Chapter VII: The Revival of Bohemian Literature (3)

Novelists are at present very numerous in Bohemia and, as already mentioned, the extension of the national language enables the authors of the present day to write in a fashion more lifelike than was that of their predecessors. Of the older novelists I will first mention Wenceslas Vlček (born 1839). Of his numerous novels _Věnce vavrinovy_ ("The Wreath of Laurels") is, I think rightly, considered the best. Jacob Arbes (born 1840) is, like most Bohemian authors, a very fruitful writer. Of his many works his _Romanetta_, a collection of short and very striking tales, is perhaps the best. Alois Jirasek (born 1851) has, like so many Bohemian writers devoted himself to historical romances, which have a natural fascination for the inhabitants of a country with a great past. In justice to Mr. Jirasek it should be stated that in contrast from minor writers he has succeeded in portraying in a masterly manner the period of Hus and the Taborites. Of his historical novels, the scene of which is laid in this period, I may mention the three volumes which Jirasek has named _Mezi proudy_ ("In the Midst of the Stream"), and the book entitled _Proti Vsem_ ("Against All"), a "Page from the Bohemian Epic". A novel entitled _Psohlavci_, which treats of a later period, that in which, after the battle of the White Mountain, the Bohemian peasants were deprived of their last vestiges of liberty, is among Jirasek's most popular works. Jirasek has also appeared before the public as a dramatist, and his powerful tragedy, _Jan Zǐžka_, which has been often and brilliantly produced at the National Theatre of Prague, appeals to me more than any of his historical novels. The last scene of the fourth act, in which Zǐžka addresses the faithless city of Prague, has an almost unrivalled beauty. William Mrštik is the author of several clever novels. Of younger writers, Wenceslas Hladík (born 1868) deserves mention. He is the author of a considerable number of novels and dramas. Hladík has very skilfully represented the life and scenery of Prague in a somewhat impressionist manner. His countrymen have sometimes accused him of imitating too closely the modern "decadent" French novelists. To me his novels have often recalled the works of Mr. George Moore. Of Mr. Hladík's novels the best is, I think, the recently published _Evžen Voldan_, and of his plays I admire most _Zavrat_ ("Vertigo"), in which the ancient subject of conjugal infidelity is treated in a brilliant and original manner. Francis Herites (born 1851) is a fruitful writer of novels and short sketches, and has contributed largely to many Bohemian reviews. Of his many works I will mention one of the older ones, entitled _Z mého herbáře_. It contains a short tale, _Kokotice_; which is one of the most touching expressions of Bohemian national feeling that I have ever read.

I will now refer to a group of writers whose fame--though many of them have also written in prose--is mainly founded on their poetry. The critics of the future will probably consider as the greatest Bohemian poet of the day Jaroslav Vrchlický, though some now prefer Svatopluk Čech to him. Jaroslav Vrchlický--the pseudonym of Mr. Emil Frida--was born at Loun in Bohemia in 1853. He began writing at an early age, and has continued doing so uninterruptedly up to the present day. Like Victor Hugo, to whom he has been compared, and who certainly has greatly influenced him, Vrchlický has produced an enormous number of works. His writings, which include lyric and epic poems, dramas, numerous translations, and a few works in prose, had in 1903 already reached a total of 185 volumes. The principal characteristic of Vrchlický's poetry is his mastership of the Bohemian language, which he can almost be said to have raised to a higher level. As the late Dr. Albert wrote, "He works on his language as Paganini or Ondřiček on their violins." This is particularly obvious in Vrchlický's numerous translations from the works of English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish writers. To mention but one example, his rendering of Browning's _Toccata of Galuppi_ is masterly. I wish, however, to devote to Vrchlický's original work the short space that remains to me. The poet visited Italy early in life, and soon acquired a thorough knowledge of the language of that country. He also studied the literatures of France and Spain. A new current of thought was a result of these studies introduced into the Bohemian language, for the writers of an earlier period, brought up in the Bohemian schools, which were then almost entirely German, had been with scarcely an exception under the influence of German literature. Of Vrchlický's early works I will mention _Z Hlubin_ ("From the Depths"), which appeared in 1875, _Rok na jihu_ ("A Year in the South"), which contains reminiscences of the poet's Italian travels, and _Bodlaci z Parnasu_ ("Thorns from Parnassus "), in which is included that truly beautiful poem, _Krumlovská Legenda_. Vrchlický is a master of the difficult art of the sonnet, and his _Sonety samotare_ (_i.e._ of a recluse) and _Nové_ _sonety samotare_ are among his finest works. One of the poet's latest books, entitled _Episody_, contains some beautiful poems referring to the period of the Hussite wars. That period, as is natural, has inspired the greatest works of many of the greatest Bohemian writers. Vrchlický has also obtained fame as a dramatist His _Noc na Karlštejne_ ("A Night at the Karlštejn"), the scene of which is laid in the time of Charles IV., has deservedly had great success, and figures frequently in the repertoire of the National Theatre of Prague. Vrchlický's _Julian Apostata_ deals with its difficult though fascinating subject in a very striking manner. This brilliant play well bears comparison with Ibsen's book on the same subject, and Merežkovsky's _Death of the Gods_. Of Vrchlický's many other works his Trilogy on the Greek tale of Hippodamia deserves mention. It is quite impossible to give in a few words even a fairly sufficient appreciation of the work of Vrchlický.[166] Some of the finest writings of the poet have recently been translated into German.

Svatopluk Čech, born in 1846 at Ostředek in Bohemia, ranks with Vrchlický as one of the greatest of modern Bohemian poets. I consider it useless to enter into the invidious and foolish question, to which of the two great poets the primacy should be awarded. Svatopluk Čech is truly great as a writer of epic poems, and here he may be considered as unrivalled by modern writers, even in larger and better known countries than his own. His first epic poem, _Adamite_, deals with a strange, well-known episode in Bohemian history. The _Smith of Lešetin_ (Lešetinský Kovář), portrays in an admirable manner the life of the Bohemian peasantry. But the masterpiece of Čech is, I think, the epic poem entitled _Václav z Michalovic_. The hero of the poem is a young Bohemian, a son of one of the nobles who were decapitated in Prague after the disaster of the White Mountain. Some parts of this poem, such as the prologue and the speech to the people of Prague, which Michalovic delivers in the Salvator Church, are of unrivalled beauty. Criticism can obviously be founded only on individual impressions; and I do not hesitate to state that no work of modern Bohemian literature has impressed me as strongly as _Václav z Michalovic_. Of Čech's other poetical works, his sad, pessimistic, and--alas--truthful _Písně Otroka_ ("Songs of a Slave") should be mentioned. Svatopluk Čech has also published a considerable number of prose works. His _Povidky, Arabesky a Humoresky_, in four volumes, have had a great success.

Of minor poets I will first mention Adolph Heyduk, born in 1835 at Richenburg in Bohemia. Of his many poetical works, _Cymbal a husle_, a tale of the life of the Slavic inhabitants of Northern Hungary, has the greatest value. Heyduk's _Drěvorubec_ ("The Wood-cutter"), in which, as in many others of the poet's works, the scene is laid in the Sumava (the so-called Bohemian woods), has also obtained great success. J. V. Sládek (born 1845), formerly editor of the _Lumir_ review, has translated several works of Shakespeare and Byron, as well as some of the Polish writings of Mickiewicz, into Bohemian. A talented younger writer is J. S. Machar (born 1864). His _Tristium Vindobona_ is a very powerful work, which brilliantly describes the depression while dwelling in Vienna, and the antipathy to that city, which appear almost innate in a Bohemian. Recently a friend of Machar, V. A. Jung, has published an admirable Bohemian translation of part of Byron's _Don Juan_. It is to be hoped that the writer will complete his task. Mrs. Kose (whose pseudonym is Tereza Dubrovská) has recently published a clever volume of poems entitled _Písně_ (poems). Miss Hurych, who writes under the name Marie Kalma, has produced several novels that have had considerable success. Mr. George Karasek ze Lvovic has recently published several works both in prose and in verse. Of these, his drama entitled _Apollonius z Tyany_ is perhaps the best.

FOOTNOTES:

[142] See later.

[143] See Chapter I.

[144] A minor Bohemian writer of the period. Though Ziegler was a professor of theology, love is the subject of some of his songs.

[145] A proverbial Bohemian expression signifying "one and all".

[146] In Bohemian, "Mi hodně mnoho dávaji." The Bohemian colloquialism can here be literally translated by an English colloquial expression.

[147] A Bohemian nobleman who owned estates near Leitmeritz.

[148] This alludes to the now uncontested fact that countrymen and literary rivals of Jungmann had denounced Jungmann's writings to the Austrian Government, attributing to them a political tendency, from which in reality they were absolutely free.

[149] The few Bohemian books that appeared in the eighteenth, and even at the beginning of the nineteenth century, were printed in German (Gothic) characters, and it was hoped that the Latin characters would be unintelligible to many people of the lower classes, from whom the censors wished to withhold the chronicle.

[150] Thus written by Jungmann. The person referred to is Sir John Bowring.

[151] Writing for English readers, it is scarcely necessary to mention that there was not in the year 1827 a wide-spread enthusiasm in England for learning Slavic languages. Jungmann, sanguine, like all the Bohemian patriots of his time, generalised on the strength of some statements of English philologists whom he may have met at Prague.

[152] In Croatia, early in the present century, a national movement sprung up similar to that of Bohemia, but its results were smaller and less enduring. Gay, the leader of this movement, was persecuted by the Hungarians, just as the Bohemians were by the German officials.

[153] In German "Moldau."

[154] Kollar refers to those who, though of Slav origin, identified themselves with the Germans.

[155] This is still perfectly true. In Mecklenburg and some parts of Prussia the names of many towns and villages are obviously of Slav origin, as are the family names of some of the oldest families which are derived from localities.

[156] See later.

[157] References to ancient Bohemian legends.

[158] This was written some years ago, when the enthusiasm for the works of Tolstoy, Dostoievsky, Tourguenev, Goncharov, and others was at its height in Paris.

[159] See my article on the "Bohemian Question," _Nineteenth Century_, December 1898.

[160] I have dwelt with more detail on this subject in a (Bohemian) essay on "Some references to Palacký in the Works of English Writers," which appeared in the _Pamatnik Palackého_ (Palacký Memorial), published in 1898 on the occasion of the centenary of Palacký's birth.

[161] Professor Kalousek, in the interesting essay on the "Leading Idea of Palacký's Historical Work," which he contributed to the Palacký Memorial, has noted that the principles according to which Palacký's _History of Bohemia_ is written are in complete accordance with the rules established by Blair in his thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth lecture, _On Historical Writing_.

[162] Since the above was written, Mr. Morfill has published an admirable "Grammar of the Bohemian Language," the first ever written in English. I can strongly recommend it to readers who wish to acquire the Bohemian language.

[163] In his (German) work, _Zur Böhmischen Geschichischreibung_.

[164] For further particulars I must again refer my readers to my article on "The Bohemian Question", published in the _Nineteenth Century_, December 1898.

[165] Mrs. Malybrok-Stieler has recently translated _Vyšehrad_ into German (Prague Rivnác, 1898).

[166] The late Dr. Albrecht, in his _Neuere Poesie aus Böhmen_ and _Neueste Poesie aus Böhmen_, published many German translations from Svatopluk Čech and Vrchlický. To the latter Dr. Albrecht devoted a whole volume.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Not unnecessarily to extend this list, I have enumerated only a few books, dealing either with Bohemian literature as a whole, or with considerable portions of it. Bohemian books have increased rapidly within the last few years. I have therefore left unmentioned many valuable monographs, which are indispensable to those who wish to acquire a more thorough knowledge of Bohemian literature than I have been able to give in this book. Literature and history are very closely connected in Bohemia, and many of the modern historians, such as Palacký, Gindely, Goll, Tieftrunk, Kalousek, and Flajšhans, throw a great deal of light also on the literature of Bohemia. Much valuable information on Bohemian literature is also contained in the numerous editions of ancient Bohemian writings--frequently mentioned in these pages--which appeared in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Most of them contain valuable commentaries and biographies. Besides the Journal of the Bohemian Museum, the yearly publications of the Bohemian Society of Sciences and of the Bohemian Academy incidentally devote their attention to the literature of the country. Periodicals such as the _Česky Časopis historický_, _Lumir_, _Světozor_, _Osvěta_, and others contain many interesting articles on Bohemian literature.

* * * * *

ČASOPIS MUSEA KRÁLOVSTVÍ ČESKÉHO. Journal of the Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom. Published annually since 1827.

DOBROVSKÝ (Joseph). Geschichte der Böhmischen Sprache und Literatur. Prag, 1818.

FLAJŠHANS (Dr. Václav). Pisemnictvi České (Bohemian Literature). Prague, 1901.

JEŘÁBEK (Dr. F. V.). Stará doba romantického básnictvi (The Ancient Period of Romantic Poetry). Prague, 1883.

JIREČEK (Dr. Joseph). Rukovět k dejinám literatury české do Konce XVIII. věku (Handbook of the History of Bohemian Literature up to the End of the Eighteenth Century). Prague, 1875 and 1876.

JUNGMANN (Joseph). Historie Literatury České (History of Bohemian Literature). Second enlarged edition. Prague, 1849.

LÉGER (Professor Louis). Le Monde Slave [1 vol.], Études Slaves [3 vols.], Russes et Slaves [2 vols.]. Professor Léger has devoted more than thirty years to the study of the Slavic race. All the books mentioned contain valuable essays on Bohemian literature.

LÜTZOW (Count). Ancient Bohemian Literature (New Review, February 1897).

LÜTZOW (Count). Lectures on the Historians of Bohemia; being the Ilchester Lectures for the Year 1904.

MORFILL (W. R., M.A.). Slavonic Literature. Contains in a few pages a concise and interesting account of the literature of Bohemia.

MURKO (Dr. Matthias). Anfänge der böhmischen Romantik. A very interesting work. Murko, however, attempts to prove too much when he maintains that the Bohemian patriots mainly imitated the Germans in their desire of national development.

PALACKÝ (Franz). Würdigung der alten böhmischen Geschichtschreiber. New edition. Prague, 1869.

PALACKÝ (Franz). Die Vorläufer des Hussitenthums. New edition. Prague, 1869.

PYPIN (a. N.) and SPASOVIČ; (V. D.). Geschichte der Slavischen Literaturen. Written in Russian, Translated into German by Traugott Pech. Nearly a whole volume is devoted to the history of Bohemian literature.

ŠAFAŘIK (Paul Joseph). Geschichte der slavischen Sprache und Literatur, New edition. Prague, 1869.

TALVIJ (Mrs. Robinson). Historical View of the Slavic Language and its Various Dialects. This is not an original work, but an extract From Šafařik's Book That Has Just Been Mentioned. Palacký And Šafařik himself pointed this out many years ago.

TIEFTRUNK (Karel). Historie Literatury České (History of Bohemian Literature). Second edition. Prague, 1880.

VLČEK (Jaroslav). Dejiny Literatury České (History of Bohemian Literature). This work is still incomplete, and appears in short parts at considerable intervals.

WRATISLAW (Rev. A. H.). The Native Literature of Bohemia in the Fourteenth Century.

With the exception of Messrs. Pypin and Spasovič's work, I have quoted the titles of these books in the language in which they were published, adding an English translation of books published in Bohemian.

INDEX

Albert of Uničov, Archbishop of Prague, 104

Alexander V., decree against heresy, 99

Alexander V. recognised as Pope, 98

Alexander VI. appoints Cardinal of Monreale to see of Olmütz, 177

_Alexandreis_--
Account of, 18
Account of festivities when Alexander entered Babylon, 23
Extract from battle-piece, 22

Amos, Brother, theological treatises, 228

Andrew of Duba, author of early legal work, 51

Arbes, Jacob, _Romanetta_, 408

Arnold, Nicholas, antagonist of Komenský, 276

Augusta, Bishop--
Hymns, 231
Sketch of career, 228
_Summary_, 230

Austi, John of, Hus retires to his castle, 107

Balbin (Balbinus)--
Account of Milič of Kremsier, 59
_Miscellanea_ and other works, 356

Bartoš Pisář, _Chronicles of Prague_, 299

Bayle, judgment of Komenský, 249, 273

Bechin, Wenceslas of, lays articles from Wycliffe's writings before
assembly at Prague, 91

Benedict XIII., 95

Benes of Weitmil, Canon, incorporates Charles IV.'s notes in his
chronicle, 49, 50

"Bible of Kralice," 248

Bienenberg, Joseph, _Alterthümer in Königreiche Böhmen_ and
_History of the Town of Königgrätz_, 357

Bilek, account of Bishop Augusta's prison life, 299, 311
Quotation from, 312

Blahoslav--
Account of _Summary_, 230
_Filipika_, 233
_Grammatika Česká_, 239
_History of the Unity_ lost, 296, 311
Knowledge of writings of Humanists, 175
_Replika proti Misomusūm_ extract from, 237
Sketch of career, 232
Visits Sigismund Gelenius, 185

Bohemia--
Březan's account of social condition of, 319
Chivalrous poetry, 17
Clergy, 58
Greek and Latin ritual in, 13
Humanist movement in, 174
Intellectual activity at beginning of sixteenth century, 295
Invaded by troops of Margrave of Meissen, 90
Prosperous during reign of Charles IV., 57
Religious sects in, 143, 152

Bohemian books burnt, 354

Bohemian Brethren ("Unity")--
Conferences of two parties, 216
Cromwell's suggestion for, 274
Decide to abandon Bohemia, 256
Discord among, 215
Effect on Bohemian literature, 201, 296
"First persecution," 205
Foundation of, 174
Historians of, 310
Historical archives, 296
Institutions modelled on Waldenses', 219
Luther's teaching affecting, 221

Bohemian language and literature, development of, 174, 295, 354, 403, 406

Bohemian lyric poems, 25

Bohemian writings, character of early, 8

Borč; directs Hanka's attention to manuscript, 2

Bořivoj, Prince, concession of, 45

Brand, Erasmus and Sebastian, 189

Březan, Wenceslas, _History of House of Rosenberg_, 314

Březova, Laurence of, 50
_Chronicon_, record of Hussite wars, 147

"Brothers of Chilčic," 15;
join community of Kunwald, 205

Brünn, account of St. Catherine's martyrdom in Church of St. Jacob, 10

Budovec, Wenceslas, of Budova--
_Anti-Alkoran_, 243, 244
Letters, 247
Sketch of, 242
State papers, 247
Views of, 192

Calixtines (Utraquists), party of Hussites, 143

"Canon of Vyšehrad," chronicle of, 46

_Cantio Zavisonis_, extract from, 28

_Cato_, adaptation from Latin, 41

Čech appears in Bohemia, 32

Čech, Svatopluk, 419

Čechs, account of their establishment in Bohemia, 44

Čelakovský, Ladislav, collections of national songs, 404

Charles IV.--
As Bohemian historian, 48
Establishes Slavonic monks at Prague, 13
Invites Conrad Waldhauser to Bohemia, 58

Chatillon, Philip Gaultier (Walter)de, Latin poem of, 18

Chelčicky, Peter, 153
Character of writings, 157
Influence on "Bohemian Brethren," 171
_Net of Faith_; summary of, 166 _seqq._
Opinion of towns, 215
Originator of "Unity," 202
_Postilla_, 159
_Reply to Nicholas_, 148, 158
_Reply to Rokycan_, quoted, 155, 170
Socialism, 153

Chlum, John of, accompanies Hus to Constance, 110

_Chronicle of Dalimil._ See _Dalimil's Chronicle_

_Chronicle of Troy_, 56
first Bohemian work printed, 57

_Chronicon Boemorum_--
Continuations of, 46
Described, 44
Early prose Latin work, 42
Numerous MSS. of, 46
Quoted in _Dalimil's Chronicle_, 31

Cimburg, Ctibor, of Tovačov, _Book of Law_, 172

Colloredo, Count, owner of estate of Grüneberg, 6

Colonna, Cardinal, rejects appeal of Hus, 103

Comenius. See Komenský

Constance, Council of, 108

Cosmas, "the father of Bohemian history," 42
_Chronicon Boemorum_. See that title
On "Gospodi pomiluj ny," 8
Sketch of his life, 42
Tales of Crocus, Libussa, Premysl, and "war of the maidens," 45

Cromwell's suggestion for Bohemian Brethren, 274

Curtius, Quintus, _Alexandreis_ based on work of, 18

_Dalimil's Chronicle_, account of, 29
Preface quoted, 31

_De Ecclesia_, summary of (_See_ also under Hus.)

De Geers, Lawrence, invites Komenský to Amsterdam, 275

De Geers, Louis, correspondence with Komenský, 268

Des Marets, Samuel, antagonist of Komenský, 276

Dietmar, Bishop of Prague, "Gospodi pomiluj ny" sung at his
installation, 8

Dobrovský, Joseph, "patriarch of Slavic philology," 359
_Detailed Grammar of Bohemian Language_, 360
_History of Bohemian Language and its Older Literature_, 360
Obtains appointment of archivist for Palacký, 389
Opinion of "MS. of Grüneberg," 361

Drabik, influence over Komenský, 252, 271
Prophecies, 272

Duba, Wenceslas of, accompanies Hus to Constance, 110

Eastern and Roman ritual, rivalry between, 13, 14

Erasmus of Rotterdam, and apology of "Unity," 220

Erben, Charles Jaromir, as editor and poet, 406
Edited and published books _Of General Christian Matters_, 65

Ernest of Pardubic, Archbishop of Prague, 36, 60, 93

Flajšhans, Dr., history of Bohemian literature, 409

Flaška, Smil--
_Advice of a Father to his Son_, 36
_Groom and the Scholar_, 40
_New Council_, account of, 38
Sketch of career, 36

Francis, Provost of Prague, chronicle of, 48

Frederick II., Emperor, circular to princes, 139

Gebauer, Professor, writings on philology, 409

Gelenius, Gregory, 175;
translations of classical works into Bohemian, 184

Gelenius, Sigismund, sketch of, 185

George, King of Bohemia, 204

Germany, war between Charles V, and Protestants, 229

Gindely, Dr. Anton--
Historical works, 408
Opinion of Jaffet's list of ordinations, 241

Glagolitic alphabet employed, 13

Goethe, adaptation of _Kytice_, 2

Goll, Professor--
History of Bohemian Brethren, 412
Investigations on Bohemia and Greek Church, 137
On authorship of "Gospodi pomiluj ny," 8
On torture inflicted on Gregory, 206

Goll, Professor--
Researches into life of Chelčicky, 156

Gregory, Brother,
founder of "Unity," 203; St. Kunwald, 205
Controversy with Lucas of Prague, 217
Followers, 205, 207
_Letters to Rokycan_, extract from _Fourth_, 208
Tortured (?), 206

Gregory XII. recognised as Pope by Prague University, 95

Habernfeld, Andreas ab, _Bellum Bohemicum_, 353

Halek, minor poet, 404

Hanka, Venceslas--
And falsification of manuscripts, 8
Collection of Bohemian songs, 403
Discoverer of MS. of Königinhof, 2, 403
Publishes _Tkadleček the Weaver_, 51

Harant, Christopher, of Polžic--
Classical erudition, 298
_Journey to Venice, Holy Land, and Egypt_; extract from, 329, 333
Sketch of career, 326 _seqq._
Views of, 192

Harasser, Walter, and articles from Wycliffe's writings, 91

Hartlib, Samuel, interested in Komenský's "Pansophy," 260, 269

Hattala, Professor, edition of _Reči Besedni_, 73, 75

Hayek, semi-mythical tales, 32

Henry of Baltenhagen recognises Gregory XII. as Pope, 95

Henry of Carinthia, 29

Heyduk, Adolphus, 408

Hilferding on Bohemians and Greek Church, 137

Hladík, Wenceslas, 417

Hlavsa, John, Bartoš's account of, 302

Hodic, George, Lord of, and Charles of Žerotin, 323

Höfler, Professor, criticism of Palacký, 402

Horaždovic, Minorite monastery of, 242

Hradil discovers MS. of _Grammatika Česká_, 239

Hübner, John, makes selections from Wycliffe's writings, 91

Humanist movement, growth of, and development of Bohemian language, 174

Hurych, Miss, 421

Hus, John--
Affection for national language, 122
Attends Council of Constance--
forebodings, 109
Character, 140
_Dcerka_, 127
_De Ecclesia_, 111, 113;
summary of, 119
Expositions (_Výklad_), 123 _seqq._
Influence of Wycliffe on, 137
Latin and Bohemian letters, 131 _seqq._
Letter to Richard Wyche, 131
_O Savtokupectví_, treatise on simony, 127
On indulgences, 105, 129
_Postilla_, 130
Relations with Archbishop Zbynek, 93, 94, 98
Summary of career, 87 _seqq._
Works, Bohemian and Latin, 57, 107, 117

Huska, Martin ("Loquis"), sketch of, 153

Hussite movement and development of Bohemian language, 297

Hussite wars, 143 _seqq._
War songs, 9

Innocent IV. deposes Emperor Frederick II., 139

Institoris, Henry, works against "Unity," 294

Jacobellus of Mies--
_Articles of Prague_, 146
Maintained necessity of communion in two kinds, 112, 145

Jaffet, Brother, writings of, 241

Jagič, Professor, on influence of Chelčicky's works, 153

Janov, Matthew of--
Precursor of Hus, 79
Recantation, 81
Sketch of, 80
Theological works, 81, 82, 83
Writings influenced by schism, 80

Jarloch, Abbot of Muhlhausen, chronicle of, 47

Jerome of Prague--
Connection with Hus, 141
Letter to Lord Lacek of Kravář, 142

Jirasek, Alois, 416

Jireček, Dr.--
Biography of Lucas of Prague, 222
_Handbook of History of Bohemian Literature_, 406

John, King, dislike to Bohemian language, 296

John of Luxemburg, cosmopolitanism of, 29

John XXII.--
And Hus, 102
Crusade against King Ladislas of Naples, 105
Deposed, 113

Joseph II. excluded Bohemian language from schools, 358

"Joys of St. Mary," legend of, 16

_Judas, Legend of_, 10

Jung, V. A., translator, 421

Jungmann, Joseph--
History of Bohemian literature, 143, 364
Letters to Marek, 367
Sketch of life, 362
Translations from English, 363

Justinus, Bishop, Komenský succeeds, 270

Kalousek, Josef--
_České Statni Pravo_, 412
Investigations on Bohemia and Greek Church, 137
Kbel, John, lays articles from Wycliffe's writings before Assembly
at Prague, 91

Keatinge--
Account of Komenský's reception in London, 262
On prophecies of Drabik, 273

Klicpera, Wenceslas, plays of, 405

_Kniha starého pána z Rožmberka_, oldest prose work in Bohemia, 51

Kollar, John--
Correspondence with Jungmann, Safařik, and Palacký, 382
_Daughter of Sláva_, 372;
"fore-song" quoted, 376;
sonnets quote, 379
Sketch of career, 371

Kolovrat, Count, MS. of Grüneberg sent to, 6;
one of founders of Bohemian Museum, 370

Komenský--
"Christian Academy of Pansophy," plan of founding, 267, 290
_Didactica Magna_, 250, 287
Educational works, 251, 260, 286
Impressions of England, 262
_Janua Linguarum_, 261; account of, 287
_Labyrinth of the World_, 251, 262;
summary of, 277 _seqq._
Last Bishop of Bohemian Brethren, 270, 276
_Lux in Tenebris_, 276, 293
Pansophic works, 261, 269, 289, 293
_Physica_, 260
Sketch of life, 250, 252 seqq.
_Via Lucis_, 268, 290

Konáč, Nicolas (Finitor), _The Book of Lamentation and Complaint of
Justice_, 189

Konias burns Bohemian books, 354

Königinhof, discovery of manuscript at, 2

Kose, Mrs., 421

Kotter, Christopher, Komenský's belief in, 256

Koubek, minor poet, 404

Kovár, John, declared he found manuscript of Grüneberg, 6

Králové Dvur, Königinhof, 2

Krasonický, works of, 227

Križ founds Bethlehem Chapel, Prague, 88

Krok, adventures of, 32

Kuthen, Martin, Utraquist historian, 307

Kutna Hora (Kuttenberg), decrees of, 97, 98

Lacenbok, Henry of, accompanies Hus to Constance, 110

Ladislas, King of Naples, incurs enmity of Pope John XXIII., 105

Ladislas Posthumus, King, hostile to Utraquist creed, 202

Latin used by writers, 42

_Laurin_, epic poem, 25

Lažan, Henry of, Lord, adherent of Hus, 107

Lechler, Dr.--
On Hus's letter to Archbishop Zbynek, 94
On works of Janov, 83
Opinion of lectures of John Hus, 88

Legends. (_See_ names of various saints.)

Léger, Professor--
On Slav language, 381
Translates account of Zižka's campaigns, 172

Lenfant, _Histoire des Guerres Hussites_, 305

Lescynski, Bohuslav, protects Bohemian Brethren, 262

Lescynski, Count Raphael, member of "Unity", 256

"Letter of Majesty" granted to Protestants, 243

Libočan, Hajek of, _Bohemian Chronicles_, 304
Account of Zižka's death, 305
Date of commencement, 35
Judgment of Hus and Jerome of Prague, 308

Libussa, adventures of, 32

Lissa occupied by Swedes

Lobkovic, Bohuslav of, "ultramontane" Bohemian humanist--
Influence on Bohemian literature, 180
Letter to John of Domoslav, 178
Relations with Victorin Cornelius ze Všehrd, 179
Sketch of career, 176
Works in Latin, 179

Lobkovic, John of, _True Bohemian Mentor_, written in Bohemian,
quoted, 181

Lobkovic, Nicholas of, influence over Wenceslas, 97

Lomnický, Simon, of Budeč "founder of Bohemian song," 191
_Advice to a Young Landowner_, 192
Ballad on executions at Prague quoted, 199
_Cupid's Arrow_, 194
Dirge on Peter of Rosenberg, 318; quotations from, 196, 197
Smaller poems, 195

Loserth, Professor, on Wycliffe's influence on Hus's writings, 138

Lucas of Prague--
Appeal to Erasmus, 220
Controversies, 217, 224
Mission to Waldenses, 219
Relations with Luther, 221, 222
_The Bark_, 219, 223

Lucas of Prague--
Witnesses death of Savonarola, 220, 227
Works, 222

Lupáč, Prokop, _History of Emperor Charles IV., King of Bohemia_, 310

Luther, Martin, and Lucas of Prague, 221

Lützow, Count Rudolph, obtains permission for Palacký to examine
MSS. at Rome, 392

Lvovic, George Karasek ze, 421

Macha, imitated Byron, 404

Machar, J. S., 421

Manuscript of Grüneberg, 5--
A falsification, 6
"Judgment of Libussa," 7
Sent to Francis, Count Kolovrat-Liebsteinsky, 6
"The Decree of Domestic Law," 7

Manuscript of Königinhof--
Ballads in, 4
Discovered in tower of church, 2
Genuineness, 3, 5
Locutions traced to Moravian dialect, 4
"The Cuckoo," translation of, 5
Translations, 2

Manuscript of Königgrätz, 3, 9
Legend of St. Prokop in, 12

Manuscript of St. Vitus, 3, 9

Manuscripts of beginning of present century, 7

Marek, Jungmann's friend, 404

Maria Teresa, Empress, excluded Bohemian language from schools, 358

Marsiglio of Padua, _Defensor Fidei_, 139

Masaryk, Professor Thomas, 415

Michael of Deutschbrod (de Causis)--
Complaint against Hus, 106
Draws up accusation of Hus, 111

Milheim, John of, founds Bethlehem Chapel, Prague, 88

Milič of Kremsier, sketch of, 59;
sermons in Bohemian, 60

Mladenovič, Peter of--
Account of Hus's journey, imprisonment and death, 116, 145
On accusation of Hus, 112
Record of Hus's journey, trial and death, 110

"Monk of Sazava," chronicle of, 47

Morfill, on Journal of Bohemian Museum, 391

Mourek, Bohemian-English and Anglo-Bohemian dictionaries, 410

Mrštik, William, novelist, 417

Mühlberg, Protestants defeated at, 229

Nassau University, 253

Neander studies works of Janov, 82

Němcova, Mrs. Božena, _Babička_ (Grandmother), 405

_New Council_, beast-epic, 35;
account of, 38

Niederle, Dr., 416

Novikov, Eugene, on Bohemians and Greek Church, 137

_Ottokar and Zavis_, 35

Ottokar II., account of reign of, 33

Oxenstiern, Chancellor, Komenský's interview with, 269

Palacký, Francis--
Defends Ottokar II., 33
Edits Journal of Bohemian Museum, 391
Examines early Bohemian histories, 46
Examines Rosenberg archives, 317
_History of Bohemia_, 390, 396;
censors and, 397
Investigations on Greek Church and Bohemia, 137
Latin and Bohemian documents, 402
Minor works, 400
Opinion of Manuscript of Königinhof, 2

Palacký, Francis--
Opinion of Skála ze Zhoře, 335
Opinion of Štitný, 74
Reply to Höfler's criticisms, 402
Reply to invitation to German National Assembly, Frankfort, 392
Sketch of career, 388 _seqq._
Speech at banquet quoted, 395

Paleč, Stephen--
Abandons Hus, 106
Banished by Wenceslas, 108
Draws up accusation of Hus, 111

Pardubic, William of, 36

Pasěk, John, Bartoš's account of, 301

Patera, Adolphus, searches for early Bohemian MSS., 409

Payne, Peter, English Hussite, adversary of John of Přibram, 144
Sketch of, 146

Pelhřimov, Nicholas of ("Biskupec"), work of, 148

Pešina, Tomas, Latin works treating of Moravia, 357

Peter the Great conversing with nobles at Prague, 355

Pfauser mediates between Maximilian and Blahoslav, 233

Píč, Dr., 416

"Pickharts" or "Beghards," 205

Pisecký (Wenceslas Hladič)--
Greek studies, 184, 186
Sketch of career, 185

Podlipská, Sophia, 405

Ponatovská, Christina--
Influence on Komenský, 79
"Prophecies" of, 227

Ponatovská, Julian, 257

Prague--
Account of foundation of, 45
Wycliffe's works burned at, 101

Prague University--
Articles from Wycliffe's works condemned by, 91, 106
Change in organisation, 97
Divisions, 91, 97
Recognises Gregory XII. as Pope, 95
Wycliffe's writings discussed at, 91

Prague University and development of Bohemian language, 297

Precursors of Hus, 57

Prefat, Ulrick, of Vlkanov, descriptions of Holy Land, 325

Premysl, adventures of, 32

Presl, John, account of, 405

Přibik. (_See_ Pulkava.)

Přibram, John of, champion of moderate Utraquists, 144
Works, 144

Prokop of Neuhaus (Jindřichuv Hradec), theological writer of
"Unity," 215, 217
Works in Bohemian, 218

Pulkava, account of his Bohemian chronicle, 49

Pypin and Spasovič, _History of Slav Literatures_, 386

Queen Kunegund, 28

Queen Sophia--
Friendly to Hus, 98, 136
Letter to Pope protesting against severity to Hus, 103

"Question of the Manuscripts," 1

Rakoczy, George, Prince of Transylvania, invites Komenský to visit
him, 271

Ranke studies archives of Vatican, 392

Rezek, Anton, historical works, 413

Rokycan, Archbishop, leader of advanced Calixtine party, 148
Originator of "Unity," 202
_Postilla_, 147
Relations with Gregory, 204, 206
Teaching of, 202

Romanist song, "Woe to you, Hus," 172

Rosenberg Library, Stockholm, legend of St. Catherine discovered in, 10

Rosenberg, Lords of, Březan's history of, 314

Rosenberg, Peter of--
Important part in Bohemian politics, 318
Love of literature, 298

Rubes, popular song of, 404

Rudolph II. grants "Letter of Majesty" to Protestants, 243

_Rukopis Kralodvorsky._ (_See_ Manuscript of Königinhof.)

Šafařik, Paul Joseph--
Opinion of Manuscript of Königinhof, 2
Sketch of career, 383
_Starožitnosti Slovanské_ (Slavic Antiquity), 386
Works on Slav language and race, 382, 383, 387

St. Anselm, legend of, 17

St. Bridget, visions of, and Štitný, 79

St. Catherine, account of her martyrdom, 10

St. Catherine, legends of, 10

St. Cyrillus as author of "Gospodi pomiluj ny," 8

St. Cyrillus introduces Greek ritual into Bohemia, 13

St. Dorothy, legend of, 11

St. George, legend of, 17

St. Methodius as author of "Gospodi pomiluj ny," 8

St. Methodius introduces Greek ritual into Bohemia, 13

St. Prokop, legend of, 12, 47

St. Venceslas, hymn to, 8

St. Vitus, legend of St. Dorothy in, 11

_Satires on Trades_, 41

Sazava, monastery on, 13

Sedláček, Dr. Augustine, 416

Severus, Provost of Mélnik, _Chronicon Boemorum_ dedicated to, 44

Sigismund, King, conduct towards Hus, 109, 111

Sixt of Ottersdorf--
_History of the Troubled Years in Bohemia_, 304
Political career, 303

Skála ze Zhoře--
Account of executions of Prague, 342
_Chronology of the Church_, 336;
extracts from, 337, 339, 341
_Historie Cirkevni_ (History of the Church), 336
Sketch of career, 335

Sládek, J. V., translations of English poets, 407

Slavata, William Count--
Account of Count Thurn's banquet to Turkish embassy, 244, 348
_Historické Spisovani_ (Historical Works), 352
_Paměty_, 346
Sketch of life, 345

Šlechta, John, "ze Všehrd"--
_Microcosmus_, 188
Sketch of, 187

_Songs at Daybreak_ (Svitanicka), 25;
translation of one, 26

Spencer, Henry, Bishop of Norwich, Flemish crusade opposed by
Wycliffe, 106

Stanislaus of Znaym, abandons Hus, 106
Banished by Wenceslas, 108

"Staři Letopisove Cešti," ancient Bohemian chroniclers, 171

Sternberg, Count Francis, protects Palacký, 390

Sternberg, Count Kaspar, President of Bohemian Museum, 390

Štitný, Thomas of--
_Of General Christian Manners_, contents of, 65 _seqq._
Precursor of Hus, employs native language, 42, 57, 63, 74

Štitný, Thomas of--
_Reči Besedni_, "Learned Entertainments," 73 _seqq._
Sketch of career, 63

Stransky, Paul--
On Bohemians adhering to Greek Church, 137
_Respublica Bojema_, 353

Sturm, Venceslas, theological works, 294

Světla, Karolina, novelist, 408

Swinburne, poem on St. Dorothy, 11

Sylvius, Ænæas (Pius II.)--
Account of visit to Tabor, 148
Account of Zižka's death, 152
Work on Bohemia destroyed, 355

Tabor City, Ænæas Sylvius' account of visit to, 148

Taborites, advanced Hussites, 143

_Tale of Alexander the Great_, 56

_Tandarius and Floribella_, 25

"Tears of Mary Magdalene," legend of, 16

"Tears of St. Mary," legend of, 16

_The Contest of the Body and the Soul_, 17

_The Death of King John_, 35

_The Garden of Roses_, 25

_The Painted Monks_, written from Roman standpoint, 173

Theobaldus, _Hussitenkrieg_, 305

Theodoric, legends about, 25

Thurloe, suggestion for Bohemian Brethren, 274

Thurn, Count, pamphlet on assassination of Wallenstein, 346, 351

_Tkadleček the Weaver_, account of, 51
Lament to Misfortune quoted, 53
Misfortune's reply, extract from, 56

Tieftrunk, Karl, historical works, 408

Tiem, Wenceslas, Dean of Passau, preaches crusade at Prague, 105

Tomek, Wenceslas--
Historical works, 408
On letter of safe conduct given to Hus, 109

_Travels of Sir John Mandeville_, translated into Bohemian by
Březova, 147

Treaty of Westphalia and Komenský, 271

Třebizky, Benes, historical novels, 405

_Tristram_ similar to _Morte d'Arthur_, 25

Truhlář, Professor Joseph, collection of Latin letters of
Bohuslav, 177;
_Humanismus v Čechach_, 414

_Truth_, allegorical poem, 17

Tyl, Joseph, dramatic works, 404

Ulrick, Prince, description of his meeting Bozena, 32

"Unity." (_See_ Bohemian Brethren.)

Urban, Pope, and Milič of Kremsier, 61

"Utraquist Church," 300

Utraquists (Calixtines) party of Hussites, 143

Velenovic, Nicholas, Hus defends, 94

Veleslavin, Adam Daniel, sketch of career and works, 189

Veleslavin, Adam Samuel, sketch of career, 190

Venceslas, Prince, descriptions of murder of, 32

Victorin Cornelius ze Všehrd--
Relations with Bohuslav, 176
Sketch of, 183
_Ten Books on the Rights of the Bohemian Land_, 183

_Vita Caroli_ translated into Bohemian, 49

Vlček, Jaroslav, 414

Vlček, Wenceslas, novelist, 416

Vodnan, John of, works of, 294

Vratislav, Venceslas, of Mitrovic, account of travels and adventures, 326

Vrchlický, Jaroslav (Emil Frida), dramas and other works, 418

_Výklad na pravo zemske_, early legal work, 51

Waldenses' influence on Hussite movement, 166

Waldensian consecrating priest of "Unity," 207

Waldhauser, Conrad--
Latin _Postilla_, 159
Sketch of, 58
Works, 59

Wallenstein, Christina Ponatovská prophesies his death, 258

_Weaver._ (See _Tkadleček the Weaver_.)

Wenceslas IV.--
Attitude towards Popes, 95, 96, 98
Publishes "Decrees of Kutna Hora," 97
Struggle with Bohemian nobles, 36

White Mountain, battle of--
Misery of Bohemia after, 354
Political results of, 298

_William of Zajic_, 35

Winter, Sigismund, 414

Winthrop, Richard Charles, suggestions to Komenský, 268

Wratislaw, Rev. A. H.--
Biography of John Hus, 86
On Hus's treatise on simony, 128
On resemblance between _Tristram_ and _Morte d'Arthur_, 25
On works of Janov, 83

Wyche, Richard, letter to Hus, 102, 131;
reply, 131

Wycliffe's--
Articles condemned, 113
Works burned at Prague, 101
Works quoted by Hus, 57
Writings discussed at Prague, 91

Zajic, Zbyněk, of Hasenburg, Archbishop of Prague--
Excommunicates Hus and his adherents, 101
Recognises Alexander V. as Pope, 99
Sketch of, 92

Zavis of Falkenstein, 28

Zelená Hora. (_See_ Manuscript of Grüneberg.)

Žerotin, Charles of, 254, 257
_Obrana_ or _Apology_, extract from, 323
Sketch of career, 321

Žerotin, John of, pupil of Blahoslav, 232

Zeyer, Julius, 410

Zibrt, Dr., study of Bohemian folklore, 409

Židek, Paul, 294

Zittau, Peter of, chronicle, 48

Zǐžka, John, of Trocnov, leader of moderate Taborites, 144, 149
Accounts of his death, 152
_Regulations of War_, Letters, 149
Taborite war-song quoted, 151

Zwicker, Daniel, antagonist of Komenský, 276

Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
Edinburgh & London

Literatures of the World

A SERIES OF SHORT HISTORIES BY EMINENT WRITERS

EDITED BY EDMUND GOSSE

Each Volume Large Crown 8vo, price 6s.

"Mr. Gosse's introduction to this new series, the list of his collaborators, his own wide knowledge and delicate taste, all assure us that whatever high hopes he may raise, we need have no fear of their ample fulfilment."--_The Saturday Review._

A History of Japanese Literature.

By WILLIAM GEORGE ASTON, C.M.G., D. LIT., late Japanese
Secretary to H. M. Legation, Tokio.

"Mr. Aston has made a very valuable and acceptable contribution to the series. He approaches his difficult task in a sober but not unsympathetic spirit, and he has unquestionably enabled the European reader for the first time to enjoy a comprehensive survey of the vast and ancient field of Japanese literature, of which we have had hitherto only furtive and partial glimpses. He has clothed the dry bones of his subject with the flesh and blood of living reality, and we can follow with unflagging interest the whole process of evolution down to the most recent developments of the Japanese mind."--_The Times._

"Justice has been done for the first time to the neglected, or rather never comprehended, subject of the prose and verse of Japan. This is what Mr. Aston has effected, in a volume of unique erudition, wide research, clear discrimination, and excellent design; while, by such an achievement, he has wrought a memorable service not only to those interested in Japan and Japanese studies, but to the world of letters at large, in the midst of which he now gives to her literature an intelligible, established, and a very honourable place. The literature of Japan will assuredly owe to Mr. Aston its first formal and adequate introduction to the good opinion and respectful attention of the West."--Sir EDWIN ARNOLD in _Literature_.

A History of Spanish Literature.

By J. FITZMAURICE-KELLY, Corresponding Member of the Spanish
Academy.

"This is an excellent handbook. It is comprehensive, clear, concise; the judgments are judicial, impartial; the style is good, lucid, and interesting. It is work well done by one who has a thorough grip of his subject."--_The Academy._

A History of Italian Literature.

By RICHARD GARNETT, C. B., LL. D., Keeper of Printed Books in
the British Museum.

"Dr. Garnett is lucid in arrangement, agreeable and correct. He has done a real service to both English and Italian literatures."--_Literature._

A History of Modern English Literature.

By EDMUND GOSSE, Hon. M. A. Trinity College, Cambridge.

"We know of no volume better fitted to give a general conception of our literature than this."--_The Spectator._

"A really useful account of the whole process of evolution in English letters.... Full of insight and serenity of judgment."--_The Athenæum._

A History of French Literature.

By EDWARD DOWDEN, D. C. L., LL. D., Professor of English
Literature in the University of Dublin.

"Certainly the best history of French literature in the English language."--_The Athenæum._

"This is a history of literature as histories of literature should be written. The more closely one looks into this book, the more clearly is it seen how much thought, how much mental selection, as well as how much reading, have gone to the making of these picturesque portraits of writers."--_The Saturday Review._

A History of Ancient Greek Literature.

By GILBERT MURRAY, M. A., Professor of Greek in the University
of Glasgow.

"A sketch to which the much-abused word 'brilliant' may be justly applied."--_The Times._

"The book is brilliant and stimulating, while its freshness of treatment and recognition of the latest German research amply justify its existence. Professor Murray has made these old Greek bones live."--_The Athenæum._

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were corrected.

Punctuation normalized.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.

Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.

Greek text is transliterated and enclosed in ~tildes~.

End of Project Gutenberg's A History of Bohemian Literature, by Count Lützow