Chapter XXIX: The Later Poetry (2)

In her essay on John Gould Fletcher, in "Tendencies in Modern American Poetry," Miss Lowell has defined the æsthetic intent of this poetic form: "'Polyphonic' means--many-voiced--and the form is so-called because it makes use of all the 'voices' of poetry, namely: metre, _vers libre_, assonance, alliteration, rhyme and return. It employs every form of rhythm, even prose rhythm at times, but usually holds no particular one for long.... The rhymes may come at the ends of the cadences, or may appear in close juxtaposition to each other, or may be only distantly related." These two forms, with the aid of the two formulas, may be tested at leisure from an abundance of passages; they correspond with their recipes, are distinct from each other, and have certain distinctive beauties. But a further experiment--the attempt to make the cadences of free verse harmonize with the movements of natural objects--is by no means so successful. "If the reader will turn," says Miss Lowell, in the preface to "Men, Women and Ghosts," "to the poem 'A Roxbury Garden,' he will find in the first two sections an attempt to give the circular movement of a hoop bowling along the ground, and the up-and-down, elliptical curve of a flying shuttlecock." The following, presumably, is a segment of the circular movement:

"I will beat you Minna," cries Stella,
Hitting her hoop smartly with her stick.
"Stella, Stella, we are winning," calls Minna,
As her hoop curves round a bed of clove-pinks.

It is an example, in fact, of the fruitlessness of dwelling on a matter of artistic form till it becomes more important than the artistic content. Miss Lowell admits in this connection that there flashed into her mind "the idea of using the movement of poetry." The student, therefore, should not regard the resultant verses as anything more than experiments in technique, and at the same time he should speculate as to whether a vital artistic form can ever be imposed upon a subject instead of springing spontaneously from it.

Yet, although Miss Lowell's reputation rests mainly on her experiments in novel and striking poetic forms, most of her work has been written in conformity with classic traditions. The opening volume is all in common rhythms, and so is most of the second, and quite half of the third. The last alone is devoted to a new form; "Can Grande's Castle" contains four long poems in polyphonic prose. The tendency is clearly in the direction of the innovations, but thus far the balance is about even between the new and the old.

As to subject matter, Miss Lowell's thesis is Poe's: that poetry should not teach either facts or morals, but should be dedicated to beauty; it is a stained-glass window, a colored transparency. And the poet is a nonsocial being who

spurns life's human friendships to profess
Life's loneliness of dreaming ecstacy.

Like Poe she limits herself to the production of lyrics and tales and resorts not infrequently to grotesques and arabesques. Unlike Poe her resort to horror leads her to the composition of sex infidelities which are sometimes boring, sometimes foul, and rarely interesting. On this point (rule three for the Imagists) Miss Lowell falters awkwardly. "'How can the choice of subject be absolutely unrestricted?'--horrified critics have asked. The only reply to such a question is that one had supposed one were speaking to people of common sense and intelligence." The bounds of taste are assumed; yet these, she hastens to state, differ for different judges, and she illustrates her contention by the extreme extensiveness of her own. Finally, and again like Poe, Miss Lowell is to a high degree bookishly literary in her choice and treatment of subjects.

After all, for the attentive reader of contemporary poetry Miss Lowell's most distinguished service has been in her two books of criticism. In the concourse of present-day poets she is a kind of drum major. One cannot see the procession without seeing her or admiring the skill with which she swings and tosses the baton. But when the parade is past, one can easily forget her until the trumpets blare again. She leads the way effectively, and one is glad to have her do it,--glad that there are those who enjoy being excellent drum majors. Then one pays farewell to her in the words with which she salutes Ezra Pound in her verses headed "Astigmatism": "Peace be with you, [Sister]. You have chosen your part."

Witter Bynner (1881- ) was born in Brooklyn and is a graduate of Harvard in the class of 1902. He took the impress of his university and recorded it not only in an "Ode to Harvard" (1907)--reprinted in "Young Harvard and Other Poems"--but also in the two plays that followed, "Tiger" (1913) and "The Little King" (1914), neither of which have anything to do with Harvard, but both of which reflect the intelligent interest in drama encouraged at that seat of learning. Aside from "Iphigenia in Tauris" (1915), his remaining work, in which his real distinction lies, is the single poem "The New World" (1915) and the collection "Grenstone Poems" (1917). Into both of these are woven threads of the same story,--the poet's love and marriage to Celia, the inspiration which comes to him from her finer nature, the birth and loss of their child, the death of Celia, his dull bereavement, the dedication of his life to the democracy which Celia had taught him to understand.

"Grenstone Poems" is a series of little idyls comparable in some respects to Frost's "A Boy's Will." They are wholly individual in tone, presenting in brief lyrics, nearly two hundred in number, the quaint and lovely elements in the humor and the tragedy of life. "The New World," in contrast, contains by implication much of this, but is constructed in nine sections which trace the progressive steps in the poet's idealization of America. Always Celia's imagination leads far in advance of his own. Again and again as he strives to follow, his triumphant ascent reaches as its climax what to her is a lower round in the ladder. Two passages suggest the theme in the abstract, though the beauty of the poem lies chiefly in the far implications of definite scenes and episodes. The first is a speech of Celia's:

It is my faith that God is our own dream
Of perfect understanding of the soul.
It is my passion that, alike through me
And every member of eternity,
The source of God is sending the same stream.
It is my peace that when my life is whole,
God's life shall be completed and supreme.

The second, with which this volume may well conclude, is in the poet's own words:

In temporary pain
The age is bearing a new breed
Of men and women, patriots of the world
And one another. Boundaries in vain,
Birthrights and countries, would constrain
The old diversity of seed
To be diversity of soul.
O mighty patriots, maintain
Your loyalty!--till flags unfurled
For battle shall arraign
The traitors who unfurled them, shall remain
And shine over an army with no slain,
And men from every nation shall enroll
And women--in the hardihood of peace!
What can my anger do but cease?
Whom shall I fight and who shall be my enemy
When he is I and I am he?

Let me have done with that old God outside
Who watched with preference and answered prayer,
The Godhead that replied
Now here, now there,
Where heavy cannon were
Or coins of gold!
Let me receive communion with all men,
Acknowledging our one and only soul!
For not till then
Can God be God, till we ourselves are whole.

BOOK LIST

=_General References_=

The Younger American Poets. Jessie B. Rittenhouse, 1904.

Tendencies in Modern American Poetry. Amy Lowell, 1917.

The Advance of English Poetry in the Twentieth Century. W. L. Phelps,
1918. (Latter half, American Poetry.)

Convention and Revolt in Poetry. G. L. Lowes, 1919.

The New Era in American Poetry. L. Untermeyer, 1919.

=Collections=

A Little Book of Modern Verse. Edited by Jessie B. Rittenhouse.

Some Imagist Poets (three annual volumes in a completed series)
1915, 1916, 1917.

An Anthology of Magazine Verse (annual volumes in a continuing
series). Edited by W. S. Braithwaite, since 1915.

The Poetry of the Future. Edited by W. T. Schnittkin.

A Book of Princeton Verse. Edited by Alfred Noyes and Others.

=_Works of Individual Men_=

WITTER BYNNER. Ode to Harvard, 1907; Tiger, 1913; The Little King,
1914; Iphigenia in Tauris, 1915; The New World, 1915; Grenstone
Poems, 1917; Any Girl, 1917.

ROBERT FROST. A Boy's Will, 1913; North of Boston, 1914; Mountain
Interval, 1916.

RICHARD HOVEY. Plays (uniform edition), 1907-1908.

NICHOLAS VACHEL LINDSAY. General William Booth Enters into Heaven,
1913; Adventures while Preaching the Gospel of Beauty, 1914; The
Congo, 1914; The Art of the Moving Picture, 1915; A Handy Guide
for Beggars, 1916; The Chinese Nightingale, 1917.

AMY LOWELL. A Dome of Many-Colored Glass, 1912; Sword Blades and
Poppy Seed, 1914; Six French Poets, 1915; Men, Women and Ghosts,
1916; Tendencies in Modern American Poetry, 1917; Can Grande's
Castle, 1919.

EDGAR LEE MASTERS. Poems, 1898; Maximilian, 1900; The Spoon River
Anthology, 1915; Songs and Satires, 1916; The Great Valley, 1916;
Toward the Gulf, 1918.

WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY. Poems and Plays. 1912. 2 vols.

EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON. The Children of the Night, 1897; Captain
Craig, 1902 and 1915; The Town down the River, 1910; The Man
against the Sky, 1916; Prose plays: Van Zorn, 1914; The Porcupine,
1915; Merlin, 1917.

=_Magazine Articles_=

The magazine articles on poetry are extremely numerous. From among those since 1900 the following are of special interest:

1900-1904. Poetry and the Stage. H. W. Boynton. _Atlantic_, Vol.
XCII pp. 120-126. July, 1903.

Poetry of a Machine Age. G. S. Lee. _Atlantic_, Vol.
LXXXV, pp. 756-763. June, 1900.

1905-1909. Certain Vagaries of the Poets. _Atlantic_, Vol. C, pp.
431-432. September, 1907.

On the Slopes of Parnassus. A. Repplier. _Atlantic_, Vol.
CII, pp. 397-403. September, 1908.

Our Strepitous Poets. _Nation_, Vol. LXXXV, pp. 277-278.
Sept. 26, 1907.

Poetry and Elocution. F. B. Gummere. _Nation_, Vol.
LXXXIX, pp. 453-454. Nov. 11, 1909.

State of Pseudo-Poetry at the Present Time. J. A. Macy.
_Bookman_, Vol. XXVII, pp. 513-517. July, 1908.

1910-1914. Democracy and Poetry. _Nation_, XCIII, pp. 413-414. Nov.
2, 1911.

New Poetry. R. M. Alden. _Nation_, Vol. XCVI, pp. 386-387.
April 17, 1913.

1910-1914. New Poets and Old Poetry. B. Hooker. _Bookman_, Vol.
XXXI, pp. 480-486. July, 1910.

Taking Poetry too Seriously. _Nation_, Vol. XCVI, pp.
173-174. Feb. 20, 1913.

1915. Imagism, Another View. W. S. Braithwaite. _New
Republic_, Vol. III, pp. 154-155. June 12, 1915.

Limits to Imagism. C. Aiken. _New Republic_, Vol. III, pp.
204-205. June 26, 1915.

New Movement in Poetry. O. W. Firkins. _Nation_, Vol. CI,
pp. 458-461. Oct. 14, 1915.

Place of Imagism. C. Aiken. _New Republic_, Vol. III, pp.
75-76. May 22, 1915.

1916. New Manner in Modern Poetry. A. Lowell. _New Republic_,
Vol. VI, pp. 124-125. March 4, 1916.

New Naïveté. L. W. Smith. _Atlantic_, Vol. CXVII, pp.
487-492. April, 1916.

Poetry To-day. C. A. P. Comer. _Atlantic_, Vol. CXVII, pp.
493-498. April, 1916.

Poetry under the Fire Test. J. N. Hall. _New Republic_,
Vol. IX, pp. 93-96. Nov. 25, 1916.

1917. From Florence Coates to Amy Lowell: a Glance at
Modernity. O. W. Firkins. _Nation_, Vol. CIV, pp.
522-524. May 3, 1917.

Poetry, Education, and Slang. M. Eastman. _New Republic_,
Vol. IX, pp. 151-152, 182-184. Dec. 9, 16, 1916.

Singers and Satirists. O. W. Firkins. _Nation_, Vol. CIV,
pp. 157-158. Feb. 8, 1917.

Critical Notes on American Poets. E. Garnett. _Atlantic_,
Vol. CXX, pp. 366-373. Sept., 1917.

See also the periodicals _Poetry, a Magazine of Verse_
(see p. 497), as well as _The Poetry Journal_, _The
Poetry Review of America_, and _Poet Lore_, entire.

New York Evening Post, 1801-
The Portfolio, 1806-1827
North American Review, 1815-
Saturday Evening Post, 1821-
New York Mirror, 1823-1846
New York Review and Athenæum Magazine, 1826-1827
Casket, 1826-1840
Godey's Lady's Book, 1830-1898
New England Magazine, 1831-1835
Liberator, 1831-1865
Baltimore Saturday Visiter, 1833-?
Western Monthly Magazine, 1833-1836
Knickerbocker Magazine, 1833-1865
Southern Literary Messenger, 1834-1865
Western Messenger, 1835-1841
Gentleman's Magazine, 1837-1841
Democratic Review, 1837-1859
Dial (Boston), 1840-1844
Graham's Magazine, 1841-1859
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1841-
New York Tribune, 1841-
New Englander, 1843-1892
Littell's Living Age, 1844-
Broadway Journal, 1845
Home Journal, 1847-
Independent, 1848-
Congregationalist, 1849-
Harper's Magazine, 1850-
Putnam's Magazine, 1853-1858, 1868-1870, 1906-1910
Russell's Magazine, 1857-1860
Atlantic Monthly, 1857-
Saturday Press, 1858-1860
Round Table, 1864-1869
Every Saturday, 1865-1874
Nation, 1865-
Galaxy, 1866-1878
Overland Monthly, 1868-1875, 1883-
Lippincott's Magazine, 1868-1916
Scribner's Monthly, 1870-1881
Outlook, 1870-
Southern Magazine, 1871-1875
American Magazine, 1875-
Dial (Chicago-New York), 1880-
Critic, 1881-1906
Century Magazine, 1881-
Scribner's Magazine, 1886-
Poet-Lore, 1889-
Conservator, 1890-
Yale Review, 1892-
McClure's Magazine, 1893-
Everybody's Magazine, 1899-
Poetry Magazine, 1912-
New Republic, 1914-
]

INDEX TO LEADING NINETEENTH-CENTURY PERIODICALS

The following list of periodicals represents a small fraction of those which were established and throve for longer or shorter periods in the United States between 1800 and the present time. The basis of selection has been to include only those which published a generous amount of literature which is still remembered or those of which leading men of letters were editors.

It was intended at first to make the list identical with the periodicals mentioned in the text, but this proved not to be practical. On some of the earlier ones it was not possible to secure exact data concerning length of life, editors, and contributors. Some others mentioned in the text were not of importance enough to justify inclusion. Still others, though not mentioned in the text, were too important to be omitted. The list as it stands, therefore, represents the judgment of the author and would not coincide with that of any other compiler of a list of equal length. It will serve, however, as a fairly representative list and will, perhaps, move some other student of American literature to what is greatly needed--a relatively complete and compact "Who's Who" of American periodicals.

As yet such material is very meager and unsatisfactory. The great number of magazines and the bewildering consolidations, changes of editorship, title, form, period of publication, and place of publication have apparently discouraged anyone's attempting a definitive piece of work. On this account and with this explanation the following brief appendix has been prepared.

AMERICAN MAGAZINE, THE, 1875----. A New York monthly.

Founded in 1875. From 1884 to 1888 the _Brooklyn Magazine_, then resumed its own name, continuing without important developments till it entered on its present régime in 1905. This came with the absorption of _Leslie's_ and the assumption of control by Ray Stannard Baker, Lincoln Steffens, and Ida Tarbell, all former staff writers for _McClure's_. In this latter period it has been specially successful in recognizing younger authors. It has printed much by Bynner, O. Henry, Lindsay, Whitlock, and Poole; by Eaton and Hamilton on the drama; by F. P. Dunne ("Mr. Dooley"), George Ade, and Irvin Cobb; and, among foreign authors, by Wells, Bennett, Kipling, and Locke. It is popular in policy and content.

ATLANTIC MONTHLY, THE, 1857----. A Boston monthly.

Founded in 1857, Francis H. Underwood the prime mover, with the intention of setting new standards for a literary magazine of American authorship. Lowell was first editor; the first notable essay series Holmes's "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table"; the first popular serial story, Mrs. Stowe's "Dred." The field has been consistently divided among fiction, essay, and poetry, and the book reviewing has always been scrupulous. The editors have been Lowell, James T. Fields, W. D. Howells, T. B. Aldrich, Horace Scudder, W. H. Page, Bliss Perry, and the present editor and chief owner, Ellery Sedgwick. Early important contributors were Emerson, Holmes, Longfellow, Lowell, Thoreau, Whittier, Hawthorne, Wendell Phillips. Later issues have included Lafcadio Hearn, Edith Wharton, Frank Norris, Agnes Repplier, Gerald Stanley Lee, S. M. Crothers, William Vaughn Moody, Richard Hovey, and most of the contributors to the best traditions in American literature. (See "The Atlantic Monthly and its Makers," by M. A. De Wolfe Howe.)

BALTIMORE SATURDAY VISITER, 1833----(?). A Baltimore weekly.

Started by Lambert A. Wilmer, who continued with it for only six months. In October of this year Poe's "MS. Found in a Bottle" was published as the winner of a prize competition. This was Poe's one contribution and the _Visiter's_ sole apparent title to fame.

BROADWAY JOURNAL, 1845. A New York weekly.

Founded by C. F. Briggs ("Harry Franco") in January, 1845. So named according to the first editorial from "the first street in the first city of the New World.... We shall attempt to make it entirely original, and instead of the effete vapors of English magazines ... give such thoughts as may be generated among us." Poe and Briggs were associate editors in the spring, until in July, 1845, it went under the sole charge of Poe, who bought it from Briggs for $50. During this year it was Poe's chief vehicle, printing or reprinting some fifteen of his prose tales and two poems. Its business failure took place at the end of the first year. (See "Life of Poe," by George E. Woodberry.)

BROOKLYN DAILY EAGLE, 1841. A Brooklyn daily.

Isaac Van Anden, first editor and publisher. A democratic newspaper with independent judgment. From 1844 (?) to 1848 Walt Whitman was its editor. From 1885, until his recent death, it was under charge of St. Clair McKelway, a brilliant writer and speaker and a constructive educator.

BURTON'S GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE (see _Gentleman's Magazine_).

CASKET, THE (_Graham's Magazine_), 1826-1840. A Philadelphia monthly.

Called _Atkinson's Casket_, 1831-1840. Was combined with _Gentleman's Magazine_ and became _Graham's Magazine_.

CENTURY MAGAZINE, THE, 1881----. A New York monthly.

A continuation of the older _Scribner's Monthly_ (1870-1881) on the assumption of control by Roswell Smith. R. W. Gilder was editor from the second number, till his death in 1907. Its policy was to publish articles, singly and in series, related to broad aspects of American life, exposition and poetry playing a larger part in the earlier years than of late. In travel it published Lowell's "Impressions of Spain" and van Dyke's "Sicily"; in biography later portions of Hay and Nicolay's "Lincoln," Jefferson's autobiography, and a Napoleon series. Riis, Bryce, Darwin, Tolstoy, and Burroughs have contributed from their own fields. Notable fiction series have been contributed by Howells, Mark Twain, Crawford, Weir Mitchell, Garland, London, and Mrs. Wharton; and verse by Emerson, Whitman, Gilder, Moody, Markham, and Cawein. (See also _Scribner's Monthly_, p. 499.)

CONGREGATIONALIST AND CHRISTIAN WORLD, THE, 1849----. A Boston weekly.

Founded in 1816 as the _Boston Recorder_ by Nathaniel Willis, father of the more famous Nathaniel Parker Willis, and conducted by him until 1844. From then till about 1890 it was the sectarian organ of the Congregationalists, playing a rôle similar to that of the _Independent_ and the _Christian Union_. In the latter part of the nineteenth century it was under the editorship of W. A. Dunning, who was succeeded by the present editor, Horace Bridgman. It has had a consistent career as a religious weekly, changing with the times, but not modifying itself for the sake of a secular circulation so frankly as the other two have done.

CONSERVATOR, THE, 1890. A Philadelphia monthly.

Founded in 1890 by Horace Traubel, an independent exponent of the world movement in ethics. In 1892 W. H. Ketler, Joseph Gilbert, W. Thornton Innes, and James A. Brown added to the editorial staff and enlarged to contain articles of timely interest, a book-review section, and a "Budget" for the reports of the ethical societies. The chief contributors: Stanton Coit, William Salter, Robert Ingersoll, and M. M. Mangasarian. The magazine gradually dropped its study of ethical questions and became an exponent of "the Whitman argument," treated by Bucke, Harned, Kennedy, Platt, and Helena Born. In 1890 Traubel added extensive dramatic criticism and enlarged the book-review department. Since 1898 the magazine has been an expression of Traubel's radical theories. It contains a long editorial "Collect," which is an uncompromising criticism of the times, a long poem by Traubel, and reviews of current books of socialistic tendencies. During the Great War it was frankly pacific, before the entrance of the United States.

CRITIC, THE, 1881-1906. A New York bi-weekly (1881-1882), weekly (1883-1898), and monthly.

Founded as a "fortnightly review of literature, the fine arts, music, and the drama." The best known of its editors were the latest--J. L. and J. B. Gilder. After the first four years art and music notes were dropped and book reviews were made the leading feature, original essays giving place to extracts from other magazines. In 1900 the design was stated to be "an illustrated monthly review of literature, art, and life." From 1905 politics and technical science were dropped. In 1906 it was absorbed by _Putnam's_. Best-known contributors: E. C. Stedman, Edith M. Thomas, R. W. Gilder, John Burroughs, E. E. Hale, F. B. Sanborn, J. C. Harris, Brander Matthews.

DEMOCRATIC REVIEW, THE UNITED STATES, 1837-1859 (?). A Washington and New York quarterly.

A note in Vol. XXXVIII stated that with Vol. XXXIX it would be issued as a newspaper. At the outset it was the most successful political magazine in the country. It was characterized by Carlyle as "_The Dial_ with a beard." It was at first partisan, until, with payment for its articles, it became broader. Early contributors and best known were Orestes Augustus Brownson, Bancroft, Whittier, Bryant, and Hawthorne.

DIAL, THE, 1840-1844. A Boston quarterly.

Founded as a quarterly organ for the group of Transcendentalists centering about Emerson. Editors: 1840-1842, Margaret Fuller; 1842-1844, Emerson. The issues of 128 pages contained philosophical essays, discussions of German and oriental thought, comments on contemporary art and literature, book reviews, and poetry. The circulation never reached 300 copies, and at the end of the fourth year it was discontinued, the final debts being paid by Emerson. Leading contributors were the editors: Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, Theodore Parker, George Ripley, C. P. Cranch, J. F. Clarke, and Ellery Channing. There was a reprint by the Rowfant Club, Cleveland, in 1901-1902, with the addition of a historical and biographical introduction. (See introduction to the reprint of _The Dial_, Vol. II, George Willis Cooke, 1902.)

DIAL, THE, 1881----. A Chicago (1881-1918) and New York fortnightly.

Founded and edited for a third of a century by Francis F. Browne as a literary review, and able to refer to itself on its thirtieth birthday as "the only journal in America given up to the criticism of current literature" and "the only literary periodical in the country not owned or controlled by a book publishing house or a newspaper." After one or two changes of control, following the death of its founder, _The Dial_ was transferred to New York in July, 1918, extending its editorial policy to include, besides the literary features, discussions of internationalism and of industrial and educational reconstruction.

EVERYBODY'S MAGAZINE, 1899----. A New York monthly.

Founded by John Wanamaker and for the first four years a miscellany best characterized by the purchasers in 1903. The Ridgway-Thayer Company on taking control announced their purpose to do away with the "mawkish, morbid, and unreal," to repress questionable advertising, and in general to transform the magazine. Since then _Everybody's_ has attempted in content to satisfy all sorts of intellectual tastes and at the same time to have a hand in the social and economic investigation of the period. The most celebrated series, which multiplied the circulation, was Thomas W. Lawson's "Frenzied Finance." Literary contributors in recent years have included Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, O. Henry, Frank Norris, Booth Tarkington, Ernest Poole, Dorothy Canfield, and in poetry Margaret Widdemer, Witter Bynner, and others.

EVERY SATURDAY, 1865-1874. A Boston weekly.

A Ticknor and Field publication; one of the numerous "eclectic" mid-century periodicals made up of selected materials chiefly from English magazines. It is of interest partly as a type and partly because Thomas Bailey Aldrich was editor for the nine years of its life. In 1874 it was merged with _Littell's Living Age_(see p. 493).

GALAXY, THE, 1866-1878. A New York monthly.

"An illustrated magazine of entertaining reading." The first volume illustrated the practice of the day in featuring English authors with a leading serial by Anthony Trollope. The American contributors include Bayard Taylor, Howells, Stedman, and William Winter. Later Charles Reade was accompanied by Henry James, John Burroughs, E. R. Sill, and Paul Hamilton Hayne. With contributors of this substantial secondary rank, later still supplemented by Sidney Lanier and Joaquin Miller, the _Galaxy_ completed and died with its twelfth year.

GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, Burton's (1837-1841). A Philadelphia monthly.

Founded by William E. Burton, the actor. Poe was an early, important contributor and in the second year the editor. Although he and Burton separated in 1839, the proprietor saw to it that Poe was reëmployed when in 1841 George R. Graham bought out its circulation of 3500 and merged it with _Atkinson's Casket_ as _Graham's Magazine_.

GODEY'S LADY'S BOOK, 1830-1898. A Philadelphia monthly.

Founded by Louis A. Godey, July, 1830, and managed by him as a monthly until 1877. In 1837 it absorbed the Boston _Lady's Magazine_ and took over its editor, Sarah J. Hale. Its chief distinction and highest circulation (150,000) came under its first manager. It printed much early work of Longfellow, Holmes, Poe, Bayard Taylor, Mrs. Sigourney, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. In its last years it was renamed _Godey's Magazine_. In 1898 it was absorbed by the _Puritan_.

GRAHAM'S MAGAZINE, 1841-1859. A Philadelphia monthly.

Founded by George R. Graham by combining his _Atkinson's Casket_ with his purchase of Burton's _Gentleman's Magazine_. Within a year, largely through Poe's editorial work, the circulation rose from 5000 to 30,000. By 1850 it had reached a circulation of 135,000. Among the later editors were R. W. Griswold, Bayard Taylor, and Charles Godfrey Leland, and among the contributors, Cooper, Longfellow, Poe, Hawthorne, Lowell, N. P. Willis, E. P. Whipple, the Cary sisters, William Gilmore Simms, Richard Penn Smith, and Thomas Dunn English. In January, 1859, _Graham's_ became the _American Monthly_ (see "Philadelphia Magazines and their Contributors," A. H. Smyth, 1892, and the _Critic_, Vol. XXV, p. 44).

HARPER'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE, 1850----. A New York monthly.

Founded by Harper Brothers in order "to place within the reach of the great mass of the American people the unbounded treasures of the periodical literature of the present day"; thus it was an "eclectic" magazine, and in the early years it supplemented this borrowed magazine material with serials by the most popular English novelists. Within four years it had a circulation of 125,000. During the 1860's it became more American in content, and in the 1870's it included a notable series on the transformed South. In the last thirty years it has drawn on the best-known American authors for single articles and serials: Aldrich, Howells, Lowell, Wister, Mrs. Deland, Mark Twain, James, Harte, Mrs. Wharton, Tarkington, Allen; and it has shared in the publication of recent significant poetry by Cawein, Le Gallienne, Untermeyer, Bynner, and the Misses Thomas, Teasdale, Widdemer, and Lowell. (See "The House of Harper," J. H. Harper, 1912, and "The Making of a Great Magazine," Harper & Brothers, 1889.)

HOME JOURNAL, THE, 1847----. A New York monthly.

Jointly founded and conducted by George P. Morris and N. P. Willis as a continuation of their _National Press_ (founded 1845). Both remained with it till death--Willis, the survivor, till 1865. "It was and is," wrote H. A. Beers in his Life of N. P. Willis (1885), "the organ of 'japonicadom,' the journal of society, and gazette of fashionable literature, addressing itself with assiduous gallantry to 'the ladies.'"

INDEPENDENT, THE, 1848----. A New York weekly.

A periodical "Conducted by Pastors of Congregational Churches"; Leonard Bacon, the first editor; Reverend George B. Cheever and Reverend Henry Ward Beecher, contributing editors. Its purpose was to be a progressive religious journal, particularly for Congregationalists, who protested against conservatism in theology and proslavery politics. Eventually it became an open forum for the liberally minded of all sects, being carefully nonpartisan in politics. From 1870 to 1890 it printed good verse, notably poems by Joaquin Miller and Sidney Lanier. The religious and political viewpoints broadened out from 1873. By 1898 an evident attempt was made to popularize the magazine. Since 1914 it has absorbed the _Chautauquan_, the _Countryside_, and _Harper's Weekly_.

KNICKERBOCKER MAGAZINE, THE, 1833-1865. A New York monthly.

The first editor was Charles Fenno Hoffman. From 1839 to 1841 Irving wrote monthly articles for a salary of $2000. Bryant, Whittier, Longfellow, Holmes, Halleck, and most of the secondary writers contributed. The second editor, from 1841 to 1861, was Lewis Gaylord Clark. In its later years the magazine declined, chiefly because it was carrying the tradition of polite and aimless literature into Civil-War times. During its period it stood in the North for the same interests that its contemporary, the _Southern Literary Messenger_, did in the South (see "The Knickerbocker Gallery," 1855, and _Harper's Magazine_, Vol. XLVIII, p. 587).

LIBERATOR, THE, 1831-1865. A Boston weekly.

The most famous and effective abolition journal, founded and edited throughout by William Lloyd Garrison. It was proscribed in the South and denounced in the North. Wendell Phillips and Henry Ward Beecher praised it, but Mrs. Stowe criticized and Horace Greeley misrepresented it. The financial straits it passed through were augmented by the rivalry of other abolition papers. After the Emancipation Proclamation and Lincoln's second Inaugural, announcement of discontinuance was made. The last issue appeared December 29, 1865.

LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE, 1868-1916. A Philadelphia monthly.

One of three magazines founded near 1870--the others _Scribner's Monthly_ and the _Galaxy_--that made an active market for American writers. _Lippincott's_, "a magazine of literature, science, and education," made an unpretentious start and throughout its career published little prose of distinction. Its poetry, however, was excellent. Bayard Taylor and Paul Hamilton Hayne appeared in the first and following numbers. Margaret Preston, Emma Lazarus, Thomas B. Read, George H. Boker, Thomas Dunn English, and Christopher P. Cranch contributed frequently. Whitman, rare in the magazines, wrote in prose, and, most important of all, Lanier found here a channel for much of his verse from 1875 on. In later years a feature of many issues was a complete short novel. In 1916 _Lippincott's_ was absorbed by _Scribner's Magazine_.

LITTELL'S LIVING AGE, 1844----. A Boston monthly.

This is the longest-lived of the eclectic, or "scissors and paste-pot," magazines. It has been made up of reprints from foreign periodicals, sometimes quoting from English apparent sources articles which had been borrowed there from original American publications. In 1874 it absorbed _Every Saturday_ (see p. 491) and in 1898 the _Eclectic Magazine_. It still survives.

MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, 1893----. A New York monthly.

S. S. McClure publisher and editor. Fiction and poetry have been the dominant features. Contributors (fiction): Kipling, Stevenson, Arnold Bennett, Bret Harte, Mark Twain, Booth Tarkington, Robert Chambers, O. Henry, Jack London; (verse): Wordsworth, Browning, Walt Whitman (reprints), Kipling, Witter Bynner, Edgar Lee Masters, Hermann Hagedorn, Louis Untermeyer. It was the first magazine to sell at the popular price of fifteen cents. The nonliterary articles on affairs of the day were prepared on assignment by expert writers such as Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, and Lincoln Steffens, years sometimes being spent on a single series. In 1905 these three assumed control of the _American_, but the policy has been continued to the present.

MIRROR, THE NEW YORK, 1823-1846. A New York weekly.

Founded by George P. Morris and Samuel Woodworth (remembered respectively for "Woodman, Spare that Tree" and "The Old Oaken Bucket"). In 1831 the _Mirror_ absorbed the _Boston American Monthly_ together with its editor, Nathaniel Parker Willis. In the next year Willis wrote for it the first of his travel series, "Pencillings by the Way," continuing with weekly letters for four years. In 1839 Hawthorne became a contributor. In 1844-1845 Poe was subeditor and critic, his most famous contribution being "The Raven," January, 1845. In 1845 the weekly became a daily--the _Evening Mirror_--and in 1846 it was discontinued.

NATION, THE, 1865----. A New York weekly.

Publishers: Joseph H. Richards, 1865; Evening Post Publishing Co., 1871; E. L. Godkin Co., 1874; _Evening Post_, 1881; _New York Evening Post_, 1902; Nation Press, Inc., New York, 1915. Editors have changed frequently, the most famous being the first, E. L. Godkin, who was in the chair from 1865 to 1881. Oswald Garrison Villard, present editor. It has been devoted to discussions of politics, art, and literature and to reviews of the leading books in these fields. Representative contributors have been Francis Parkman, T. R. Lounsbury, B. L. Gildersleeve, J. R. Lowell, Carl Schurz, James Bryce, William James, Paul Shorey, and Stuart Sherman. (See "Fifty Years of American Idealism," edited by Gustav Pollak. 1915. Also the "Semicentenary Number," 1915.)

NEW ENGLAND COURANT, THE, 1721-1727. A Boston weekly.

Founded by James Franklin and carried on by him and a group of friends known as the Hell-Fire Club. The _Courant_ represents a violent and somewhat coarse reaction against the domination of the New England clergy. It was written after the manner of the _Spectator_ with frequent paraphrased and a few quoted passages. After the imprisonment of James the paper was carried on by the youthful Benjamin Franklin, who had already contributed the fourteen "Do-Good Papers." The _Courant_ gave evidence of much wit and enterprise, but quite lacked the urbanity of its English model.

NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE, THE, 1831-1835. A Boston monthly.

Founded by Joseph T. Buckingham, former editor of the _Polyanthus_,1805-1807 and 1812-1814, the _Ordeal_,1809, the _New England Galaxy_,1817-1828, and the _Boston Courier,_, a daily, 1814-1848. The _New England Magazine_, superior to any of these, was the project of Edwin, a son, who gave it distinction in a single year of editorship before his death, at the age of twenty-two. The father continued in charge for eighteen months, relinquishing it for the final year to Charles Fenno Hoffman and Park Benjamin. These latter took the magazine to New York in January, 1836, renaming it the _American Monthly Magazine_. The younger Buckingham showed enterprise in enlisting well-known contributors and acuteness in securing copy from Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, and Hawthorne before they were widely known. It was in the _New England_ that Holmes originated "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table" in two numbers of 1832, reviving the theme in his first _Atlantic_ series twenty-five years later; and here also Hawthorne printed many stories now in "Twice-Told Tales" and "Mosses from an Old Manse." (See "The First _New England Magazine_ and its Editor," by George Willis Cooke, _New England Magazine_ (N. S.), March, 1897.)

NEW YORK EVENING POST, THE, 1801----. A New York daily.

A Federal paper at first. Alexander Hamilton and John Jay aided in its establishment. William Coleman, first editor. Bryant began to write for the _Post_ in 1826. He was editor from 1829 to 1878.

NEW YORK REVIEW AND ATHENÆUM MAGAZINE, THE, (?)-1827. A New York monthly.

A type of the short-lived magazine which rose and then combined with or absorbed others in a succession of changes. This was first the _Review_, then in March, 1826, it was merged with another periodical into the _New York Literary Gazette or American Athenæum_, and a little later it combined with Parson's old paper, the _United States Literary Gazette_, to form the _United Stales Review and Literary Gazette_. It is mentioned because of Bryant's contributions and his editorship from 1826 until its discontinuation.

NEW YORK TRIBUNE, THE, 1841----. A New York daily.

Started by Horace Greeley as a reform newspaper in support of President Harrison. In 1847 Greeley enlisted the support of several of the Brook Farm group--George Ripley, Margaret Fuller, Charles A. Dana, and George William Curtis--and secured as later contributors Carl Schurz, John Hay, Henry James, William Dean Howells, Bayard Taylor, Whitelaw Reid, E. C. Stedman, and others. The _Tribune_ made much of its literary side, not only in book reviews and discussions of contemporary art and letters but in the inclusion of much significant verse. The _Tribune_ was an important ally in securing the election of Lincoln and supporting his policies. It has continued to be one of the leading New York dailies, but its great days were concluded with the resignation of Greeley in 1872.

NEW REPUBLIC, THE, 1914----. A New York weekly.

A "journal of opinion" founded with the assistance of Mr. Willard Straight by Herbert Croly and associates. As its subtitle indicates, it is chiefly concerned with problems of national and international import, but, in addition to the articles by editors and contributors on affairs of the day, it includes papers on the art, music, and literature of the present and the recent past, occasional light essays, discriminating book reviews, and verse. Representative contributors have been John Graham Brooks, John Dewey, William Hard, Elizabeth Shipley Sargent, Louis Untermeyer, Robert Frost, Edwin Arlington Robinson, and, from England, Norman Angell, H. M. Brailsford, and H. G. Wells.

NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, THE, 1815----. A Boston and New York quarterly.

Successor to the _Boston Monthly Anthology_, 1803-1811, being founded by an editor, William Tudor, and several contributors who had been members of the Anthology Club. After three years as a general literary bimonthly it became a quarterly review. Among early contributors, besides well-known leaders in political thinking, were George Ticknor, George Bancroft, Bryant, and Longfellow. Until the founding of the _Atlantic_ it was the leading organ of conservative thought in New England. For the decade from 1864 it was under the joint editorship of James Russell Lowell and Charles Eliot Norton. Since 1878 it has been in New York, changing in editorship and periods of publication. It became settled as a monthly under George Harvey. The more purely literary American contributors of the last few years have been Howells, Mabie, Matthews, Woodberry, Miss Repplier, Miss Teasdale, Miss Lowell, Hagedorn, Robinson, Mackaye, and Ficke. (See _North American_, Vol. C, p. 315, and Vol. CCI.)

OUTLOOK, THE, 1870----. A New York weekly.

Founded in 1870 as the _Christian Union_, an undenominational paper, by Henry Ward Beecher. In 1876 he shared his duties as editor with Lyman Abbott, present editor. In 1884 Hamilton Wright Mabie was added as associate editor. Title was changed to _The Outlook_ in 1893. Mabie secured contributions from men like James Bryce and Edward Dowden, translations from the works of Daudet and François Coppée. Recent American literary contributors: Ernest Poole, Vachel Lindsay, Cawein, Oppenheim. New political impetus came with contributions from Theodore Roosevelt, beginning 1909. The paper has had more or less of ecclesiastical character all along, but at present may be characterized as seeking to mold public opinion and interpret current events. One number of each month is enlarged to contain special departments; called Illustrated Magazine Number from 1896 to 1905.

PENNSYLVANIA GAZETTE, THE, 1729-1821. A Philadelphia weekly.

The new name and new periodical founded by Benjamin Franklin when he purchased Samuel Keimer's _Universal Instructor_ in October, 1729. The news element was slight and unreliable, but the literary, Addisonian essays gave the paper character at once. These gave way later to essays more distinctly peculiar to Franklin's own point of view and kind of humor. The book advertisements supplemented this essay material in contributing to the broader culture of the readers. After Franklin's personal withdrawal the traditions of the _Gazette_ were continued. In 1765 Franklin sold out to his partner David Hall. With the death of his grandson, also David Hall, the paper passed into the hands of Atkinson and Alexander and was renamed the _Saturday Evening Post_ (p. 498).

POETRY, 1912----. A Chicago monthly.

A magazine of verse. Harriet Monroe, editor. Ralph Fletcher Seymour Co., Chicago, publishers. Advisory committee: H. B. Fuller, Edith Wyatt, and H. C. Chatfield Taylor. It was guaranteed for five years by endowment fund and contained no advertisements at the beginning. It has been a vehicle for poetry from all parts of the world by poets with or without fame. Now it contains book-list awards, reviews, and poetry announcements and advertisements. The original staff is almost unchanged. It seems to be on a sound financial footing.

POOR RICHARD'S ALMANAC, 1733-1748.

Founded by Benjamin Franklin. Its chief feature was its inclusion in the reading matter of the proverbial sayings, the best of which were combined in "The Way to Wealth." It was characterized by a French critic of the day as "the first popular almanac which spoke the language of reason." It was conducted by Franklin until 1748.

PORT FOLIO, THE, 1806-1827. A Philadelphia weekly and monthly.

Founded by Joseph Dennie as a weekly newspaper. From 1806 to 1809, though continuing as a weekly, it assumed the character of a literary magazine, and in the latter year became a monthly. Its most distinctive period was in the first eleven years before the death of Dennie. While he was editor the _Port Folio_ was a vehicle of "polite letters." It was imitative in style and reminiscent in point of view, but it was wholesome in its honesty about American matters and manners and exerted a strong and healthy influence. The best-known contributors were the editor, "Oliver Oldschool," John Quincy Adams, and Charles Brockden Brown.

PUTNAM'S, 1853-1858, 1868-1870, 1906-1910. A New York monthly.

Publishers, G. P. Putnam and Co., New York. _Putnam's Monthly Magazine_ of American literature, science, and art. Established by George P. Putnam with the assistance of George William Curtis and others. In 1857 merged into _Emerson's United States Magazine_, which was continued as _Emerson's Magazine and Putnam's Monthly_. Discontinued November, 1858. January, 1868-November, 1870, _Putnam's Monthly Magazine_. Original papers on literature, science, art, and national interests. Merged into _Scribner's Monthly_, December, 1870. October, 1906-March, 1910, reëstablished and merged with the _Critic_, founded in 1881; issued by Messrs. Putnam since 1898. An illustrated monthly of literature, art, and life. Absorbed the _Reader_, March, 1908. Titles vary during this period. A large number of full-page and smaller illustrations. One serial running, small proportion of verse, special articles, comments, and criticisms on literature and the fine arts, science, travel, statesmanship. Alternating emphasis with successive issues on the different arts. Typical contributors and contributions, with illustrations concerning: Lafcadio Hearn, Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, Stedman, Stoddard, Henry James, Longfellow, Franklin, Margaret Deland, Maeterlinck, Thomas Edison, Binet, Corot, Helen Keller, Nazimova, Gladstone, the Bonapartes. Absorbed by the _Atlantic Monthly_, April, 1910.

ROUND TABLE, THE, 1864-1869. A New York monthly.

A literary journal founded in New York in emulation of Boston's _Atlantic_ and supported with great interest by Aldrich, Stedman, Bayard Taylor, and their circle. It was suspended during parts of 1864-1865 and discontinued in July, 1869, in spite of the efforts to secure a subsidy for it from the wealthy men of New York.

RUSSELL'S MAGAZINE, 1857-1860. A Charleston monthly.

Founded by John Russell, Charleston bookseller, with Paul Hamilton Hayne as editor. A monthly periodical for the literary group centering around William Gilmore Simms. Contained fiction, sketches, addresses, reviews, and essays on various topics--political, historical, literary, artistic, scientific. These were mainly unsigned, but the leading contributors were Simms, Hayne, Timrod, James L. Petigru, John D. Bruns, and Basil Gildersleeve. With the approach of the Civil War it was discontinued March, 1860. (Lives of P. H. Hayne and W. G. Simms. Three Notable Ante-Bellum Magazines of South Carolina, Sidney J. Cohen, University of South Carolina, _Bulletin 42_.)

SATURDAY EVENING POST, THE, 1821----. A Philadelphia weekly.

A lineal descendant of Franklin's _Pennsylvania Gazette_(see p. 496). It was given its present name in 1821 when Samuel C. Atkinson and Charles Alexander took control, Atkinson being the surviving partner of David Hall, grandson and namesake of Franklin's partner to whom the _Gazette_ was sold in 1765. In one hundred and eighty years the only interruption to consecutive issues was during the British occupation of Philadelphia. The _Post_ of recent years has been one of the American weeklies of largest circulation. It contains fiction, up-to-date personalia, and brisk articles on the affairs of the moment. Its attitude toward thrift, industry, and the way to wealth is completely consistent with the ethics of Franklin. It is conducted by the Curtis Publishing Company and edited by George H. Lorimer.

SATURDAY PRESS, THE, 1858-1860. A New York weekly.

The special organ of the "Bohemians"--a group of New Yorkers who acknowledged Henry M. Clapp as their leader. Other contributors were Fitz-James O'Brien, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, R. H. Stoddard, William Winter, and E. C. Stedman, The _Press_ was brilliant but short-lived, announcing in its last number in early 1860 that it was "discontinued for lack of funds which [was], by a coincidence, precisely the reason for which it was started." (See H. M. Clapp in Winter's "Other Days," and "The Life of Stedman," by Stedman and Gould.)

SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE, 1886----. A New York monthly.

Founded December, 1886, by Messrs. Scribner (entirely distinct from old _Scribner's Monthly_), with E. L. Burlingame as editor. Illustrated. Typical contributors, in the early years: H. C. Bunner, Joel Chandler Harris, Sarah Orne Jewett, Barrett Wendell, E. H. Blashford, Richard Henry Stoddard, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, T. W. Higginson, W. C. Brownell, Charles Edwin Markham, Robert Louis Stevenson; in recent years: Winston Churchill, J. L. Laughlin, W. C. Brownell, Meredith Nicholson, John Galsworthy, etc. Articles of popular interest on art, music, nature, travel, and since 1914 a section given to the World War. Aim and policy unchanged.

SCRIBNER'S MONTHLY, 1870-1881. A New York monthly.

Founded by Roswell Smith, manager, and J. G. Holland, editor, and published as _Scribner's_, but not like _Harper's_ as a publishing-house magazine. The design from the first was to deal with matters of social and religious opinion from the liberal viewpoint. At the outset it absorbed _Hours at Home_ and _Putnam's_ and in 1873 Edward Everett Hale's _Old and New_. It was the first to undertake a series on the new South and to encourage Southern contributors, including Lanier, Thomas Nelson Page, George W. Cable, and Joel Chandler Harris. Most notable among its series were portions of Grant's Memoirs and Hay and Nicolay's "Life of Lincoln," George Kennan's Siberian papers, and Hay's anonymous novel "The Breadwinners." _Scribner's Monthly_ was a pioneer in the use of illustrations made by the new mechanical methods of reproduction. The magazine never printed or sold less than 40,000 copies, and when in 1881 it changed ownership and became the _Century_ it had a circulation of 125,000. (See Tassin's "The Magazine in America," pp. 287-301.)

SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER, 1834-1865. A Richmond monthly.

Founded at Richmond, Virginia, in August, 1834, by Thomas W. White, as a semimonthly, but changed to a monthly almost at once. Poe contributed to the seventh number and from then on in each number till he became assistant editor from July, 1835, to January, 1837. During this period the circulation increased from 700 to 5000. Well established by this time, it continued as the most substantial and longest lived of the Southern magazines. A vehicle for literature between the too heavy and the frivolous, and an honest review. Poe's contributions outrank those of any other writer, but the list of contributors includes N. P. Willis, C. F. Hoffman, R. W. Griswold, J. G. Holland, R. H. Stoddard, W. M. Thackeray, Charles Dickens, G. P. R. James, John Randolph, R. H. Bird, Philip P. Cooke, J. W. Legare, P. H. Hayne, Henry Timrod, John P. Kennedy, and Sidney Lanier. (See "The Southern Literary Messenger," by B. B. Minor.)

SOUTHERN MAGAZINE, THE, 1871-1875. A Baltimore monthly.

The most distinguished of the several short-lived Southern magazines established in the Civil War reconstruction period. It was a continuation of the _New Eclectic_, but included, in addition to the English reprints, original work by many Southern authors. These were, among others, Margaret Preston, Malcolm Johnson, Sidney Lanier, Paul Hamilton Hayne, and Professors Gildersleeve and Price. It could pay nothing for manuscript, however, and the new interest in Southern writing awakened by _Scribner's_ in 1873, and responded to by _Harper's_, the _Atlantic_, _Lippincott's_, the _Independent_, and others, furnished support as well as stimulation to its best contributors and hastened its death at the end of five years.

WESTERN MESSENGER, THE (Cincinnati), 1835-1841.

Begun by Reverend Ephraim Peabody. Published by Western Unitarian Society aided by American Unitarian Association. Purposed to make it a vehicle for clear, rational discussion of important and interesting topics. Discussed reform movements, religious questions and creeds, and encouraged expression of all cultural ideas,--literary articles, poetry, book reviews, etc. Contributors: Mann Butler, W. D. Gallagher, James H. Perkins, R. W. Emerson, J. S. Dwight, Elizabeth P. Peabody, Jones Very, James Freeman Clarke, Dr. Lyman Beecher, Professor Calvin E. Stowe, Margaret Fuller, C. P. Cranch. Sought to make it Western in spirit with many Western contributors and articles on history of the West. 1836-1839 in Louisville, under J. F. Clarke, then back to Cincinnati, under William H. Channing, till April, 1841.

WESTERN MONTHLY MAGAZINE, THE (Cincinnati), 1833-1836.

Edited for two and one-half years by James Hall and for six months by Joseph R. Foy. Thirty-seven contributors, of whom six were women and only three from east of the Alleghenies. Harriet Beecher won "the prize tale" in April, 1834, and contributed another story in July. The contents made up largely of expository articles on art, history, biology, travel, education, economics, and modern sociology. The book notices were independent and discriminating.

YALE REVIEW, THE, 1892-1911, 1911----. Issued quarterly.

Continued _New Englander and Yale Review_. G. P. Fisher and others, editors. In 1900 changed from a "journal of history and political science" to a "Journal for the Scientific Discussion of Economic, Political, and Social Questions"; 1911---- "a quarterly magazine devoted to Literature, Science, History, and Public Opinion." Yale Publishing Association, Inc., Wilbur D. Cross, chief editor. Not an official publication of Yale University. Made up of serious articles and essays, some light essays and verse, and literary criticism. Leading contributors, prose: W. H. Taft, Norman Angell, Walter Lippman, Simeon Strunsky, Vida D. Scudder; verse: Witter Bynner, Louis Untermeyer, Sara Teasdale, Edgar Lee Masters, Robert Frost, John Masefield. Thus its place as a literary periodical has been assumed only within the last decade. The old _New Englander_ (1843-1892) was a substantial and dignified journal but included the work of no writer of even minor literary achievement.

INDEX

"Abraham Davenport" (Whittier), 261

"Acknowledgment" (Lanier), 355, 356

Adams, John, 68, 69, 343

Addison, Joseph, 45, 47, 48, 102, 116, 123, 163, 166, 191, 254, 317,
343

"Adios" (Miller), 407

Agassiz, Louis, 229, 294

"Agile Sonneteer, The" (Sill), 401

"Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems" (Poe), 176

Alcott, Bronson, 195, 196

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 324, 327-331, 332, 411, 453

"Alectryon" (Stedman), 333

"Algerine Captive, The" (Tyler), 103

Allan, John, 174, 175, 176, 179

Allston, Washington, 313

Almanacs, colonial, 50, 51

"American Anthology, An" (Stedman), 332

American Anti-Slavery Society, 257, 258

"American Claimant, The" (Twain), 383

American deference to Old World culture, 70, 78, 79,94, 108, 111-114,
120, 121, 133, 142, 143, 152, 153, 154, 163, 168, 177, 190,
201, 204, 268, 272, 292, 333, 336, 367, 389, 419, 433, 438

American isolation, 111

"American Literature, Library of" (Stedman), 332

_American Magazine, The_, 487

_American Manufacturer, The_, 255

_American Monthly Magazine, The_, 239

"American Notebooks" (Hawthorne), 241

"American Register, The" (Brown), 102

"American Scholar, The" (Emerson), 204

"American, The" (James), 423

Ames, Nathaniel, 50, 51

Amesbury (Mass.), 253

"Among my Books" (Lowell), 289

"Among the Redwoods" (Sill), 399

Andover (Mass.), 22, 304

"André" (Dunlap), 96

Andros, Governor, 27

"Annabel Lee" (Poe), 179

"Annie Kilburn" (Howells), 419

"Antiquity of Freedom, The" (Whittier), 166

"April Hopes" (Howells), 418

_Arcturus_, 283

Arnold, Matthew, 213, 216

"Arrow and the Song, The" (Longfellow), 272

"Arthur Mervyn" (Brown), 105, 106

_Atlantic Monthly, The_, 232, 265, 267, 288, 305, 314, 317, 327, 329,
345, 381, 397, 415, 416, 478, 488

Austen, Jane, 107, 249

"Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, The" (Holmes), 316-318

"Autumn" (Thoreau), 230

"Awkward Age, The" (James), 423

Bakst, Leon, 184

"Ballad of Babie Bell, The" (Aldrich), 330

"Ballad of the Oysterman, The" (Holmes), 315

"Ballads and other Poems" (Longfellow), 271

_Baltimore Saturday Visiter, The_, 176, 488

"Barbara Frietchie" (Whittier), 260

Barlow, Joel 65, 76, 86, 111

"Baroness of New York, The" (Miller), 404, 406

"Battlefield, The" (Whittier), 166

"Bay Psalm Book," 5, 19, 21

"Beat! Beat! Drums!" (Whitman), 366

Beaumont and Fletcher, 92

"Bee, The" (Lanier), 354

Beecher, Henry Ward, 299

"Bells, The" (Poe), 179, 183

"Bells: a Collection of Chimes, The" (Aldrich), 330

Bennett, James Gordon, 385

Bierce, Ambrose, 187

"Biglow Papers" (Lowell), 284, 285, 286

"Bill and Joe" (Holmes), 320

Bird, Robert M., 93, 97

"Black Cat, The" (Poe), 186

Blake, William, 182

"Blithedale Romance, The," (Hawthorne), 241, 244, 245

Bohemia, 328, 335, 345, 363

Boker, George H., 93

Book Lists, 13, 24, 37, 57, 58, 67, 84-87, 98, 108, 137-139, 155,
156, 171, 188, 197, 218, 233, 249, 265, 279, 296, 308, 321,
340, 358, 377, 393, 408, 434, 451, 484

Boston, 5, 8, 28, 34, 42, 50, 77, 91, 173, 199, 240, 252, 261, 267,
306, 307, 310, 332, 343, 416

_Boston Miscellany, The_, 283

Boucicault, Dion, 437

Bowdoin College, 238, 268, 301, 325

"Bracebridge Hall" (Irving), 117, 417

Brackenridge, H. H., 97, 103

Bradford, William, 7, 8

Bradstreet, Anne, 21-26, 83, 301

Bradstreet, Simon, 21

"Brahma" (Emerson), 214

"Bravo, The" (Cooper), 153

Bridge, Horatio, 240

"Bridge, The" (Longfellow), 272

_Broadway Journal, The_, 178, 488

"Broker of Bogota, The" (Bird), 97

Brook Farm, 196, 197, 240

_Brooklyn Daily Eagle, The_, 363, 488

"Broomstick Train, The" (Holmes), 320

"Brother Jonathan's Lament for Sister Caroline" (Holmes), 319

Brown, Charles Brockden, 100-109, 412

Brown, John, "of Harper's Ferry," 232

Brownell, Henry Howard, 331

Browning, Robert, 261, 358

"Brutus" (Payne), 97

Bryant, William Cullen, 110, 158-171, 190, 191, 269, 277, 292, 324,
325, 357, 414

_Buffalo Express, The_, 384

Bunyan, John, 47, 274

Burke, Edmund, 58

Burns, Robert, 255, 256, 262, 264

Burroughs, John, 229, 364, 375

_Burton's Gentleman's Magazine_, 177, 491

Bynner, Witter, 453, 482-484

Byron, Lord, 175, 256, 370, 405, 406

Cable, George W., 412, 424, 425

California, 380, 381, 383, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 403, 406

Cambridge, England, 10