Chapter I: Front Matter

A HISTORY

OF

DOMESTIC MANNERS AND SENTIMENTS

IN ENGLAND

During the Middle Ages.

A HISTORY

OF

DOMESTIC MANNERS

AND

SENTIMENTS

IN ENGLAND

During the Middle Ages.

BY THOMAS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.,

_Hon. M.R.S.L., &c._;

_Corresponding Member of the Imperial Institute of France_
(_Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres_).

WITH

Illustrations from the Illuminations in Contemporary Manuscripts
and other Sources,

DRAWN & ENGRAVED BY F. W. FAIRHOLT, ESQ., F.S.A.

_LONDON_: CHAPMAN AND HALL, 193, PICCADILLY.
1862.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY JAMES S. VIRTUE,
CITY ROAD.

_TO_

THE LADY LONDESBOROUGH,

THIS

Volume is Dedicated

AS

A TESTIMONY OF

VERY SINCERE RESPECT,

BY

THE AUTHOR.

_To the_ LADY LONDESBOROUGH.

DEAR LADY LONDESBOROUGH,

The object of the following pages is to supply what appeared to be a want in our popular literature. We have histories of England, and histories of the Middle Ages, but none of them give us a sufficient picture of the domestic manners and sentiments of our forefathers at different periods, a knowledge of which, I need hardly insist, is necessary to enable us to appreciate rightly the motives with which people acted, and the spirit which guided them. The subject, too, must have an interest for many classes of readers, who will be glad to learn something of the manners of former days, if it were only to see the contrast with those of our own time, and to discover in them the origin of many of the characteristics of modern society. Copious and valuable books have been published in our language on the history of costume, on that of domestic architecture, on military antiquities, on the history of religious rites and ceremonies, and on other kindred subjects, which enable the artist to clothe his personages correctly; but these would form, after all, but the disjointed skeleton of a picture, without that further, and perhaps more important, sort of information which is furnished in the following pages, and which will enable him to give life to his composition. I have not attempted to compose a very learned or very elaborate book. The subject is an immensely wide one as regards the materials, during a large portion of the period which I include; and to treat it completely would require the close study of the whole mass of the mediæval literature of Western Europe, edited or inedited, and of the whole mass of the monuments of mediæval art. But my aim has been to bring together a sufficient number of plain facts, in a popular form, to enable the general reader to form a correct view of English manners and sentiments in the middle ages, and I can venture to claim for my book at least the merit of being the result of original research. It is not a compilation from writers who have written on the subject before.

There are at least two ways of arranging a work like this. I might have taken each particular division of the subject, one after the other, and traced it separately through the period of history which this volume embraces; or the whole subject might be divided into historical periods, in each of which all the different phases of social history for that period are included. Each of these plans has its advantages and defects. In the first, the reader would perhaps obtain a clearer notion of the history of any particular division of the subject, as of the history of the table and of diet, or of games and amusements, or the like, but at the same time it would have required a certain effort of comparison and study to arrive at a clear view of the general question at a particular period. The second furnishes this general view, but entails a certain amount of what might almost be called repetition. I have chosen the latter plan, because I think this repetition will be found to be only apparent, and it seems to me the best arrangement for a popular book.

The division of periods, too, is, on the whole, natural, and not arbitrary. During the Anglo-Saxon period, the social system, however developed or modified from time to time, was strictly that of our own Anglo-Saxon forefathers, and was the undoubted groundwork of our own. The Norman conquest brought in foreign social manners and sentiments totally different from those of the Anglo-Saxons, which for a time predominated, but became gradually incorporated with the Anglo-Saxon manners and spirit, until, towards the end of the twelfth century, they formed the English of the middle ages. The Anglo-Norman period, therefore, may be considered as an age of transition--it may perhaps be described as that of the struggle between the spirit of Anglo-Saxon society and feudalism. The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries may be considered in regard to society as the English middle ages--the age of feudalism in its English form--and therefore hold properly the largest space in this volume. The fifteenth century forms again a distinct period in the history of society--it was that of the decline and breaking up of feudalism, the close of the middle ages. At the Reformation, we come to a new transition period--the transition from mediæval to modern society. This, for several reasons, I regard rather as a conclusion, than as an integral part, of the history contained in the following pages, and I therefore give only a light sketch of it, noticing some of its prominent characteristics. The materials, at this late period, become so extensive, and so full of interest, that its history admits of several divisions, each of which is sufficient for an important book, and I leave them to future researches. One period, that of the English Commonwealth, is perhaps of greater interest to us at the present time than any other, because it was that which totally overthrew the traditions of the middle ages, and inaugurated English society as it now exists. I know that the history of society at that period has been studied most profoundly by a friend who is, in all respects, far more capable of treating it than myself, Mr. Hepworth Dixon, and from whom I trust we may look forward to a work on the subject, which will be a most valuable addition to the historical literature of our time. Knowing that he has been working on this interesting subject, I have treated this period very slightly. I should be sorry to let my weeds grow upon his flowers.

A portion of the matter contained in this volume has already appeared in a series of papers in the _Art-Journal_, but this portion has not only been carefully revised and partly re-written, but so much addition has been made, that I believe that more than half the present volume is entirely new, and the whole may fairly be considered as a new book. I ought to add that one chapter, that on mediæval cookery (chapter xvi.) and the brief notices of the history of the horse in the middle ages, first appeared in papers, contributed by the author to the _London Review_. It must be stated, too, that the illustrations to my chapter on mediæval minstrelsies were originally engraved for a series of papers on the minstrels, by the Rev. E. L. Cutts, published in the _Art-Journal_, and that I have to thank that gentleman for the ready willingness with which he has allowed me to use them.

In conclusion, dear Lady Londesborough, I need hardly say that the study of the histories of the people (instead of that of their rulers) has always been a favourite study with me; and that in these researches on mediæval social manners and history, I have always received the warm sympathy and encouragement of the late Lord Londesborough and of your Ladyship. In his Lordship I have lost a respected and valued friend, to whose learned appreciation of the subject of mediæval manners and mediæval art I could always have recourse with trust and satisfaction, with whom I have often conversed on the subjects treated of in the present volume, and whose extensive and invaluable collection of objects of art of the mediæval period, and of that of the renaissance, furnished a never-ending source of information and pleasure. It is therefore with feelings of great personal gratification that I profit by your kind permission to dedicate this volume to your Ladyship.

I have the honour to be, dear Lady Londesborough,
Your Ladyship’s very obedient servant,

THOMAS WRIGHT.

14, SYDNEY STREET, BROMPTON, LONDON,
_November 10, 1861_.

CONTENTS.

Anglo-Saxon Period.

CHAPTER I.

PAGE

INTRODUCTORY--THE ANGLO-SAXONS BEFORE THEIR CONVERSION--GENERAL
ARRANGEMENT OF A SAXON HOUSE 1

CHAPTER II.

IN-DOOR LIFE AMONG THE ANGLO-SAXONS--THE HALL AND ITS HOSPITALITY--THE
SAXON MEAL--PROVISIONS AND COOKERY--AFTER-DINNER OCCUPATIONS--DRUNKEN
BRAWLS 18

CHAPTER III.

THE CHAMBER AND ITS FURNITURE--BEDS AND BED-ROOMS--INFANCY AND
CHILDHOOD AMONG THE ANGLO-SAXONS--CHARACTER AND MANNERS OF
THE ANGLO-SAXON LADIES--THEIR CRUELTY TO THEIR SERVANTS--THEIR
AMUSEMENTS--THE GARDEN; LOVE OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS FOR
FLOWERS--ANGLO-SAXON PUNISHMENTS--ALMSGIVING 40

CHAPTER IV.

OUT-OF-DOOR AMUSEMENTS OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS--HUNTING AND HAWKING--HORSES
AND CARRIAGES--TRAVELLING--MONEY-DEALINGS 63

Anglo-Norman Period.

CHAPTER V.

THE EARLY NORMAN PERIOD--LUXURIOUSNESS OF THE NORMANS--ADVANCE
IN DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE--THE KITCHEN AND THE HALL--PROVISIONS
AND COOKERY--BEES--THE DAIRY--MEAL-TIMES AND DIVISIONS OF THE
DAY--FURNITURE--THE FALDESTOL--CHAIRS AND OTHER SEATS 80

CHAPTER VI.

THE NORMAN HALL--SOCIAL SENTIMENTS UNDER THE ANGLO-NORMANS--DOMESTIC
AMUSEMENTS--CANDLES AND LANTERNS--FURNITURE--BEDS--OUT-OF-DOOR
RECREATIONS--HUNTING--ARCHERY--CONVIVIAL INTERCOURSE AND
HOSPITALITY--TRAVELLING--PUNISHMENTS--THE STOCKS--A NORMAN
SCHOOL--EDUCATION 98

The English Middle Ages.

CHAPTER VII.

EARLY ENGLISH HOUSES--THEIR GENERAL FORM AND DISTRIBUTION 120

CHAPTER VIII.

THE OLD ENGLISH HALL--THE KITCHEN, AND ITS CIRCUMSTANCES--THE
DINNER-TABLE--MINSTRELSY 141

CHAPTER IX.

THE MINSTREL--HIS POSITION UNDER THE ANGLO-SAXONS--THE NORMAN
TROUVERE, MENESTREL, AND JOUGLEUR--THEIR CONDITION--RUTEBEUF--DIFFERENT
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN USE AMONG THE MINSTRELS--THE
BEVERLEY MINSTRELS 175

CHAPTER X.

AMUSEMENTS AFTER DINNER--GAMBLING--THE GAME OF CHESS--ITS
HISTORY--DICE--TABLES--DRAUGHTS 194

CHAPTER XI.

DOMESTIC AMUSEMENTS AFTER DINNER--THE CHAMBER AND ITS FURNITURE--PET
ANIMALS--OCCUPATIONS AND MANNERS OF THE LADIES--SUPPER--CANDLES,
LAMPS, AND LANTERNS 226

CHAPTER XII.

THE BED AND ITS FURNITURE--THE TOILETTE; BATHING--CHESTS AND
COFFERS IN THE CHAMBER--THE HUTCH--USES OF RINGS--COMPOSITION
OF THE FAMILY--FREEDOM OF MANNERS--SOCIAL SENTIMENTS, AND
DOMESTIC RELATIONS
256

CHAPTER XIII.

OCCUPATIONS OUT OF DOORS--THE PLEASURE-GARDEN--THE LOVE OF FLOWERS,
AND THE FASHION OF MAKING GARLANDS--FORMALITIES OF THE
PROMENADE--GARDENING IN THE MIDDLE AGES 283

CHAPTER XIV.

AMUSEMENTS--PERFORMING BEARS--HAWKING AND
HUNTING--RIDING--CARRIAGES--TRAVELLING--INNS AND TAVERNS--HOSPITALITY
304

CHAPTER XV.

EDUCATION--LITERARY MEN AND SCRIBES--PUNISHMENTS; THE STOCKS;
THE ALLOWS 338

CHAPTER XVI.

OLD ENGLISH COOKERY--HISTORY OF “GOURMANDISE”--ENGLISH COOKERY
OF THE OURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES--BILLS OF FARE--GREAT
FEASTS
347

The Fifteenth Century.

CHAPTER XVII.

SLOW PROGRESS OF SOCIETY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY--ENLARGEMENT
OF THE HOUSES--THE HALL AND ITS FURNITURE--ARRANGEMENT OF THE
TABLE FOR MEALS--ABSENCE OF CLEANLINESS--MANNERS AT TABLE--THE
PARLOUR 359

CHAPTER XVIII.

IN-DOOR LIFE AND CONVERSATION--PET ANIMALS--THE
DANCE--RERE-SUPPERS--ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE “NANCY” TAPESTRY 379

CHAPTER XIX.

THE CHAMBER AND ITS FURNITURE AND USES--BEDS--HUTCHES AND
COFFERS--THE TOILETTE; MIRRORS 399

CHAPTER XX.

STATE OF SOCIETY--THE FEMALE CHARACTER--GREEDINESS IN
EATING--CHARACTER OF THE MEDIÆVAL SERVANTS--DAILY OCCUPATIONS IN
THE HOUSEHOLD: SPINNING AND WEAVING; PAINTING--THE GARDEN AND ITS
USES--GAMES OUT OF DOORS; HAWKING, ETC.--TRAVELLING, AND MORE
FREQUENT USE OF CARRIAGES--TAVERNS; FREQUENTED BY WOMEN--EDUCATION
AND LITERARY OCCUPATIONS; SPECTACLES 415

England after the Reformation.

CHAPTER XXI.

CHANGES IN ENGLISH DOMESTIC MANNERS DURING THE PERIOD BETWEEN
THE REFORMATION AND THE COMMONWEALTH--THE COUNTRY GENTLEMAN’S
HOUSE--ITS HALL--THE FIREPLACE AND FIRE--UTENSILS--COOKERY--USUAL
HOURS FOR MEALS--BREAKFAST--DINNER, AND ITS FORMS AND CUSTOMS--THE
BANQUET--CUSTOM OF DRINKING HEALTHS 441

CHAPTER XXII.

HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE--THE PARLOUR--THE CHAMBER 471

CHAPTER XXIII.

OCCUPATIONS OF THE LADIES--GAMES AND ENJOYMENTS--ROUGHNESS OF
ENGLISH SPORTS AT THIS PERIOD--THE HOT-HOUSES, OR BATHS--THE
ORDINARIES--DOMESTIC PETS--TREATMENT OF CHILDREN--METHODS OF
LOCOMOTION--CONCLUSION 482

_HISTORY_

OF

DOMESTIC MANNERS AND SENTIMENTS.