Chapter V: Comparison Between Egypt and Chaldæa (2)

P. 349.--We may here draw attention to an object which may be compared to that described by M. Clermont Ganneau, both for its intrinsic character and its probable destination. It is a tablet in brown limestone, portable, and surmounted by a ring or staple cut in the material. On one face there is a bas-relief in which the goddess who occupies the lower register in Péretié’s bronze again appears. She has the head of a lioness, a snake dangles from each hand, the arms are outstretched, and two animals, in which LAYARD recognises a lioness and a sow, hang to her breasts. This goddess stands before an animal which has a bull’s head in the engraving given by Lajard. But its feet are those of a horse, and no doubt we should find that the animal in question was a horse if we could examine the original; but we do not know what has become of it. If, as there seems reason to believe, this goddess is an infernal deity, it is easy to understand why serpents were placed in her hands. These reptiles are the symbols of resurrection; every year they quit their old skins for new ones. The object in question is described in detail in the _Recherches sur le Culte de Vénus_, p. 130, and figured in Plate XVI, Fig. 1. Upon one of the larger faces of the tablet and upon its edges there are inscriptions, magic formulæ according to M. Fr. Lenormant.

This tablet was formerly in the cabinet of M. Rousseau, at one time French consul at Bagdad. It was found in the ruins of Babylon. Size, 24 inches high by 24 inches wide, and 3⅞ inches thick.

P. 384.--In speaking of the excavations made by Sir H. RAWLINSON at Borsippa, we forgot to mention his paper entitled _On the Birs Nimroud; or, The Great Temple of Borsippa_ (_Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, vol. xviii. p. 1–32). Paragraphs 1 and 2 give an account of the excavations, and we regret that we wrote of the religious architecture of Chaldæa before having read them. Not that they contain anything to cause us to change our conceptions of the staged towers. The excavations seem to have been carried on with great care, but they hardly gave results as complete as they might have done had they been directed by a thoroughly-trained architect.

VOL. II.

P. 48.--Upon Arvil, the ancient Arbela, and the likelihood of great discoveries in the mound which there rises 150 feet above the plain, see a contribution from Sir H. RAWLINSON to the _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, vol. i. new series, 1865, pp. 190–197. The mound is at present crowned by a Turkish fort.

P. 176.--Herr FRITZ HOMMEL, one of the few non-French students of the remains from Tello, is no more inclined than we are to allow that the igneous rocks from which they are cut were brought from Egypt. He believes they were won from much nearer quarries, viz., on the borders of the Arabian plateau (_Die Vorsemitische Kulturen in Egypten und Babylonien_, pp. 211–223).

Pp. 188–190.--In enumerating the few monuments of Chaldæan sculpture that we possess over and above those brought home by M. de Sarzec, we forgot to mention a small Babylonian head in hard alabaster, now in the Louvre (Fig. 262). Its workmanship resembles that of the two heads from Tello (Plate VII.), and some of the small heads from the same place. It is conspicuous for the same frank and decided modelling, but it belongs to the period when long beards were worn.

P. 202.--To the list of Chaldæan sculptures we should, perhaps, add the rock-cut relief found by Sir H. RAWLINSON in the district of Zohab, about fifty leagues from the left bank of the Tigris, and to the north-west of Bagdad, near the village of Sheikhan. This district forms a part of the Persian province of Kirmanchah (_Journal of the Geographical Society_, vol. ix. p. 31). The relief occurs, it seems, on the high road between Babylon and Ecbatana, in the defile which is now called _Tak-i-Girrah_, one of the passes leading up through Mount Zagros to the plateau of Iran. There is a sketch of the relief from the pencil of Sir H. Rawlinson in the _Five Great Monarchies_ of his brother (vol. iii. p. 7). The king stands with his foot on the body of a conquered enemy. An individual, probably the royal general, presents two kneeling captives, who are held by a cord attached to rings put through their noses. More captives with ropes about their necks are carved on the kind of plinth upon which the main group is supported. The whole picture is about two feet wide and five high. Near it there is an apparently unfinished inscription in Babylonish cuneiform characters. The Chaldæan origin of the work is confirmed by the flounces on the general’s robe. In the same neighbourhood there are ruins which appear to date from a very early period.

P. 219.--We have here omitted to draw attention to one of the differences between the art of the Sargonids and that of the preceding dynasty. In the figures from Tello and in the bas-reliefs of the time of Assurnazirpal the sculptor has left the eyeballs smooth (Plate VII.; Vol. I. Fig. 15; Vol. II, Figs. 43, 64, 113). In the sculptures of the time of Sargon and his successors, on the other hand, the cornea is indicated in the figures both of men and animals, by a clearly traced circle (Vol. I, Figs. 22 and 25; Vol. II. Fig. 118 and Plate X.). It was, no doubt, the desire to give a more lifelike expression to the physiognomy that led the artist thus to modify his proceeding. There are a few figures in which the desire for imitative truth is pushed even farther. In a bas-relief in the Louvre there is an eagle-headed deity in which not only the cornea but the pupil also is marked by a smaller circle within the first. See the _De l’Expression des Yeux dans la Statuaire_ of Doctor DEBROU (_Correspondant_, April 10th, 1883). His special knowledge has enabled him to make more than one remark upon the representation of the eye in ancient and modern sculpture, to which writers upon art would do well to pay attention.

P. 398.--On the subject of the female divinity whose worship was so widely spread over the whole East and over the Mediterranean coasts, the dissertation of Herr GELZER, _Zum Cultus der Assyrischen Aphrodite_ (Lepsius’s _Zeitschrift_, 1875, p. 127) may be consulted with profit.

* * * * *

We received the admirable _Guide to the Kuyundjik Gallery_, published by the authorities of the British Museum, too late to make use of it for our work. It joins to an exhaustive account of the bas-reliefs of Sennacherib and Assurbanipal a description of the smaller objects contained in the glass cases of the same gallery. Many of these objects date from a very early period, and many were found in Chaldæa. Some of the more interesting texts are translated by Mr. Pinches; of others he gives a summary. The body of the work is preceded by an introduction giving such details of Assyrian history, religion and manners as are required by the general student. When a similar _brochure_ is forthcoming for the Nimroud gallery--and the energy of the English officials is a guarantee that we shall not have to wait long for it--visitors to the museum will be in possession of all that is necessary to enable them to profit to the fullest extent by its superb collection.

INDEX.

A

Abd-al-Medjid, Sultan, ii. 39.

Abdul-Hamid, ii. 76.

Abou-Abba (or Sippara), i. 200.

Abou-Sharein, i. 157, 190, 262; ii. 34.

Abraham, i. 15, 199.

Abydenus, i. 51;
spoken of by Eusebius, 57.

Abydos, on the Hellespont, ii. 220.

Accad, i. 14, 21, 59.

Acheron, i. 354.

Adar (Saturn?), i. 73.

Adrammelech, i. 103.

Agbatana, _see_ Ecbatana.

Ahmes II., ii. 339.

Ahura-Mazda, i. 88.

Alabaster, found near Mossoul, i. 120;
its distribution, 121;
its constitution, 121;
its characteristics as a material for the sculptor, ii. 110.

Alabastron, ii. 301.

Alexander the Great, i. 54; ii. 382.

Alexander Polyhistor, i. 51.

Allat, i. 83, 345.

Alphabet, invention of, i. 22.

Altaï, i. 21.

Altars, their characteristic forms, i. 236;
with battlements, 255;
circular, 256;
sarcophagus-shaped, 256.

Amanus, ii. 340.

Amber, its absence from Mesopotamian remains, ii. 362.

Amen, i. 78, 79.

_Ament_, the Assyrian, i. 345.

Amiaud, M., i. 361.

Amoor, i. 19.

Amphora, ii. 300.

Amraphel, i. 36.

Amulets, ii. 251.

_Anabasis_ quoted, i. 361.

Anaïtis, _see_ Oannes.

Animals, grotesque and fantastic, in Assyrian Art, ii. 167–173;
on the seals, ii. 279.

Anthemius, i. 172.

Antioch, ii. 286.

Antiochus-Epiphanes, i. 33.

Aphrodite, ii. 398.

_Apollonius of Tyana_, i. 299.

Apsou (or Apason), i. 83.

Arade, ii. 265.

Aramaic, or Aramæan, came into common use with the second Chaldæan
Empire, i. 18.

Aram-Naharaim, i. 3.

Arbeles, Arvil (or Ervil), i. 6; ii. 48.

Arch, frequent use of, i. 132, 221;
invented in Chaldæa, 222;
at Mugheir, 222;
in the hanging gardens at Babylon, 223;
in Sargon’s gateways, 224;
in the sewers of the palaces, 227.

Archivolt, enamelled, at Khorsabad, i. 290.

Arioch, i. 36.

Aristophanes, ii. 397.

Aristotle, i. 71;
his _Politics_ quoted in reference to the size of Babylon,
ii. 56.

Arithmetic, Chaldæan, i. 68;
origin of the sexagesimal system, 68.

Armenia, annexed by Assyria, i. 7.

Arms, ii. 343.

Arrian, his Indian history, i. 57.

Artaxerxes Mnemon, i. 90.

Artists, their social position in Mesopotamia, ii. 394.

Aryans, said to compose part of the early Chaldæan population,
i. 18.

Aryballos, ii. 306.

Asia Minor, ii. 172.

Ass, the wild, in Assyrian sculpture, ii. 150.

Asshur, the builder of Nineveh, i. 14.

Assur, i. 83;
the Assyrian god _par excellence_, 84;
fell with Nineveh, 88.

Assurbanipal, i. 36, 44;
receives the homage of Gyges, king of Lydia, 44;
his cruelty, 47;
patron of literature and the arts, 47;
his library, 47;
numerous remains of sculpture dating from his reign, ii. 236.

Assurbilkala, ii. 101, 203, 289.

Assuredilani, i. 51.

Assurnazirpal, i. 42;
his statue in the round, ii. 126.

Assyria, its true boundaries, i. 7;
its successive capitals, 7;
its size, 7;
consolidation of its supremacy, 41;
first A. empire, 41;
second A. empire, 41;
expeditions into Armenia, Cappadocia, and Syria, 41;
strictly a military monarchy, 96;
its _régime_, 103;
Assyrian monarchy, solidity of the succession, 103;
characteristics of the Assyrian race, 105;
cruelty of the Assyrian kings, 105–7;
luxury of _do._, 105–7;
constitution of the Assyrian nation, 111;
comparative insignificance of civilian element, 112.

Assyro-Chaldæan language, the, i. 53.

Astarte, i. 345.

Astragali, i. 206.

Astrology, i. 65;
the forerunner of real astronomy, 67.

_Athenæum_ quoted, i. 317.

Aturia, a variant of Assyria, i. 6.

Auben (or Auben-Ra), ii. 120.

Augustus, ii. 382.

B

Baal worshipped in Judah and Israel as well as Tyre and Sidon,
i. 16.

_Baalazar_, ii. 336.

Babel, i. 14, 53.

_Bab-i-Houmaioun_, ii. 72.

Babil, i. 130, 154;
its identity discussed, 384; ii. 35.

_Babooshes_, i. 238.

Babylon, age of its premiership, i. 38;
more tenacious of life than Nineveh, 54;
etymology of the name, 86;
natural elements of its prosperity, 92;
superiority of its situation over that of Nineveh, 93;
an “eternal city,” ii. 53;
its defences, 53;
incomplete nature of the explorations that have been carried out
on its site, 55;
its size discussed, 56–59;
the stone bridge, 57;
height of the walls, 63.

Bactriana, metals brought from, i. 125.

Bagdad, i. 40, 54.

Bahr-ul-nejef, ii. 176.

Bakhenkhonsou, ii. 394.

Balawat, gates of, i. 194;
steles figured on, 196;
standards figured on, 195;
their discovery by Mr. Rassam, 242; ii. 51, 73, 118, 210.

Baldricks, how coloured in the reliefs, ii. 247.

_Baruch_ quoted, ii. 89.

Bas-reliefs, defective methods of fixing them, i. 265.

Bassorah, i. 8, 38.

Battering-ram, used by the Assyrians, ii. 64.

Battlements, i. 248;
coloured ornament upon them, 254;
their effect against an Eastern sky, 254.

Bavian, carved rocks at, i. 263;
sculptures at, ii. 225;
description of the valley, 226.

Beards, their significance, ii. 136.

Beauchamp, de, his account of a room in the Kasr, i. 281.

_Beharel_, ii. 336.

Behistan, i. 88.

Bel, i. 78, 83;
supreme in Chaldæa, 86;
temple of, at Babylon, ii. 201.

Bell, artist, drowned at Bavian, ii. 230.

Bellino, cylinder of, ii. 61.

Bel-Merodach, his sepulchral chamber, i. 379.

Beltis (_see_ Istar), i. 78.

Beni-Hassan, i. 208.

Benndorf quoted, i. 357.

Berosus quoted by LENORMANT, i. 2;
quoted by RAWLINSON, 4, 15;
his _Medic_ dynasty, 36;
native Chaldæan dynasty, 36;
his “Arab Kings,” 41, 57, 64;
the decorations of the Temple of Bel, 287;
his account of the origin of things quoted, ii. 270.

Beyrout, ii. 231.

Birch, Dr., quoted, ii. 120, 306, 311;
his opinion on the ivories from Assyria, 320, 339.

Birs-Nimroud, i. 130;
its identity discussed, 384; ii. 35.

_Bit-Saggatou_, i. 379.

Bitumen, its use as mortar, i. 155;
where found, 155;
used to attach glazed bricks to the surface of the walls, 285.

Black stone, Lord Aberdeen’s, i. 211.

Boaz, ii. 70.

Bœckh, ii. 397.

Borsip (or Borsippa), i. 38, 53.

Boscawen, ii. 232, 345.

Botta quoted, i. 157, 175;
his opinion as to the use of columns, 179, 244, 259;
glazed bricks, 294;
his opinion as to Assyrian use of colour, ii. 245.

Brandis, ii. 397.

Bréal, Michel, quoted, i. 32.

Brewster, Sir D., ii. 306, 308.

Bricks, process of manufacture of, i. 115;
system of construction in, 116;
made in Chaldæa at a very early period, 117;
their shape, 117;
their size, 117;
their inscriptions, 118;
convex-sided B. at Abou-Sharein, 118;
dangers of crude B. as a building material, 156;
always clothed in some other material in the palaces, 271;
quantity of enamelled B. to be found in Babylonia, 281;
enamelled B. of Assyria inferior to those of Chaldæa, 281;
glazed B. in the British Museum, 281;
enamelled B. found by George Smith at Nimroud, 293.

Bridge, at Babylon, ii. 57.

Bronze, its use in the palaces of the king of Babylon, according
to Philostratus, i. 299.

Broussa, i. 289.

Balls, winged, ii. 81.

Battons, or walking-sticks, ii. 357.

Bracelets, ii. 356.

Bumados, ii. 225.

Buvariia, i. 156, 371.

Byblos, i. 56.

C

Cabul, ii. 374.

_Caillou Michaux_, the, i. 30; ii. 4, 197–8.

Cairo compared to Babylon, ii. 59.

Calah, i. 14, 42;
to be identified with Nimroud, 314.

Callisthenes, i. 71.

Calneh, i. 14.

Campania, engraved bowls found there, ii. 339.

Candolle, A. de, ii. 399.

_Canephoros_ found near Bagdad, ii. 116.

Capitals, i. 205.

Cappadocia, annexed by Assyria, i. 7; ii. 236.

Carpets, probable identity of the patterns on modern Kurdish
carpets with those made in antiquity, i. 289; ii. 293.

Cartoons, used by the designers of the glazed brick decorations,
i. 285.

Caucasus, metals brought from the, i. 125.

Causeways, paved, ii. 74.

Cavaniol, H., quoted, i. 151.

Cedars from Lebanon, used by Assyria, i. 123.

Cemeteries, drainage of the C. in Lower Chaldæa, i. 341;
their contents, 342.

Ceramics, etymology of the word, i. 115.

Chabouillet, his _Catalogue des Camées_ quoted, ii. 90.

Chafing-dishes, ii. 323.

Chaldæa, primitive civilisation, i. 1;
its size, 7;
ethnic elements of primitive C., 16;
its early population, 17–21;
second C. empire, 52;
sudden storms, 74;
archaic period of its art, ii. 187;
its classic age, 192.

Chaldæan religion, i. 55;
more obscure than that of Egypt, 55;
its derivation from fetishism, 59;
origin of the composite forms of gods, 60;
astronomy compared with that of Egypt, 72;
origin of its idols, 76;
difficulty of establishing a Mesopotamian pantheon, 78;
the composite figures of Egypt and Mesopotamia compared, 79;
anthropomorphism of the Chaldæans franker then than that of the
Egyptians, 80;
premiership of successive gods, 84.

Chaldæans (the priestly sect), described by Diodorus, i. 90;
their archimagus, 91.

Chalybes, ii. 312.

Chamanism, i. 59.

Chariots, war-, ii. 74;
their construction, 75.

Chariot-poles, ii. 344.

Chastity, sacrifice of, at Babylon, i. 89.

Chatra (or shatra), ii. 174.

Chedorlaomer, i. 36.

Chedornakhounta, i. 36.

China, its civilisation compared with those of Egypt and Chaldæa,
ii. 378–380.

Chipiez quoted, i. 220.

Chronology, Chaldæan and Assyrian, i. 36–41.

Choisy, Aug., quoted, i. 172.

Chosroes, i. 171, 185.

Cicero quoted, i. 66, 71.

Cimmerians, i. 44.

Clermont-Ganneau quoted, i. 348; ii. 342.

_Cloaca Maxima_, i. 233.

Cloisonné shapes, ii. 202.

Coffered ceilings, i. 294–304.

Coffins, from Warka and Niffer, ii. 306.

Colour, the use of, in decoration, i. 272;
the use of in the human figures in the reliefs, i. 277.

Columns, their restricted use, i. 132;
their rarity due to want of stone, 200;
their occurrence in the Sippara tablet, 202;
sheathed in bronze, 205;
bases, 214–217;
figured upon gems, ivories, and bronzes, 220.

Commerce, ii. 372.

Composite forms of Assyro-Chaldæan gods, i. 63.

Cones, coloured, used for wall-decoration in Chaldæa, i. 279;
bronze, at Tello, 318;
superseded cylinders as seals, ii. 276.

Confucius, ii. 378.

Corneto, i. 180.

Corundum, ii. 260.

Costume, Chaldæo-Assyrian, ii. 94.

_Courban-Bairam_, feast of, ii. 38.

Courtyards, at Khorsabad, ii. 16, 29.

Cow, the, in Assyrian sculpture, ii. 143.

Creil, ii. 381.

Crenellations, i. 248;
Place’s theory of their origin, 252;
note by editor, 253;
coloured ornament upon them, 254.

Crete, ii. 51.

_Crux Ansata_, ii. 120.

Crystals, used for decorating furniture, ii. 323.

Ctesias, i. 52;
speaks of the Χαλδαίοι, 90;
his account of the walls of Babylon, 282;
his statements as to the size of Babylon, ii. 59;
his statements as to the size of Nineveh, 59;
on the bronze figures of the gods, 202;
his description of the figures on the walls of Babylon, 296.

Ctesiphon, i. 54;
never seems to have been a seat of learning, 57, 93, 223.

Cunaxa, i. 113.

Cuneiform characters, i. 14.

Cush, i. 14.

Cutha, ii. 57.

Cyaxares, i. 50.

Cybele, ii. 398.

Cylinder, commemorative, its discovery at the Birs-Nimroud by Sir
H. Rawlinson, i. 317;
the Phillips C., 317.

Cylinders (seals), i. 56;
their universal use in Babylonia, ii. 251;
collections of, in our Museums, 251;
method of mounting, 255;
of carrying, 256;
their supercession by cones, 276;
rarity of metal cylinders, 280.

Cypriots, their indebtedness to Babylonia for their written
characters, i. 32.

Cyprus, engraved bowls found there, ii. 339.

Cyrus, i. 54.

D

Dado, coloured, at Khorsabad, i. 273.

Dagon, _see_ Oannes.

_Daily Telegraph_, the, its subsidies to Mr. George Smith’s
exploration, ii. 7.

Damascening, ii. 345.

Damascius, i. 58, 83.

Damascus, ii. 231.

Darius, ii. 201, 275.

Decoration, i. 260;
the colours of the painted D., 272;
motives of the coloured D., 274;
colours used at Babylon, 283;
cuneiform characters used decoratively, 284;
use of animal forms in D., 307.

Deecke quoted, i. 32.

Delaporte, bricks brought to Europe by, i. 284.

Deuteronomy quoted, i. 151.

Diamond dust, its use by gem engravers, ii. 260.

Diarbekir, ii. 203.

Diodorus, i. 5, 120;
his vague statements as to height of Babylonian temples, 129;
statement as to destruction of the temple of Bel, 137;
his description of the palaces of Semiramis quoted, ii. 34;
λίθιναι δοκοί, 35;
his statements as to the size of Babylon, 55;
his statement, after Ctesias, as to the size of Nineveh, 60;
his mention of the statue of Bel, ii. 202.

Dionysius Periegetes quoted, i. 299.

Diorite, used by the Chaldæan sculptors, i. 141;
statues from Tello, ii. 175;
fragments found at Tello, 190.

Dioscorides (or Dioscurides), ii. 263.

Disk, the winged, its significance, i. 87.

Dog, the, in Assyrian sculpture, ii. 143.

Dolerite, ii. 175.

Domes, _see_ Vaults.

Domestic architecture, ii. 51.

Doors, their forms, i. 236.

Doorways, importance of, i. 244.

Dour-Saryoukin (or Khorsabad), i. 43, 227;
plan of, 313.

Dowels, metal, used to fix the carved slabs, i. 265.

Drainage, system of, in palaces, i. 227.

Drainpipes in the Chaldæan mounds, i. 158.

Drapery, its effect upon Assyrian sculpture, ii. 286.

Dromedary, the, in Assyrian sculpture, ii. 152.

Dumouzi, i. 83.

Dungi, ii. 259, 266.

E

Earrings, how coloured in the reliefs, ii. 247, 354;
in the form of nude children, ii. 362.

Ecbatana, i. 52;
the colours of its walls, 273.

_Ekimmou_, i. 345.

Elam, i. 35.

Ellasar, i. 36, 39.

_Elselah_, ii. 336.

Embroidery, on the robe of Assurnazirpal, i. 307;
use of animal forms in, 308; ii. 364.

Ephron the Hittite, ii. 70.

Epigenes, i. 71.

Epithets given to the gods, i. 347.

Erech, i. 14, 24; ii. 265.

Esarhaddon, i. 44, 103; ii. 8;
unfinished state of his palace at Nimroud, 8, 40;
his image in the pass of the Lycos, 231;
rarity of sculptures dating from his reign, 236.

“E-schakil,” i. 261.

Esther quoted, ii. 71.

Etana, i. 346.

Etruria, engraved bowls found there, ii. 339.

Euphrates, its inundations, i. 9.

Eusebius, i. 51, 57.

Ezekiel quoted, i. 286; ii. 372, 374.

F

Fergusson, James, defects of his restorations, i. 277.

Finnish compared to the language of early Chaldæa, i. 19.

Firouz-Abad, i. 169.

Flandin, Eugène, his opinion on the roofing question, i. 163;
his opinion as to the polychromy of the Assyrians, ii. 245.

Fly-flappers, ii. 203;
how coloured in the reliefs, 247.

Forks, ii. 351.

Foundation ceremonies, i. 311.

Fountains, at Bavian, ii. 229;
in Asia Minor, their decoration, i. 262.

Fox-Talbot quoted, ii. 159.

Fresnel, ii. 58.

Frieze, of enamelled brick at Khorsabad, i. 283;
of the Parthenon, ii. 106.

Fringes, how represented and coloured, ii. 247.

Furniture, ii. 313;
its magnificence in Assyria, 313;
thrones, 314;
decorative motives, 314–324;
Ivory ornament used upon it, 319;
remains from Van, 319.

Fustel de Coulanges quoted, i. 345.

G

Gailhabaud, i. 180.

Gates, discovered at Nineveh by Layard, ii. 62;
at Khorsabad by Place, 62;
discovery of the Balawat gates by Mr. Rassam, i. 242;
gates at Khorsabad described, ii. 65–72;
use of gates in the East, 69.

Gems, ii. 251;
engraving upon oyster shells and other comparatively soft
materials, 258;
cylinders, 251–280.

Genesis quoted, i. 14, 15, 117, 155, 199; ii. 70.

Ghazir, ii. 225.

Ghunduk, ii. 232.

Glass, the earliest known example of transparent glass, ii. 306;
its early use in Mesopotamia, 306.

Globe, the winged, its significance, i. 87.

Glyptic art, ii. 251–280.

Gobineau, de, ii. 253.

Gold, i. 299;
used for decorating domes, 379.

Gomel, ii. 225.

Goun-goun, i. 39.

Graphic processes, i. 327;
plan from Tello, 327;
disproportion between figures and buildings, 333.

Greeks, the, as travellers and observers, i. 56.

Gudea, bronzes inscribed with his name, ii. 116, 180, 188.

Guillaume, E., quoted, ii. 128.

Guyard, Stanislas, his agreements with M. Halévy on the origin of
the Chaldæans, i. 19.

Gyges, king of Lydia, his homage to Assurbanipal, i. 44.

H

Hades, the Assyrian, i. 345.

Halévy, J., his disbelief in Turanian element in primitive Chaldæa,
i. 19;
quoted, 21;
his dissent from the reading _Gudea_ or _Goudea_, 328;
translation of a text relating to a posthumous life, 344.

Haldia, i. 394.

Ham, i. 15.

Hama, i. 349.

Haman, i. 131; ii. 71.

Hammourabi, i. 35;
contracts from the time of, ii. 277.

Hands, treatment of, in Chaldæan statues, ii. 183.

Hanging gardens, the, at Babylon, i. 223; ii. 30;
their position, 35.

Harem, at Khorsabad, ii. 20.

Harness, how ornamented, ii. 357.

Hathor, i. 78.

Havet, M. Ernest, i. 15.

Hea-bani, ii. 86, 263, 269.

Hedjra, ii. 176.

Helbig, ii. 302.

Heliopolis, i. 56.

Hematite, ii. 252.

Hera, i. 374.

Herat, ii. 374.

Herodotus, considers Babylonia a mere district of Assyria, i. 5;
quoted, 8, 9, 12;
his Ἀσσύριοι λόγοι, 50, 120;
the vagueness of his statement as to the height of the temple of
Bel, 129, 155;
the ramparts of Ecbatana, 273;
his scanty allusions to burial in Mesopotamia, 340;
his reference to Nineveh, ii. 59;
his statement as to the height of the walls of Babylon, 63;
and as to their width, 64;
quoted, 94;
his description of the temple of Bel or Belus, 201;
quoted, 257.

Hesiod, ii. 397.

Heuzey quoted, i. 63; ii. 177, 184.

Hierapolis, i. 56.

Hillah, i. 27, 38;
mentioned by George Smith, 153; ii. 195.

Hinges, bronze, i. 243.

Hipparchus, ii. 398.

_Hisr-Sargon_ (or _Dour-Saryoukin_), _see_ Khorsabad.

Hit, i. 4.

Hoefer, Ferd., quoted, ii. 5.

Hoffmann quoted, i. 337.

Horse, the, in Assyrian sculpture, ii. 149.

Horus, i. 78.

Household, arrangement of the royal H. in Assyria, i. 96.

Humboldt quoted by RAWLINSON, i. 3.

Hyksos, ii. 378.

Hypogea, at Bavian, ii. 227.

I

Ibex, occurs on the summits of shafts, i. 209;
in Assyrian sculpture, ii. 150.

Iconography, was there an Assyrian? ii. 138.

Ilou, i. 78.

India, metals brought from, i. 125.

Inscriptions, funerary, their absence i. 55.

Iran, ii. 236.

Isaiah, ii. 372.

Isidore, i. 172.

Isis, i. 78.

Ismi-Dagan, i. 39.

Ispahan, i. 289.

Istar (Venus), i. 73, 78;
how figured, 80;
her relationship to male deities, 83;
her descent into hades, 344;
her arrival at the gate of Hades, 345; ii. 89, 92, 193, 289.

Ivories, ii. 118–125;
Egyptian character of many ivories, 320;
how they have acquired their present colour, 322.

Ivory, its use in decoration, i. 300;
panels in the British Museum, 301;
used for the decoration of furniture, ii. 319;
means by which the demand for ivory was supplied, 320.

Izdubar, the Assyrian Hercules, i. 346; ii. 86, 263, 269.

J

Jambs, the bronze jambs of the gates of Babylon, i. 241.

Janus, ii. 91.

Jewelry, ii. 349.

Jezireh, El-, i. 3; ii. 61.

Jigan, ii. 304.

Jonah, character of the book of, ii. 61.

Joshua quoted, ii. 363.

Judæa, ii. 172.

K

Kasr, i. 261;
its identity discussed, i. 384; ii. 35.

Kaleh-Shergat (or Ellasar), i. 7, 39; ii. 51;
basalt statue found at, 110.

Karamles, ii. 51.

Karigalzu, i. 315; ii. 259.

Karkhemish, ii. 374.

_Keleks_, i. 323.

Kerman, i. 2.

Ker Porter, i. 40.

Khabour, i. 305; ii. 51.

Khasdim, i. 6.

Khausser, ii. 9.

_Khesbet_, ii. 293.

Khetas, ii. 284.

Khorassan, i. 289.

Khorsabad, i. 7;
plan of Sargon’s city, 313;
its discovery by M. Botta, ii. 4;
compared with Versailles, 11;
its extent, 11;
the arrangement of its plan, 13;
the _seraglio_, 11–16;
the _harem_, 20;
courtyards, 16, 29;
the offices, 27;
size of the city of K., 62.

Khouzistan, i. 17.

Kings quoted, i. 302.

_Kislar aga_, compared to the _Tartan_, i. 96.

Knife-handles, ii. 348.

“Knop and flower” pattern, i. 240, 302.

Koran, i. 287.

Korkhar, ii. 203, 231.

Kouffa, i. 93.

Kouti, i. 53.

Kourdourmapouk, ii. 194.

Kouyundjik, i. 7, 44; ii. 44;
arrangement of the ruins on the mound, 47.

_Kunuku_, ii. 255.

Kurdistan, i. 289.

Kushites, their relationship with the Shemites, i. 16, 17.

L

Lachish, siege of, figured in the reliefs, ii. 103, 319.

Lantern or “Louvre,” i. 183.

Laplace, his _Histoire de l’Astronomie_ quoted, i. 68.

Larissa, i. 112;
its supposed identity with Mespila, 152;
Xenophon’s description discussed, 385.

Larnaca, ii. 219.

Larsam, i. 1, 38.

Latium, engraved bowls found there, ii. 339.

Layard, Sir A. H., quoted, i. 7, 10–12, 27, 30, 40, 51;
speaks of fetishism among the Kurds, 61, 74, 116, 119, 120, 138,
155;
his opinion as to the forms of roof, 160–1;
his discovery of wood ashes in the palaces, 176, 183;
found upper chambers at Nimroud, 189, 193, 199, 207, 211, 213;
discovery of sphinxes in south-western edifice at Nimroud, 214;
his discovery of limestone bases in Sennacherib’s palace, 219,
230, 243, 261, 277;
colours used in decoration, 280, 392;
his opinions as to the size of Nineveh quoted, ii. 61;
his discovery of one of the gates of Nineveh, 62;
quoted, 106, 152, 226, 236;
his opinion upon Assyrian polychromy, 247.

Le Blant, E., quoted, i. 339.

Ledrain quoted, i. 317.

Lenormant, F., i. 17;
quoted, i. 22, 30, 34, 37, 39;
his _Magie chez les Chaldéens_ quoted, 59, 69, 261; ii. 90, 252.

Lens found at Nimroud, ii. 308.

Letronne, i. 177.

Lighting, methods of, i. 180;
cylinders found by Place, 184;
by the doors, 186.

Likbagas, ii. 180.

Lintel, stone, from Kouyundjik, i. 237.

Lion, the, in Assyrian sculpture, ii. 154;
its frequent occurrence as a decorative motive, i. 219.

Loftus, W. K., quoted, i. 8, 24, 92, 118, 156;
his opinion as to the forms of roofs, 161, 245;
his explanation of the semi-circular pilasters, 245, 262, 278;
his opinion as to the casing of Assyrian walls, 282;
his opinion on the cemetery at Warka, 339;
his explorations at Mugheir, 371;
his explorations, ii. 7, 33;
coffins brought home by him, ii. 306.

Longpérier, de, quoted, i. 116, 281; ii. 187;
his erroneous impression as to the cylinders, 255.

Lapis-lazuli, ii. 294.

Lortet, Prof., ii. 232.

Lot, i. 199.

Lotus-flower, used as an ornamental motive, i. 303.

Lycos, ii. 231.

Lysippus, ii. 286.

Lucian, “the Syrian goddess,” i. 58.

Lucretius, ii. 364.

M

Madaktu, its capture figured, i. 331.

Magnifying-glass found at Nimroud, ii. 308.

Malthaï, rock sculptures at, ii. 232, 319.

Manchester, ii. 381.

Manetho, i. 15.

Marduk, _see_ Merodach.

Martial, ii. 364.

Martin, T. H., quoted, i. 71.

Masius, Mt., i. 6.

Maspero, quoted, i. 8, 17, 20, 34, 44, 53.

Mastabas, compared with the cemeteries of lower Chaldæa, i. 343.

Materials, inferiority of those used by the Mesopotamian artist,
i. 94;
Assyria better provided than Chaldæa, 123;
M. used by the sculptor, ii. 109.

Mechanical contrivances, i. 322;
transport of a winged bull, 323;
the lever, 326.

_Meched-Ali_, mosque of, at Nedjef, i. 340.

Medes, extent of their empire before 625 B.C., i. 52.

Memphis, i. 44.

Ménant, J., i. 40, 48, 95; ii. 90, 184, 253.

Merodach (Jupiter?), i. 73, 75, 83, 347; ii. 89.

Merodach-idin-akhi, stele of, ii. 93, 194.

Mesopotamia, formation of its soil, i. 8;
fertilisation of its basin, 8;
absence of rain in Chaldæa, 8;
spring in M., 11;
formation of the alluvial plain, 14;
climate, 196.

Mesopotamian architecture, its general forms, i. 126;
their cause, 126;
the mounds, 226;
their universal employment for monumental buildings, 129;
restricted use of piers and columns, 132;
the absence of _orders_, 132;
bad effect of rainstorms upon buildings, 133;
thickness of palace walls at Nineveh, 138;
the column, 141;
capitals, 141;
important part played by the arch, 141;
its early invention, 143;
frequent use of the vault, 144;
total absence of structures in dressed stone from Chaldæa, 146;
methods of bonding stone in Assyria, 147;
absence of mortar from Assyrian buildings, 154;
provision for drainage in mounds, 158;
absence of direct evidence as to common forms of roof, 160;
size of rooms, 179;
methods of lighting, 180;
size of doorways, 186;
pavilions and other light structures, 192;
column often used in them, 196;
orientation, 311;
plans, their peculiarities, 327.

Metal dishes, ii. 324;
engraved bowls or cups, 326;
their quasi-Egyptian character, 330;
their true origin, 336.

Metallurgy, ii. 308;
metals used in Mesopotamia, 308;
the metal district of Western Asia, 312.

Metrical system of Chaldæa-Assyria, i. 69.

Michel, Charles, his account of the discovery of Nineveh, ii. 9.

_Milliarium_, i. 257.

Mines, military, employed by the Assyrians, ii. 64.

Models for the sculptor, i. 215.

Moloch, worshipped in Judah and Israel as well as Tyre and Sidon,
i. 16.

Montefik Arabs, i. 38.

Monoliths, i. 258.

Moon, Chaldæan observations of, i. 70.

Mordecai, ii. 71.

Mortar, its absence from Assyrian buildings, i. 154.

Mosaics, quasi-M. at Warka, i. 278.

Mossoul, yearly _villegiatura_ of its inhabitants, i. 199.

Mouldings, i. 236, 245.

Moulds for jewellers, ii. 356.

Mountains, how indicated in the reliefs, ii. 207.

Mousasir, i. 394.

Mousta, church at, i. 168.

_Mudjelibeh_, see _Kasr_.

Mugheir, i. 38, 159;
arches at, 222;
plan of temple at, 312; ii. 34, 256, 308.

Müller, Ch., i. 16.

Müller, Max. quoted, i. 20.

Müller, Ottfried, i. 233.

Müntz, Eugène, ii. 364.

Musesinip, cylinder of, ii. 273.

Mylitta, _see_ Istar.

Myrrh, brought from Arabia, ii. 373.

N

Nabonassar, i. 71.

Nabopolassar, i. 50, 92;
his restoration of Babylon, 134; ii. 200.

Nabou, i. 83.

Nabounid, his discovery of the angle stone of the temple of Ulbar,
i. 315; ii. 58.

Nahar-Hammourabi, i. 40.

Nahar-Malcha, i. 40.

_Nahr-el-Kelb_, ii. 231.

Nahum quoted, i. 51; ii. 313, 372.

Nana, i. 83.

Nebbi-Younas, i. 7, 47;
palace built by Assurbanipal still hidden there, 48; ii. 44.

Nebo (Mercury?) i. 73;
description of his statues, 80;
his place of repose decorated by Nebuchadnezzar, 299;
statue, ii. 126;
statue of, from the time of Vulush III., 217.

Nebuchadnezzar, i. 27, 35;
comparison with Rameses II., 53; ii. 200.

Necklaces, ii. 355.

Ner, i. 346.

Nergal (Mars?), i. 73, 345.

Nestorians, i. 140.

Nicæa, i. 289.

Niebuhr quoted, i. 157;
his opinion as to the possibilities of Assyrian exploration
quoted, ii. 4.

Niffer, ii. 306.

Nimrod, his genealogy, i. 15, 17; ii. 269.

Nimroud, i. 7;
to be identified with Calah, 314;
general arrangement of buildings at, 314;
its first exploration by Layard, ii. 5;
arrangement of buildings at, 39;
the _central palace_, 40;
upper chambers found by Layard, 43;
probably distinct from Nineveh, 60.

Nineveh, its Greek name, i. 7;
changes in historical theory brought about by its exploration,
34;
its destruction, 50;
difficulty of ascertaining the relative ages of the ruins,
ii. 36;
its size discussed, 59;
Layard’s opinion as to its size, 61;
a town gate discovered by Layard, 62.

Ninus, i. 7, 33;
represented on the walls of Babylon according to Ctesias, 283;
buried within the palace at Babylon (Diodorus), 361;
extravagant statements of Diodorus as to the size and height of
his tomb, 362; ii. 218.

Nipour (or Niffer), i. 38.

Nisroch, i. 78.

Nitocris, ii. 218.

Nœldeke, Th., quoted, i. 34; ii. 61.

Norris, Edwin, quoted, i. 22.

Noushirwan, i. 185.

Nude, the, in Chaldæo-Assyrian sculpture, ii. 92;
the absence of nude figures from the reliefs, 98.

O

Oannes, i. 1, 36, 64, 83;
on Péretié’s plaque, 352; ii. 261, 266.

Obelisks, unsuitableness of the name, i. 257;
their forms, i. 236;
of Shalmaneser II., 258.

_Observatory_, the Khorsabad, i. 247, 374;
described, 386;
the colours of its stages, 386;
their number, 386;
its awkward position, 391;
suggested use (note by editor), 391.

Oppert, his ethnical theories, i. 19;
quoted, 21, 22, 28, 30, 119;
his estimate of height of temple of Bel, 130, 201;
his mention of colours used on buildings, 280;
decorative painting in Babylonia, 284.

Orders, the, their practical absence from Mesopotamian
architecture, i. 132.

Orientation of buildings, i. 311.

Osiris, i. 78, 79.

Ourbaou, ii. 180.

Ourdeys, ii. 73.

Ourkam, i. 35;
the Menes of Chaldæa, 38; ii. 259, 266.

Oysters, carvings upon their shells, ii. 118.

P

Painting, ii. 292;
pigments used, 294.

Palette of the Mesopotamian decorator, i. 283.

Pallacopas, Lake, i. 53.

Palm-bark, represented by Ninevite sculptors, i. 202.

Palmyra, i. 349; ii. 374.

Pamir, i. 21.

Paradise (or Park), ii. 51.

Parasol, ii. 203.

Parthians, succeeded by the Sassanids, i. 57.

Paving, three systems of, i. 238.

Pediment, i. 394.

Péretié, his bronze plaque, i. 349.

Percy, Dr., ii. 312.

Pergamus, ii. 286.

Pericles, ii. 382.

Περὶ φύσεως, the Greek philosophic poems of the sixth century,
ii. 397.

Perrot and Chipiez, _Art in Ancient Egypt_ quoted, i. 13, 23, 61,
86, 208, 213, 222, 234, 246, 248, 268, 322; ii. 131–135.

Persepolis, i. 88.

Phidias, i. 58; ii. 286.

Philostratus quoted, i. 299, 379.

Phœnicia, ii. 172.

Phœnicians, their invention of the alphabet, i. 23.

Pictography, i. 31.

Piers, their restricted use, i. 132.

Pigments, ii. 294.

Pilasters, i. 216.

Pinches, T. G., i. 195;
quoted, ii. 213.

Pivots (door-pivots), i. 240.

Place, Victor, quoted, i. 116, 118, 138;
his discovery of a cedar beam at Khorsabad, 140, 148;
his opinion on the roofing question, 163;
statement as to the timber found in the excavations, 164;
his discovery of fragmentary vaulted ceilings among the ruins,
165, 173, 183, 186–189, 191, 192, 202, 208, 224, 243, 248, 266;
loss of his collections in the Tigris, 285;
on the plan of Sargon’s palace at Khorsabad, ii. 32;
his description of the French consulate at Mossoul, ii. 71;
his opinion as to the use of colour in Assyrian architecture,
246.

Planisphere, fragments found at Kouyundjik, i. 72.

Plans, peculiarities of Mesopotamian, i. 328.

Plato, ii. 397.

Plautus, ii. 364.

Plinth, painted black at Khorsabad, i. 272, 291.

Pliny, quoted by RAWLINSON, i. 4;
calls the whole of Mesopotamia Assyria, 5, 71;
quoted, ii. 364.

Plutarch (pseudo), treatise on Isis and Osiris, i. 58.

Polychromy, ii. 243;
traces of colour still perceptible on the sculptures in the
Louvre and the British Museum, 248;
“natural polychromy,” 249.

Polydemonism, i. 62.

Polytheism, a development from the worship of stars and planets,
i. 75.

Pompeii, i. 139.

Pongnon, ii. 61, 226.

Population, elements of the P. in Mesopotamia, i. 13.

Porches, i. 218.

Porphyrius, i. 71.

_Portes ornées_, Khorsabad, i. 217, 227.

Pottery, ii. 298.

Praxiteles, i. 58; ii. 286.

Prisse d’Avennes quoted, i. 305.

Proportions of early Assyrian figures, ii. 203.

Prostitutions, religious, at Babylon, i. 89, 377.

Ptah, i. 78, 79.

Ptolemy, quoted by RAWLINSON, i. 4;
his astronomical canon, i. 71.

Pyrgoteles, ii. 263.

R

Racine, ii. 71.

Raman, i. 75; ii. 89.

Rassam, H., his discovery of a metal threshold at Borsippa, i. 241,
256;
his explorations under Sir H. Rawlinson’s surveillance, ii. 7;
excavations at Kouyundjik, 48, 118.

Rawlinson, Prof., his description of the physical characteristics
of Chaldæa, i. 2, 47, 71, 80, 211, 277;
quoted, ii. 1;
quoted in connection with Semiramis, and her possible
identification with Sammouramit, 218;
on the question of polychromy, 247.

Rawlinson, Sir Henry, quoted, i. 22, 156;
his explorations, ii. 7.

Rehoboth, i. 14.

Rennell, his _Herodotus_ quoted, i. 281.

_Repoussé_ work, ii. 116.

Resen, i. 14, 122.

Rhea, i. 374.

Rhind, H., i. 279.

Rhodes, ii. 286.

Rich, his observations, on the construction of vaults by the native
builders of Mesopotamia, i. 167, 261;
colours used in decoration, 280.

Roads, for military purposes, ii. 74;
used by Mesopotamian commerce, 374.

Rollin, i. 33.

Rome, ii. 286.

Roofs, discussion as to how Mesopotamian buildings were roofed,
i. 160.

Ross, his geological explorations, i. 4, _n_^2.

Rouet, M., ii. 225.

Ruelle, Ch. E., i. 58.

Ruth quoted, ii. 70.

S

Sacred tree, i. 212.

Sacrifices, human, asserted allusions to them on the cylinders,
ii. 268.

Sagaraktyas, i. 315.

Saïd-Hassan, ii. 174.

Samarah, i. 3.

Samas, i. 83;
tablet of Sippara, 200; ii. 90, 193, 266.

Samas-Vul II., stele of, ii. 209, 354.

Sammouramit (? Semiramis), ii. 217.

Samsibin, i. 39.

Sandals, in the reliefs, ii. 247.

Sarbistan, i. 169, 186.

Sardanapalus, i. 43;
the Greek myth, 52, 187; ii. 59.

Sargon, i. 43, 105;
stele of, found near Larnaca, ii. 219.

Saryoukin, _see_ Sargon.

Sarzec, M. de, his discoveries at Tello, i. 24, 279;
quoted, 382; ii. 33, 141.

Sassanids, successors of the Parthians, i. 57.

Sayce, A. H., quoted, i. 33, 69; ii. 263, 346.

Scabbard, ii. 164, 345.

Sceptres, how coloured in the reliefs, ii. 247.

Schenafieh, ii. 176.

Schlumberger, G., his fragments of the Balawat gates, i. 242;
ii. 213.

Schulze, ii. 232.

Screw of Archimedes, its asserted use at Babylon, ii. 31.

Sculpture, absence of women from the reliefs, i. 111;
practically confined to war and hunting, 111;
its principal themes, ii. 78;
its fondness for fantastic animals, 79;
treatment of the nude, 92;
the absence of nude figures from the reliefs, 98;
documentary character of Assyrian sculpture, 101;
epic or newspaper? 103;
want of variety in the composition of the reliefs, 104;
its appearance of improvisation, 105;
materials used, 109;
use of clay, 113;
terra-cotta statuettes, 114;
its principal conventions, 125;
statue of Nebo, 126;
of Assurnazirpal, 126;
the principles of the bas-reliefs, 128;
peculiarities of Assyrian statues and figures in relief, 130;
the Assyrian type, 135;
are the Assyrian statues Iconic? 138;
representations of animals, 142;
proportions of early Assyrian figures, 203;
its power of selection, 207;
in the reign of Sargon, 219;
picturesque details introduced in the time of Sennacherib, 223;
Egyptian and Assyrian contrasted, 281;
_do._ 385.

Scythians, their invasion of Western Asia, i. 49.

Seal, in universal use in Babylonia, ii. 251.

Seistan, i. 2.

Sekhet, i. 78.

Seleucia, i. 54, 93, 223.

Seleucidæ, i. 5, 157.

Seleucus Nicator, i. 54.

Seljukian period, carved lions from, i. 262.

Semi-domes, i. 173.

Semiramis, i. 33;
represented on the walls of Babylon according to Ctesias, 283,
361;
her palaces, ii. 34, 217.

Semnat, ii. 394.

Senkereh (or Larsam), i. 38.

Sennacherib, i. 43;
his death, 103, 105;
state of sculpture during his reign, ii. 223;
his appearance in the Bavian sculptures, ii. 229.

Seraglio, at Khorsabad, ii. 16.

Serdabs, i. 139, 383.

Sesostris, i. 33.

Seti, ii. 395.

Sewers, system of, in palaces, i. 227.

Sexagesimal system, the, of the Babylonians, ii. 398.

_Shah-Nameh_, the, i. 20.

Shalmaneser II., i. 43, 105;
the gates made for him, 242; ii. 40;
his obelisk, ii. 110.

Sharezer, i. 103.

Shat-el-Arab, i. 7.

Shat-el-Hai, ii. 174.

Shem, i. 15.

Shield, votive, from Lake Van, ii. 347.

Shinar, i. 14, 18.

Sidon, i. 16.

Silius Italicus, ii. 364.

Sills, i. 239.

Silver, i. 299.

Simplicius, his statement as to Babylonian astronomy, i. 71.

Sin, Assyrian god, i. 201.

Sinjar, i. 178; ii. 110.

Sippara, i. 38, 53, 200; ii. 90.

Sirtella, _see_ Tello.

Sittacenia, i. 177.

Smith, George, quoted, i. 36;
his recognition of the true characters of the Cypriot alphabet,
44;
translator of texts from Assurbanipal’s library, 48, 71;
his discovery of limestone bases in the palace of Assurbanipal,
220, 237, 276;
enamelled brick found by him at Nimroud, 293;
his discovery of an account of Istar’s descent into limbo, 344;
his explorations, ii. 7;
_résumé_ of the monumental history of Calah (Nimroud), 37;
his description of the site of Arbela, 48;
his discovery of a small model bull at Nimroud, 115.

Sockets, granite, &c., for the door-pivots, i. 242;
from Balawat, 243.

Sodom, i. 199.

Soldi, E., ii. 253;
his description of the process of gem engraving quoted, 259.

Somalis, ii. 373.

Sorcery, Chaldæan belief in, i. 65.

Soury, ii. 397.

Spoons, metal, ii. 351.

Staged-towers, difficulty of restoring them accurately, i. 364;
their monotonous appearance, 366;
their resemblance to a stepped pyramid, 366;
description of temple of Bel by Herodotus, 366;
their various types restored, 370–382;
their ruins discussed, 382–391.

Staircases, i. 189–192.

Steatite, ii. 190.

Steles, their characteristic forms, i. 236;
fluted S. with palmette, 258;
rock-cut S. at Kouyundjik, 259.

Stone, no dressed S. to be found at Babylon, i. 120;
bridge at B. said to have been built of stone, 120.

Strabo, quoted by RAWLINSON, i. 4;
carries western frontier of Assyria up to Syria, 5, 54;
height of temple of Bel, 130;
ruined state of the temple in his time, 137;
his statement as to the prevalence of vaults in Babylon, 169,
176; ii. 251.

Stylus, for cutting the wedges, i. 28.

Styx, i. 354.

Sully-Prudhomme, his lines to the Venus of Milo quoted, ii. 249.

Sumer, i. 21, 59.

Sumerian system, the, i. 29.

Surface decoration in Chaldæa, i. 245.

Susa, date of its capture by Assurbanipal, i. 36, 52;
its palace intrigues, 96.

Susiana, i. 17.

Sybel, L. von, ii. 285.

Syene, i. 94.

Syllabaries, Assyrian, i. 23.

Syncellus, Georgius, i. 51.

Syria, ii. 172.

Syriac, the dominant language in the early centuries of our era,
i. 18.

T

Tablets of gold, silver, antimony, copper, and lead, found at
Khorsabad, i. 319.

Tacitus, i. 5.

Tadmor, _see_ Palmyra.

_Takht-i-Khosro_, i. 170, 185.

Tammouz, i. 344.

Tardieu, Amédée, i. 177.

_Tartan_, or Grand Vizer, i. 96.

Tauthé, i. 83.

Taylor, J. E., quoted, i. 39, 118, 155;
his explorations of the mounds near the Persian Gulf, 158, 200,
222, 279, 281;
his explorations at Abou-Sharein, 371; ii. 256.

Teheran, i. 289.

Tell-Amran (or, Tell-Amran-ibn-Ali), ii. 35.

Tello, i. 24, 279, 312;
angle-stones and foundation talismans found at T., i. 316, 383;
ii. 33, 163;
the discoveries made by M. de Sarzec described, 174;
subjects of the reliefs, 177.

_Temenos_, i. 128.

Temple, subordinate types of, i. 391–6.
(_see_ also staged towers).

Tents, their forms, i. 175.

_Teradas_, i. 10.

Terah, i. 15.

Terra-cotta statuettes, early Chaldæan, ii. 195.

_Tête-de-pont_, on the Balawat gates, ii. 214.

Texier quoted, i. 122;
description of the great mosque at Ispahan, 287.

Textiles, ii. 363.

Thapsacus, ii. 374.

Thebes, i. 56.

Thomas, Felix, his opinion on the roofing question, i. 163, 224.

Thothmes III., ii. 284.

Thresholds, i. 239;
sometimes of metal, 241.

Thunderbolt, origin of the classic form of, i. 75.

Tidjaris, ii. 312.

Tiele, his _Manuel des Religions_ quoted, i. 60, 86, 89.

Tiglath-Pileser I., i. 39; ii. 203.

Tiglath-Pileser II., i. 43; ii. 101, 218.

Tigris, its inundations, i. 9.

Tiles, glazed; the manufacture not extinct in India (note by
editor), i. 287;
with central boss, 294.

Toilet, articles of, ii. 349.

Tomb, comparison between the Egyptian and Mesopotamian T., i. 336;
absence of funerary inscriptions, 336;
no Assyrian tombs yet discovered, 336;
conjectures as to how the Assyrians disposed of their dead, 337;
Loftus’s explanation perhaps the best, 338;
the principle of the Chaldæan tomb similar to that of the
Mastaba, 355;
its shape, 356–360;
its situation, 360–364.

Transliteration, difficulties of, i. 17.

Trees, how indicated in the reliefs, ii. 207, 223.

_Tree of Life_, i. 212.

Tripods, ii. 323.

_Tunica talaria_, ii. 94.

Turanians, said to form part of the early population of Chaldæa,
i. 19;
etymology of the word, 20, 22.

Turkish compared to the tongue of early Chaldæa, i. 19.

Turks, their bad administration, i. 11.

Tyre, i. 16.

U

Ulbar, temple of, its angle-stone, i. 315.

Unicorn, the, in Assyrian sculpture, ii. 164.

Ur, i. 1, 15, 38, 47; ii. 265.

Uroukh (or Erech), i. 38;
the stones worshipped in its chief temple, 62.

V

Van, Lake, i. 395; ii. 213;
remains of furniture found there, 314.

Vaults, their common use in Mesopotamia, i. 144;
their construction without centres, 167;
their prevalence in Babylon according to Strabo, 169;
at Firouz-Abad, 169;
at Sarbistan, 169;
of Sargon’s gateways, 224.

Vegetation, marsh, ii. 223.

Ventilating pipes in Chaldæan buildings, i. 157.

Virgil quoted, i. 64.

Vitruvius quoted, i. 116.

Voguë, de M., ii. 314.

Volcanoes in the valley of the Khabour, i. 121.

Volutes, i. 205, 209.

Vulnirari III., ii. 40.

Vulush III., ii. 217.

W

Walls, construction of, i. 147;
height of W. at Khorsabad, 151;
ornamentation of W. at Khorsabad, 151;
of Babylon, as described by Diodorus after Ctesias, 282;
of Dour-Saryoukin, their good preservation, 282;
height of the W. of Babylon, ii. 63.

Warka (the ancient Erech), i. 24, 38, 245, 272;
palace at, ii. 33, 256, 306, 308.

Wedges, the, i. 21;
compared with the hieroglyphs and Chinese characters, 21;
original constitution of, 23;
originally perhaps cut on bark of trees, 27;
terra-cotta peculiarly well adapted for them, 28;
their ideographic origin, 29.

Weights, Mesopotamian, ii. 220.

Wheat, the origin of its cultivation, ii. 399.

Windows, i. 236.

Winged bulls, their height, i. 268;
small model bull from Nimroud, ii. 113.

Wuswas, i. 245, 272, 371; ii. 33.

X

Xenephon, i. 112, 151;
his _Anabasis_ quoted, ii. 59.

Xerxes, ii. 201.

Xisouthros, the Chaldæan Noah, i. 36, 315.

Y

Yang-tse-kiang, ii. 375.

Yezidis, their houses, i. 178;
their religious beliefs, _ib._; ii. 71.

Z

Zab, the great, i. 6; ii. 225.

Zagros, i. 6, 39.

_Zalalu_, i. 345.

Zarpanitu, _see_ Istar.

Zebu, ii. 373.

Zend, the study of, a preparation for deciphering the wedges,
ii. 4.

Zephaniah, quoted, i. 302.

Zeus, i. 369, 374.

_Zigguratt_, _see_ Staged towers.

Zodiac, signs of, origin of, i. 70.

THE END.

LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] RAWLINSON _The Five Great Monarchies_, &c., (4th edition), vol. i. p. 278.

[2] MILLIN, _Monuments inedits_, vol. i. plates 8 and 9.

[3] _Rheinisches Museum_, 1829, p. 41. This passage will be found in a note appended by the illustrious historian to a paper by OTTFRIED MÜLLER, entitled _Sandon und Sardanapal_.

[4] Traces of the excitement caused by these discoveries may be found in an article written by M. de Longperier in 1845, in which, before having seen the monuments, he points out the interest and importance of the discoveries with rare sagacity. The paper in question is entitled _Ninive et Khorsabad_. It has lately been reprinted in the first volume (page 34) of his collected works (A. DE LONGPERIER, _Œuvres_, 5 vols. 8vo. Leroux). This first volume bears for sub-title: _Archéologie orientale: Monuments arabes_.

[5] _Lettre à M. Isidore de Lowenstern sur les Inscriptions cunéiformes de l’Assyrie_ (_Œuvres_, vol. i. p. 109). M. de Lowenstern had already by a kind of happy intuition hit upon the name, but without being able to give a reason for his transliteration.

[6] This latter hypothesis was sustained, with more erudition, perhaps, than tact or taste, by Dr. Hœfer. A skilful historian of chemistry, he was by no means an archæologist. He had no feeling for the differences between one style and another. See the _Memoires sur les Ruines de Ninive, addressés à l’Académie des Inscriptions, par_ FERD. HŒFER [20th February and 24th May, 1850]; see especially the second paper: _De l’Âge et du Caractère des Monuments découverts à Khorsabad, à Nimroud, à Kouioundjik, à Karamles et à Kaleh-Shergat_, Paris, Didot, 1850. His assertions were refuted by de Longperier in the first part of his paper entitled: _Antiquités assyriénnes_, published in 1850, in the _Revue archéologique_, (_Œuvrcs_, vol. i. p. 139).

[7] _Art in Ancient Egypt_, vol. i. chapter xi. § 2.

[8] PLACE, _Ninive_, vol. i. p. 38, Esarhaddon was the chief offender in this respect.

[9] See G. PERROT, _Souvenirs d’un Voyage en Asia Mineure_, p. 50.

[10] This preconceived notion explains the erroneous title he gave to his great work: _Monument de Ninive, découvert et décrit par_ P. E. BOTTA, _mesuré et dessiné par_ E. FLANDIN, published at the expense of the state at the _Imprimerie nationale_, Paris, 1849, 5 vols, folio (1 volume of text, 4 of plates).

[11] The palace platform was not quite in the centre of the north-western face. The Assyrians were no fonder of a rigid symmetry than the Egyptians.

[12] PLACE, _Ninive_, vol. iii. plate 7.

[13] In this plan the darkest parts are those discovered by M. Botta; the more lightly shaded lines show the rooms and courts excavated by his successor.

[14] PLACE, _Ninive_, vol. iii. plate 18 _bis._

[15] RAWLINSON (_The Five Great Monarchies_, vol. i. p. 286), and LENORMANT (_Historie ancienne_, vol. ii. p. 196) make the two parts of the platform--the arms of the T and its shank--different in height. In doing so they have borrowed a mistake from Botta. The mistake is easily understood in the case of Rawlinson, whose fourth edition, although published in 1879, reproduces the plans compiled by Fergusson after Botta. We are more surprised at Lenormant falling into the same error, as he gives an excellent _résumé_ of Place’s discoveries. Botta seems to have thought the two parts of the palace had different levels in consequence of an inequality in the distribution of the fallen materials. In the neighbourhood of the latter buildings, such as the so-called _Observatory_, and where the open spaces were fewer and less ample, there was, of course, a thicker bed of rubbish than where the buildings were lower and the walls farther apart. But wherever the original surface of the mound was reached, Place ascertained that its level never varied. In none of his plans is there the slightest trace of any slope or staircase leading from one level to the other, so far as the summit of the platform is concerned.

[16] LAYARD, _Monuments_, 2nd series, plates 14 and 15.

[17] Thomas placed this ramp at the south-east rather than at the south-west because it seemed better to make it lead direct to H, the forecourt of the sélamlik, than to break in upon the privacy of the harem at the opposite corner.

[18] This court was about 206 feet wide, by 366 feet long.

[19] The letters on our plan signify courts, or rooms--like some of those in the harem--that were only partially roofed in.

[20] PLACE, _Ninive_, vol. i. p. 57.

[21] LENORMANT, _Manuel d’Histoire ancienne_, vol. ii. p. 197.

[22] See Vol. I. page 392.

[23] OPPERT, _Expédition scientitique_, vol. ii. p. 242.

[24] The doorway beside which these artificial palms are raised is that which leads from the court U to the hall marked Y on the plan. As to the elements made use of in our restoration, see PLACE, vol. i. pp. 114–127, and vol. ii. p. 35. We have already noticed the discovery of the metal-sheathed poles (p. 202, and fig. 72).

[25] PLACE, _Ninive_, vol. iii. plate 25, fig. 4.

[26] See the _Book of Esther_.

[27] This room corresponds to the apartment in the richer houses of Mossoul and Bagdad, that goes by the name of _iwan_ or _pichkaneh_. It is a kind of summer hall, open on one side (OPPERT, _Expédition scientifique_, vol. i. p. 90).

[28] A minute description of all these offices will be found in PLACE (_Ninive_, vol. iii. pp. 76–105).

[29] PLACE, _Ninive_, vol. i. pp. 99 and 274.

[30] OPPERT, _Les Inscriptions des Sargonides_, p. 52.

[31] So far as I know, PLACE alone has given this problem a moment’s attention (_Ninive_, vol. i. p. 279), but nothing could be more improbable than the hypothesis by which he attempts to solve it. He suggests that one of the drains of which we have already spoken may have been a conduit or siphon in communication with some subterranean reservoir and provided with pumping apparatus at its summit. We have no evidence whatever that the principle of the suction-pump was known to the Assyrians.