Chapter VI: is dedicated to the stopping of decayed teeth. The sole (4)

[303] Lib. xv, ch. xvi, vol. ii, p. 443.

[304] Lib. xv, cap. xxvii, vol. ii, p. 448.

[305] A man, worthy of being believed, has assured me that a certain princess having had a tooth taken out, immediately had it replaced by another supplied by one of her ladies, which took root, and after a time she masticated with it as well as she had done with the former one.

[306] Lib. xv, cap. xxviii.

[307] I will here tell a story of a master barber living at Orleans, named maistre François Louys, who had the honor of pulling a tooth better than any one else, so that on Saturdays many country folks having toothache came to him to have them pulled out, which he did very dexterously with a pelican, and when he had done, threw it on a bench in his shop. Now he had a new servant, Picard, tall and strong, who wanted to pull teeth like his master. It happened that whilst the said François Louys was dining, a villager wanting a tooth pulled, Picard took his master’s instrument and tried to do like him, but instead of taking out the bad tooth, he knocked and tore out three good ones for him, who, feeling great pain and seeing three teeth out of his mouth, began to cry out against Picard, but he, to make him hold his peace, told him not to say a word about it and not to shout so, because if his master came he would make him pay for three teeth instead of one. Now the master, hearing such a noise, came out from table to know the cause of it and the reason of the quarrel, but the poor peasant fearing the threats of Picard and still more after enduring such pain being made to pay a threefold fee by the said Picard, was silent, not daring to reveal to the master this fine piece of work of the said Picard; and thus the poor bumpkin went away, and for one tooth that he had thought to have pulled, he carried away three in his pouch and the one that hurt him in his mouth.”

[308] For which reason I advise those who would have their teeth pulled to go to the older tooth-pullers, and not to the younger ones who will not yet have recognized their shortcomings.”

[309] An old French word meaning perhaps hippopotamus.

[310] Jacobi Hollerii medici parisiensis omnia opera practica, Genevæ, 1635, lib. ii, p. 117, et seq.

[311] Blandin, Anatomie du système dentaire, Paris, 1836, p. 25.

[312] Hoann Jac. Weckerus, medicinæ utriusque syntaxes, ex Græcorum, Latinorum, Arabumque thesauris collectæ, Basilea, 1576.

[313] Donati Antonii ab Altomari medici ac philosophi neapolitani Ars Medica, Venetiis, 1558, cap. xli, p. 190.

[314] Collezione d’osservazioni e riflessioni, vol. iii, oss. 84, p. 374.

[315] Hieronymi Capivacci Patavini opera omnia, Venetiis, 1617, edit. sexta, lib. i, cap. liii; de affectibus dentium, p. 515.

[316] Lib. ii, cap. v, de lue venerea, p. 712.

[317] Petri Foresti, Alcmariani, opera omnia quatuor tomis digesta, Rothomagi, 1653.

[318] Histoire de l’anatomie et de la chirurgie, Paris, 1770.

[319] Hémard has omitted translating this passage, probably because he did not well understand it.

[320] [For a fuller review of this author see A Dental Book of the Sixteenth Century, by Julio Endelman, Dental Cosmos, 1903, vol. xlv, p. 39.—E. C. K.]

[321] Hieronymi Fabricii ab Aquapendente opera chirurgica, Lugduni Batavorum, 1723, cap. xxxii, p. 451.

[322] Cap. xxxiii, p. 455.

[323] Cap. xxxiv, p. 456; _de instrumentis extrahendis dentibus idoneis_.

[324] Cap. xxxv, p. 457.

[325] Cap. xxx, de gingivarum chirurgia, p. 450.

[326] Joannis Heurnii Ultrajectini de morbis oculorum, aurum, nasi, dentium et oris, liber Raphelengii, 1602, cap. xi, de dentium et oris passionibus, p. 79.

[327] De aureo dente maxillari pueri Silesii, Lipsiæ, 1595.

[328] Martini Rulandi, Nova et in omni memoria inaudita historia de aureo dente, Francofurti, 1595.

[329] Liddelius, Tractatus de dente aureo pueri Silesiani, Hamburg, 1626.

[330] [In the introductory portion of Liddell’s work on the “Golden Tooth” is published a number of letters bearing on the case, among others one which gives rather a circumstantial account of the imposture, and of which the following is a translation:

“Herr Balthazer Caminæus sends Greeting:

“For your letter, most kind Herr Doctor Caselius, in which you explicitly desired me to thank (my) colleagues for their good wishes, ‘wedding wishes,’ and to inform you as to the ‘Golden Tooth,’ I have long been in debt to you—not that I intended to leave your letter unanswered, but because no messengers presented themselves. Now that I have found one, I announce that I have obeyed your commands. As for the ‘Golden Tooth,’ I ought not to hide from you that we have more than once marvelled at your shrewdness, in that you are so anxious to ascribe the devices of wickedness and the tricks (fakes) of cunning to Nature. For it was no portent, only a deception and pure cheat, so that unless some Lemnian (Prometheus or Vulcan) should come to their aid, these acute authors will, nay, already are, a by-word to those who are more cautious and not so prone to believe. For the ‘Golden Toothed’ boy, according to the account brought thither by many persons, both by letter and oral report, some of whom had themselves seen this wonder, hailed from a village near Schwidnitz in Silesia, and had been so trained by his swindling father or master, that, at his will, whenever in any assembly of men, some very simple and illiterate persons desired to see the tooth and had paid the fee, for the rascals made great gains, he would open his mouth wide and allow himself to be touched. But if educated men and those who seemed likely to make more careful scrutiny and experiment on any point, presented themselves, he contorted his countenance, remained silent, and simulated a kind of madness, the idea being that he permitted himself to be examined at stated times only when the conditions allowed. Now, the tooth was covered with a plate, lamina (or layer), skilfully wrought of the best gold, and the gold was let down so deep into the gum that the cheat was not observed. However, as the plate was sometimes rubbed with a touch-stone as a test and was daily worn down by chewing, the real tooth at last began to appear. Of this fact a certain nobleman got an inkling, came to the place pretty drunk, and demanded that the tooth should be shown him, when the young fellow, at his master’s word, kept silent, the nobleman struck his dagger into the boy’s mouth, wounding him so badly that the aid of a surgeon had to be called, and so the deception was fully exposed.

“Thus the Herr Baron Fabianus, in Crema, at present Rector Magnificus of our University, told me the story in full, and those inhabitants of the place who have scholarly tastes maintain it to a man. The author of the fraud, if I remember aright, was said to have taken refuge in flight, the boy to be in chains.

“Our Pelargus, who is a native of Schwidnitz, can inform you more fully. I have often heard from him the same facts which I am writing. Farewell, and laugh in safety as much as you please at those sagacious authors.

“FRANKFORT, December 31, 1595.”

Elsewhere it is stated that the boy who was the possessor of the “Golden Tooth” was born December 22, 1586. As Horst’s Treatise appeared in 1595, the Silesian boy was probably not over seven or eight years of age. We also find that the “Golden Tooth” was a lower molar, and upon the left side, and further, that there was no molar posterior to it.—E. C. K.]

[331] Illustrious Father, do not believe too much in the color.—[Virgil, Ec. ii, 16.]

[332] Joh. Stephani Strobelbergeri, thermiatri cæsarei emeriti, etc., de dentium podagre, seu potius de odontagra, doloreve dentium, tractatus absolutissimus, in quo, tam doloris istius mitigandi rationes, quam dentium sine et cum ferro artificiose extrahendorum varii modi, theoretice ac practice proponuntur, in medicorum ac chirurgorum quorumvis gratiam. Lepsiæ, 1630.

[333] In Latin, _gutta_, that is, drop.

[334] Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, Berlin, 1848, ii, 422.

[335] Geschichte der Zahnheilkunde, p. 101.

[336] Arnauld Gilles, La fleur des remèdes contre le mal des dents, Paris, 1622.

[337] Remèdes contre le mal des dents, Paris, 1633.

[338] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, Part II, p. 293.

[339] Guilhelmi Fabricii Hilandi opera omnia, Francofurti ad Moenum, 1646, Centuria I observatio xxxviii, p. 33.

[340] Cent. iv, obs. xxi, p. 302.

[341] The most important of Fabricius Hildanus’ works consists of six _centuriæ_ (hundreds) of remarkable cases, published by the author in successive epochs, and which were afterward reunited under the title of _Observationum et curationum chirurgicarum centuriæ sex_.

[342] Cent. v, obs. xxvii, p. 406.

[343] G. F. Hildani, opera omnia, Epist. ad J. Rheterium, p. 1010.

[344] Joannis Sculteti, Ulmensis, armamentarium chirurgicum, Francofurti, 1666, Plates X, XI, XII, XXXII.

[345] Giovanni Battista Montano (1488 to 1551), of Verona, Professor of Medicine at Padua.

[346] It is marvellous that an intelligent physician should have lent faith to such a story, related, too, by such a woman, never reflecting that the daily use of sulphuric acid for the space of thirty years, that is, about 11,000 applications, instead of curing and beautifying bad teeth, would certainly rather have had the effect of totally destroying the denture of even a mastodon.

[347] Lazari Riverii, opera medica omnia, Genevæ, 1737; Praxeos medicæ liber sextus, cap. i; De dolore dentium, cap. ii; De dentium nigredine et erosione.

[348] Nicolai Tulpii, Amstelodamensis, Osservationes medicæ, Amstelodami, 1685, lib. i, cap. xxxvi, p. 68; cap. xlix, p. 90.

[349] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, pp. 294, 299.

[350] Sprengel, op. cit., p. 297.

[351] Blandin, Anatomie du système dentaire, Paris, 1836, p. 26.

[352] Blandin, op. cit., p. 27; Portal, Histoire de l’anatomie et de la chirurgie, Paris, 1770, vol. iii, p. 495.

[353] Blandin, op. cit., p. 26; Portal, op. cit.

[354] Totus dens primum inclusus est folliculo seu membrana tenui ac pellucida non secus ac granum in arista.

[355] Bouillet, Précis d’histoire de la médecine, p. 221.

[356] Bouillet, op. cit., p. 222.

[357] Friderici Ruyschii observationum anatomico-chirurgicorum, centuria, Amstelodami, 1691; Portal, op. cit., vol. iii.

[358] Portal, op. cit., vol. iii.

[359] A. C. Abbott, The Principles of Bacteriology, Philadelphia, 1905, p. 19.

[360] Anatome ossium, Romæ, 1689.

[361] Portal, vol. iv, p. 111; Blandin, p. 28.

[362] Jean Guichard Duverney, Mémoire sur les dents, Paris, 1689.

[363] Blandin, op cit.; Portal, vol. iii, p. 495.

[364] Blandin, p. 31.

[365] On Some New Observations of the Bones and the Parts Belonging to Them, London, 1691. The accurate description given by Havers of the canals containing the nourishing vessels of the bone has caused these canals to be known, even up to the present day, by the name of “Haversian canals.”

[366] Portal, vol. iv, p. 134; Blandin, p. 31.

[367] De morbis acutis infantum, London, 1689.

[368] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, p. 298.

[369] Meekren, Observationes medico-chirurgicæ, cap. xv, p. 84.

[370] Op. cit., cap. xxviii, p. 120.

[371] Sprengel, vol. ii, p. 298.

[372] Sprengel, loc. cit.

[373] Soolingen’s Manuale operatien der chirurgie, Amsterdam, 1684.

[374] Sprengel, op. cit., p. 300.

[375] Dissertation sur les dents, à Paris Chez Denys Thierry, MDCLXXIX.

[376] Portal, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 361.

[377] Purmann’s Wundarzenei, Halberstadt, 1684, Part I, chap. xxxii.

[378] New and very useful practice of all that which belongs to the diligent barber; composed by Cintio d’Amato.

[379] The art of beautifying the human body was comprised by the ancients among the many and various parts of the medical art, under the name of _decorative medicine_. The barbers considered themselves members of the medical class, as practitioners of decorative medicine and in a certain degree also of surgery.

[380] In a chapter entitled “Of the Excellence and Nobility of the Barber’s Office,” Cintio d’Amato speaks of several barbers of that period, who were in great repute by their writings, or by the high offices with which they were invested, or by honors received from princes and sovereigns. Among the writers, Tiberio Malfi, barber of Montesarchio, deserves mention; he published, in 1626, a book entitled The Barber, written in excellent style, and giving proof of solid literary culture, and of much erudition. This work treats of all that concerns the barber’s art (decorative medicine, bleeding, etc.). In it, however, there is absolutely nothing about the treatment of the teeth or their extraction; and this constitutes a valid confirmation of our own opinion, that is, that the dental art was not at that time in any way in the hands of the barbers.

[381] Portal, vol. iii, p. 618.

[382] Antonii Nuck operationes et experimenta chirurgica, Lugduni Batavorum, 1692.

[383] Caroli Musitani opera omnia, pp. 121 to 128, Venetiis, 1738.

[384] J. Drake, Anthropologia nova, London, 1707.

[385] J. M. Hoffmann, Disquisitiones anatomico-pathologicæ, Altorf, 1713, p. 321.

[386] Probably through the nose.

[387] H. Meibomii de abscessum internorma natura et constitutione discursus. Dresdæ et Lipsiæ, 1718, p. 114. (This edition was published after the author’s death, which took place in 1700.)

[388] St. Yves, Nouveau traité des maladies des yeux, 1722, p. 80.

[389] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, p. 301. Carabelli, Systematisches, Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, vol. i, p. 60.

[390] This work was published in 1690.

[391] Here one also verifies the absurdities pronounced by those who, not being dentists, but merely general practitioners or surgeons, still risk speaking on dental subjects.

[392] Dionis, Cours d’opérations de chirurgie, Paris, 1716, p. 507 and following.

[393] [The Dresden edition of 1710 of Guillemeau’s work contains no reference to the artificial tooth composition as mentioned by Dionis.—E. C. K.]

[394] Carmeline was a most able surgeon-dentist. We learn this from a passage in Pierre Fauchard’s book (Le Chirurgien Dentiste, Préf., p. 13). As we shall see, the author praises him very highly and laments his not having written any book making known the results of his long experience.

[395] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, p. 305.

[396] Traité complet des opérations de chirurgie, par Mons. de Lavauguyon, Paris, 1696, p. 644.

[397] Der beym aderlassen und Zahn-ausziehen Geschickten Barbiergesell, Leipsic, 1717.

[398] De dentium dolore, Altdorf, 1711.

[399] Schelhammer wrote a dissertation “on the cure of toothache by touch,” _De odontalgia tactu sananda_, Kiel, 1701. In the same year and in the same city, another pamphlet, by B. Krysingius, was written on the same subject. (See Crowley, Dental Bibliography, p. 13.)

[400] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 311.

[401] Joseph Linderer, Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, vol. ii, p. 129.

[402] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 367; Carabelli, op. cit. p. 65.

[403] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 310.

[404] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 309.

[405] Sprengel, loc. cit.

[406] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 310.

[407] Le Chirurgien Dentiste ou Traité des Dents, où l’on enseigne les moyens de les entretenir propres & saines, de les embellir, d’en réparer la perte & de remédier à leurs maladies, à celles des Gencives & aux accidens qui peuvent survenir aux autres parties voisines des Dents. Avec des Observations & des Réflexions sur plusieurs cas singuliers. Ouvrage enrichi de quarante-deux Planches en taille douce. Par Pierre Fauchard, Chirurgien Dentiste à Paris.

[408] Deuxième édition, revue, corrigée et considérablement augmentée, à Paris, 1746.

[409] _Experts pour les Dents._ This was probably the title which was bestowed in the relative diploma on those who passed the examination in question.

[410] We have not been able to find any work in which particular records of Fauchard’s life are given, and hence do not know to which of the other arts he had dedicated himself.

[411] Vol. ii, p. 366.

[412] Page 21.

[413] Pages 73, 74.

[414] Vol. i, p. 131.

[415] Page 142.

[416] De la génération des vers dans le corps de l’homme, Paris, 1700.

[417] Vol. i, p. 143.

[418] Page 149.

[419] Chap. ix, p. 154.

[420] Dames illustres, vie d’Elizabeth, p. 179.

[421] Page 161.

[422] Page 165.

[423] Page 167.

[424] Liquid ammonia.

[425] Subcarbonate of ammonia.

[426] Chap. x, p. 169.

[427] Page 407.

[428] Chap. xii, p. 183.

[429] Chap. xiii, p. 185.

[430] Chap. xiv, p. 194.

[431] Chap. xv, p. 205.

[432] Chap. xvi.

[433] Chap. xvii to xxi.

[434] Chap. xxiii, p. 282.

[435] Page 330.

[436] Page 331.

[437] Page 368.

[438] Page 370.

[439] Page 383.

[440] Page 376.

[441] Chap. xxxi, p. 391.

[442] Page 397.

[443] Page 411.

[444] Page 418.

[445] Chap. xxxviii, p. 481.

[446] Vol. ii, chap. ii.

[447] Chap. iii.

[448] Chap. iv.

[449] Chap. v.

[450] Vol. ii, p. 71.

[451] Vol. ii, p. 77.

[452] Vol. ii, p. 78.

[453] Ibid.

[454] Chap. vii.

[455] Vol. ii, p. 80.

[456] Vol. ii, chap. viii, p. 87.

[457] Chap. ix, p. 117.

[458] Speaking of transplantation, he says: “On voit par des expériences journalières que des dents transplantées d’un alvéole dans l’alvéole d’une bouche différente se sont conservées plusieurs années fermes et solides sans recevoir aucune altération, et servant à toutes les fonctions auxquelles les dents sont propres.” (Vol. ii, p. 187.)

[459] Page 188.

[460] Vol. ii, p. 192.

[461] Vol. ii, chap. xiii, p. 215.

[462] Vol. ii, pp. 217 to 224.

[463] Vol. ii, p. 225.

[464] Vol. ii, p. 229.

[465] Chap. xvi, pp. 252, 255.

[466] Vol. ii, chap. xvii, p. 260.

[467] Vol. ii, chap. xxiv, p. 339.

[468] Vol. ii, p. 340.

[469] Vol. ii, p. 353.

[470] Jean de Diest, An hæmorrhage ex dentium evulsione chirurgi incuria lethalis? Paris, 1735. David Vasse, Hæmorrhagia ex dentium evulsione, chirurgi incuria lethalis, Paris, 1735.

[471] M. Bunon, Sur un prejugé très-pernicieux, concernant les maux de dents qui surviennent aux femmes grosses, Paris, 1741.

[472] M. Bunon, Essai sur les maladies des dents, Paris, 1743. Expériences et démonstrations pour servir de suite et de preuves à l’essai sur les maladies des dents, Paris, 1746.

[473] Abhandlung von Zahnkrankheiten, etc., Strassburg, 1754.

[474] A Practical Treatise upon Dentition or the Breeding of the Teeth in Children.

[475] Essai d’Odontotechnique, ou Dissertation sur les Dents Artificielles.

[476] Sprengel, Part ii, p. 319.

[477] Journal de Médecine, 1756.

[478] L. H. Runge. De Morbis sinuum ossis frontis, maxillæ superioris, etc., Rintel, 1750.

[479] Sprengel, Part ii (?), p. 322.

[480] Nouveaux éléments d’Odontologie, contenant l’anatomie de la bouche, ou la description de toutes les parties qui la composent, et de leur usage; et la pratique abregée du dentiste, avec plusieurs observations, par M. Lécluse, Chirurgien dentiste de Sa Majesté le Roi de Pologne, etc., Paris, 1754 (vol. in 12mo of pages viii-222 with six plates).

[481] Abhandlung von den Zähnen des menschlichen Körpers und deren Krankheiten, 1756.

[482] Geist-Jacobi, p. 164.

[483] Die eingebildeten würmer in Zähnen, Regenburg, 1757.

[Schaffer’s publication is of considerable interest in that his illustration here reproduced exhibits one of the devices somewhat generally employed for the eradication of dental worms as a cure for toothache. In the title of his work Schaffer describes himself as Protestant preacher at Regensburg, member of the Royal Society of Fine Arts at Göttingen, of the Royal Society of Science at Duisberg, honorary member of the Fine Arts at Leipsic.

The several details of the plate are designated as follows:

Fig. I. The supposed worms, with single and double tails, or actually seed buds of the henbane driven out by heat, natural size.

Fig. II. Kidney-shaped seed of the henbane, natural size, without seed buds.

Fig. III. Another such seed, natural size, with the pith being driven out in bow-shape.

Figs. IV and V. Slightly magnified supposed entrails of the tooth worms, actually the inner basis substance for the development of the seed lobes.

Fig. VI. Portion of the skin and driven out supposed entrails of the tooth worms, strongly magnified: (_aa_) skin still attached; (_b_) supposed entrails.

Fig. VII. Seed same as Fig. II, magnified: (_a_) external pellicle; (_b_) seed bud.

Fig. VIII. Seed of Fig. III, magnified: (_aa_) external pellicle; (_b_) node; (_c_) seed bud driven out in bow-shape.

Figs. IX, X, and XI. Three kinds of supposed tooth worms, magnified; the lettering corresponds in all three: (_a_) head; (_b_) brown spot or mouth; (_c_) body; (_d_) apparent opening or anus; (_ee_) single or double tail; (_ff_) brown spot of the tail; also an apparent opening.

Fig. XII. Representation of the utensils and the mode in which they are arranged during the application of the supposed remedy against tooth worms: (_a_) earthen pot; (_b_) opening visible on one side; (_c_) opening in the bottom; (_dd_) iron passing through the two side openings, on which the wax balls (containing henbane seeds) are laid inside the pot; (_e_) smoke arising through the opening in the top, which is directed into the mouth; (_ff_) bowl of water in which the pot is set, into which the supposed worms fall and in which they are found after the cure.

It would seem not at all improbable that the inhalation of vapors arising from heated henbane seeds might in some cases, _e.g._, of odontalgia from pulpitis, produce a sedative effect by the action of the hyoscyamine given off. Assuming that the method possessed even a slight therapeutic value, that factor in connection with the apparently tangible evidence of the existence of tooth worms which it afforded to the ignorant, makes the method a most interesting example of the way in which superstition and ignorance about medical matters are kept alive and sustained by a very slight increment of truth.

Another interesting reference to the use of henbane seeds for the cure of toothache by fumigation as found in an old Saxon manuscript of the ninth or tenth century, a translation of which is published in Leechdoms, Worthcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, vol. ii, p. 51, a collection of documents illustrating the history of science in England before the Norman conquest, published under direction of the Master of the Rolls. The reference is as follows:

“For tooth wark, if a worm eat _the tooth_, take an old holly leaf and one of the lower umbels of hartwort and the upward _part_ of sage, boil two doles (that is, two of worts to one of water) in water, pour into a bowl and yawn over it, then the worms shall fall into the bowl. If a worm eat the teeth, take holly rind over a year old, and root of Carline thistle, boil in so hot _water_! Hold in the mouth as hot as thou hottest may. For tooth worms, take acorn meal and henbane seed and wax, of all equally much, mingle _these_ together, work into a wax candle and burn it, let it reek into the mouth, put a black cloth under, then will the worms fall on it.”—E. C. K.]

[484] Recueil périodique d’observations de Médecine, Chirurgie, etc., par Vandermonde, Paris, 1757, Tome vii, p. 256.

[485] Recherches et observations sur toutes les parties de l’art du dentiste, 2 vols., Paris, 1757.

[486] Sur les dépôts du sinus maxillaire.

[487] Soins faciles pour la propreté de la bouche et pour la conservation des dents, Paris, 1759.

[488] Vol. x, pp. 47 to 148.

[489] Traité des dépôts dans le sinus maxillaire, des fractures et des caries de l’une et de l’autre mâchoire, Paris, 1761.

[490] Essais sur la formation des dents, comparée avec celle des os, suivis de plusieurs expériences tant sur les os que sur les parties qui entrent dans leur constitution, Paris, 1766.

[491] Traité des maladies et des opérations réellement chirurgicales de la bouche et des parties qui y correspondent, suivi de notes, d’observations, et de consultations interessantes, tant anciennes que modernes, 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1778.

[492] Réflexions et éclaircissements sur la construction et les usages des rateliers complets et artificiels.

[493] Die Zahnheilkunde, Erlangen, 1851, p. 398.

[494] Von der Wirkung der elektrischen Erschütterung im Zahnweh.

[495] Geist-Jacobi, p. 165.

[496] Neue Versuche zu Curirung der Zahnschmerzen vermittelst eines magnetischen Stahles, Königsberg, 1765.

[497] F. E. Glaubrecht, De odontalgia, Argentorati, 1766.

[498] Journal de Médecine, 1767, p. 265.

[499] Jos. G. Pasch, Abhundlung aus der Wandarznei von den Zähnen, etc., Wien, 1767.

[500] Th. Berdmore, A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the teeth and gums, London, 1768.

[501] Einleitung zur nöthigen Wissenschaft eines Zahnarztes, Wien, 1766.

[502] Abhandlung von der Hervorbrechlung der Milchzähne, Wien, 1771.

[503] J. Linderer, vol. ii, p. 431.

[504] Geist-Jacobi, p. 166.

[505] Gedanken über das Hervorkommen und Wechseln der Zähne, 1768.

[506] Carabelli, p. 91.

[507] A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the teeth and gums, London, 1768.

[508] See The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Dental Prosthesis, by B. J. Cigrand, p. 148.

[509] Carabelli, p. 91.

[510] Carabelli, p. 93; Lemerle, Notice sur l’histoire de l’art dentaire, p. 117.

[511] J. Aitkin, Essays on several important subjects in surgery, London, 1771.

[512] Sprengel, vol. ii, p. 348.

[513] Sprengel, p. 350.

[514] Bromfield, Chirurgical observations and cases, London, 1773.

[515] Le dentiste observateur, Paris, 1775.

[516] Vollständige Anweisung zum Zahn-ausziehen, Stendal, 1782.

[517] Theden, Neue Bemerkungen und Erfahrungen, Berlin, 1782, part second, p. 254.

[518] J. van Wy, Heelkundige Mengel stoffen, Amsterdam, 1784.

[519] Journal de Médecine, 1791, tomes 86, 87.

[520] Sprengel, p. 356 to 357.

[521] Odontologia, ossia Trattato sopra i Denti.

[522] Benjamin Bell, System of Surgery, 1783 to 1787, vol. iii.

[523] Medical Transactions of the College of Physicians of London, 1783, vol. iii, p. 325.

[524] Memoirs of the London Medical Society, 1787, vol. i.

[525] August Gottlieb Richter, Anfangsgründe der Wundarzneikunst, vol. ii (1787) and vol. iv (1797).

[526] Praktische Darstellung aller Operationen der Zahnarznekunst, Berlin, 1803 and 1804.

[527] Chapter xlii.

[528] Uebersicht der Chirurgischen Instrumente.

[529] Ploucquet, Primæ lineæ odontitidis, sive inflammationis ipsorum dentium, Tubingæ, 1791; Kappis, Primæ lineæ odontitidis, etc., Tubingæ, 1794.

[530] Storia naturale di un nuovo insetto, Firenze, 1794.

[531] Der anfrichtige Lahnarzt.

[532] Without comment!

[533] Principia systematis chirurgiæ hodiernæ.

[534] The anatomical fact alluded to by the author, far from presenting itself very often, as he says, is of rare occurrence, and cannot be held in account for establishing a general operative rule.

[535] Sprengel, pp. 372, 373.

[536] Hirsch, Praktische Bemerkungen über die Zähne und einige Krankheiten derselben, Jena, 1796.

[537] Sprengel, pp. 376, 377.

[538] For all that regards Bunon’s life and writings we have availed ourselves of the excellent historical work of A. Barden, “Un précurseur: Bunon,” a communication presented to the Geneva Session of the International Dental Federation (August, 1906).

[539] Expériences et démonstrations, p. 13.

[540] Ibid., p. 60.

[541] Lettre sur la prétendue dent œillère.

[542] Sur un préjugé très pernicieux, concernant les maux de dents qui surviennent aux femmes grosses.

[543] Essai sur les maladies des dents, où l’on propose les moyens de leur procurer une bonne conformation dès la plus tendre enfance, et d’en assurer la conservation pendant tout le cours de la vie.

[544] Expériences et démonstrations, avertissement, p. xix.

[545] Expériences et démonstrations faites à l’Hôpital de la Salptêrière et à St. Côme, en presence de l’Académie Royale de Chirurgie, pour servir de suite et de preuves à l’Essai sur les maladies des dents.

[546] Essay, p. 127.

[547] F. Maury. Traité complet de l’art du dentiste, d’après l’état actuel des connaissances, 2 vols., Paris, 1828.

[548] Exposé de nouveaux procédés pour la confection des dents dites de composition, par M. Dubois Faucou, Paris, 1808.

[549] Rapport sur les dents artificielles terro-metalliques, Paris, 1808.

INDEX.

A

Abbott, A. C., 237

Abulcasis, 86, 125

Abyssinia, negroes of, file incisors into points, 43

Acoluthus, Johann, 240

Acupuncture, 38

Adamantius, 116, 117

Advertisements, 245

Ægina, Paul of, 219

Æsculapius, 45, 46

Ætius of Amida, 117, 170

Age of animals judged by the teeth, Aristotle on, 62

Aitkin, John, 317

Alcock, James, 348

Ali Abbas, 122

Altomare, Donato Antonio, 200

Alveolar pyorrhea, 96, 237

Andromachus the Elder, 106, 113

Andry, 269, 309

Anesthetic, 149

Antrum of Highmore, 186, 233, 249, 250, 257, 282, 304, 310, 311, 313,
318, 320, 325, 330, 333

Aphthæ, Celsus on, 84

Apollonius, 92, 113

Appolonia, Saint, 209

Aquapendente, Fabrizio of, 207

Arabians, 121

Aranzio Giulio Cesare, 201

Arcagatus, 77

Archigenes, 65, 106, 113

Arcoli, Giovanni of (Arculanus), 153, 168, 199

Argelata, Pietro of, 151

Aristotle, 53, 61, 64

Arnemann, J., 331

Arsenic, 35, 85, 122, 125, 138, 152, 157

Asclepiades, 80

Asklepiadi, priests of the temple of Æsculapius, 45, 46

Astringent mouth washes, 97, 115, 116, 122, 153

Atmospheric conditions, influence on dental maladies, 57, 116, 247

Aurelianus, Celius, 46, 65, 113, 114

Auzeki, Pierre, 317

Avenzoar, 139

Avicenna, 84, 123

B

Babylonians, treatment of sick by the, 18

Bacteria, 237

Barbers, 86, 130, 132, 139, 144, 159, 162, 166, 169, 188, 240, 242,
243, 244, 245, 255

Barden, A., 340

Bartholin, Thomas, 232, 235

Bass, Heinrich, 259

Bell, Benjamin, 324

Belzoni, G. B., on Egyptian dentistry, 27

Benedetti, Alessandro, 157, 187

Benedictus of Faenza, 203

Berdmore, Thomas, 315, 316

Bertin, J., 304

Bible, reference to teeth in the, 32, 33

Bidloo, Gottfried, 239

Birds, teeth of, 63

Blum, Michael, 164

Blumenthal, K. A., 337

Bodenstein, Adam, 205

Bordenare, Thomas, 313

Bourdet, 309

Brahmins, care of the teeth among the, 42

Bridge work, 297
Etruscan attempts at, 76, 101

Bromfield, W., 318

Brunner, Adam Anton, 315

Bruno of Longobucco, 140

Bruschi, Etruscan dental appliances in Museum of Count, 73

Bücking, 321

Bunon, Robert, 301, 337

C

“Calendar of dentition,” 315

Callisen, Heinrich, 333

Camindus, Balthasar, 215

Campani, Antonio, 323, 327

Capivacci, Gerolamo, 201

Carabelli, 157, 317, 321

Carbonate of lime, ancient dentifrice mentioned by Pliny, 94

Caries, dental, 24, 110, 122, 147, 251, 269, 319, 335

Carmeline, 253, 261, 283

Cascellius, first dentist mentioned by name, 102

Castellani collection, Rome, Etruscan appliances in, 76

Catullus, 97

Cauteries, dental, 328

Cauterization, 25, 40, 85, 107, 111, 118, 126, 138, 152, 212, 227,
246, 289, 310

Caylus, 99

Celius Aurelianus, 46, 65, 113

Celsus, 65, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 102

“Cement” filling, 122, 240
of Guillemeau, 253

Channing, John, 126

Charlatans, 159, 162, 277, 310, 316

Chauliac, Guy de, 146

Chemant, Nicholas Dubois de, 329, 344

Chinese, anatomical notions of, 39
dentistry among the, 34

Chopart, 322

Cigrand, 47, 68, 316

Cintio d’Amato, 242

Clasps, 303

Clauder, Gabriel, 232

Cleanliness of the teeth among the Romans, 97, 106, 107

Coiter, Volcherus, 200

Coition, toothache from, 35

Cold applications, harmful to the teeth, 61

Colombo, Matteo Realdo, 177

Côme, Frère, 318

Compressor of Foucou, 321

Condamine, 314

Corneto, museum of, Etruscan appliances in, 71, 72, 73

Cos, temple of, medical records in, 18, 46, 48

Courtois, 321

Cowper, William, 234, 249

Cremation among the ancients, 69

Criton, 113

Croce, Giovanni Andrea della, 201

Cron, Ludwig, 255

Crowley’s “Dental Bibliography,” 253, 256

Crown, artificial, 296, 315
gold, 217, 303

Ctesias of Cydnus, 62

Customs of primitive peoples, 42

D

Dabry, P. P., “La médecine chez les Chinois,” 34

Dalli Osso, archeologist, 78

Damocrates, Servilius, 106

Daremberg, “Histoire des sciences médicales,” 80, 99

De Lavauguyon, 253, 255

Décorative medicine, 244

Dekkers, Friederich, 241

Delphi, temple of Apollo at, 46, 114

Deneffe, “La prothèse dentaire dans l’antiquité,” 67, 75, 102

Dental appliance, Etruscan, found at Tarquinii, 71
near Teano, Italy, 79
at Valsiarosa, 70
art among the ancient Germans, 162
the Etruscans, 67
the Romans, 77, 102
first beginnings of, 17
practised by specialists in ancient Egypt, 25
caries, 110, 122, 147, 251, 269, 319
irregularities, 280, 290, 303, 320
maladies given in Ebers’ papyrus, 21
surgery not mentioned in Ebers’ papyrus, 25
and surgical instruments of the Romans, 86
terminology found in Vesalius, 176

Dentateurs, 199

Dentator, 144, 147

Dentiduces, 226

Dentifrices, 35, 38, 51, 87, 93, 94, 96, 97, 105, 112, 124, 141, 148,
154, 247, 322

Dentine, structure of, 237, 319

Dentisculpia (toothpicks), 98, 226

Dentispices, 219

Dentist, the word itself, 102, 144
Cascellius the first, 102

Dentista, 144

Dentistry, condition of, before Fauchard, 260
in the middle ages, 121
as a true specialty, 255, 263

Dentists, examination of, 261, 339

Dentition, “Calendar” of, 315
third, 91, 143, 185, 199, 306

Dentures, complete, 298, 313, 336
porcelain, 344
spring, 299, 300

Deodato, Claudio, 224

Desault, 322

Deschapellement (uncrowning), 194, 204, 275

Diemerbroek, 235

Diest, Jean de, 301

Dionis, Pierre, 251

Dioscorides, 84

Dissection prohibited by the Koran, 121

Doctors’ shops in ancient Greece and Rome, 52

Drake, James, 249

Dubois de Chemant, Nicholas, 329, 344
Foucou, 346, 347
Jacques, 172

Duchâteau, 344

Duchemin, student of Fauchard, 260

Dufour, 309

Dupont, 223

Duverney, Jean, 238

E

Ears and the teeth, 54, 56, 94, 228, 236, 250, 315

Ebers’ papyrus, 19
George, on dental art of Egyptians, 28

Egypt, special doctors for the teeth in ancient, 26, 64

Egyptians, dental art among the, 19, 67
prescriptions of the, 21, 22, 23, 24

Eighteenth century, 255

Electricity, use of, for toothache, 314

Elevator of Lécluse, 305

Elevators, 133, 134, 305

Enamel, artificial use of, 301, 310
structure of dental, 238

Endelman, Julio, 205

English key, 257, 317

Epilepsy, 169

Epulis, 117, 118, 123, 127, 239, 251, 334

Erasistratus, 65

Erosion, dental, 302, 320, 337, 341

Etruscans, dental appliances of, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76
art among the, 67, 70
votive offerings of, 67

Eustachius, Bartholomeus, 178, 204

Examination of dentists, 261, 339

“Experts pour les dents,” 261

Extraction of teeth, 25, 45, 51, 64, 82, 86, 103, 108, 112, 114, 118,
122, 124, 128, 137, 141, 151, 152, 158, 160, 193, 210, 222, 240,
246, 252, 276, 292, 315, 321, 337
death from, 65, 114, 137, 139
of eye-teeth, 301, 339
pain after, 112
as a punishment, 139

Eyes and the teeth, 54, 89, 168, 246, 301, 304

F

Fabrizio of Aquapendente (Fabricius), 207

Fabry, Wilhelm (Fabricius Hildanus), 223

Fallopius, Gabriel, 177

Fauchard, Pierre, 255, 259

Filing of teeth by people of India, 42
by women of Sumatra, 43

Filling of teeth, 122, 147, 150, 151, 155, 159, 164, 199, 208, 240,
252, 256, 285, 309, 315, 320, 328

Fingers, extraction of teeth with the, 64

Fischer, Johann Bernhardt, 259

Fistulæ, dental, 22, 140, 152, 201, 203, 224

Fleurimond, 245

Follicle, dental, 177

Fontanella, Don Angelo, anecdote of, 104

Fonzi, 347

Forceps, cutting, 294
extracting, 46, 52, 86, 87, 114, 131, 157, 167, 207, 211, 226,
278, 292, 293, 325, 330, 334

Foreest, Peter, 157, 202

Foucou, 321, 346, 347

Fracture of lower jaw, 59, 137, 190, 342

Fractures and dislocations, Celsus on, 87

Fredericus, Rinaldus, 235

Frogs, use of, for dental maladies, 95, 107, 125, 138

G

Gaddesden, John, 140

Gagliardi, Domenico, 238

Gaillardot, Dr., researches in necropolis of Sidon, 29

Galen, Claudius, 52, 63, 65, 80, 82, 108, 109, 121

Garengeot, Croissant de, 257

Gebauer, Ernst Ferdinand, 259

Geist-Jacobi, 23, 59, 78, 102, 114, 157, 163, 166, 169, 220, 306,
311, 314

Genga, Bernardo, 235

Gerauldy, Fr. A., 302, 338

Gerbi, Ranieri, 332

“German key,” 257

Germans, dentistry among the, 161

Ghent, University of, Etruscan appliance in museum of, 74

Gilles, Arnauld, 222

Gingivitis, treatment of, by Galen, 111

Giovanni of Arcoli, 153, 168, 199
of Vigo, 159

Glaubrecht, F. E., 314

Gold appliances of the Etruscans, 71
of the Romans, 101
bands, mentioned in law of the Twelve Tables, 77
crown, 217, 303
fillings, 29, 156, 159, 164, 208, 252, 256, 285, 309, 315, 316, 329
teeth, substitution of, in Java, 42
in Macassar, 43
wire, use of, 30, 87, 135, 146

Golden tooth, story of the, 214

Göritz, Johann Adolph, 258

Gout, 219

Gräbner, C. A., 315

Grafenberg, Johann Schenck von, 202

Greek doctors in Rome, 79

Greeks, ancient appliance of the, 60
dentistry among the ancient, 45, 77

Griffon, J., 225

Guerhard, 344

Guillemeau, Jacques, 253

Gums, diseases of, according to Celsus, 84

Guy de Chauliac, 142

H

Haller, Albert von, 166

Harris, Walter, 239

Havers, Clopton, 239

Hebrews, dental affections rare among the ancient, 32

Hecker, A. F., 331

Heister, Lorenz, 255

Hémard, Urbain, 194, 203

Hemorrhage after extraction, 229, 231, 258, 301, 306, 321, 335
of the gums, 115, 157

Henkel, 318

Heraclides of Tarentum, 65, 113

Herodotus, 18, 25, 64

Herophilus, 65

Heurmann, Georg, 305

Heurn, Johann (Heurnius), 175, 212

Hieratic characters, Ebers’ papyrus in, 20

Highmore, Nathaniel, 186, 232

Hindostan, care of the teeth by the natives of, 42

Hindu dentists, primitive type of dental prosthesis by, 30

Hippias, anecdote from Herodotus on, 26

Hippocrates, 17, 18, 47, 108

Hirsch, Friedrich, 334

Histology, 236

Hoffmann, Johann, 249

Homer, refers to sons of Æsculapius, 45

Horace, false teeth mentioned in satire of, 102

Horst, Jacob, 214

Houllier, Jacques, 199

Hunter, John, 316, 318, 324

Hurlock, Joseph, 303

Hygiene of the mouth, 80, 87, 92, 106, 107, 127, 144, 153, 196, 230,
248, 266, 310, 330, 341

Hypoplasia, dental, 341

I

Immunity from toothache, 221

Implantation, 311

India, people of, customs relating to the teeth of, 42

Ingolstetter, Johann, 215

Ingrassia, Gian Filippo, 177

Instruments, 52, 128, 144, 151, 157, 167, 192, 201, 206, 207, 211, 226,
227, 241, 279, 284, 331
for extracting, 321, 323, 327
of gold, 251
of the Romans, 86

Iron, tooth of, 232

Irregularities, dental, 280, 290, 303, 320, 342

J

Jacobaens, Oligerus, 231

Java, substitution of gold teeth by people of, 42

Joachim, Heinrich, translation of Ebers’ papyrus by, 19

Jourdain, 311

Junker, Johann, 257

K

Key with changeable hooks, 326
English, 257, 317
of Garengeot, 257

Kircher, 217

Kirk, E. C., 28, 30, 43, 82, 83, 84, 96, 115, 118, 138, 164, 216,
307, 308

Klaerich, F. W., 314

Knights of the Teutonic Order, 163

Koran, dissection prohibited by the, 121

L

Lancets, gum, 195

Lancing of the gums, 198, 239, 257, 265, 303, 304, 312, 321, 322,
324, 331, 334, 336

Lanfranchi, 140

Lavini, 301

Law of the Twelve Tables, 69, 77, 78

Le Hire, 265

Lead for filling teeth, 285, 309, 320, 335

Lécluse, 257, 305

Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van, 237

Lemerle, 317

Lemorier, 313

Lentin, L. B., 314

Lentisk wood, toothpicks of, 98

Lepsius, opinion of, on Ebers’ papyrus, 20

Lettson, 329

Leucorrhea, 58

Leyden, Lucus van, 213

Liddel, Duncan, 216

Ligatures, Abulcasis on, 135

Linderer, Joseph, 27, 42, 98, 139, 162, 181, 220, 257, 313

Loder, 257

Longevity, influence of number of teeth on, 58

Lusitanus, Amatus, 229

Luxations of jaw, 88

M

Magnet, use of, for toothache, 314

Major, Daniel, 240

Malpighi, Marcello, 236

Manteville, 269

Marcellus, 115

Martial, epigrams of, 98

Martin, Benjamin, 241

Martinez, Francisco, 205

Massage, ancient practice of, 114

Massez, 313

Maxillary sinus, 186, 233, 249, 250, 257, 282, 304, 310, 311, 313,
318, 320, 325, 330, 333

Mechanical dentistry, first work on, 303

Medicine in ancient Eygpt, 19
decorative, 244

Medicine, most ancient work on, 19
sacerdotal, 17
special branches of, 103

Meibom, Heinrich, 250

Mercury, harmful effects of, 158, 202, 230

Mesue the younger, 137, 164

Mice, use of, for dental maladies, 36, 50, 93, 94, 97

Microörganisms, 237

Microscopes, 236, 237, 269

Middle ages, dentistry in the, 121

Minadous, Thomas, 232

Mineral teeth, 254, 329, 344, 348
waters of Carlsbad, 220

Models in dental prosthesis, 241, 306

Modern times, dentistry of, 161

Molinetti, Antonio, 234

Monavius, Petrus, 205

Monkey, dental system of, 63

Montagnana, Bartolomeo, 152

Montanus, Giovanni Battista, 230

Moraine’s verses on Fauchard, 260

Motte, G. M. de la, 258

Mouth mirror, 344
washes, 55, 97, 111, 265, 274

Mouton, 303, 309

“Moxa,” use of, by Chinese, 40

Mummery, J. R., 25, 29

Mummies, Egyptian, 27, 28, 49

Murphy, Joseph, 42

Museum of antiquities, Dresden, 162
(archæological) of Athens, 52
(archæological) of Florence, 70
of Corneto, 71, 72, 73
of Count Bruschi, 73
of Pope Julius, Rome, 70, 101
of University of Ghent, 74

Musitano, Carlo, 247

N

Nasal prosthesis, 256

Necrosis of lower jaw, 241
of the teeth, 56

Nerves of teeth, 109

Neuralgia, 224

Nicaise, E., 142

Nobile, Luigi, 78

Nomenclature, 88, 318

Nuck, Anton, 245

Number of teeth, 59, 109

O

Obturators, 197, 198, 211, 301, 310

Oceanica, dyeing the teeth black by races of, 42

Odontagogon, 46, 65, 114

Odontagra, 64

Odontalgia, 34, 38, 51, 92, 95, 103, 106, 107, 109, 111, 113, 124,
137, 141, 145, 150, 152, 154, 158, 190, 202, 219, 220, 221, 228,
247, 248, 271, 283, 314, 332

Odontitis, 331

Operative dentistry, Fauchard on, 284

Oribasius, 117

Orvieto, 69, 74

P

Papyrus of Ebers, 19

Paracelsus, 176

Paré, Ambroise, 188

Pasch, J. G., 314, 315

“Pastophori” treatment of sick by, 19

Paul of Ægina, 118

Peale, Charles W., 348

Pechlin, Nicolaus, 232

Pelican (extracting instrument), 157, 158, 167, 193, 206, 211, 226,
281, 290, 291, 292, 311, 323, 324, 330, 334

Perine, Geo. H., 27

Periodontitis, 122, 320

Petronius, 98

Peyronie, de la, 339

Pfaff, Philip, 305

Pfolsprundt, Heinrich von, 163

Phœnicia, ancient dental appliance found at Sidon, 29
influence of, on Etruscan dentistry, 67

Phœnician vase, with portrayal of dental operation, 47

Pietro of Albano, 144
of Argelata, 151

Pig, teeth of the, 62

Pincers, ligature, 295

Plaster models, 306

Plateario, Giovanni, 152

Pliny, 89, 102

Pluggers, 288

Pomaret, Denis, 223

Portal, 245

Poteleret, Alexandre, 262

Pregnancy, extraction of teeth during, 301, 339

Prescriptions, Chinese, 35
dental, of Hippocrates, 50
Egyptian, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24

Priesthood, ancient, treatment of sick by, 17

Primitive peoples, customs relating to teeth of, 42

Prosthesis, dental, 146, 211, 296

Prosthetic pieces, movable, 256

Pulp-capping, 306

Pulp, inflammation of, recognized by Archigenes, 107

Pumice stone in dentifrices, 96, 97, 141, 203

Purland, T., 28

Purmann, Matthias Gottfried, 241

Pyorrhea (alveolar), 96, 237

Q

Quacks, 159, 162, 277, 310

Quill toothpicks mentioned by Martial, 98

R

Ranula, Abulcasis on the cure of, 137

Renan, “Mission de Phénicie,” 29

Replantation, 136, 191, 251, 281, 293, 305, 309, 316, 321, 334, 335

Rhazes, 84, 121, 122, 153

Riccio, Tommaso Antonio, 242

Richter, A. G., 329

Rivière Lazare (Riverius), 228

Rizagra (Greek forceps), 87

Romans, dental art among the, 77

Rome, Arcagatus the first Greek doctor in, 77

Rueff, 316

Ruland Martin, 215

Runge, L. H., 304

Ruspini, Bartholomeo, 343

Russel, 313

Ruysch, Friederich, 236

Ryff, Walter, 157, 161, 166

S

Saalburg, forceps found in ancient castle of, 114

Saliva, 331

Salmuth, Philip, 232

Sandwich Islands, natives of, sacrifice front teeth, 43

Satricum, example of gold crown work found at, 101

Saws, dental, used by Abulcasis, 136

Scalers, Abulcasis on use of, 127
of Fauchard, 285
of silver mentioned by Fabricius, 210

Schaffer, Jacob Christian, 306

Schelhammer, Christopher, 250

Schmidt, Prof. Emil, 29

Schultes, Johann (Scultetus), 226

Schulz, Gottfried, 232

Scorbutus, case of, mentioned by Hippocrates, 55

Scribonius Largus, 103

Scultetus, 226

Scurvy, 57, 237

Secrecy among dentists, 262

Senile decay, 186, 238

Serapion, 123

Serre, 47, 78, 330

Serres, 181, 217

Seventeenth century, dentistry in the, 218

Severino, Marco Aurelio, 227

Shops of doctors in ancient Greece and Rome, 52

Sidon, necropolis of, 29

Silesian child, golden tooth of the, 214

Silver, toothpicks of, mentioned in satire of Petronius, 98

Six, Martin, 231

Sixteenth century, dentistry in the, 161

Spiegel, Adrian (Spigelius), 235

Sprengel, “Geschichte der Chirurgie,” 139, 166, 223, 253, 257, 259,
304, 337

Sternberg, J. H., 337

Stockton, Samuel W., 348

Story of the Golden Tooth, 214

Strabo, 98

Strobelberger, Johann Stephan, 218

St. Yves, Charles, 250

Surgeon-dentist, 244, 339

Surgery, ancient, eminently conservative, 108

Surgical instruments deposited in the temples, 46

Sylvius, 172

T

Tagliacozzi, Gaspare, 226

Talmud, the, 32

Tartar, dental, 119, 127, 150, 151, 237, 244, 258, 275, 302, 342

Teano, Italy, prosthetic piece found near, 78

Teeth, artificial, Dionis on, 252
of the Etruscans, 70
mentioned by Martial, 100
opposition to use of, 241, 258
Paré on, 197,
Romans, 78
care of the, _See_ Hygiene of the mouth.
among the Brahmans, 42
the Romans, 97
dignity and importance of the, 235
dyeing black, by married women of Japan, 43
by races of Asia and Oceanica, 42
red, by people of eastern India and Macassar, 43
gilding of the, in Sumatra, 43
of mummies, 28, 29, 49
names of, as given by Guy de Chauliac, 143
number of, indicated by Galen, 109
influence on long life of, 58
pivot, no evidence of Egyptian knowledge of, 29
Pliny on persons born with, 89
trepanning of, advised by Archigenes, 65

Terminology, dental, found in Vesalius, 176

Teske, J. G., 314

Theodorico Borgognoni, 140

Theriac, famous remedy of Andromachus, 106

Tin for filling teeth, 285, 329, 335

Tobacco, 220, 230

Tonsillitis, Celsus on, 83

Tooth brushes, 266, 334

Tooth of iron, 232
story of the golden, 214

Toothache, 35, 51, 80, 92, 103, 106, 107, 109, 113, 115, 126, 150,
190, 202
immunity from, 221

Toothpick and ear-picker of gold found in Crimea, 99

Toothpicks, 94, 98, 208

Transplantation, 282, 293, 303, 321, 329, 334, 335

Treatment of dental disorders by the Chinese, 35

Trephine, use of, by Archigenes, 108

Trueman, Wm. H., 68

Tulp, Nicolaus, 231

U

Uncrowning of teeth, 194, 204, 275

Urine, 35, 43, 97, 98, 274

Uxedu, painful swelling, referred to in Ebers’ papyrus, 20, 23

V

Valentini, Bernardo, 234

Valescus of Taranta, 149

Valsiarosa, dental appliance found at, 70, 72

Van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie, 237

Van Marter, J. G., 27

Van Meekren, Hiob, 239

Van Soolingen, Kornelis, 240

Van Wy, J., 322

Vasse, David, 301

Verduc, Jean, 253

Vesalius, Andreas, 172

Vigo, Giovanni of, 159

Virchow, 29

Votive offerings, dental, of Etruscans, 68
tables in ancient temples, 18, 46

W

Weapons, teeth of animals as, 62

Wecker, Johann Jacob, 200

Westphal, A., 304

Weyland, Fr. L., 318

White, Samuel S., 348

Wichmann, J. E., 336

Wildman, Elias, 348

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, 28

Willich, 321

Wooffendale, Robert, 316

Worms, dental, 104, 125, 126, 141, 148, 150, 153, 158, 199, 203, 214,
220, 228, 229, 231, 232, 247, 268, 307, 309

Wurfbein, Paul, 241

Z

Znamenski, 295

Zwinger, Theodor, 240