Chapter II: Preface

It is a little over six years since I was entrusted by the Editors of “The International Critical Commentary” with the preparation of the volume on Genesis. During that time there has been no important addition to the number of commentaries either in English or in German. The English reader still finds his best guidance in Spurrell’s valuable _Notes_ on the text, Bennett’s compressed but suggestive exposition in the _Century Bible_, and Driver’s thorough and masterly work in the first volume of the _Westminster Commentaries_; all of which were in existence when I commenced my task. While no one of these books will be superseded by the present publication, there was still room for a commentary on the more elaborate scale of the “International” series; and it has been my aim, in accordance with the programme of that series, to supply the fuller treatment of critical, exegetical, literary, and archæological questions, which the present state of scholarship demands.

The most recent German commentaries, those of Holzinger and Gunkel, had both appeared before 1904; and I need not say that to both, but especially to the latter, I have been greatly indebted. Every student must have felt that Gunkel’s work, with its æsthetic appreciation of the genius of the narratives, its wider historical horizons, and its illuminating use of mythological and folklore parallels, has breathed a new spirit into the investigation of Genesis, whose influence no writer on the subject can hope or wish to escape. The last-mentioned feature is considerably emphasised in the third edition, the first part of which (1909) was published just too late to be utilised for this volume. That I have not neglected the older standard commentaries of Tuch, Delitzsch, and Dillmann, or less comprehensive expositions like that of Strack, will be apparent from the frequent acknowledgments in the notes. The same remark applies to many books of a more general kind (mostly cited in the list of “Abbreviations”), which have helped to elucidate special points of exegesis.

The problems which invest the interpretation of Genesis are, indeed, too varied and far-reaching to be satisfactorily treated within the compass of a single volume. The old controversies as to the compatibility of the earlier chapters with the conclusions of modern science are no longer, to my mind, a living issue; and I have not thought it necessary to occupy much space with their discussion. Those who are of a different opinion may be referred to the pages of Dr. Driver, where they will find these matters handled with convincing force and clearness. Rather more attention has been given to the recent reaction against the critical analysis of the Pentateuch, although I am very far from thinking that that movement, either in its conservative or its more radical manifestation, is likely to undo the scholarly work of the last hundred and fifty years. At all events, my own belief in the essential soundness of the prevalent hypothesis has been confirmed by the renewed examination of the text of Genesis which my present undertaking required. It will probably appear to some that the analysis is pushed further than is warranted, and that duplicates are discovered where common sense would have suggested an easy reconciliation. That is a perfectly fair line of criticism, provided the whole problem be kept in view. It has to be remembered that the analytic process is a chain which is a good deal stronger than its weakest link, that it starts from cases where diversity of authorship is almost incontrovertible, and moves on to others where it is less certain; and it is surely evident that when the composition of sources is once established, the slightest differences of representation or language assume a significance which they might not have apart from that presumption. That the analysis is frequently tentative and precarious is fully acknowledged; and the danger of basing conclusions on insufficient data of this kind is one that I have sought to avoid. On the more momentous question of the historical or legendary character of the book, or the relation of the one element to the other, opinion is likely to be divided for some time to come. Several competent Assyriologists appear to cherish the conviction that we are on the eve of fresh discoveries which will vindicate the accuracy of at least the patriarchal traditions in a way that will cause the utmost astonishment to some who pay too little heed to the findings of archæological experts. It is naturally difficult to estimate the worth of such an anticipation; and it is advisable to keep an open mind. Yet even here it is possible to adopt a position which will not be readily undermined. Whatever triumphs may be in store for the archæologist,――though he should prove that Noah and Abraham and Jacob and Joseph are all real historical personages,――he will hardly succeed in dispelling the atmosphere of mythical imagination, of legend, of poetic idealisation, which are the life and soul of the narratives of Genesis. It will still be necessary, if we are to retain our faith in the inspiration of this part of Scripture, to recognise that the Divine Spirit has enshrined a part of His Revelation to men in such forms as these. It is only by a frank acceptance of this truth that the Book of Genesis can be made a means of religious edification to the educated mind of our age.

As regards the form of the commentary, I have endeavoured to include in the large print enough to enable the reader to pick up rapidly the general sense of a passage; although the exigencies of space have compelled me to employ small type to a much larger extent than was ideally desirable. In the arrangement of footnotes I have reverted to the plan adopted in the earliest volume of the series (Driver’s _Deuteronomy_), by putting all the textual, grammatical, and philological material bearing on a particular verse in consecutive notes running concurrently with the main text. It is possible that in some cases a slight embarrassment may result from the presence of a double set of footnotes; but I think that this disadvantage will be more than compensated to the reader by the convenience of having the whole explanation of a verse under his eye at one place, instead of having to perform the difficult operation of keeping two or three pages open at once.

In conclusion, I have to express my thanks, first of all, to two friends by whose generous assistance my labour has been considerably lightened: to Miss E. I. M. Boyd, M.A., who has rendered me the greatest service in collecting material from books, and to the Rev. J. G. Morton, M.A., who has corrected the proofs, verified all the scriptural references, and compiled the Index. My last word of all must be an acknowledgment of profound and grateful obligation to Dr. Driver, the English Editor of the series, for his unfailing interest and encouragement during the progress of the work, and for numerous criticisms and suggestions, especially on points of philology and archæology, to which in nearly every instance I have been able to give effect.

JOHN SKINNER.
CAMBRIDGE,
_April 1910_.

CONTENTS.

○ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

○ INTRODUCTION

○ § 1. _Introductory: Canonical Position of the Book――its general
Scope――and Title_

_A._ NATURE OF THE TRADITION.

○ § 2. _History or Legend?_

○ § 3. _Myth and Legend――Foreign Myths――Types of mythical Motive_

○ § 4. _Historical Value of the Tradition_

○ § 5. _Preservation and Collection of the Traditions_

_B._ STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE BOOK.

○ § 6. _Plan and Divisions_

○ § 7. _The Sources of Genesis_

○ § 8. _The collective Authorship of Yahwist and Elohist_

○ § 9. _Characteristics of Yahwist and Elohist――their Relation to
Literary Prophecy_

○ § 10. _Date and Place of Origin――Redaction of Jehovist_

○ § 11. _The Priestly Code and the Final Redaction_

○ COMMENTARY

EXTENDED NOTES:――

○ The Divine Image in Man

○ The Hebrew and Babylonian Sabbath

○ Babylonian and other Cosmogonies

○ The Site of Eden

○ The ‘Protevangelium’

○ The Cherubim

○ Origin and Significance of the Paradise Legend

○ Origin of the Cain Legend

○ The Cainite Genealogy

○ The Chronology of Chapter 5, etc.

○ The Deluge Tradition

○ Noah’s Curse and Blessing

○ The Babel Legend

○ Chronology of 11¹⁰ ᶠᶠᐧ

○ Historic Value of Chapter 14

○ Circumcision

○ The Covenant-Idea in Priestly-Code

○ Destruction of the Cities of the Plain

○ The Sacrifice of Isaac

○ The Treaty of Gilead and its historical Setting

○ The Legend of Peniel

○ The Sack of Shechem

○ The Edomite Genealogies

○ The Degradation of Reuben

○ The Fate of Simeon and Levi

○ The “Shiloh” Prophecy of 49¹⁰

○ The Zodiacal Theory of the Twelve Tribes

INDEX――

○ I. English

○ II. Hebrew

ABBREVIATIONS.¹

¹ Most Abbreviations have been replaced in the text with the
full name or title for easier reading.

1. SOURCES (see pages xxxiv ff.), TEXTS, AND VERSIONS.

E Elohist, or Elohistic Narrative.

J Yahwist, or Yahwistic Narrative.

JE Jehovist, or the combined narrative of Yahwist and
Elohist.

P or PC The Priestly Code.

Pᵍ The historical kernel or framework of Priestly-Code
(see page lvii).

Rᴱ Redactors within the schools of Elohist, Yahwist, and
Rᴶ Priestly-Code, respectively.
Rᴾ

Rᴶᴱ The Compiler of the composite work Jehovist.

Rᴶᴱᴾ The Final Redactor of the Pentateuch.

EV[V] English Version[s] (Authorised or Revised).

_Jub._ _The Book of Jubilees._

MT Massoretic Text.

OT Old Testament.

Aq. Greek Translation of Aquila.

Θ Greek Translation of Theodotion.

Σ Greek Translation of Symmachus.

Gr.-Ven. Codex ‘Græcus Venetus’ (14th or 15th century.).

Ⓖ The Greek (Septuagint) Version of the Old Testament
(edited by A. E. Brooke and N. M‘Lean, Cambridge, 1906).

Ⓖᴸ Lucianic recension of the LXX, edited by Lagarde,
_Librorum Veteris Testamenti canonicorum pars prior
Græce_, etc. (1883).

Ⓖᴬᴮᴱᴹ ᵉᵗᶜᐧ Codices of LXX (see Brooke and M‘Lean, page v.).

Ⓛ Old Latin Version.

Ⓢ The Syriac Version (Peshiṭtå).

⅏ The Samaritan Recension of the Pentateuch (Walton’s
‘London Polyglott’).

Ⓣᴼ The Targum of Onkelos [2nd century A.D.] (edited by
Berliner, 1884).

Ⓣᴶ The Targum of Jonathan [8th century A.D.] (edited by
Ginsburger, 1903).

Ⓥ The Vulgate.

2. COMMENTARIES.

Ayles Herbert Henry Baker Ayles, _A critical Commentary on
Genesis ii. 4‒iii. 25_ (1904).

Ba[ll] Charles James Ball, _The Book of Genesis: Critical
Edition of the Hebrew Text printed in colours
exhibiting the composite structure of the book, with
Notes_ (1896). See _SBOT_.

Ben[nett] William Henry Bennett, _Genesis_ (Century Bible).

Calv[in] _Mosis Libri V cum Johannis Calvini Commentariis.
Genesis seorsum_, etc. (1563).

De[litzsch] Franz Delitzsch, _Neuer Commentar über die Genesis_
(5th edition, 1887).

Di[llmann] _Die Genesis. Von der dritten Auflage an erklärt
von August Dillmann_ (6th edition, 1892). The work
embodies frequent extracts from earlier editions
by Knobel: these are referred to below as
“Knobel-Dillmann”

Dr[iver] _The Book of Genesis with Introduction and Notes_,
by Samuel Rolles Driver (7th edition, 1909).

Gu[nkel] _Genesis übersetzt und erklärt_, von Hermann Gunkel
(2nd edition, 1902).

Ho[lzinger] _Genesis erklärt_, von Heinrich Holzinger (1898).

IEz. Abraham Ibn Ezra († _circa_ 1167).

Jer[ome], Jerome († 420), _Quæstiones sive Traditiones
_Qu._ hebraicæ in Genesim_.

Kn[obel] August Wilhelm Knobel.

Kn.-Di. See Dillmann.

Ra[shi] Rabbi Shelomoh Yiẓḥaḳi († 1105).

Spurrell George James Spurrell, _Notes on the Text of the
Book of Genesis_ (2nd edition, 1896).

Str[ack] _Die Genesis übersetzt und ausgelegt_, von Hermann
Leberecht Strack (2nd edition, 1905).

Tu[ch] Friedrich Tuch, _Commentar über die Genesis_ (2nd
edition, 1871).

3. WORKS OF REFERENCE AND GENERAL LITERATURE.

Barth, _ES_ Jakob Barth, _Etymologische Studien zum semitischen
insbesondere zum hebraischen Lexicon_ (1893).

Barth, _NB_ _Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen_
(1889‒91).

Barton, _SO_ George Aaron Barton, _A Sketch of Semitic Origins_
(1902).

B.-D. Seligmann Baer and Franz Delitzsch, _Liber Genesis_
(1869). The Massoretic Text, with Appendices.

BDB Francis Brown, Samuel Rolles Driver, and Charles
Augustus Briggs, _A Hebrew and English Lexicon of
the Old Testament_ (1891‒ ).

Benz[inger], Immanuel Benzinger, _Hebräische Archäologie_ (2nd
_Arch._² edition, 1907).

_Ber. R._ The Midrash _Bereshith Rabba_ (translated into German
by August Wünsche, 1881).

Bochart, Samuel Bochartus, _Hierozoicon, sive bipertitum opus
_Hieroz._ de animalibus Sacræ Scripturæ_ (edited by Rosenmüller,
1793‒96).

Bu[dde], Karl Budde, _Die biblische Urgeschichte_ (1883).
_Urg._

Buhl, _GP_ Frants Buhl, _Geographie des alten Palaestina_ (1896).

Buhl _Geschichte der Edomiter_ (1893).

Burck[hardt] John Lewis Burckhardt, _Notes on the Bedouins and
Wahábys_.

_Travels in Syria and the Holy Land._

Che[yne], Thomas Kelly Cheyne, _Traditions and Beliefs of
_TB[A]I_ Ancient Israel_ (1907).

_CIS_ _Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_ (1881‒ ).

Cook, _Gl._ Stanley Arthur Cook, _A Glossary of the Aramaic
Inscriptions_ (1898).

Cooke, _NSI_ George Albert Cooke, _A Textbook of North-Semitic
Inscriptions_ (1903).

Co[rnill], Carl Heinrich Cornill, _Einleitung in das Alte
_Einl._ Testament_ (see page xl, note).

Co[rnill], _History of the People of Israel_ (Translated, 1898).
_Hist._

Curtiss, _PSR_ Samuel Ives Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion
to-day_ (1902).

Dav[idson] Andrew Bruce Davidson, _Hebrew Syntax_.

Dav[idson] _The Theology of the Old Testament_ (1904).
_OTTh._

_DB_ _A Dictionary of the Bible_, edited by James Hastings
(1898‒1902).

Del[itzsch], Friedrich Delitzsch, _Assyrisches Handwörterbuch_
_Hwb._ (1896).

Del[itzsch], _Wo lag das Paradies? Eine biblisch-assyriologische
_Par._ Studie_ (1881).

Del[itzsch], _Prolegomena eines neuen hebräisch-aramäischen
_Prol._ Wörterbuchs zum Alten Testament_ (1886).

Del[itzsch] See _BA_ below.

Doughty, _AD_ Charles Montagu Doughty, _Travels in Arabia Deserta_
(1888).

Dri[ver], Samuel Rolles Driver, _An Introduction to the
_LOT_ Literature of the Old Testament_ (Revised edition,
1910).

Dri[ver], _Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel_
_Sam._ (1890).

Dri[ver], _T._ _A Treatise on the use of the Tenses in Hebrew_ (3rd
edition, 1892).

_EB_ _Encyclopædia Biblica_, edited by Thomas Kelly Cheyne
and John Sutherland Black (1899‒1903).

_EBL_ See Hilprecht.

Ee[rdmans] Bernardus Dirk Eerdmans, _A lttestamentliche
Studien_:
i. _Die Komposition der Genesis._
ii. _Die Vorgeschichte Israels._

Erman, _LAE_ Adolf Erman, _Life in Ancient Egypt_ (translated by
Helen Mary Tirard, 1894).

Erman, _Hdbk._ _A Handbook of Egyptian Religion_ (translated by
Agnes Sophia Griffith, 1907).

Ew[ald], _Gr._ Heinrich Ewald, _Ausführliches Lehrbuch der
hebräischen Sprache des alten Bundes_ (8th edition,
1870).

Ew[ald], _HI_ _History of Israel_ [English translation, 1871].

Ew[ald], _Ant._ _Antiquities of Israel_ [English translation, 1876].

Field Frederick Field, _Origenis Hexaplorum quæ supersunt;
sive Veterum Interpretum Græcorum in totum Vetus
Testamentum Fragmenta_ (1875).

Frazer, _AAO_ James George Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris: Studies
in the history of Oriental Religion_ (1906).

Frazer, _GB_ _The Golden Bough; a Study in Magic and Religion_
(2nd edition, 1900).

Frazer _Folklore in the Old Testament_ (1907).

v. Gall, August Freiherr von Gall, _Altisraelitische
_CSt._ Kultstätten_ (1898).

G.-B. Wilhelm Gesenius’ _Hebräisches und aramäisches
Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament_ (14th
edition by Buhl, 1905).

Geiger, Abraham Geiger, _Urschrift und Uebersetzungen
_Urschr._ der Bibel in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der innern
Entwickelung des Judenthums_ (1857).

Ges[enius], Wilhelm Gesenius, _Thesaurus philologicus criticus
_Th._ Linguæ Hebrææ et Chaldææ Veteris Testamenti_
(1829‒58).

G.-K. Wilhelm Gesenius’ _Hebräische Grammatik_, völlig
umgearbeitet von Emil Kautzsch (26th edition, 1896)
[English translation, 1898].

Glaser, Eduard Glaser, _Skizze der Geschichte und Geographie
_Skizze_ Arabiens_, ii. (1890).

Gordon, _ETG_ Alexander Reid Gordon, _The Early Traditions of
Genesis_ (1907).

Gray, _HPN_ George Buchanan Gray, _Studies in Hebrew Proper
Names_ (1896).

Gu[nkel], Hermann Gunkel, _Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und
_Schöpf._ Endzeit_ (1895).

Guthe, _GI_ Hermann Guthe, _Geschichte des Volkes Israel_ (1899).

Harrison, Jane Ellen Harrison, _Prolegomena to the study of
_Prol._ Greek Religion_ (2nd edition, 1908).

Hilprecht, Hermann Vollrat Hilprecht, _Explorations in Bible
_EBL_ Lands during the 19th century_ [with the co-operation
of Benzinger, Hommel, Jensen, and Steindorff] (1903).

Ho[lzinger], Heinrich Holzinger, _Einleitung in den Hexateuch_
_Einl._ or (1893).
_Hex._

Hom[mel], _AA_ Fritz Hommel, _Aufsätze und Abhandlungen
arabistischsemitologischen Inhalts_ (i‒iii, 1892‒ ).

Hom[mel], _The Ancient Hebrew Tradition as illustrated by the
_AHT_ Monuments_ (1897).

Hom[mel], _Die altorientalischen Denkmäler und das Alte
_AOD_ Testament_ (1902).

Hom[mel], _Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens_ (1885).
_Gesch._

Hom[mel], _Süd-arabische Chrestomathie_ (1893).
_SA Chrest._

Hupf[eld], Hermann Hupfeld, _Die Quellen der Genesis und die
_Qu._ Art ihrer Zusammensetzung_ (1853).

Jastrow, _RBA_ Morris Jastrow, _The Religion of Babylonia and
Assyria_ (1898).

_JE_ _The Jewish Encyclopædia._

Je[remias], Alfred Jeremias, _Das Alte Testament im Lichte des
_ATLO_² alten Orients_ (2nd edition, 1906).

Jen[sen], Peter Jensen, _Die Kosmologie der Babylonier_ (1890).
_Kosm._

_KAT_² _Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament_, by
Schrader (2nd edition, 1883).

_KAT_³ _Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament._ Third
edition, by Zimmern and Winckler (1902).

Kent, _SOT_ Charles Foster Kent, _Narratives of the Beginnings
of Hebrew History_ [Students’ Old Testament] (1904).

_KIB_ _Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek_, edited by Eberhard
Schrader (1889‒ ).

Kit[tel], _BH_ Rudolf Kittel, _Biblia Hebraica_ (Genesis) (1905).

Kit[tel], _GH_ _Geschichte der Hebräer_ (1888‒92).

Kön[ig], Friedrich Eduard König, _Historisch-kritisches
_Lgb._ Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache_ (2 volumes,
1881‒95).

Kön[ig], _S_ _Historisch-comparative Syntax der hebräischen
Sprache_ (1897).

KS Emil Kautzsch and Albert Socin, _Die Genesis mit
aüsserer Unterscheidung der Quellenschriften_.

Kue[nen], Abraham Kuenen, _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_ (see
_Ges. Abh._ page xl, _note_).

Kue[nen], _Historisch-critisch Onderzoek naar het ontstaan
_Ond._ en de verzameling van de boeken des Ouden Verbonds_
(see page xl, _note_).

Lag[arde], Paul Anton de Lagarde, _Ankündigung einer neuen
_Ank._ Ausgabe der griech. Uebersezung des Alte Testament_
(1882).

Lag[arde], _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_ (1866).
_Ges. Abh._

Lag[arde], _Mittheilungen_, i‒iv (1884‒91).
_Mitth._

Lag[arde] _Orientalia_, 1, 2 (1879‒80).

Lag[arde], _Semitica_, 1, 2 (1878).
_Sem._

Lag[arde], _Symmicta_, 2 parts (1877‒80).
_Symm._

Lag[arde], _Onomastica Sacra_ (1870).
_OS_

Lane, _Lex._ Edward William Lane, _An Arabic-English Lexicon_
(1863‒93).

Lane, _ME_ _An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern
Egyptians_ (5th edition, 1860).

Len[ormant], François Lenormant, _Les Origines de l’histoire_,
_Or._ (i‒iii, 1880‒84).

Levy, Jacob Levy, _Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die
_Ch. Wb._ Targumim und Midraschim_ (3rd edition, 1881).

Lidz[barski], Mark Lidzbarski, _Handbuch der nordsemitischen
_Hb._ or Epigraphik_ (1898).
_NSEpigr._

Lu[ther], _INS_ See Meyer, _INS_.

Marquart Josef Marquart, _Fundamente israelitischer und
jüdischer Geschichte_ (1896).

Meyer, _Entst._ Eduard Meyer, _Die Entstehung des Judenthums_ (1896).

Meyer, _GA¹_ _Geschichte des Alterthums_ (Band i. 1884).

Meyer, _GA²_ _Geschichte des Alterthums_ (2nd edition, 1909).

Meyer, _INS_ _Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme_, von Eduard
Meyer, mit Beiträgen von Bernhard Luther (1906).

Müller, _AE_ Wilhelm Max Müller, _Asien und Europa nach
altägyptischen Denkmälern_ (1893).

Nestle, _MM_ Eberhard Nestle, _Marginalien und Materialien_ (1893).

Nö[ldeke], Theodor Nöldeke, _Beiträge zur semitischen
_Beitr._ Sprachwissenschaft_ (1904).

Nö[ldeke], _Untersuchungen zur Kritik des Alte Testament_
_Unters._ (1869).

_OH_ _Oxford Hexateuch_ = Carpenter and Harford-Battersby,
_The Hexateuch_ (see page xl, _note_).

Oehler, _ATTh_ Gustav Friedrich Oehler, _Theologie des Alten
Testaments_ (3rd edition, 1891).

Ols. Justus Olshausen.

Orr, _POT_ James Orr, _The Problem of the Old Testament_ (1906).

_OS_ See Lagarde.

P[ayne] Robert Payne Smith, _Thesaurus Syriacus_ (1879, 1901).
Sm[ith], _Thes._

Petrie William Flinders Petrie, _A History of Egypt_.

Pro[cksch] Otto Procksch, _Das nordhebräische Sagenbuch: die
Elohimquelle_ (1906).

Riehm, _Hdwb._ Eduard Carl August Riehm, _Handwörterbuch des
biblischen Altertums_ (2nd edition, 1893‒94).

Robinson, _BR_ Edward Robinson, _Biblical Researches in Palestine_
(2nd edition, 3 volumes, 1856).

Sayce, _EHH_ Archibald Henry Sayce, _The Early History of the
Hebrews_ (1897).

Sayce, _HCM_ _The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the
Monuments_ (2nd edition, 1894).

_SBOT_ _The Sacred Books of the Old Testament, a critical
edition of the Hebrew Text printed in Colours_,
under the editorial direction of Paul Haupt.

Schenkel, _BL_ Daniel Schenkel, _Bibel-Lexicon_ (1869‒75).

Schr[ader], Eberhard Schrader, _Keilinschriften und
_KGF_ Geschichtsforschung_ (1878).

Schr[ader] See _KAT_ and _KIB_ above.

Schultz, Hermann Schultz, _Old Testament Theology_ (English
_OTTh_ translation, 1892).

Schürer, _GJV_ Emil Schürer, _Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im
Zeitalter Jesu Christi_ (3rd and 4th editions,
1898‒1901).

Schw[ally] Friedrich Schwally, _Das Leben nach dem Tode_ (1892).

_Semitische Kriegsaltertümer_, i. (1901).

Smend, _ATRG_ Rudolf Smend, _Lehrbuch der alttestamentlichen
Religionsgeschichte_ (2nd edition, 1899).

GASm[ith], George Adam Smith, _Historical Geography of the Holy
_HG_ Land_ (1895).

Rob. Smith, William Robertson Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in
_KM_² Early Arabia_ (2nd edition, 1903).

Rob. Smith, _The Old Testament in the Jewish Church_ (2nd
_OTJC_² edition, 1892).

Rob. Smith, _The Prophets of Israel_ (2nd edition, 1895).
_Pr._²

Rob. Smith, _Lectures on the Religion of the Semites_ (2nd
_RS_² edition, 1894).

Spiegelberg Wilhelm Spiegelberg, _Aegyptologische Randglossen
zum Alten Testament_ (1904).

_Der Aufenthalt Israels in Aegypten im Lichte der
aegyptischen Monumente_ (3rd edition, 1904).

Sta[de] Bernhard Stade, _Ausgewählte akademische Reden und
Abhandlungen_ (1899).

Sta[de], _BTh_ _Biblische Theologie des Alten Testaments_, i. (1905).

Sta[de], _GVI_ _Geschichte des Volkes Israel_ (1887‒89).

Steuern[agel], Carl Steuernagel, _Die Einwanderung der
_Einw._ israelitischen Stämme in Kanaan_ (1901).

TA Tel-Amarna Tablets [_Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek_,
v; Knudtzon, _Die el-Amarna Tafeln_ (1908‒ )].

Thomson, _LB_ William McClure Thomson, _The Land and the Book_
(3 volumes, 1881‒86).

Tiele, Cornelis Petrus Tiele, _Geschichte der Religion im
_Gesch._ Altertum_, i. (German edition, 1896).

Tristram, Henry Baker Tristram, _The Natural History of the
_NHB_ Bible_ (9th edition, 1898).

We[llhausen], Julius Wellhausen, _Die Composition des Hexateuchs
_Comp._² und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments_
(2nd edition, 1889).

We[llhausen], _De gentibus et familiis Judæis quæ 1 Chronicles
_De gent._ 2. 4 enumerantur_ (1870).

We[llhausen], _Reste arabischen Heidentums_ (2nd edition, 1897).
_Heid._

We[llhausen], _Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels_ (6th edition,
_Prol._⁶ 1905).

We[llhausen] _Skizzen und Vorarbeiten._

We[llhausen], _Der Text der Bücher Samuelis_ (1871).
_TBS_

Wi[nckler], Hugo Winckler, _Altorientalische Forschungen_
_AOF_ (1893- ).

Wi[nckler], _Alttestamentliche Untersuchungen_ (1892).
_ATU_

Wi[nckler], _Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens_ (1892).
_GBA_

Wi[nckler], _Geschichte Israels in Einzeldarstellungen_ (i. ii.,
_GI_ 1895, 1900).

Wi[nckler] See _KAT_³ above.

Zunz, _GdV_ Leopold Zunz, _Die gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der
Juden_ (2nd edition, 1892).

4. PERIODICALS, ETC.

_AJSL_ _American Journal of Semitic Languages and
Literatures_ (continuing _Hebraica_).

_AJTh_ _American Journal of Theology_ (1897‒ ).

_ARW_ _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft._

_BA_ _Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen
Sprachwissenschaft_, herausgegeben von Friedrich
Delitzsch und Paul Haupt (1890‒ ).

_BS_ _Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review_
(1844‒ ).

_Deutsche Litteraturzeitung_ (1880‒ ).

_Exp._ _The Expositor._

_ET_ _The Expository Times._

_GGA_ _Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen_ (1753— ).

_GGN_ _Nachrichten der königl. Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften zu Göttingen._

_Hebr._ _Hebräica_ (1884‒95). See _AJSL_.

_JBBW_ [Ewald’s] _Jahrbücher der biblischen Wissenschaft_
(1849‒1865).

_J[S]BL_ _Journal of_ [the Society of] _Biblical Literature
and Exegesis_ (1881‒ ).

_JPh_ _The Journal of Philology_ (1872‒ ).

_JQR_ _The Jewish Quarterly Review._

_JRAS_ _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great
Britain and Ireland_ (1834‒ ).

_JTS_ _The Journal of Theological Studies_ (1900‒ ).

_Lit[erarisches] Zentralbl[att für Deutschland]_
(1850‒ ).

_M[B]BA_ _Monatsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akadamie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin._ Continued in
_Sitzungsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akadamie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin_ (1881‒ ).

_MVAG_ _Mittheilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_
(1896‒ ).

_NKZ_ _Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift_ (1890‒ ).

_OLz_ _Orientalische Litteraturzeitung_ (1898‒ ).

_PAOS_ _Proceedings [Journal] of the American Oriental
Society_ (1851‒ ).

_PEFS_ Palestine Exploration Fund: _Quarterly Statements._

_PSBA_ _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology_
(1878‒ ).

_SBBA_ See _MBBA_ above.

_SK_ _Theologische Studien und Kritiken_ (1828‒ ).

_ThLz_ _Theologische Litteraturzeitung_ (1876‒ ).

_ThT_ _Theologisch Tijdschrift_ (1867‒ ).

_TSBA_ _Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology._

_ZA_ _Zeitschrift für Assyriologie_ (1886‒ ).

_ZATW_ _Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft_
(1881‒ ).

_ZDMG_ _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
Gesellschaft_ (1845‒ ).

_ZDPV_ _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_
(1878‒ ).

_ZKF_ _Zeitschrift für Keilschriftsforschung_ (1884‒85).

_ZVP_ _Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und
Sprachwissenschaft_ (1860‒ ).

5. OTHER SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS.

NH ‘New Hebrew’: the language of the Mishnah, Midrashim,
and parts of the Talmud.

_v.i._ _vide infra_ Used in references from commentary to
footnotes, and _vice versâ_.
_v.s._ _vide supra_

* Frequently used to indicate that a section is of
composite authorship.

† After Old Testament references means that all
occurrences of the word or usage in question are
cited.

√ Root or stem.

׳ Sign of abbreviation in Hebrew words.

וגו׳ = וגומר = ‘and so on’: used when a Hebrew citation
is incomplete.