk by a mine in the North Sea.

May 8 (Sat.)

A fierce German attack at Ypres.

The Russians are defeated in Galicia and in the Baltic Provinces. Libau is captured by the Germans.

Gallipoli:--The Second Battle for Krithia (see May 6) ends in a slight Allied advance.

May 9 (Sun.)

The British line is pushed back at Ypres. The British attack and gain ground (which is subsequently relinquished) near Fromelles.

The Battle of Souchez begins (see July 13).

Gallipoli:--Turkish trenches at Sari Bair are stormed by the Australians.

May 10 (Mon.)

The Germans retreat in the Baltic Provinces but continue to advance in Galicia.

May 11 (Tues.)

The Germans evacuate Shavli (Baltic Provinces) (see May 1).

The Cameroons:--Eseka is captured by the Allies.

May 12 (Wed.)

South-West Africa:--Union forces capture Windhoek, the capital of the Colony.

May 13 (Thur.)

A fierce German attack at Ypres: the British line is restored after hard fighting.

H.M.S. _Goliath_ (battleship) is torpedoed off Gallipoli, while inside the Straits protecting the French flank.

May 14 (Fri.)

The Battle of the San: Jaroslav is taken by the Austro-Germans.

May 15 (Sat.)

The Caucasus:--The Russians capture Van.

May 16 (Sun.)

The Battle of Festubert begins: the British advance (see May 25).

The Austrians are defeated in South Poland.

A Zeppelin raid on Calais.

May 17 (Mon.)

The San is crossed by the Austro-Germans.

A Zeppelin raid on Ramsgate.

May 18 (Tues.)

Gallipoli:--The Turks attack the Australians and are repulsed.

May 19 (Wed.)

The Austro-Germans capture Lutkow (Galicia).

May 20 (Thur.)

Admiral von Essen, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Baltic fleet, dies of pneumonia.

May 23 (Whit Sunday)

Italy declares war on Austria.

May 24 (Mon.)

The end of the Second Battle of Ypres (see April 22).

The Italians cross the frontier into Austria (midnight, 24th-25th).

May 25 (Tues.)

The formation of a new Coalition Ministry is announced in the House of Commons.

The end of the Battle of Festubert (see May 16); the British gains are consolidated.

H.M.S. _Triumph_ (battleship) is sunk by a submarine off Gaba Tepe, Gallipoli.

May 26 (Wed.)

The constitution of the new British Government is announced: Prime Minister, Mr. Asquith; Foreign Secretary, Sir E. Grey; Secretary for India, Mr. Chamberlain; Secretary for War, Lord Kitchener; First Lord of the Admiralty, Mr. Balfour; Minister of Munitions, Mr. Lloyd George (see Aug. 4, 1914, and Dec. 10, 1916).

The British submarine E11 torpedoes a Turkish transport in Constantinople harbour.

A Zeppelin raid on Southend.

May 27 (Thur.)

The Italians capture Ala and Grado.

H.M.S. _Majestic_ (battleship) is torpedoed off Cape Helles, Gallipoli.

A French air-raid on Ludwigshaven.

May 28 (Fri.)

The appointment of Admiral Sir Henry Jackson as First Sea Lord in succession to Lord Fisher is announced (see Oct. 29, 1914, and Nov. 29, 1916).

May 29 (Sat.)

The French capture Ablain (near Souchez).

The Italians occupy Valona (Albania).

May 30 (Sun.)

The Austro-Germans attack Przemysl.

May 31 (Mon.)

The French capture the sugar factory at Souchez.

A Zeppelin raid on London.

June 1 (Tues.)

The Austro-Germans capture Stryj.

June 2 (Wed.)

A German attack at Hooge is repulsed by the British.

June 3 (Thur.)

The Austro-Germans recapture Przemysl (see March 22).

Mesopotamia:--The British capture Amara.

June 4 (Fri.)

Gallipoli:--A third Allied attack on Krithia and Achi Baba results in a slight gain of ground at certain points.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England.

June 6 (Sun.)

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England.

June 7 (Mon.)

The Italians begin a general advance on the Isonzo Front.

Sub-Lieut. R. A. J. Warneford destroys a Zeppelin over Belgium. A Zeppelin in its shed near Brussels is destroyed by British airmen.

June 8 (Tues.)

Stanislau is recaptured by the Austrians (see March 4).

June 9 (Wed.)

The Isonzo front:--Monfalcone is captured by the Italians.

June 10 (Thur.)

The Austro-Germans are defeated near Zurawno, where they had crossed the Dniester.

The Cameroons:--Garua surrenders to the Allies.

June 12 (Sat.)

The British Government rescinds the order concerning the treatment of German submarine prisoners (see March 8 and April 12).

June 14 (Mon.)

The Russian retirement on Grodek begins.

June 15 (Tues.)

The Isonzo Front:--The Italians attack the Podgora position.

A Zeppelin raid on the north-east coast of England.

A French air-raid on Karlsruhe.

June 16 (Wed.)

The British attack and gain ground on the Bellewarde Ridge, east of Ypres.

June 17 (Thur.)

The Isonzo Front:-The Italians attack at Plava.

June 18 (Fri.)

The Austrians are defeated at Plava, and the town is captured by the Italians.

Gallipoli:--The Turks attack and are repulsed.

An Austrian squadron raids Fano on the Italian coast.

June 20 (Sun.)

The Germans attack in the Argonne.

The Russians are defeated at Rava Russka; the Grodek position is turned.

June 21 (Mon.)

Gallipoli:--The Allies attack and gain ground.

June 22 (Tues.)

The Austrians recapture Lemberg (see Sept. 3, 1914).

June 23 (Wed.)

East Africa:--Bukoba on Lake Victoria Nyanza is captured by the British.

June 25 (Fri.)

The Cameroons:--The Allies capture Lome.

June 27 (Sun.)

The Austro-Germans occupy Halicz.

Gallipoli:--The British attack and gain ground.

June 29 (Tues.)

Gallipoli:--The Turks attack in strength (see July 1).

Cameroons:--The Allies occupy Ngaundere.

June 30 (Wed.)

The Russians retreat before a powerful German offensive between the Bug and the Vistula.

The British destroyer _Lightning_ is sunk in the North Sea.

July 1 (Thur.)

Gallipoli:--The Turkish offensive fails completely after fierce fighting (see June 29).

July 2 (Fri.)

An offensive is launched by the Italians on the Isonzo: they advance on Gorizia (see July 29).

South-West Africa:--Union forces capture Otavifontein.

The German cruiser _Pommern_ is torpedoed by a British submarine in the Baltic.

July 4 (Sun.)

Gallipoli:--A strong Turkish attack is repulsed.

South-West Africa:--The Germans are defeated at Gaub.

July 5 (Mon.)

The German advance on Warsaw is checked.

In the Aden Protectorate Lahej is taken by the Turks.

July 6 (Tues.)

The British capture trenches near Pilkem.

A German success at St. Mihiel.

The Russians defeat the Austrians near Krasnik.

July 7 (Wed.)

An Italian attack at Gorizia is repulsed.

July 8 (Thur.)

The Italian cruiser _Amalfi_ is sunk by an Austrian submarine in the Adriatic.

July 9 (Fri.)

The German forces in South-West Africa surrender unconditionally to General Botha.

July 11 (Sun.)

The _Königsberg_ is finally destroyed in the Rufiji River (East Africa) by British river monitors (see Oct. 30 and Nov. 10, 1914).

July 13 (Tues.)

The end of the Battle of Souchez (see May 9).

July 14 (Wed.)

The Austro-Germans launch an offensive which covers the whole Eastern Front; they capture Przasnysz (see Feb. 27).

July 15 (Thur.)

The Germans advance towards Riga.

July 16 (Fri.)

Heavy fighting on the Eastern Front; the Battle of Krasnostav begins.

July 18 (Sun.)

The Russians are defeated at Krasnostav.

Windau (on the coast of Courland) is captured by the Germans.

The Italian cruiser _Giuseppe Garibaldi_ is sunk by an Austrian submarine.

July 19 (Mon.)

The Third Battle for Warsaw begins (see Aug. 5). The Germans force a crossing of the Upper Bug.

The Isonzo Front:--The Italians capture Monte San Michele.

July 20 (Tues.)

The Germans advance on Kovno (see Aug. 17).

The Isonzo Front:--An Italian success at Podgora.

July 21 (Wed.)

A British success at Hooge.

The Germans gain a crossing of the Vistula at Nova Alexandria.

July 22 (Thur.)

The Germans invest Ivangorod.

The Isonzo Front:--The Italians continue to gain ground.

July 23 (Fri.)

The Germans force a crossing of the Narev.

An Austrian squadron bombards Ortona (on the eastern coast of Italy).

July 25 (Sun.)

The Italians occupy the island of Pelagosa (Adriatic).

Mesopotamia:--Nasiriyeh is captured by the British.

July 26 (Mon.)

There is heavy fighting before Warsaw.

A British submarine sinks a German destroyer near the German coast.

July 27 (Tues.)

The Germans close in on three sides of Warsaw.

July 28 (Wed.)

The Germans cross the Vistula in force.

July 29 (Thur.)

The Russian line is broken on the Lublin-Cholm railway.

The end of the Italian offensive on the Isonzo (see July 2); it results in a valuable advance and the capture of many prisoners by the Italians.

July 30 (Fri.)

A successful German attack with liquid fire (first use of this) at Hooge; a British counter-attack fails (see Aug. 9).

The Austro-Germans occupy Lublin. The Russians retire rapidly.

A British submarine sinks a German transport in the Baltic.

July 31 (Sat.)

The Austro-Germans occupy Cholm.

Aug. 1 (Sun.)

Mitau is occupied by the Germans (see Aug. 16).

Rhodesia:--The Germans are driven back from Abercorn.

Aug. 3 (Tues.)

The Germans force the line of the Narev.

Aug. 4 (Wed.)

The Russians evacuate the Blonie lines, 15 miles west of Warsaw.

Aug. 5 (Thur.)

Warsaw, Ivangorod, and Vladimir Volynski are captured by the Austro-Germans (see July 19 and 22). The Russians prepare to evacuate Riga.

Aug. 6 (Fri.)

Gallipoli:--The Battles of Sari Bair (see Aug. 11) and Suvla (see Aug. 15) begin: the British effect a surprise landing in Suvla Bay and launch an offensive against the Turks at other points.

Aug. 7 (Sat.)

The Germans are repulsed near Riga.

Gallipoli:--Slight successes are gained against the Turkish positions above Suvla Bay.

Aug. 8 (Sun.)

Gallipoli:--The New Zealanders capture Chunuk Bair. This is the critical day at Suvla (see Aug. 10).

Persian Gulf:--Bushire is occupied by the British.

H.M.S. _India_ (armed merchant cruiser) is sunk by a submarine off the Norwegian coast.

Aug. 9 (Mon.)

A successful British counter-attack at Hooge: the trenches lost on July 30 are recaptured.

A British submarine sinks a Turkish battleship, the _Kheyr-ed-Din Barbarossa_.

The British destroyer _Lynx_ is mined off the Moray Firth.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England.

A Zeppelin is destroyed near Ostend.

Aug. 10 (Tues.)

The German advance beyond the Vistula begins.

Gallipoli:--The Turks regain Chunuk Bair.

A German squadron fails to force its way into the Gulf of Riga (see Aug. 17, 18, and 21).

The German mine-layer and raider _Meteor_ is blown up, to avoid capture by British cruisers near the German coast.

Aug. 11 (Wed.)

Gallipoli:--The end of the Battle of Sari Bair (see Aug. 6).

Aug. 12 (Thur.)

Syedlets (Poland) is taken by the Germans.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England.

Aug. 14 (Sat.)

A German submarine sinks a British transport, the _Royal Edward_, in the Ægean (the first British transport to be lost).

Aug. 15 (Sun.)

The Germans take Vlodava (Poland).

Gallipoli:--The end of the Battle of Suvla (see Aug. 6).

Aug. 16 (Mon.)

The Russians retake Mitau (see Aug. 1).

Aug. 17 (Tues.)

The Germans capture Kovno (see July 20).

A German squadron enters the Gulf of Riga (see Aug. 10, 18, and 21).

Aug. 18 (Wed.)

The Germans cut the Brest-Bialystok railway.

A Russian naval success in the Gulf of Riga: the German squadron which has entered the Gulf suffers severe losses.

A British submarine torpedoes the German battle-cruiser _Moltke_ in the Baltic.

The British submarine E13 is shelled by German warships when aground in Danish waters. She is wrecked and interned.

Aug. 19 (Thur.)

A German submarine sinks the White Star liner _Arabic_ south of Ireland.

Aug. 20 (Fri.)

Italy declares war on Turkey.

Novo-Georgievsk is captured by the Germans; a further Russian retreat follows.

Aug. 21 (Sat.)

The British and French Governments declare cotton an absolute contraband of war.

Gallipoli:--A fresh British attack on the Turkish positions at Suvla fails.

The German naval forces retire from the Gulf of Riga (see Aug. 17 and 18).

Aug. 23 (Mon.)

The Germans take Ossowietz. The Austro-Germans occupy Kovel.

A Franco-British squadron bombards Zeebrugge.

Aug. 25 (Wed.)

Brest-Litovsk is taken by the Germans.

Aug. 26 (Thur.)

The Russians evacuate the fort of Olita on the Niemen.

A British aeroplane bombs and sinks a German submarine near Ostend.

Aug. 27 (Fri.)

Germany notifies the U.S.A. that her submarine commanders are henceforward forbidden to sink merchantmen without warning.

Aug. 28 (Sat.)

A great German attack on the Dvina line begins.

Aug. 30 (Mon.)

A Russian victory on the Strypa in Southern Galicia.

Sept. 1 (Wed.)

The Germans capture Lutsk (see Sept. 23 and 28) and storm part of the defences of Grodno. The Austro-Germans capture Brody (Galicia) (see Aug. 23, 1914).

Sept. 2 (Thur.) Sedan capitulated 1870.

The Germans capture Grodno. The Austro-Germans cross the Styr, the Sereth, and the Strypa.

The British transport _Sutherland_ is torpedoed in the Ægean (loss of life small).

Sept. 3 (Fri.)

The Russians re-enter Grodno temporarily, but are forced across the Dvina at Friedrichstadt.

Sept. 4 (Sat.)

The Germans complete the occupation of Grodno.

A German submarine torpedoes the Allan liner _Hesperian_ off Ireland.

Sept. 5 (Sun.)

The Tzar formally assumes command of the Russian armies; the Grand Duke Nicholas is appointed Viceroy in the Caucasus.

A British success at Hafiz Kor on the North-West Frontier of India.

Sept. 6 (Mon.)

A French air-raid on Saarbrücken.

Sept. 7 (Tues.)

The Battle of Tarnopol begins (see Aug. 23, 1914).

British and French warships bombard the Belgian coast.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England (17 killed).

Sept. 8 (Wed.)

The Battle of Tarnopol on the Sereth ends in a Russian victory.

A Zeppelin raid on the east coast of England and on London (20 killed).

Sept. 9 (Thur.)

Further Russian successes on the Sereth.

Sept. 12 (Sun.)

The Germans storm Meiszagola and cut the Vilna-Dvinsk railway.

Sept. 16 (Thur.)

The Germans occupy Pinsk.

Sept. 18 (Sat.)

Vilna capitulates to the Germans.

British and French warships bombard the Belgian coast.

Sept. 19 (Sun.)

The British transport _Ramazan_ is torpedoed and sunk in the Ægean with heavy loss of life in Indian troops.

Sept. 20 (Mon.)

The Russians retake Vidzy.

Sept. 22 (Wed.)

A French air-raid on Stuttgart.

Sept. 23 (Thur.)

The Russians retake Lutsk and Dubno (see Sept. 1 and 28).

Bulgaria mobilises (see Oct. 11).

Sept. 24 (Fri.)

A German attack on Dvinsk fails.

Sept. 25 (Sat.)

The Battle of Loos begins: the British capture Loos and make a considerable advance in its neighbourhood (see Oct. 15).

The French attack at the Vimy Ridge and in Champagne (the Battle of Champagne).

Mesopotamia:--General Townshend reaches Kut-el-Amara.

Sept. 26 (Sun.)

Fierce fighting round Loos and Hulluch; the British lose ground.

The French capture Souchez.

Sept. 28 (Tues.)

The Russians abandon Lutsk (see Sept. 1 and 23).

Mesopotamia:--The First Battle of Kut-el-Amara begins.

The Italian battleship _Benedetto Brin_ is destroyed by an accidental explosion.

Sept. 29 (Wed.)

Heavy fighting for the Hohenzollern Redoubt (near Loos).

Heavy fighting on the French front in Champagne and on the Vimy Ridge.

Mesopotamia:--The British capture Kut-el-Amara and 2000 prisoners.

Oct. 3 (Sun.)

The Germans counter-attack near Loos and retake most of the Hohenzollern Redoubt.

A great battle for Dvinsk begins (see Oct. 10).

Oct. 4 (Mon.)

Russian ultimatum to Bulgaria.

The Caucasus:--The Turks are defeated by the Russians near Van.

Oct. 5 (Tues.)

Lord Derby is appointed Director of Recruiting in Great Britain.

M. Venizelos resigns and M. Zaimis becomes Greek Premier (see Nov. 4).

Allied troops land at Salonika.

Oct. 6 (Wed.)

Crossings of the Save and the Danube are forced by the Austro-Germans; Serbia is thus invaded for the fourth time.

Oct. 8 (Fri.)

German counter-attacks in Champagne and near Loos are repulsed with heavy loss.

The Austro-Germans capture Belgrade.

Oct. 9 (Sat.)

Austria invades Montenegro.