Chapter II: Part 2

=Geron tsuntsaye=, 1. Phyllanthus pentandrus, Sch. and Thon. (and other similar species of Euphorbiaceæ); a common slender-branched weed with minute capsular fruit eaten by birds; syn. =hatsin tsuntsaye=. 2. The fruiting head of a species of bulrush (Typha australis), called =shalla=, _q.v._

=gewayen tsamiya=, usually = Vitis quadrangularis, _vide_ =ḍaḍori=, but sometimes applied to several other plants growing under or climbing upon the tamarind-tree.

=geza=, Combretum sp. probably C. altum, Perr. (Combretaceæ); a shrub or small tree with white flowers and 4-winged fruit, well known in the north.

_fara geza_, Combretum aculeatum, Vent. a shrub with 4-winged fruit and clusters of white flowers; (a different species from the above).

=gigi=? (Sok.), _vide_ =faskara toyi=.

=giginya=, Borassus flabellifer, var. æthiopum, Warb. (Palmeæ). “Deleb Palm,” “Fan” or “Palmyra Palm;” common straight-stemmed palm with fan-like leaves.

_muruchi_ = the young germinating shoots, eaten as a vegetable; _shedari_ = a mat made of the unexpanded fronds—(called _murlin giginya_, _vide_ under _murli_).

_ḳodago_, the nut, and the kernel _kwalshi_, _vide_ under _goriba_. _cf._ also _gangame_, _kankămi_ and _ḳarari_. _ḳarri_ (Kano) = fronds of _giginya_, _cf._ _kaba_.

_ḳundu_ (Kano) = the bulging of the _giginya_ stem.

=giginyar biri=, Tacca pinnatifida, Forst. (= T. involucrata, Sch. and Thon.) (Taccaceæ). A perennial herb with a superficial resemblance to a small palm, having a long-stalked divided leaf and an umbel of greenish flowers and yellow succulent fruit. The large starchy tuber is an important article of food in some countries; a var. of “arrowroot” is prepared from it in the Pacific Islands and elsewhere; _vide_ under =amara=. Boys call the tall flowering stems _sandan yan bori_, _sandan biri_, or _sandan dutsi_, and use them as toy spears. Other names for the plant are =gatarin zomo= and ?=yayu= or =tara yaya= (Katagum).

=girgera=, a var. of =gero=, _q.v._

=giri giri=, 1. In Sokoto = =aya aya=, _q.v._ the tuber of a sedge. 2. In Kano, Hadeija, &c. = ?Pachyrhizus tuberosus, Spreng. “Yam Bean” or “Manioc Pea;” a bean with a starchy tuberous root. (_vide_ also =sa baba sata=). The name includes Vigna ornata, Welw. a tuberous-rooted bean, with handsome pink flowers, in the Benué district (Munchi-_ahoma_). A speckled variety of the seeds is called _kashin kaza_.

=gishirin dawaki=, a grass; _vide_ =dataniya=.

=gishishiya=? (Zanfara), a species of acacia; _vide_ =dussa=.

=giwa kamba=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._

=giyeya= or =giyaiya=, Mitragyne africana, Korth. (Rubiaceæ); a tree with spherical heads of flowers, abundant in damp localities.

=gizaḳi= (Zanfara), Carissa edulis, Vahl. (Apocynaceæ); a scrambling shrub with black sweet berries. The root is put in the _goran ruwa_ to render water agreeable. Syn. ?=uwa banza=.

=gizari=, _vide_ =gazari=.

=gizgiri=, Cyperus auricomus, Spreng. (Cyperaceæ); a tall sedge with tuberous slightly fragrant root which is used like =kajiji=, _q.v._ Syn. =kajijin fadama=; (possibly the same as =ḍan Tunuga=, _q.v._).

=gizgirin kaba=, _vide_ under =goriba=.

=godar zomo=, Tinnea Barteri, Gürke (Labiatæ); an undershrub with a deep-purple flower and inflated calyx. (Etym. “hare-bell”). (Also applied to Cardiospermum Halicacabum, _vide_ =gautan kwaḍo=, on account of the inflated capsule).

=goga jiki=, Combretum sp. ?C. leonense, Engl. and Diels.; a tree with rough fissured bark. (Etym. from the chafing of the skin when faggots are carried in the arms). A gum-yielder. ?Syn. =wuyan damo=, _q.v._ =gogin damo= (Zanfara).

=goga masu=, Mitracarpum scabrum, Zucc. (Rubiaceæ); a weed with small white flowers, used as a medicine for hair-lice, itch, &c. (Etym. “smear spears,” from its superstitious use as a preventive against wounds). Syn. =harwatsi= (Sok.).

=goge= (?Hausa), Feretia canthioides, Hiern. (Rubiaceæ). Syn. =ḳuruḳuru=, _q.v._ and =lallen suri=.

=gogin damo=, _vide_ =goga jiki=.

=goji=, pumpkin, _vide_ under =kabewa=.

=gojin jima= or =gunar jima=, Adenopus breviflorus, Benth. (Cucurbitaceæ); a wild pumpkin-like twiner growing on trees, with ovoid mottled fruit used by tanners for dehairing.

=gombiliki= (Sok.), _vide_ =falfoli=.

=gongola= or =gwongola=, a canoe-pole of the =tukuruwa= palm, _q.v._ (_gwangwala_ = the Nupé name for the palm Raphia vinifera).

=gora=, a var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.

=gora=, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Monro (Gramineæ); a kind of bamboo, common in ravines.

=gorgo= (?Kanuri), Solanum sp.; the flowers of a plant like the native tomato (=gauta=), used to rub the teeth. Syn. =gautan bagirmi= and =jaudari= (East Hausa).

=goriba=, Hyphæne Thebaica, Mart. (Palmeæ). “Dum Palm.” “Ginger-bread Palm.” Common palm with forked stems. _kaba_, _q.v._ = the fronds, used for plaiting various articles; _gizgirin kaba_ = the thickened root of _giginya_; _kwalshi_ = the edible kernel of the unripe nut eaten raw; _ḳodago_ or _ḳwalu_ = the ripe hard nut; the rind is used as food and in making _maḍi_ (molasses) and _allewa_ (a sweetmeat); _zaḳi birri_ (East Hausa or Kanuri) = the rind made into cakes (_waina_, &c.). Fibre is got from the root, _vide_ under _meḍi_. _cf._ also _gangame_, _kankămi_, _ḳarari_ and _murli_.

=goriya=, _vide_ under =goro=.

=goro=, Kola Nut; the seed of Cola acuminata, Schott. and Endl. and other species (Sterculiaceæ). (The true Kola has the seed divisible into 2 sections (cotyledons), in the other species there are usually 3 or 4. “Genuine” Kola nut = C. acuminata (Gold Coast). “False” Kola nut = C. Johnsoni and C. verticillata (Gold Coast). “Bitter Kola seeds” = Garcinia Conrauana, Engl. (Guttiferæ) (N. and S. Nigeria), eaten but not a stimulant). Imported from Gold Coast, Lagos, and Adamawa; cultivated in some southern provinces. Some of the numerous trade varieties are:—

_goriya_, pl. _goriye_, the largest nuts; _marsa_, the second size of nuts; _minu_, the smallest; _labuje_, a large pale var. from Gwanja and grown in Bida, said to be the best; _ḍan kwataho_, the best in Adamawa, Benué, from Ngaumdere, Bamyo, &c.; _ataras_, a Gwanja nut; _hannu ruwa_, a cheap pale variety divisible into 3 or more sections, from Bamyo, &c. (name from the viscid juice); _ḍalaka_ or _ḍan laka_, a larger nut resembling _hannu ruwa_; _sandalu_, also a pale nut of similar type; _ganji gaga_, pale with about 4 sections, of inferior quality; from Bafum, &c.; _gazari_, an inferior var. viscid like _hannu ruwa_, from Bafum, &c.; _ibi_, an inferior var. got from Yoruba, not reddening the mouth (sometimes classed as _goron biri_); _gandi_, an inferior pale var. like _ibi_; _jan karago_, an early maturing rough-skinned var.; _gamma gari_, mature at the height of the season; _nata_, red and smooth, usually small.

_ḅare_ = half a kola nut; _gutsuri_ = pieces of kola nut handed round a company.

_saran waga_ = 100 nuts of mixed sizes; _farsa_ = the separated sections.

_mijin goro_, Sterculia or Cola, or Garcinia sp. (_vide_ above), “Wild Kola,” “False Kola,” used medicinally. _vide_ also _sarawan goro_.

=goron biri= or =g. ruwa=, Irvingia Smithii, Hook. f. (Simarubeæ); a large evergreen tree by streams and in ravines, with scarlet plum-like fruit.

=goron yan makaranta=, an insect gall on the grass called =katsaimu=, _q.v._

=guda= (Kano) or =gudaji= (Sok.), a bulb; the common onion, one of the varieties of =albasa=, _q.v._

=guḍe guḍe=, Dactyloctenium ægyptiacum, Willd. (Gramineæ). “Comb Fringe Grass;” a small grass with 4-rayed spikes; a good horse fodder.

=gudumar biri=, _vide_ =katsaimu=.

=gudumar zomo= (East Hausa), a name for Gloriosa superba, L. _vide_ =baurairai=.

=gujiya= (Kano &c.), Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars. (Leguminosæ); a kind of ground-bean; the so-called “Bambarra Ground Nut.” Syn. =kwaruru=, _q.v._ N.B. In Sokoto and some other districts _gujiya_ is also used for _geḍa_ (Arachis hypogæa)—_kwaruru_ or Voandzeia subterranea being distinguished as _g. dukkus_ (Sok. and West), etym. from the dwarf habit—; similarly _g. ḳwarasḳwaras_ (Sok. and Kano); _g. tsugunne_ (Kano)—etym. _tsugunna_ = to squat—_gujiya al kuluga_, and _g. maikwokwo_ (from the resemblance of the pods to the smallest calabash) are names in East Hausa; _g. kolanche_ (Sok.) = a long variety of Arachis or _geḍa_, _q.v._ _bidi_ = one of the varieties of _gujiya_ with spotted and mottled seeds.

=gujiyar awaki=, _vide_ =geḍar awaki=.

=gujiyar dawaki= (Zanfara), Polygala arenaria, Willd. _vide_ =sa hankaki dako=.

=gujiyar hankaka= (Katagum), Indigofera echinata, Willd. (Leguminosæ); a weed with small prickly pods, eaten by goats, &c. Syn. =kwankwan dafi= (Sok. and Kats.); also =chuchun kariya= or =gaton kariya=.

=gumba=, _vide_ under =gero=.

=gumbi=, loosely applied to several plants which form thorny thickets; e.g. in Sokoto =gumbi= generally = Mimosa asperata, a thorny shrub very abundant on river-banks. _vide_ =ḳaidaji= and _cf._ =dufuwa= and =ḳumchi=.

=gumi= = rice boiled and dried (in which form it is commonly sold); =ḍanyen gumi= = husked but still unboiled rice. _vide_ under =shinkafa=.

=guna=, Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. (Cucurbitaceæ). The “Water-Melon” (a very variable species). _gunar mutane_ or _kankana_ = the edible or garden water-melon, with red pulp and black or red seeds; _gunar shanu_ = the common half wild and cultivated var. with deeply cut leaves, and spherical fruit with green variegated stripes when unripe; _fari_ (Kano and East) = a large water-melon, usually white-fleshed; _kwokiya_ = a smaller sweet melon; _tamna geḍa_ = a small melon like _kwokiya_, but only eaten cooked (= _garangarma_, East Hausa); _bambus_ = a variety known in the north; _agushi_ (Yoruba _egushi_) = seeds of water-melon, sold for various uses—chewing, medicine, oil, and food.

=gunar jima=, _vide_ =gojin jima=.

=gunar kura=, Cucumis Figarei, Del. (Cucurbitaceæ); a wild prostrate gourd with ovoid slightly prickly fruit; better known as =tsuwawun zaki=, _q.v._; also called =maḳaimi=.

=gunda=, =gundar kabewa= = the small immature fruits of the pumpkin (_vide_ =kabewa=), used in soup. =gundar turu turu= = unexpanded flower-buds of =ḍorowa=, _q.v._

=gunduru=, _vide_ under =geḍar kurumi=.

=gunguma=, a long-leaved plant (?Amaryllideæ), used to stupefy birds, and sometimes added to arrow-poison. ?Syn. =murtsunguwa=.

=guntsu= = seeds of =kuka=, _q.v._

=gurasa=, _vide_ under =alkama=.

=gurdugu=, Grewia sp. (Tiliaceæ); a shrub with small yellow flowers and sweet edible berries. Syn. =kamu mowa=, _q.v._ and ?=kimbar dutsi=.

=gurguzu= = seeds of the “Red Sorrel” or =yakuwa=, _q.v._

=guriya= (Sok.) = seeds of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.

=gurji=, Cucumis Melo, Linn. var. agrestis, Naud. (Cucurbitaceæ); a small prostrate gourd with ovoid striped fruit used in soup; much used in East Hausa and Bornu; probably more than one variety; e.g. _kwantal_ or _gurji kwantal_—a smaller one less used. Syn. =gwalli= (Sok.). _gurjin daji_, applied to some wild gourds, e.g. Cephalandra indica, Naud. a wild climber with white flowers and cucumber-like fruit turning red and succulent; not edible.

=gurjiya=, Bombax buonopozense, Beauv. (Malvaceæ). “Red-flowered Silk Cotton Tree;” a tree like =rimi=, _q.v._ but smaller, with red tulip-like flowers and stout thorns on the branches. The silky hairs are used to stuff pack-saddles, armour-quilts &c. Syn. =kuriya= (Sok. and Zanf.).

=guro= (Sok.), Hibiscus esculentus, Linn. The okra. Syn. =kuḅewa=, _q.v._

=gursami=, a plant with radiate tuberous roots eaten in scarcity.

=gusu=? (Zanfara). Syn. for =tsa=, _q.v._ a shrub—Phyllanthus reticulatus.

=gutsuri=, _vide_ under =goro=.

=gwabsa= (Sok. Kats. and Zanf.), Cussonia nigerica, Hutch. sp. nov. (Araliaceæ); a tree with large digitate leaves, corrugated bark and odorous sap; often called =takanḍar giwa=, _q.v._; also =hannun kuturu= (from the bare leafless branches in the dry season). _namijin gwabsa_ (or _takanḍar giwa_, Sok. Kats. and Zanf.) = Hannoa undulata, Planch. (Simarubeæ); a tree with pinnate leaves, fragrant white blossoms, and black plum-like fruit.

=gwaḍayi= or =gwoḍeyi=, Hippocratea obtusifolia, var. Richardiana, Loes. (Celastrineæ); a twining shrub with tough stems used as tie-tie for _tanka_, &c., resisting white ants. (Perhaps several plants of similar habit and use are included in the Hausa name; _cf._ =kana kana=). _cf._ the expression _gwaḍayi, ba saranka, ba ja_—if not cut first it cannot be broken by pulling.

=gwaigwaya=? (Katagum &c.), Cyperus exaltatus, Retz. (Cyperaceæ); a tall sedge of wet places, with 3-angled stem, and radiating numerous flower-spikes. Syn. =karan masallachin kogi=.

=gwalli=, _vide_ =gurji=.

=gwanda= or =g. Masar=, Carica Papaia, Linn. (Papayaceæ). The “Pawpaw” or “Melon Tree.”

=gwandar daji=, Anona senegalensis, Pers. (Anonaceæ); a species of Custard Apple common in the bush, with yellow edible fruit and fragrant leaves.

=gwandayi= (Kano &c.), Stylochiton Dalzielii, N.E. Br. sp. nov. (Aroideæ); a plant of the Arum-lily family, with arrow-head leaves and a yellow root; young leaves and root sometimes eaten as a pot-herb after prolonged boiling to remove the acrid principle. Syn. =kinchiya= (Sok. and Kats.).

=Gwanja kusa=, a name for several plants supposed to have properties resembling kola and other economic products of Gwanja in G. Coast, N. Terr. e.g. often applied to the “Akee Apple”—Blighia sapida, Koenig. (_vide_ =alale=), which has scarlet fruit reminiscent of kola; also Parinarium curatellæfolium (_vide_ =rura=), a tree the young leaf of which is sometimes chewed and reddens the mouth; the flowers of Trichilia emetica (_vide_ =jan saye=), similarly used; the herb Heliotropium Zeylanicum, Lam. (Boragineæ), used as a tonic, and staining the lips like kola. Also several plants which turn black in drying (chiefly Scrophularineæ), and are sometimes mixed with indigo, e.g. Cycnium camporum, Eng. with white petunia-like flowers.

=gwanno= (Sok. and Zanf.), _vide_ =gabachara=.

=gwano rafi=, Olax subscorpioidea, Oliv. (Olacineæ); an evergreen shrub with an unpleasant odour; (=gwano= = the stink ant).

=gwaska=, =itchen gwaska=, Erythrophlœum guineense, Don. (Leguminosæ). “Sasswood.” “Ordeal Tree.” A forest tree; the bark (“sassy bark”) is used by some pagan tribes in an ordeal brew and as an occasional ingredient in arrow-poison.

=gwaza=, Colocasia antiquorum, Schott. (Aroideæ). The “Koko yam” (Yoruba—_koko_); an aroid plant with huge arrow-head leaves, cultivated for the starchy tuber. _gwazar giwa_, one of many names for an aroid with large lurid purple flower-spathe, a much-divided leaf and a bulky tuber with acrid juice; called also _hansar giwa_ (“elephant’s breast”), _kunnen jaki_, _buran jaki_, and sometimes _kinchiya_, _q.v._) = Amorphophallus dracontioides, N.E. Br.

=gwazkiya= (Zanf.), _vide_ =bogo zage=.

=gwoḍeyi=, _vide_ =gwaḍayi=.

=gwolon zaki=, _vide_ =tsuwawun zaki=.

=gwundi=, a var. of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.

=gyaḍa=, the ground-nut, _vide_ =geḍa=.

=gyamro=, _vide_ under =dawa=.

=gyandama=, a var. of the bottle-gourd, _vide_ under =duma=.

=gyazama=, Rottbœllia exaltata, Linn. fil. (Gramineæ); a tall harsh-leaved grass, eaten by horses; called also =dadawa= and =dawa dawa=.

=H=

=haḍa fuḍa= (Sok.), a name for Cassia Kotschyana, Oliv. (Leguminosæ), and probably other species of Cassia; _vide_ under =gamma faḍa=. (?a corruption of a Fulani name).

=haguguwa=, a species of Ficus; _vide_ =uwar yara=.

=haki=, pl. =hakukuwa=, any kind of grass or weed.

=hakin furtau= (Sok.), Sporobolus festivus, Hochst. (Gramineæ); a small slender grass with delicate panicle of small purplish flowers; sometimes mixed with others for thatching. (Etym. _furtau_ = a quail).

=haḳorin kada=, Argemone Mexicana, Linn. Yellow prickly poppy; _vide_ under =kwarko=.

=haḳorin kare=, Panicum fluitans, Retz. (Gramineæ); a grass with hollow stem, in wet places; used as fodder. (Etym. “dog’s tooth,” from the shape of the flower spikelets.)

=haḳorin machiji=, Achryanthes aspera, L. (Amaranthaceæ); a troublesome weed of waste places, with small sharply pointed reflexed flowers; commonly also called =ḳaimin ḳadangare=, _q.v._

=halshen saniya=, 1. In Sok. Kats. Bauchi, &c. = Portulaca oleracea, Linn. “Purslane,” a common weed of waste places, with yellow flowers and succulent spathulate leaves, commonly called =fasa ḳabba=, _q.v._ and _cf._ also =dabrin saniya=, _vide_ under =gadon machiji=. 2. In Zanfara, &c. =halshen sa= = a name for Lonchocarpus laxiflorus, G. et P. a leguminous tree with purple flowers; leaves given to goats as fodder. _vide_ =shunin biri= and =farin sansami=.

=halshen damo=, a var. of =gero=, _q.v._

=hana gobara= (Zanfara), _vide_ under =dali=.

=hana taḳama=, _vide_ under =gadon machiji=.

=hanjin rago=, Oxystelma bornouense, R. Br. (Asclepiadeæ); a slender twiner with milky juice and white and purple flowers, commonly growing on bushes by streams.

=hankufa=, Waltheria americana, Linn. (Buettneriaceæ); a common erect weed or undershrub with soft leaves and small yellow flowers; used medicinally.

=hannu biat= or =yatsa biat=, a plant with 5-digitate leaves; used medicinally.

=hannun giwa=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._

=hannun kuturu=, _vide_ under =gwabsa=.

=hannun marini=, a var. of bean, _vide_ under =wake=.

=hannu ruwa=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.

=hano= (Sok. and Kats., &c.), Boswellia Dalzielii, Hutch. sp. nov. and Boswellia odorata, Hutch. sp. nov. (Burseraceæ). Two closely similar species of “Frankincense Tree” (the former more in Sokoto, Kontagora, Zaria, &c., the latter in Yola province, &c.). Syn. =ararabi= (Katsina, &c.), =basamu= (Sok. and Zanf.). The fragrant gum-resin is used medicinally and as a fumigation for clothing, houses, &c. (Etym. from _hana_, to prevent, from a prejudice some have against it, believing that it prevents success in trade, &c.; a form of deceit is to adulterate or substitute it for other resins such as _ḳaron maje_, &c. _cf._ the name _ba samu_ indicating the same idea).

=hansar gada=, =hansar giwa=, names given to several Aroid plants; _vide_ =tsakara=, =gwazar giwa=, &c.; (_hansa_ = the breast).

=hanza=, _vide_ =anza=.

=harawa=, stem and leaf of bean and ground-nut plants, used as fodder, =harawan wake=, =harawan geḍa=. =harawan ḍorowa=, _vide_ under =ḍorowa=.

=harḳiya=, Digitaria debilis, Willd. (Gramineæ); a common fodder grass, 1½ to 2 feet high, with several slender flower rays. “Finger Grass.”

=harwatsi= (Sok.), Mitracarpum scabrum, Zucc. (Rubiaceæ); a common weed. Syn. =goga masu=, _q.v._

=hatsin manoma= (Sok.), Pancratium trianthum, Herb. (Amaryllideæ); a bulbous herb with beautiful white lily-like flowers appearing with the early rains; (sometimes called “Spider Lily”).

=haujeri= (Katagum, &c.), =haujerin mutane=, Capparis corymbosa, Lam. (Capparideæ). A climbing thorny shrub, with white flowers and yellow fruit like a small orange, sometimes eaten. The leaves are sometimes used as food. _haujerin raḳumi_, Capparis tomentosa, Lam. A thorny woody climber similar to the last, more common and with larger fruit, not eaten. Generally called _ḳabdodo_ (Sok. Kats., &c.); ?_chauchaka_ (Zanfara).

=haukat yaro=, Datura Metel, Linn. (Solanaceæ). “Hairy Thorn Apple.” _vide_ =zaḳami=, and =babba juji=. A large weed of waste places, with long trumpet-shaped white flowers. (Etym. from its deliriant property).

=hawayen zaki=, Anaphrenium abyssinicum, Hochst. (= Rhus insignis, Del.) (Anacardiaceæ). A tree with milky juice; the stems are commonly used as sticks to apply _kwolli_.

=huda=, _vide_ =fuda=; =hudar awaki=, _vide_ under =geḍa= and =biya rana=.

=I=

=ibi=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.

=iburu= (or =aburu=), a common cereal much planted in Zaria and other districts.

=idon saniya= (Kano and East), Solanum incanum, Linn. and other species of Solanum; (the equivalent of the Ful. name _giti nai_ or “ox-eye”). _vide_ =gautan kura=.

=idon zakara=, Abrus precatorius, Linn. (Leguminosæ). “Prayer Beads,” “Jequirity,” “Bird’s Eye” (S. Leone). A twiner with pinnate leaves and clustered pods containing small scarlet seeds with a black spot; used chiefly as a medicinal charm. Syn. =tandara= (Kano and Kats.), =taga rana= (Kano market), (_idon zakara_ is also used for the scarlet seeds of _minjiriya_, _q.v._ Erythrina senegalensis).

=ingidido=, Cratæva Adansonii, G. et P. (Capparideæ); a tree with 3 fol. leaves, white flowers and a yellow-shelled fruit.

=ingirichi= = chopped-up hay as fodder.

=intaya=, _vide_ =acha=, a small grass cultivated as a cereal.

=innuwar ḅauna=, Morelia senegalensis, A. Rich. (Rubiaceae); an evergreen shrub with white flowers, common on the banks of streams.

=innuwar gada=, Opilia celtidifolia, Endl. (Olacineæ); a climbing shrub with fragrant whitish flowers; used medicinally for horses, &c.; sometimes called =namijin lemu=.

=innuwar tufi= (Sok.), a floating plant in pools, &c. (_tufi_ = a sp. of fish). ?Æschynome crassicaulis, Harms. _vide_ =kaiḍajin ruwa=.

=itchen gado=, Fluggea microcarpa, Blume (Euphorbiaceæ); a shrub the stems of which are used for native beds, &c.; more generally called =tsa=, _q.v._

=itchen kurḍi=, 1. In Sokoto = Melia Azedarach, Linn. (Meliaceæ). “Pride of India,” “Persian” or “African Lilac.” A tree with twice-pinnate leaves, bunches of lilac flowers and ovoid yellow fruit. (Etym. “_taḅa ni ka samu kurḍi_,” from a supposed virtue as a charm). Syn. =kurnan nasara= (Kontagora, East Hausa, &c.), _q.v._ 2. Burkea africana, Hook. (Leguminosæ); a large tree with pale twice-pinnate leaves, spikes of creamy flowers and small flat pods. _vide_ =kurḍi=.

=itchen Masar=, Croton Zambesicus, Müell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ); a shrub sometimes planted in native compounds; (name given to several exotic plants).

=J=

=jallo=, a small var. of bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.

=jan baḳo= (Sok. and Zanf.), a name given to certain thatching grasses which turn red in colour when mature; e.g. Andropogon apricus, var. africanus, Hack. and Andropogon exilis, Hochst. (_vide_ =jan rauno=). Syn. =jan bauje=, =jan datsi=; _vide_ also =laḅanda=.

=jan itache=, _vide_ =jan yaro=.

=janjari= (Sok.), a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._

=jan karago=, _vide_ under =goro=.

=jan rauno= (or =jan ramno=, Sok.), Andropogon exilis, Hochst. (Gramineæ). A grass about 1½ to 2 feet high, turning russet-red in autumn; used for thatch, and chopped up to mix with building clay; also a fodder grass. Syn. =jan bauje=; _cf._ also =jan baḳo=, and _vide_ =ramno=.

=jan saye= (Sok., Zanf., Kontagora), Trichilia emetica, Vahl. (Meliaceæ). A tree common in central Hausaland. The seeds yield a less important oil; root used in native medicine. _vide_ =Gwanja kusa=.

=jan yaro= (or =jan itache=), Hymenocardia acida, Tul. (Euphorbiaceæ). A shrub or small tree with a reddish bark.

=jaudari= (East Hausa), Solanum sp. Syn. =gorgo=, _q.v._

=jawul= = Myrrh, the gum-resin of Balsamodendron myrrha, Nees. (Burseraceæ); brought by Arabs; (possibly also that of Odina Wodier, Roxb. called _jewul_ or _jiyal_ in India).

=jema=, Vetiveria zizanioides, Stapf. (Gramineæ). “Vetiver” or “Cus Cus,” a tall clump-grass of marshy places; used for _zana_, and for plaiting straw armlets called _darambuwa_, _q.v._ In some districts the large swamp-grass with red-purple flowering heads—Rhytachne gigantea, Stapf.—is included.

=jemo=, a short club-shaped var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.

=jibda ḳassa=, Cissampelos Pareira, Linn. (Menispermaceæ). “Velvet-leaf” of “False Pareira Brava.” An ivy-like twiner with greyish velvety leaves; the bitter root is sold as a medicine for many purposes, and is considered _sarikin ḍachi_ as _zuma_ is _sarikin zaḳi_. (The name is sometimes corrupted into =judar ḳas=). Also called =fiyaka= or =piyaka=. _vide_ also under =gaḍaukuka=.

=jigari= (Ful.), a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._

=jimbiri=, “haricots verts,” uncooked bean pods used for food, _vide_ under =wake=.

=jimfa=, _vide_ =majimfa=.

=jimfi= or =jimpa jimpa= (Kats. Sok. and Zanf.), _vide_ =gajiri=.

=jimshi=, _vide_ =dussa=.

=jina jina= (Sok. and Zanf.), _vide_ =bajini=.

=jinin mutum=, Arnebia Hispidissima, DC. (Boragineæ); a rough-leaved weed with small yellow flowers and a red root capable of use as a dye.

=jirga= (Sok. and Kats.), Bauhinia rufescens, Lam. (Leguminosæ). A shrub with small bifid leaves and black twisted pods; used medicinally and as a charm. Syn. =tsatsagi= (Sok. Zaria, Kano, &c.) or =matsagi=.

=jiri=, Stereospermum Kunthianum, Cham. (Bignoniaceæ). A tree with beautiful pink flowers, smooth bark and slender pendulous pods; more commonly called =sansami=, _q.v._

=K=

=kaba=, the fronds of the =goriba=, _q.v._ or “Dum Palm,” Hyphæne Thebaica, Mart. (less applied to other palms, e.g. _kabar giginya_); used for plaiting mats, baskets, cordage, &c. _cf._ _gangame_, _kankami_, and _ḳarri_.

=kabar giwa= (Kano and East), Aloe Barteri, Baker? (Liliaceæ); an aloe with speckled succulent sharp-pointed leaves and yellow or red flowers. Syn. =zabo= (Sok.), _q.v._

=ḳabdodo= or =ḳaudodo= (Sok. and Kats.), or =ḳwododo=, Capparis tomentosa, Lam. (Capparideæ); a thorny shrub of climbing habit with a small orange-like fruit. _vide_ =haujeri= (Katagum, &c.), and ?=chauchaka= (Zanfara), also ?=chizaki=.

=kabewa= (Kano, &c. = =kubewa=, Sok. but not =kuḅewa=, the okra, _q.v._) Cucurbita Pepo, DC. (Cucurbitaceæ). Pumpkin or Pompion; (probably also C. maxima, Duch. Squash Gourd) a large cultivated gourd with harsh foliage and yellow flowers. Syn. =goji= (Zaria). _kabushi_ (Sok.), or _ruguguwa_ (Kano) = a long var. (var. _ovifera_) the Vegetable Marrow. _gundar kabewa_ = the small immature fruits, used in soup; _cf._ under =ḍorowa=.

=kabido=, a long waterproof hood, made usually from palm-leaf of =tukuruwa=, _q.v._

=kachalla= (Kanuri), _vide_ =shalla= or =salla=.

=kaḍa= (Sok.), Cotton or the Cotton Plant; _vide_ =abduga=.

=kaḍa kaḍa= (Kontagora), Cienfuegosia heteroclada, Sprague, (Bixineæ). A low shrub with pink flowers appearing from the base, and pods with a rusty wool resembling cotton.

=kaḍanya= or =kaḍai=, Butyrospermum Parkii, Kotschy. (Sapotaceæ). Shea Butter Tree. _ḳwara_ = the kernel, used for production of the fat by boiling and skimming; _man kaḍai_ = shea butter used as food, as an illuminant, and as a vehicle for medicines. The soft fleshy part of the fruit is edible. (_hanchin kaḍai_, _vide_ =ḳanumfari=). _namijin kaḍai_, or _mijin kaḍai_ = Lophira alata, Banks. (Dipterocarpeæ). “Meni Oil Tree.” A tree with white flowers and foliage which resembles that of =kaḍanya=. Bark medicinal, and leaf a common ju-ju or charm amongst some pagan tribes. The tree is sometimes (erroneously) called “African Oak.” Syn. _kujeme_?

=kaḍanyar rafi= or =kaḍanyar kurumi=, Adina microcephala, Hiern. (Rubiaceæ); a large tree with spherical heads of flowers, found on the banks of streams. (In the Benué region the name _kaḍanyar kurumi_ or _kiriyar kurumi_ has been applied to a different hard-wooded forest-tree.)

=kadaura= (Kano, Zaria, &c.), Pardaniellia oliveri, Rolfe (= Daniellia thurifera, Bennett), (Leguminosæ). West African or Ilorin Copaiba Balsam Tree. Wood oil Tree. A large tree, the source of much of the West African copal. Syn. =maje= (Sok., &c.), _q.v._

=kaḍai=, _vide_ =kaḍanya=.

=ka fafogo=, Uapaca guineensis, Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ); a tree resembling a fig-tree, with broad shining leaves and yellowish ovoid fruit; sometimes an ingredient in arrow poison.

=ḳafar fakara=, or =ḳafar gauraka= (Sok. and Kats.), Chloris breviseta, Benth. (Gramineæ) (and C. virgata, Sw.). A grass about 2 feet high with radiating flower-spikes; seeds edible. Syn. =sawun gauraka= (Katagum &c.).

=ḳafar kaza= (Sok. and Zanf.), Ipomœa pterygocaulos, Hall fil. (Convolvulaceæ); a twiner with white flowers, winged stems and a divided leaf.

=ḳafar mutuwa=, Mallotus oppositifolius, Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceæ); a shrub growing on river-banks, with heart-shaped leaves used as a vermifuge.

=ka fi boka=, Ipomœa argentaurata, Hall fil. (Convolvulaceæ); a trailing convolvulus with whitish flowers and silvery hairy leaves. (Etym. from its use as a medicinal charm). Syn. =farin gammo=.

=ka fi malam=, Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn. (Convolvulaceæ). A small herb with pale blue flowers. (Etym. from its many uses as a medicine, love charm, &c.)

=ka fi rama= (Kano, &c.), Urena lobata, Linn. (Malvaceæ). An undershrub with pink flowers and bark yielding a fibre. Syn. =ramaniya= (Sok., Kats., &c.), _q.v._ _vide_ also under =garamani=.

=ḳafon baḍi= or =ḳ. batsi= (Kano), a plant eaten in famine at the end of the dry season. Probably some of the tuberous Asclepiads or “Milkweeds” and others related, e.g. Cryptolepis nigritana, N.E. Br. (Apocynaceæ), an erect slender-branched undershrub with milky juice and a thickened root, is so named.

=ḳaguwa= (Kano and East), or =aguwa= (Sok., Kats., &c.), Euphorbia sepium, N.E. Br.; a variety of “Milk Hedge,” a shrub with milky juice, planted as a hedge; very common in the north; (different from =fidda sartsi=, _q.v._). Syn. =aliyara= (Gobir); =waiyaro= (Katagum). Used medicinally chiefly for horses.

=ḳaidaji= (Kano), =ḳardaji= (Sok.), Mimosa asperata, Linn. (Leguminosæ). A thorny mimosa abundant on river-banks with pinkish balls of flowers and slightly sensitive leaves. (Etym. a corruption of _ḳaya da jini_). In Sokoto sometimes spoken of as =gumbi=, _q.v._

=ḳaidajin ruwa=, Æschynome crassicaulis, Harms. (Leguminosæ); a trailing water-plant with pinnate leaves and yellow flowers, on the surface of pools or muddy swamps. ?Syn. =innuwar tufi= (Sok.), _q.v._ and =yaron kogi= (Katagum).

=ḳaiḳai=, Parinarium polyandrum, Benth. (Rosaceæ); a tree with bunches of purple grape-like fruit; (scarcely distinct in Hausa from =rura=, _q.v._).

=ḳaiḳai ḳoma ḳan mashikiya=, Indigofera astragalina, DC. (Leguminosæ); an erect hairy weed, used as a medicinal charm against poison and other injury. (Etym. “Oh chaff, return upon the winnower”!—intended injury returning to the evildoer’s hurt).

=kaikwaiyo=, _vide_ under =aduwa=.

=ḳaimin ḳadangare=, Achryanthes aspera, Linn. (Amaranthaceæ). A weed with reflexed sharply spiked flowers. Syn. =haḳorin machiji=, _q.v._

=kain ḅarawo= or =kain mutum=, Leonotis pallida, Benth. (Labiatæ). A tall herb with large globular whorls of flowers. Syn. =tsikar sabra= or =tsikar gida= (Sok.).

=kain fakara=, Cucumis Prophetarum, Linn. (Cucurbitaceæ). A ground trailer with striped gooseberry-like fruit, covered with soft prickles. Used medicinally. Syn. =kanchekulkul= (Kano, Kats. and East), and =ya manya= (Sok.).

=kain mutum=, _vide_ =kain ḅarawo=.

=kai nuwa=, Pistia Stratiotes, Linn. (Aroideæ). “Water Lettuce.” A floating plant filling stagnant pools.

=kaiwa= (Sok.), or =kanya= (Kano), Diospyros mespiliformis, Hochst. (Ebenaceæ). African Ebony Tree or Monkey Guava. A tree with very dark foliage and bark; the yellowish fruit with a brittle rind is edible and used for making _maḍi_.

=kajiji= (Kanuri), Cyperus articulatus, Linn. A sedge with fragrant tuberous root, wild and cultivated in Bornu, &c., much used as a perfume for clothing, &c., and as a medicine.

_kajiji ḍan Tunuga_, Cyperus sp. A sedge with a fragrant tuber similarly used. (_Tunuga_ = a town in French Borgu). Other varieties of false _kajiji_ are species of Cyperus with fragrant roots. _vide_ =gizgiri=.

=kajinjiri=, a small species of palm; _vide_ =dabinon biri=.

=kaka biyu=, a var. of bean; _vide_ under =wake=.

=kaka= or (=yaya=) =kai ka fitto=, Sida linifolia, Cav. (Malvaceæ). A weed with hard stem. (Etym. from growing in hard soil; probably used for several different plants).

=ka ḳi ganinbila=, _vide_ under =hana gobara= and =dali=.

=ka ḳi ruwan Allah=, _vide_ =kwarko=.

=ka ḳi zuwa Hausa=, Costus afer, Ker. (Scitamineæ); a plant of the ginger family found in shaded ravines. (Etym. because supposed not to grow in Hausaland).

=kakuma=, a grass of marshes and river-banks; used to form tie-tie for _zana_, &c.

=kalangon daji=, a tree with large 4-angled pods. ?Tetrapleura sp. _cf._ =dawo= and =sandan mayu=.

=kalgo=, _vide_ =kargo=.

=kaluwa= = seeds of =ḍorowa=, _q.v._

=kama=, a tuber, somewhat like =risga=, planted in marshy ground; (different from =gwaza= and =tumuku=).

=kamu mowa=, Grewia sp. (Tiliaceæ); a shrub with small yellow flowers and sweet berries. Syn. =gurdugu= and ?=kimbar dutsi=.

=kana kana= (Sok. and Zanf.), Paullinia pinnata, Linn. (Sapindaceæ). A woody twiner with white flowers and scarlet capsular fruit; stems used as _tanka_ for houses and fences, &c.; (perhaps included also under =gwoḍeyi=, _q.v._).

=ka nannaḍe= (Kano), =ka nannaḍo= (Sok. Kats. and Gobir), a var. of bean with curled pods, used as food; the beans are small but broad, with pale brown speckling.

=kanawa=, a var. of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.

=kanchekulkul= (Kano, Kats., &c.), Cucumis Prophetarum, Linn. (Cucurbitaceæ); _vide_ =kain fakara=.

=kandari=, Terminalia macroptera, G. et P. (Combretaceæ); a large tree with flat-winged and embossed fruits; (very similar to =baushe=, _q.v._ but a different species).

=kanju=, coast Hausa for Cashew, Anacardium occidentale.

=kankami= = the withered fronds of any palm, burnt by pagans in several districts (e.g. Fogha), to extract a sort of inferior salt.

=kankana=, water-melon; _vide_ under =guna=.

=kansuwa=, a grass; _vide_ =kyasuwa=.

=ḳanumfari= = cloves, the flower-buds of Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb. (Myrtaceæ); brought from the north. Called also _hanchin kaḍai_, from the resemblance to the peduncle of the shea fruit. (Etym. Arab. _karanfal_).

=kanya= (Kano), or =kaiwa= (Sok.), _q.v._ Diospyros mespiliformis, Hochst. (Ebenaceæ). “African Ebony Tree.”

=ḳarama anta=, Withania somnifera, Dunal. (Solanaceæ). A shrub sometimes planted near houses, with small red berries within an inflated calyx (like the Cape Gooseberry); used medicinally.

=ḳarama mowa= (Sok. and Kats.). A wild var. of =rama=, _q.v._ Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn. (Malvaceæ). A tall plant chiefly of damp places, having large yellow flowers with a purple centre (similar to =rama=) and a harsh almost prickly surface. (Etym. “little beloved,” said to be from the spicular pubescence which clings to the clothing). Synonyms of the same or allied varieties are:—_ramar rafi_, _ramar ruwa_, _yakuwar daji_, _yakuwar kwaḍi_, _yakuwar ḳaimamowa_, _yakuwar ḳaya_, &c.

=karan dafi= = the red leaf-sheaths of a var. of Sorghum (_vide_ =dawa=), used chiefly as a dye for leather.

=ḳarangiya=, Cenchrus catharticus, Del. (Gramineæ). Prickly bur grass. A good fodder; seeds edible. =ḳarangiya gumba=, the uncooked seeds pounded and eaten raw, or prepared as _fura_.

=ḳarangiyar kusu= (Kano), or =maḍaḍafin kusu= (Sok.), Cyathula prostrata, Blume (Amaranthaceæ). A luxuriant weed of waste places, with a prickly bur. Also called =tsatsarar ḅera=, _q.v._

=karani=, Digitaria Guyana, Kunth. a pale grass with white silvery flowering spikes; also called =Ba-Fillatani=, _q.v._ Syn. ?=gaji= (Sok.). _vide_ =darambuwa=.

=karan kaḅau=, Andropogon (Arthrolepis) sp. nov. (Gramineæ). A tall grass with rather broad leaves. Syn. =shamrayi= (Gando).

=karan kauji=, _vide_ =fafewa=.

=karan masallachi=, Caralluma Dalzielii, N.E. Br. (Asclepiadeæ). A leafless succulent plant with the habit of a small cactus, wild or planted near mosques, &c. Syn. =wutsiyar damo= (Sok. West), from the resemblance of the tapering young shoots to the tail of the _damo_, a large lizard, Varanus exanthematicus.

=karan masallachin kogi=, a name sometimes given to the taller sedges in pools, &c. _vide_ =gwaigwaya=, (Cyperus exaltatus, Retz. &c.).

=karan sariki=, a name for =rake=, a sugar-cane. Saccharum officinarum, Linn.

=karara=, Mucuna pruriensis, DC. (Leguminosæ). “Cowitch” or “Cowhage.” A herbaceous climber with 3-foliate leaves; the pods especially are covered with rusty pungent hairs which cause intense irritation of the skin. (A species of “Velvet-bean”).

=ḳarari= = the fibrous veins of palm fronds (chiefly =giginya= and =goriba=), used for cordage, brooms, &c.

=ḳarasa=, 1. In Gobir, Daura, &c. = Bitter Cassava, Manihot utilissima, _vide_ under =rogo=. 2. In Kano, &c. = the tuber of a species of yam = =doyar kudu= (“southern yam”) planted south of Kano, and in Zanfara, &c.; not eaten as _sokwara_ (cooked mashed yam).

=kardafi=, _vide_ under =garamani=.

=ḳardaji=, _vide_ =ḳaidaji=.

=ḳare aiki=, a var. of =rama=, _q.v._

=kargo= or =kalgo=, Bauhinia reticulata, DC. (Leguminosæ). A very common shrub in the bush, with bifid leaves and brown pods; bark used as cordage.

=ḳariya=, Adenium Honghel, DC. (Apocynaceæ). A peculiar shrub planted near dwellings, with pink flowers; leafless at the time of flowering. (Etym. “the falsehood,” because rarely seen in fruit—=ḳariya fure ta ke yi yaya ba ta yi ba=).

=kariye galma= (“break hoe”), Combretum herbaceum, Don, an undershrub with a hard root; _vide_ =taru=. Several very different plants with fibrous tufted roots are sometimes called by this name, the peculiar structure of the _galma_ rendering it liable to injury; e.g. Aneilema beniniensis, and others; _vide_ under =tsidaun kare=.

=kariye gatari= (“break axe”), a name given to some hard-wood trees, e.g. =maḳarfo= and =kurḍi=, _q.v._

=ḳarḳara= (Kano, &c.), Acacia campylacantha, Hochst. (= A. Catechu, Willd. Leguminosæ); a thorny acacia which yields a good gum used in commerce and medicinally. Syn. =karki= (Sok. Kats. and Zanf.), and =ḳayar raḳumi=; also =ḳaro= (Kano, Sok. and Kats. the name merely meaning gum and applied to other trees). _vide_ also =farichin shafo= or =ḳumbar shafo=.

=karkashi= or =kalkashi=, Ceratotheca sesamoides, Endl. (Pedaliaceæ). A prostrate herb with viscid juice and flowers similar to =riḍi=, or beni seed, _q.v._ Leaves used in soup, &c. Syn. =yauḍo=, Sok. _q.v._

=karkashin zomo=, Indigofera bracteolata, G. et P. (Leguminosæ). A very common plant in the bush, with small leaves and red flowers.

=karki=, _vide_ =ḳarḳara=.

=ḳaro=, _vide_ under =ḳarḳara=. (A name chiefly applied to Acacia campylacantha, but sometimes to other gum or resin-producing trees, e.g. =kadaura=, &c.); _vide_ under =maje=.

=kasara=, Chloris robusta, Stapf, a tall grass with white radiating flower-spikes, found in the beds of rivers.

=karmami= = leafy shoots of =dawa=, =gero=, &c.

=ḳarri= = palm fronds; chiefly applied to =giginya=; _vide_ =kaba= and =gangame=.

=kasfiya= (Sok. Kats. and Zanf.), Crossopteryx Kotschyana, Fenzl. (Rubiaceæ). A tree with bunches of whitish flowers and small hard black fruit. Also called =kashin awaki= (from the appearance of the fruit).

=kashe kaji=, _vide_ under =kaskawami=.

=kashi kashi= ?(Kontagora), a large leguminous tree; _vide_ =kolo=.

=kashin gwanki=, one of the names for Cucumis Figarei, Del. a prostrate weed of the gourd family; _vide_ =gunar kura= or =tsuwawun zaki=.

=kashin kaza=, a kind of bean; _vide_ under =giri giri=.

=kaskaifi=, Uraria picta, Desv. (Leguminosæ). A low perennial plant with long cylindrical flower-spike. (Etym. from its use as a medicinal charm against cutting weapons). Syn. =dakushe=, Sok. (Etym. “to be blunt”)—name probably applied to several plants, or to the prescription so used. _cf._ =miya tsanya=.

=kaskawami=, Psorospermum senegalense, Spach. (Hypericineæ). A shrub with red berries and dotted leaves. The leaves and bark are used as a remedy for itch, &c. also called =kashe kaji=.

=kasmakaru=, Aristida mutabilis, Trin. and Rupr. (Gramineæ). A grass with 3-rayed sharp awns, injurious to horses. (Etym. from injury to the jaw caused by the sharp awns)—name probably applied to several grasses.

=katambiri=, 1. A tree with a ribbed fleshy fruit full of small seeds used to prepare a black cosmetic; (probably several species of Randia, and Gardenia, Nat. Ord. Rubiaceæ, e.g. Randia malleifera, Benth. et Hook. fil.). 2. The cosmetic prepared from this or from the fruit of =gauḍe=, _q.v._

=katsaimu= (Sok. Kats. and East), Aristida stipoides, Lam. (Gramineæ). A tall grass with graceful panicle of sharply awned florets; commonly used for thatching, &c. Syn. =garasa= (Sok. and West); also =wutsiyar jaki= (Sok., &c.), and =tsintsiyar kogi= or =ts. maza= (Katagum). An insect-gall forming a top-shaped swelling on the stem of this grass is variously named, _kunda_, _q.v._ _mazarin kyanwa_, _gudumar biri_, or _goron yan makaranta_.

=ḳatsa ḳatsa= = =burtuntuna=, a Guinea-corn blight; _vide_ under =dawa=.

=katsami= = =daudawar kuka=, _vide_ under =kuka=.

=katsări=, Albizzia Chevalieri, Harms. (Leguminosæ); a tree of the acacia type, with loose balls of whitish fragrant flowers and flat brown pods; the bark is used by tanners in some districts.

=kauchi=, Loranthus pentagona, DC. (and L. dodoneæfolius, DC. and other spp.) (Loranthaceæ). A parasitic shrub commonly growing on various trees; e.g. on =ḳadanya= called =kauchin kaḍai=. Used medicinally and as a charm. _vide_ also under =sansami=. Sometimes called W. Indian Mistletoe.

=ḳaudodo=, _vide_ =ḳabdodo=.

=kaura=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._

=kawo=, Afzelia africana, Smith (Leguminosæ); one of the African Mahoganies or “Mahogany Bean,” a large shade tree, with thick very hard pods and large black seeds. The seeds are sold as a medicinal charm called _fasa daga_, _q.v._ The leaves are used as a cattle food.

=ḳawuri=, Ficus kawuri, Hutch. (Urticaceæ); a large tree of the fig family, yielding a white latex collected as rubber. (Ficus glumosa, Del. is included).

=ḳayar giwa=, a ground-trailer with thorny stem and a tuberous root edible when cooked; sometimes used in famine. Syn. =doyar giwa=.

=ḳayar ḳadangare=, Asparagus Pauli-Guilelmi, Solms. and Laub. and other spp. (Liliaceæ); a straggling half-climbing plant with prickles and acicular leaves. Syn. =masun ḳadangare= (“lizard’s spears”); more commonly called =tsatsarar ḅera=, but _vide_ also =ḳarangiyar kusu=. Stems used for traps, &c.

=ḳayar kusu=? _vide_ =kwaranga=.

=ḳayar raḳumi=, _vide_ under =ḳarḳara=.

=ḳeḳasheshe=, 1. Syn. =tsiyayi= = peeled stems of =rama=, _q.v._ used in medicine and magic; also after scotching applied as a black pigment in wall decoration; (_cf._ =zamarke=). 2. The name of one or more different plants in the bush.

=ḳerama=, a var. of =dawa=, _q.v._

=kerana= (Kano, &c.), Euphorbia Barteri, N.E. Br. a tall branched cactus-like tree with angled prickly stem and milky juice. The name includes other species commonly classed as E. abyssinica, Gmelin, used as a fence.

=kibiyar daji=, _vide_ under =tsika=.

=kilili= = flowers of the date palm; _vide_ under =dabino=.

=kimba=, Xylopia æthiopica, A. Rich. (Anonaceæ). “African,” “Guinea,” or “Negro Pepper.” A tree; the small cylindrical black pods are sold as a medicine and spice.

=kimba kimba= or =kimbar dawaki=, &c., Hyptis pectinata, Poir (Labiatæ). An erect odorous weed of damp places.

=kimbar dutsi=, _vide_ =kamu mowa=.

=kimbar mahalba= (Sok. Kats. and Zanf.), Lantana salvifolia, Jacq. (Verbenaceæ). An undershrub with fragrant leaves and flowers used to flavour food, milk, &c.

=kimbar rafi=, ?Platystonia africana, P. Beauv. (Labiatæ). A luxuriant weed of river-beds with slightly fragrant leaves; used medicinally.

=kinchiya= (Sok. and Kats.), Stylochiton Dalzielii, N.E. Br. (Aroideæ). Syn. =gwandayi=, _q.v._

=ḳini= (Sok. and Kats.), Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. (Leguminosæ). A branched undershrub with soft leaves and pink flowers; used medicinally. Syn. =maraguwa= (Katagum, &c.).

=kiri kiri=, Cynodon dactylon, Pers. (Gramineæ). “Dub Grass.” “Bermuda Grass.” A small creeping grass with narrow radiating flower-spikes; a good fodder; capable of forming turf and binding sand. Syn. =tsarkiyar zomo= (Sok.).

=kiriya=, Prosopis oblonga, Benth. (Leguminosæ); an acacia-like tree with white flowering spikes and brown pods; the seeds called _akiye_ or _akwiye_ (Nupe _piye_), are used to make _daudawa_, _q.v._

_namijin kiriya_, _vide_ _kolo_.

_kiriyar kurumi_ or _kaḍanyar kurumi_, a name given to a hard-wooded forest tree of the Benué region, not known in Hausa.

=kirni= (Kano), or =kisni= (Sok. and Zanf.), Briedelia ferruginea, Benth. (Euphorbiaceæ). A shrub, the root of which is in some districts used as an antidote to arrow-poison. _makubar mahalba_ = a fermented extract of the bark used sometimes for hardening floors; (_vide_ under =ḍorowa=).

=kirtani=, a strong twine made from fibre of =yawan wake=, =tumfafiya=, and =yaḍiya=, _q.v._

=ḳi taḅewa=, a medicine; sold in the form of small tuberous pieces with rootlets (probably the root of a grass); used in fumigation as a charm, love-potion, &c. (Etym. “fail me never”).

=ḳodagaya=, a kind of bean; ?Canavalia ensiformis, DC. Cultivated as a climber on fences and trees, &c.

=ḳodago= or (=ḳwalo=), the hard-shelled nut of the Dum palm, _vide_ under =goriba=.

=kokara=, a hard-wooded tree; walking-sticks and cudgels called _umara_, are made from it.

=ko karani=, a var. of =rama=, _q.v._

=ḳoḳiya=, Strychnos spinosa, Lam. (Loganiaceæ). A tree with yellow hard-shelled fruit a little larger than an orange; the acid pulp is edible, the seeds are poisonous.

_namijin ḳoḳiya_, Strychnos alnifolia, Baker, and S. triclisioides, Baker; two very similar shrubs with smaller fruit than =ḳoḳiya=; not edible.

=ḳoḳiyar biri= (Kontagora), Voacanga obtusa, K. Schum. (Apocynaceæ). A tree with paired capsular fruit, which grows in damp ravines.

=koko=, _vide_ under =duma=.

=kokochiko=, Oncoba spinosa, Forsk. (Bixaceæ); a thorny tree with white rose-like flowers and a hard globular fruit which is used as a rattle. (Etym. _kokochiko_ = a child’s rattle).

=kokuwa= (Sok. and West), Limonia sp. (Rutaceæ); a tree with hard green orange-like fruit.

=kolo= (Zanfara), Amblygonocarpus Schweinfurthii, Harms. (Leguminosæ); a large tree with twice-pinnate leaves and brown 4-angled pods. Syn. =namijin kiriya= (Sok.), =kashi kashi= ?(Kontagora).

=kololo=, a var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.

=komaya= (Kano), Eragrostis tremula, Hochst. (Gramineæ). A common wild fodder grass; grain eaten in scarcity. Syn. =burburwa= (Sok.). _komaya ta fadama_, Eragrostis biformis, Kunth. and other spp.; taller grasses of wet places, resembling =komaya=.

=komfa= or =chitta komfa=, a var. of spice; _vide_ under =chitta=.

=korkoro= (Kontagora), a grass, _vide_ =fafewa=. _cf._ also =kwarkoro=, _vide_ under =kwarko=.

=ḳosai=, _vide_ under =wake=.

=ḳosain rogo=, Dioscorea dumetorum, Pax. (Dioscorideæ); a species of wild yam with 3-fol. leaves. Syn. =rogon biri=.

=kosfa= = the shell or pod of a dehiscent fruit.

=kuḅewa=, Hibiscus esculentus, Linn. (Malvaceæ). Okra. A broad-leaved malvaceous plant cultivated for its mucilaginous capsules used as a vegetable. Syn. =guro= (Sok.);

_takeyi_ (East Hausa) = soup of okra (from the Ful. name _takeiyeji_). (=kubewa=, pumpkin, _vide_ =kabewa=).

=kubla= (Sok.), or =kulla=, Thonningia sanguinea, Vahl. (Balanophoreæ); a parasitic plant found in the bush, with an aromatic root used as a spice.

=kudaku= (Sok. Zanf., &c.). Sweet Potato. _vide_ =dankali=.

=ḳuduji=, Striga senegalensis, Benth. (Scrophularineæ). A red-flowered parasitic weed common in cultivated fields. It is believed to destroy the growing =dawa=, and hence is called =makasar dawa= or =makasha=. Syn. =wuta wuta=; =gaugayi= ?(Gobir).

=kufi=, an oily extract made from the seeds of =zurma= (Castor Oil, Ricinus communis), =chi ni da zugu= (Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcas), and =aduwa= (Balanites ægyptiaca); used as an application for sores in domestic stock.

=kugundugu=, _vide_ under =dankali=.

=kujeme=, _vide_ under =kaḍanya=.

=kuka=, Adansonia digitata, B. Juss. (Malvaceæ). “Baobab,” “Monkey Bread Tree,” “Sour Gourd.” Inner bark used for rope, strings of musical instruments, &c. The acid and mucilaginous pulp of the fruit is used in various ways as food and drink. _kwaikwaiyo_ (Kano) = the husk or shell of the indehiscent fruit; _garin kuka_ = the mealy acid pulp around the seeds; _guntsu_ (Kano) = seeds of kuka (Ful. _gorgomi_); _daudawar kuka_ = fermented cakes made from the seeds (as with =ḍorowa=, _q.v._), also called _katsami_ (Kano and East); _chusar doki_ = pounded leaves of _kuka_, with _dusa_ and _kanwa_, used as food or medicine for horses; _miyar kuka_ or _kalun kuka_ = the leaves used for soup; _kumbali_ = the Baobab flower.

=kukuki=, Sterculia tomentosa, Guill. et Perr. (Sterculiaceæ); a common tree which yields a gum like tragacanth; the bark contains an almost tasteless watery juice which is sucked by thirsty carriers, &c.

=kulbutu=, _vide_ =tsana=.

=kulla=, _vide_ =kubla=.

=kuloko= (Sok., &c.) = a black dye for leather, prepared as a fermented extract of “Sant Pods” (=bagaruwa=, _q.v._ Acacia arabica), and _kwan mukera_ (blacksmiths’ refuse of fused iron oxide and carbon), and mixed with honey or syrup.

=kulufita=, a small prolific var. of the native bitter tomato; _vide_ under =gauta=. (Etym. _kullum fita_).

=kumbali= = the flower of the Baobab; _vide_ under =kuka=.

=ḳumbar shafo=, _vide_ =farichin shafo=.

=kumbu=, _vide_ under =duma=.

=ḳumchi= (Sok. and Zanf.), _vide_ =majiriyar kurumi=.

=kunda= (Sok. and Kats.), an insect-gall forming a swelling on the stem of the grass =katsaimu=, _q.v._ used as a toy dart to shoot birds.

=ḳundu=, _vide_ =giginya=.

=ḳunḳushewa=, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Loes. (Celastrineæ); a common shrub in the bush, with spines and delicate white flowers. Syn. =namijin tsada=.

=kunnen zomo=, _vide_ =takalmin zomo=.

=kununguru= (East Hausa), Commelyna nudiflora, Linn.; a common weed, better known as =balasa=, _q.v._

=ḳurar shanu=, Euphorbia ægyptiaca, Boiss. (Euphorbiaceæ); a small weed of pastures with milky juice; used medicinally. Syn. =rapasa= (Kano).

=kurḍi=, Burkea africana, Hook. (Leguminosæ); a large hard-wooded tree with black bark and pale twice-pinnate leaves; sometimes called =baḳin maḳarfo=. (In Sokoto =itchen kurḍi= = Melia Azedarach, _vide_ =kurnan nasara=). _cf._ also =kariye gatari=.

=kurḍin machiji= (Katagum), Ipomœa sp. (Convolvulaceæ). A twining convolvulus with purple and white flowers. (Etym. perhaps from the resemblance of the ripe capsules to cowrie shells).

=kurgum= (Kanuri) = turmeric; _vide_ =gangamau=.

=kuringa=, _vide_ =kwaranga=.

=kuriya= (Sok. and Zanf.), Bombax buonopozense, Beauv. (Malvaceæ). “Red-flowered Silk Cotton Tree.” Syn. =gurjiya=, _q.v._

=kurna=, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, Willd. (Rhamnaceæ). A thorny tree with brownish edible berries, common in towns. _cf._ =magariya=.

=kurnan nasara= (Kontagora, &c.), Melia Azedarach, Linn. (Meliaceæ). “Pride of India,” “Persian or Egyptian Lilac,” or “Bead Tree.” A tree with twice-pinnate leaves and panicles of lilac flowers, often planted in towns. (The ovoid yellow fruit has a superficial resemblance to that of =kurna=. Etym. from its exotic origin; _nasara_ = Christian). In Sokoto called =itchen kurḍi= or =taḅa ni ka samu= (=kurḍi=) from some belief in luck associated with it; seeds called _yayan tasbaha_ because used for rosary beads.

=kurtu= or =kurtun lalle=, _vide_ under =duma=.

=kurukubi=, Grewia sp. (Tiliaceæ); a shrub with rough leaves and edible berries.

=ḳuruḳuru= (Sok. Kats. Katagum, &c.), Feretia canthioides, Hiern. (Rubiaceæ); a shrub with fragrant jasmine-like white flowers. Syn. =lallen suri= or =lallen jibba= (from its common habitat near ant-hills); =goge= (?Hausa); _vide_ =rigyakafi=.

=ḳurzun ḍinya=, _vide_ under =ḍinya=.

=kurzunu=, a tubercled variety of an edible gourd like a cucumber; (?a var. of the bottle-gourd Lagenaria vulgaris, _vide_ under =duma=).

=kusumburuwa=, _vide_ under =dawa=.

=kututu=, _vide_ under =masara=.

=kwachiya=, a small calabash; _vide_ under =duma=.

=kwagiri=, a woody creeper, a sort of jointed cane used for walking sticks, &c.

=kwaikwaiyo=, _vide_ under =kuka= and =aduwa=.

=kwakwa=, Elais guineensis, Jacq. (Palmeæ). Oil Palm. _man ja_ = palm oil derived from the outer fleshy pulp of the nut; the kernel yields a different oil.

=kwakwar Attagara=, Cocos nucifera, Linn. Coco-nut Palm (from the name of an Igara town on the lower Niger).

=kwalli kwalli=, _vide_ under =geḍa=.

=ḳwalo= = the ripe hard-shelled nut of the palm =goriba=, _q.v._ Syn. =ḳodago=.

=kwalshi= = the edible kernel of the unripe nut of =goriba= chiefly (but also of =giginya=); _q.v._

=ḳwama= (Sok. and Gobir), a var. of the common bean; _vide_ under =wake=.

=ḳwandariya=, a thorny acacia yielding gum; (?Acacia caffra, Willd.); stems used for walking-sticks; said to be so thorny that _biri ya kwana a ḳassa_.

=kwankwani=, Strophanthus hispidus, DC. and S. sarmentosus, DC. (Apocynaceæ). Arrow-poison plants. The former is a shrub with lax branches, frequently cultivated, with long narrow beaked pods; the latter a tall woody climber growing on trees, &c. chiefly in ravines, and has stout obtuse pods. The seeds are the chief and the only essential ingredient in N. Nigerian arrow-poison. Syn. =tantsiya= (Sok. Ful. _tantsiyari_). =yaḅi= (East Hausa) = arrow-poison (from _yaḅe_ to daub or smear); syn. =zabgai=.

=kwankwan dafi= (Sok. and Kats.), Indigofera echinata, Willd. (Leguminosæ). _vide_ =gujiyar hankaka=.

=kwankwarimi= (Zanfara), Wissadula rostrata, Planch. (Malvaceæ). A tall stiff undershrub with small yellow flowers; the bark yields a hemp-like fibre. Sometimes called =ramar kurimi=.

=kwankwarita= (East Hausa), Trapa bispinosa, Roxb. (Onagrarieæ). “Water Chestnut.” _vide_ under =geḍar ruwa=. The name includes the rhizome of =bădo=, _q.v._

=kwanta Ali da zugu=, a var. of the cotton shrub; _vide_ under =abduga=.

=kwantal= (Sok.), or =gurji kwantal=; _vide_ =gurji=.

=kwaranga= or (=kuringa=), =kwarangar wofi=, Smilax Kraussiana, Meisn. (Liliaceæ); a prickly twiner with 5-nerved leaves and a tuberous root used medicinally; related to Sarsaparilla. (Etym. “bastard ladder”). Syn. ?=ḳayar kusu=.

=ḳwaras ḳwaras=, the same as =kwaruru= but _vide_ under =gujiya=.

=kwardauḍa=, _vide_ =dauḍa=.

=kwari=, a slender soft-wooded tree with long broad leaves, in ravines, sometimes called “Cabbage Tree.” (Etym. _kwari_ = a quiver, because used for making quivers). Anthocleista nobilis, G. Don. (= A. Vogelii, Planch.) and A. parviflora, Baker (Loganiaceæ).

=ḳwariya=, the common calabash; _vide_ under =duma=.

=kwarko= (Kano), or =kwarkoro=, Argemone mexicana, Linn. (Papaveraceæ). “Yellow Mexican Poppy,” a common prickly poppy of fields and waste places near houses. Syn. =haḳorin kada= (from the Ful. name); =ya= (or =ka=) =ḳi ruwan Allah= (because essentially a dry-season plant, and because the glaucous leaves throw off rain or dew); (_kada ka taḅa yaro_ is a Yoruba equivalent). The root is used for cotton spools, and as a stimulant by drummers, &c.

=kwaruru=, Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars. (Leguminosæ). The Bambarra Ground Nut. Syn. =gujiya=, _q.v._ A species of ground bean cultivated like =geḍa= and like it developing its pods underground. It differs from =geḍa= in having 3-foliate leaves (4 leaflets in =geḍa=), and spherical usually one-seeded pods with variegated seeds. The allied Kerstingiella geocarpa, Harms. is cultivated in some districts in Nupé and the south. _yaro da dariya_ = the seeds cracked and roasted (etym. from the gaping cracks); _abakuru_ (Yoruba _obokuru_) = cooked ovoid cakes or balls with pepper, salt, &c. fried in oil (prepared preferably from _kwaruru_ because it keeps better on a journey, &c.). _lubatu_ = a kind of food made from _kwaruru_. (Etym. Yor. _epa roro_ = round ground nut).

=ḳwiwa= or =ḳwiya=, Adenodolichos sp. nr. A. Auchietas, Harms. (Leguminosæ); a tall undershrub with 3-foliate leaves and slender straight branches used for _tanka_, &c.

=ḳwododo=, _vide_ =ḳabdodo=.

=ḳwododon kwaḍo= (Kano), Amorphophallus Barteri, N.E. Br. (and other similar species of Aroideæ), an oddly shaped plant of the Arum lily family, with a flat lurid purple spathe. Syn. =maḳworin maḳwododo= and =buran kare=, _q.v._

=kwokiya=, a var. of melon; _vide_ under =guna=.

=kwokwo= or =ḳoḳo=, a small var. of calabash; _vide_ under =duma=.

=kwosusu=, the second annual crop of indigo, said to be better than the first; _vide_ under =baba=.

=kwoton tadawa=, _vide_ under =duma=.

=kwotowa= (Sok.), Pergularia tomentosa, Linn. (Asclepiadeæ); _vide_ =fatakka=.

=kyamro= or =kyauro=, =k. kibiya=, Saccharum spontaneum, Linn. (Gramineæ). A tall grass of river-banks and wet places with white plume-like flowering panicle. Stems commonly used for arrow-shafts. Syn. =sheme=, and ?=sansari= (Illo; used for arrows with detachable head). Sometimes referred to as _abokin kibiya_.

=ḳyara=, Cymbopogon Ruprechtii, Hack. (Gramineæ). A very common tall grass with sharp long-awned spikelets; used for _zana_ after the spikelets have fallen.

=ḳyasuwa= or =ḳansuwa=, Pennisetum pedicellatum, (and P. setosum) (Gramineæ). A coarse tall grass with fluffy flowering heads; a common pest in waste places in towns, &c. Syn. =fura= (Kano and East). Sometimes distinguished from a somewhat similar grass of wet places as =ḳ. tudu= or =ḳ. waje=. _cf._ =duza=.

=L=

=labaye= = =tofo=, _q.v._ sprouting leaves of any plant; (_sabon ganye mai tofo_).

=laḅayi=, a var. of cotton; _vide_ under =abduga=.

=laḅanda=, a name given to several varieties of grass used for thatching; in Sokoto and Zanfara generally = Andropogon apricus, var. africanus, Hack. _vide_ =jan baḳo=.

=labsur= or =lausur=, Lepidium sativum, Linn. (Cruciferæ). “Common” or “Garden Cress.” Cultivated in Kano, &c. The seeds are a native medicine called =algarif=, _q.v._

=labuje=, a var. of kola nut; _vide_ under =goro=.

=ladiko=? a species of bean; _vide_ =ḅarankachi=. (Possibly = _lalego_ (Kano), a sort of hand-rattle used by women).

=laka=, _vide_ under =shalla=.

=lalaki= (Sok.), _vide_ under =shinkafa=.

=lalemo= (Sok.), a grass for thatching.

=lalle=, Lawsonia alba, Lam. (Lythrarieæ). “Egyptian Privet” or “_Henna_;” a small shrub planted for the sake of the leaves which are used all over the Sudan, in Egypt and the East, to dye the nails, &c.

=lallen jibba= or =lallen suri=, _vide_ =ḳuruḳuru=.

=lallen shamuwa= (Sok.), Gisekia pharnaceoides, Linn. (Ficoideæ); a common spreading weed. (Etym. probably from the ruddy tinge of the plant). Syn. ?=dandami=.

=lalu=, Corchorus tridens, L. and C. trilocularis, L. (Tiliaceæ); common weeds related to jute, used as pot-herbs. Syn. =turgunuwa=; (including also the wild form of C. olitorius, _vide_ under =malafiya=).

=lanya=, _vide_ =limniya=.

=lausur=, _vide_ =labsur=.

=lawashi=, _vide_ under =albasa=.

=lawur=, 1. = Sweet Potato, _vide_ =dankali=. 2. A var. of =gero=, _q.v._

=lemu=, Citrus Medica, var. acida, Brandis (Aurantiaceæ). The Lime. A naturalized shrub in Nigeria. _babban lemu_ or _lemun Maka_, The Orange (Citrus Aurantium, Linn.). _lemun yan sariki_, _lemun magajiya_ or _lemun Masar_, The Citron (Citrus Medica, Linn.); rare but half naturalized near Sokoto. _namijin lemu_, _vide_ =innuwar gada=.

=liḍi=, _vide_ =riḍi=.

=limniya= or =lanya= = green algæ forming a slimy growth in stagnant water. Syn. =dauḍar ruwa=.

=limniyar kwaḍi= or =lanyar kwaḍi=, Kœmpferia æthiopica, Benth. (Scitamineæ); a plant with a conspicuous delicate purple flower growing in shady places (commonly mistaken for an orchid). Etym. = “frog-spawn,” from the slimy juice.

=loda= or =lodar marina=, Vitis pallida, Baker (Ampelideæ). Syn. =dafara=, _q.v._ A vine. The viscid extract of the root-bark gives a smooth surface to native cement used for dye-pits, &c. N.B. In Sokoto the name _loda_ is also used for the plant with viscid juice, Rogeria adenophylla, J. Gay (Pedaliaceæ), _vide_ =baba rodo=.

=lojiya=, _vide_ =rojiya=.

=loko=, Chlorophora excelsa, Benth. and Hook. fil. (Urticaceæ). _Iroko_ (S. Nigeria), or _Odum_ (Gold Coast); a large timber tree; used for canoes, building, &c.

=lubiya=, _vide_ =rubiya=.

=luddai=, a var. of the bottle-gourd; _vide_ under =duma=.

=lubatu=, a kind of food made from the ground-bean =kwaruru=, _q.v._

=M=

=mabakachi=, a large calabash; _vide_ under =duma=.

=machara=, a name for more than one species of grass with hollow stems; chiefly = the tall reed-grass Arundo Donax, Linn. from which flageolets are made. Syn. =gabara=, _q.v._ Also the smaller Panicum proliferum, Lam. var. longijubatum, Stapf; used by boys to make small whistles.

=maḍachi= or =maḍwachi= (Sok.), Khaya senegalensis, A. Juss. (Meliaceæ). A large timber tree; one of the species of “African Mahogany.” The bark is much used medicinally. (Etym. from the bitter bark).

=maḍachin ḳassa=, Aristolochia albida. Syn. =dumar dutsi=; _vide_ under =gaḍaukuka=.