Chapter XX: Introduction (19)

Clare, Gilbert de, Earl of Gloucester, joins De Montfort, 162;
on the committee, 164;
deserts De Montfort, 166;
rejoins the baronial party, 168;
governor in Edward I.’s absence, 172

Clarence. [See Lionel and Thomas.]

Clarence, George, son of Richard of York, marriage, 332;
supports Wells’ rebellion, 333;
accompanies Warwick, 334;
joins Edward, 335;
quarrels with Richard, 336;
his death, 337

Clifford, killed at St. Albans, 323;
northern lord, opponent of the Nevilles, 324

Clifford (his son), killed at Ferrybridge, 328

Clifford, executed by Richard III., 347

Cnut, son of Swegen, acknowledged King of England by the Danes,
compelled to retreat, 18;
Edmund cedes to him Northumbria and Mercia, acknowledged King of
England on Edmund’s death, banishes the royal family, 19;
desires to form a Scandinavian empire, his code of laws, goes to
Rome, 20

Cnut, King of Denmark, threatens to invade England, 54;
dies, 55

Cobham, Lord, joins York, 321

Coinage, false, forbidden, 64;
issued, 72;
severe punishment against, 74;
habit of breaking it, 74;
private coinage, 86;
renewed by Edward I., 175;
described in Edward III.’s time, 258, 259

Columba founds Iona, 4

Comitatus, body of warriors attending a chief, 30

Commendation, explained, 31;
reasons for, 33

Comyn, member of the regency, 181;
his claim to the throne, 182

Comyn, John, regent, 190;
makes a treaty with Edward I., 191;
murdered, 192

Conan, a citizen of Rouen, rebels against Robert, 57

Conan, Prince of Brittany, marries a daughter of Henry I., 67;
grants Brittany to Henry II., 99

Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem, 119, 120

Constance, daughter of William I., marries Alan Fergant of
Brittany, 53

Constance, marries Geoffrey, son of Henry II., 99;
upholds Arthur’s claims, 126

Constantine, King of Scotland, receives Guthrith, defeated by
Æthelstan, acknowledges his supremacy, 11

Constitutions of Clarendon, produced by Henry II., 95;
description of, 96;
Becket accepts and recants, 96;
Henry II. promises to abrogate, 103

Conversion of the English, 3

Convocation, origin of, 193

Copsige, Earl of Bernicia, killed in a revolt, 44

Cornwall, British possession, 3;
submits to Wessex, 5;
alliance with the Danes, 5

Cosne, siege of, 301

Cotentin given to Robert of Normandy, 65

Councils--
of Bari, 62;
of Rome, 62;
of Clarendon, 95;
of Northampton, 96;
of Lyons, 154

Courcy, fights in Ireland, 103;
suppressed by De Lacey, 132

Courtenay, Thomas, sixth Earl of Devonshire, with York, 320;
at war with Lord Bonville, 321;
joins Henry VI., 323;
beheaded, 329

Courtenay, John, eighth Earl (brother of Thomas), killed at
Tewkesbury, 335

Courts (of law and justice) before the Conquest, 32-34;
modified by William I., 37, 38;
by Henry I., 74-76;
dispute between secular and ecclesiastical, 94, 96;
reorganized by Henry II., 106, 107, 108;
superiority of central courts increased, 124, 125

Cressingham, Treasurer of Scotland, 186;
defeated by Wallace, 189

Cromwell, Ralph, treasurer, 313;
joins York, 321

Crusades, Robert pledges Normandy to be free to join in, 59;
his success at Dorylæum and Ascalon, 65;
Ivo of Grantmesnil at the siege of Antioch, 65;
preached by St. Bernard, 84;
Henry II. promises to go on one, 103;
causes for the third, 110;
urged by the Pope, 111;
preached by Heraclius, Bishop of Jerusalem, 111;
bad effect of, in England, 116;
of Richard I., 117-121;
perversions of, 153;
made excuse for taxes, 146, 155

Cumberland, overrun by Danes, 8;
refuses to pay the Danegelt, 16;
a Scotch district, 51;
William II. peoples it from the destroyed villages near
Winchester, 58;
David I. does homage for, 79

Curia Regis, established by William I., 38;
organized by Henry I., 75;
has no legislative authority, 76;
reconstituted by Henry II., 106;
restricted to five persons, 107

Customs, origin of, 174

Cymric, a Saxon leader, 2

Cytric of Northumbria does fealty to Æthelstan, 11

Danes, first appearance of, 5;
winter in Thanet, 6;
conquer Northumbria and East Anglia, 7;
further conquests, treaty of Wedmore, 8;
in Ireland, 11, 14;
in the Lothians, 14;
fresh invasions in Æthelred’s reign, 15;
massacred by Æthelred, 17;
fresh invasion under Thurkill, 17

Danegelt, begun by Æthelred at Sigeric’s advice, 16;
imposed by William I. on Cnut’s threatened invasion, 54;
Henry II. makes scutage take its place, 93;
farmed, 113;
renewed by Richard I., 125

Danelagu, country granted to the Danes, 10;
joins Swegen, 18

Danish burghs, names of, 8;
Edmund Ironside gets possession of them, 18

David of Wales, his rebellion and death, 176

David I., King of Scotland, supports Matilda’s claims, conspiracy to
make him King of England, invades England, 79

David II. of Scotland, marries Jane, sister of Edward III., 214;
deposed by Balliol, takes refuge in France, 217;
invades England, taken prisoner, 228;
his conduct as prisoner, 231;
released, 232

Decretals, False, note, 94, 96

Deira, southern division of Northumbria, 2

De Lacey. [See Lacey.]

Derby, son of Henry of Lancaster, sent to Gascony, 224

Dermot, King of Leinster, carries off O’Ruark’s wife, 102;
does homage to Henry II, Strongbow marries his daughter, 102

Despenser, Thomas, made Earl of Gloucester, 252;
deprived, 276;
executed, 277

Despensers, favourites of Edward II., 204;
power increases, 205;
quarrel with the Welsh marchers, banished, 206;
recalled, 207;
triumphant, 208;
prevent Edward II. from going to France, 209;
executed, 210

Devonshire. [See Courtenay.]

Domain, royal, origin of, 31, 33;
increased by William I., 43;
granted by Stephen to his new earls, 80;
source of royal revenue, 113

Domesday-Book, a register of land, 38;
entries of “waste” in it, 47;
Hereward’s property mentioned in, 51;
made by William I., 55;
Ralph Flambard proposes to complete it, 57;
surveyors for it examined on oath, 108;
a similar survey ordered by Richard I., 125

Dominicans, in England, 153

Dress, in Edward III.’s time, 263

Dublin, a Danish town, conquered by Strongbow, surrendered to
Henry II., 102;
colonized by English, 103

Dunois, French general, 310

Dunstan, legends concerning him, 12;
his life, 13;
his imperial rule, 14;
his reform of the Church, 15;
his enemies force him to retire, 15

Dyfed, a province in Wales, granted to Arnulf of Montgomery, 59

Dymock, joins Wells’ rebellion, 333

Eadgar the Peaceful, Dunstan raises him to an imperial
position, 14, 15

Eadgar, grandson of Edmund Ironside, Harold elected king instead
of, 24;
elected king by the Southern Witan, 41;
offers the crown to William, 41;
attempts a rebellion, flies to Scotland, 45;
returns, 46;
received by Malcolm Canmore, 51;
serves with Robert of Normandy, taken prisoner at Tenchebray, but
set free, 66;
dies, 67

Eadred, conquers Northumbria, 11;
his reign, 13

Eadric Streona, his bad influence, marries Æthelred’s daughter
Edith, 17;
his treachery, 18;
Cnut employs him to kill Edwy, 19;
made Earl of Mercia, 20;
put to death, 20

Eadric the Forester, or the Wild, ravages Hereford, 44;
supports Eadgar against William I., 45;
besieges Shrewsbury, and is defeated, 46, 47;
goes with William to Scotland, 52

Eadward the Elder, his reign, 10, 11

Eadward the Martyr, 15

Eadwine, King of Northumbria, 3

Ealdred, Archbishop of York, offers William I. the crown, 41;
death of, 49

Ealdorman, origin of, 29;
rise of, 31;
duties of, 32

Earl, origin of, 29, 35

Earldoms, Dunstan divides Northumbria into three, 14;
Cnut divides England into four, 20;
Godwine’s family obtain large, 22;
William I. limits their size to one county each, 37, 43;
only three in 1131, 80;
Stephen creates many, 80

East Anglia, foundation of, 2;
subject to Kent, conversion of, conquered by Eadwine, 3;
conquered by Danes, 7;
helps Hasting against Alfred, 9;
acknowledges the supremacy of Wessex, 10;
supports Dunstan’s party, 13;
repels the Danish invasion in Æthelred’s reign, 16;
resists the Danes under Ulfcytel, 17;
Cnut makes it an earldom, 20;
helps Harold against William I., 26;
Ralph of Gwader, Earl of, 52;
Bigod becomes Earl of, 79

Ecgberht, King of Wessex, secures its supremacy, 5

Edith, daughter of Godwine, marries Edward the Confessor, 21;
dies, 53

Edmund, King of East Anglia, 7

Edmund, King, 11;
makes Osulf Earl of Northumbria, 12;
grants part of Strathclyde to Scotland, 12

Edmund Ironside marries the wife of Sigeferth, 18;
chosen king by London, 19;
fights five battles against the Danes, 19;
gives up Northumbria and Mercia to Cnut, 19

Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury, 147;
causes Des Roches’ fall, 150;
his death, 151;
his reforms, 153

Edmund, son of Henry III., accepts the kingdom of Sicily, 157;
governor in Henry III.’s absence, 172;
negotiates with Philip IV., 184

Edmund, fifth son of Edward III., Duke of Cambridge and York,
fighting in France, 235;
his marriage, 236;
friendly to Richard II., 249, 251;
assists Lancaster, 253

Edmund, Earl of March, ignored by Henry IV., 276;
attempted escape, 280;
reinstated by Henry V., 288;
conspiracy to crown him, 292

Edmund, Duke of Rutland, son of Richard of York, escapes to
Ireland, 325;
beheaded, 327

Edward I., governor of Gascony, 156;
engaged to Eleanor, 157;
a reformer, 160;
joins his father against the Barons, 162;
prisoner after Lewes, 163;
desire for his release, 164;
escapes, 166;
wins battle of Evesham, receives De Montfort’s property, 167;
goes on a crusade, 168;
his coronation, 172;
his character, 173;
conquers Wales, 175, 176;
mediator between France and Aragon, 178;
checks disturbances, banishes the Jews, 179;
proposes a marriage treaty with Scotland, 181;
death of his wife, 182;
awards the crown of Scotland, 183;
war with France, 184;
with Scotland, 185, 186;
outlaws the clergy, 187;
arbitrary taxation, 187, 188;
goes to Flanders, 188;
makes treaty of Chartres, 189;
marries Margaret, 190;
defeats Wallace, 190;
second conquest of Scotland, 191;
death, 192

Edward II., betrothed to Maid of Norway, 181;
governor in Edward I.’s absence, 187, 188;
betrothed to Isabella, 190;
his character 197;
favours to Gaveston, first expedition to Scotland, 198;
imprisons the Templars; 199;
second invasion of Scotland, 200;
restores Gaveston, flies from Lancaster, 202;
third invasion of Scotland, Bannockburn, 203;
accepts Lancaster as Minister, 205;
favours the Despensers, 206;
fourth invasion of Scotland, 208;
quarrels with the Church, with France, 209;
taken prisoner, 210;
murdered, 211

Edward III., engaged to Philippa, 210;
made king, 211;
overthrows Mortimer, 215;
receives Balliol’s fealty, his claim to the French throne, 217;
prepares for war, 219;
assumes the title of King of France, wins the battle of Sluys, 220;
displaces his ministry, quarrels with Stratford, 221;
supports John of Montfort, 222;
lands at La Hogue, 225;
battle of Cressy, 227

Edward IV., takes refuge in Calais, lands with Warwick, 325;
collects troops, 326;
enters London, 327;
wins the battle of Towton, 328;
his first Parliament, 329;
his marriage, 300;
his Burgundian policy, 331;
imprisoned by Warwick, 333;
escapes to Flanders, 334;
wins the battle of Barnet, 335;
quarrels with Clarence, 336;
expedition to France, 337;
projects of marriage, 338;
death and character, 339

Edward V., brought to London, 342;
deposed, 343;
murdered, 345

Edward, son of Henry VI., born, 322;
marries Anne of Warwick, 334;
killed, 335

Edward, son of Edward IV., captured, 343;
murdered, 345

Edward, son of Richard III., dies, 347

Edward, son of Æthelred, kept in Normandy, 19

Edward, son of Edmund Ironside, sent abroad, 19;
dies, 23

Edward the Confessor, elected king, 21;
his love of Frenchmen, 22;
his character and death, 24;
names Harold his successor, 25

Edwin, son of Ælfgar, succeeds to his earldom of Mercia, 24;
defeated by Tostig, 26;
deserts Harold, 26;
hopes to be elected king, 40;
refuses to assist Eadgar, 41;
reinstated in his earldom, 44;
joins a rebellion, but submits to William I., 45;
joins Hereward’s rebellion, 50;
is killed, 50

Edwy, King, legends concerning him, 12;
banishes Dunstan, 13;
divides the kingdom with Eadgar, 13

Eleanor, divorced wife of Louis VII., marries Henry of Anjou, 85;
her claim to Toulouse causes war between England and France, 92;
she urges her sons to rebellion, 103;
is disliked by Henry, 109;
restrains John in Richard’s absence, 122;
boldly opposes him, 123;
assists John against Arthur, 126;
besieged in Mirabeau, 128

Eleanor, daughter of Henry II., marries Alphonso of Castile, 109;
connects England with Spain, 114

Eleanor of Provence, marries Henry III., 151;
assaulted by the Londoners, 162;
assembles an army, 164

Eleanor of Castile, marries Edward I., 157;
her death, 182

Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., proposed marriages for,
338, 345, 347

Ella, leader of the Saxons, called Bretwalda, 2

Ella, King of Northumbria, 7

Emma, daughter of Richard the Fearless, marries Æthelred, 17;
followed by many Normans, 17;
retires to Normandy, 19;
marries Cnut, 20

Emma, sister of Fitz-Osbern, marries Ralph, 52;
defends Norwich, 53

English language, Provisions of Oxford published in, 160, 170;
becomes the language of the people, 271;
statute of Parliament in, 272;
made national by Chaucer, 273

Englishry, law of, explained, 48

Equitable power, meaning of, 76

Esplechin, treaty of, 220

Essex, Earl of, judicial duel between him and De Montfort, 91

Ethel, land held by hereditary succession, 31

Ethelbald, King of Mercia, 4

Ethelric, Bishop of Selsey, 49

Eustace of Boulogne, husband of Edward the Confessor’s sister, 22;
attacks William’s town of Dover, 44

Eustace, son of Stephen, Henry of Winchester demands from Matilda
his foreign possessions for him, 84;
Stephen brings him forward in opposition to Prince Henry, 85;
dies, 86;
Papal bull obtained to prevent his coronation, 92

Exchequer Court organized by Roger of Salisbury, 75;
origin of the name, 106

Exeter, conquered by the Danes, 8, 17;
faithful to Harold, 44;
desires independence, 45;
captured by William, 45

Exeter, Earl of. [See Holland.]

Eye, castle of, given to Becket, 92;
he borrows money on, 97

Falconbridge. [See Neville.]

Fastolf, Sir John, at battle of the Herrings, 308;
at Pataye, 310

Faukes de Breauté, destruction of, 145

Ferrand of Flanders, 133;
attacks Philip II., 134

Ferrars of Derby joins the Great Rebellion against Henry II., 104

Feudal system existed in England before the Conquest, 28;
its institutions in Germany before the Saxon invasion, 29;
origin of the connection between vassal and lord, 30;
German institutions introduced into England, 31;
connection between land and judicial power, 33;
every man made the man of the King, 35;
its natural growth checked by William I., 37;
fresh institutions introduced, 37;
unbridled in Stephen’s reign, 78;
introduction of new nobles, 137;
chivalry takes its place, 270

Finance. [See Taxes.]

Fitz-Gerald, son of Nesta invades Ireland with Strongbow, 102

Fitz-Gilbert, fights against Wales, 78;
dies, 79

Fitz-Gilbert at Marlborough, 82

Fitz-Osbern, made Earl of Hereford, 43;
the North left in his charge, 44;
given the castle of York, 46;
subdues the Rebellion in the West, 47

Fitz-Osbern, Roger, his conspiracy, 52, 53

Fitz-Peter, Geoffrey, Justiciary, 125;
Earl of Essex, 126;
character and death, 135

Flanders, Philip, Count of, threatens to invade England, 100;
joins the Rebellion against Henry II., 104

Fleet, improved by Alfred, 9;
made powerful by Eadgar, 14;
collected by Æthelred against the Danes, 17;
condition of, in Edward III.’s reign, 261, 262

Flemings, Henry I., colonizes Wales with, 70

Folcland, public land, 31;
becomes royal domain, 33;
made crown property by William I., 43

Food, profusion of, 264

Franchise explained, 76

Franciscans, their success in England, 153

Frankpledge, described, 35;
cannot be proved before the Conquest, 37;
used by Henry I. as the basis of his police system, 74;
the Hundred Court saw to its being carried out, 76

Frederick Barbarossa, asserts the supremacy of the secular power;
sets up a rival Pope Victor IV., 94;
on Victor’s death sets up Pascal III., 98;
asks for two daughters of Henry II. for his son, and for Henry
of Saxony, 99;
punishes Henry for deserting him, 109;
dies on his way to the third crusade, 119

Free Companies of France, 232-234

Free-holders degenerate into villeins, 35

Froissart, his account of Gloucester, 251;
describes Richard II.’s rule, 253

Fulk IV. of Anjou, assists Maine against William I., 52;
against William II., 59;
assists Henry I. against Robert, 66;
supports William Clito against Henry I., 68;
is won back by Henry, 68;
turns against him on Robert’s death, 69

Fulthorpe, betrays Richard II.’s plans to Gloucester, 248;
convicts Scrope and Mowbray, 281

Gascoigne, Judge, refuses to convict Scrope and Mowbray, 281;
removed, 288

Gascony, De Montfort’s government of, 156

Gaston de Bearn, his rebellion, 156;
treaty with Edward I., 172

Gaveston, Piers, favourite of Edward II., banished, 198;
returns, 199;
anger of the Barons against, banished, 200;
returns, beheaded, 202

Geoffrey, Bishop of Coutances, relieves Montacute, 47;
opposes William II., 57

Geoffrey, son of Fulk of Anjou, marries Matilda, 70;
invades Normandy, 79;
Stephen purchases a truce from, 79;
Theobald proposes that the crown of England should be offered
him, 84;
dies, 85

Geoffrey of Lusignan, quarrels with Richard, 112

Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Chronicle, 271

Geoffrey, son of Henry II., marries Constance of Brittany, 99;
joins the Great Rebellion against his father, 104;
is pardoned, 105;
joins Henry against Richard and his father, 110;
joins John against Richard, 111;
hurt by his father’s partiality to John, claims Anjou, his father
refuses, he flies to France, and dies, 111

Geoffrey, natural son of Henry II., repels a Scotch invasion, 104;
made Bishop of Lincoln, 105;
made chancellor, attends Henry at his death, 112, 113;
made Archbishop of York in exchange for the chancellorship, 117;
promises not to enter England in Richard’s absence, 117;
comes, and is arrested by Longchamp, 121;
John takes his part, 121

Geraldus Cambrensis, the historian, his parentage, 70

Gerberoi, reconciliation at, 54

Gerbod, the Fleming, stepson of William I., made Earl of Chester, 51

Gesith, comrade of the king, 30

Gisors, treaty of, 67;
dispute concerning, 110;
meeting at, 111

Godwine, made Earl of Essex, 20;
gets the South of England for Harthacnut, practically rules himself,
accused of murdering Alfred, his eloquence secures the throne
for Edward, his daughter Edith marries the king, 21;
his national policy opposed to Edward’s French policy, obtains more
earldoms for his family, 22;
his rivalry with Leofric, banished, 22;
returns in triumph, his death, 23;
his support of the secular clergy, 25;
his domains confiscated to William I., 43

Gospatric, Earl of Northumberland, invades Cumberland, 51

Gregory the Great sends missionaries to England, 3

Grey of Ruthyn, taken prisoner, 278;
ransomed, 279

Grey, Thomas, engaged to the heiress of the Duke of Exeter, 331;
Earl of Dorset, 341;
has charge of Edward V., apprehended, 342;
beheaded, 343

Grey, Richard, 341;
takes sanctuary at Westminster, 342

Grostête, Bishop of Lincoln, his reforms, 153

Gryffith, his insurrection, 70

Gualo, Papal Legate, 141;
recalled, 143

Guilds, described, 259-261, 352, 353

Guingamp, not granted to Henry II. with Brittany, 99

Gurth, fourth son of Godwine, made Earl of East Anglia, 23;
killed at battle of Hastings, 27

Guthrum, Danish invader, King of East Anglia, 7;
conquers Wareham and Exeter, baptized under the name of Æthelstan, 8

Gutred, King of Northumbria, 9

Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, meets Richard I. at Cyprus, 118;
besieges Acre, allies himself to Richard, 119;
Richard, knowing his incompetence, makes Henry of Champagne king
instead of him, 120

Gwynneth, his insurrection, 91

Gytha, mother of Harold, flies to the Channel Isles, 45

Halfdene, Danish leader, 7;
overruns Strathclyde, 8

Harfleur, capture of, 292

Harklay, defeats Lancaster at Boroughbridge, 207;
executed, 208

Harold, son of Cnut, a barbarian, made King by Godwine, 21

Harold, son of Godwine, outlawed and goes to Ireland; his Earldom
given to Ælfgar, 22;
returns in triumph, succeeds to his father’s earldom, fights
successfully against Ælfgar and the Welsh, 23;
elected King, 24;
story of his oath to William, prepares to resist William’s
invasion, 25;
conquers Tostig, forms his camp at Senlac, 26;
killed in the battle, 27;
strong party for his family in the West, 44;
his sons dispersed, 45;
land in Devonshire, 46;
defeated and escape to Ireland, 47

Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, his exploits, joins Tostig,
slain, 26

Harthacnut, King of South of England, 21

Hasting, a Danish pirate, 9

Hastings, his claim to the Scotch throne, 181

Hastings, of the new nobility, 341;
joins Richard, 342;
beheaded, 343

Haverfordwest, colonized by Flemings, 70

Heathenism, sustained by Penda, 3;
succumbs to Oswi, 4

Hélie de la Fléche, resists William II. in Maine, 59;
assists Henry I. against Robert, 66;
William Clito intrusted to him, 67;
flies with him, tries in vain to rouse the nobles in his favour, 67

Henry I., quarrels with Robert, 53;
heir-apparent, 56;
joins Robert against Conan of Rouen, 57;
besieged in Mont St. Michel, 58;
hunting in the New Forest, crowned, 63;
conciliates England, his marriage, character of his policy, 64;
overcomes Robert and his partisans, 65, 66;
unites England and Normandy, 67;
his son’s death, 68;
war against William Clito, 69;
his death, 70;
his dispute with Anselm, 71;
his administration, 74-76

Henry II., born at Le Mans, 112;
comes to England, succeeds to Anjou, his marriage, 85;
his character, 89;
his reforms, 90;
fights in Anjou, Scotland, and Wales, 91;
his friendship for Becket, marriage treaty with Louis VII., goes to
war for Toulouse, 92;
introduces scutage, 93;
objects to clerical courts, 94;
produces the Constitutions of Clarendon, 95;
his dispute with Becket, 96-98;
invades Wales, obtains Brittany, 99;
reconciliation with Becket, 100;
his behaviour at Becket’s death, 101;
his conquest of Ireland, 102, 103;
suppresses the great insurrection, 104;
makes peace with France, 105;
his legislation, 106-108;
his position in Europe, 109;
difficulties with his sons, 110-112;
his death, 113;
his administration, and importance in Europe, 113, 114

Henry III., declared of age, 144;
quarrels with De Burgh, 147;
fails in Poitou, 148;
becomes his own Minister, his marriage, 151;
second expedition to Poitou, 154;
his favour for foreigners, 155;
quarrel with De Montfort, 156;
accepts the kingdom of Sicily, 157;
promises reform, 159;
swears to the Provisions of Oxford, 160;
gets absolved from his vows, 161;
at the battle of Lewes, 163;
dies, 168

Henry IV., made Earl of Derby, 247;
friendly to Richard II., 251;
quarrels with Norfolk, 252;
returns from banishment, 253;
captures Richard, 254;
his coronation, 275;
his difficulties, 277;
expedition to Scotland, 278;
his quarrel with the Percies, 279, 280;
captures Prince James of Scotland, 281;
his submission to the Commons, 282;
his failing health, 283;
his foreign policy, 284;
his Church policy, his jealousy of the Prince of Wales, 285, 286

Henry V., in command of the war in Wales, 278;
at the battle of Shrewsbury, 280;
head of the Council, 283;
his character as Prince, 286;
his popularity, 287;
his Church policy, 288, 289;
his reasons for the French war, 290;
his preparations, 291;
he captures Harfleur, 292;
battle of Agincourt, 293, 295;
his friendship for Sigismund, 297;
his second invasion of France, 298;
besieges Rouen, 299;
makes the Treaty of Troyes, 300;
enters Paris, dies, 301

Henry VI., his education intrusted to Warwick, 302;
coronation, 311;
marriage, 316;
his interview with York, 321;
first fit of imbecility, recovers, 322;
wounded at St Albans, 323;
second fit of imbecility, his recovery, 324;
he attempts reconciliation, 325;
deserted after the battle of Northampton, 326;
rescued by the Queen at the second battle of St. Albans, 327;
escapes to Scotland, 329;
captured and imprisoned, 330;
re-crowned, 334;
murdered, 336

Henry of Poitou, Abbot of Peterborough, his bad character, 72

Henry the Lion of Saxony, Frederick I. asks for Henry II.’s daughter
for him, 99;
he marries Matilda, 109;
rival of Frederick, deserts him, 109;
asks the help of Henry II., 109

Henry, son of Henry II., marries Margaret of France, 92;
crowned, 100;
demands actual possession of part of his kingdom, 103;
objects to his brother John’s marriage-treaty, 103;
befriended by Louis VII., joins the Great Rebellion against his
father, 104;
is conquered, his dependants have to abjure their fealty to him, 105;
is reconciled with his father, 105;
his character, 110;
demands homage from his brothers, is refused, dies, 110

Henry VI., Emperor of Germany, marries Constance of Sicily, 118;
keeps Richard I. in prison, 122;
receives his homage for England, 123

Henry of Lancaster, second son of Edmund, joins Isabella against
Edward II., 210;
his opposition to Mortimer, 215;
member of Edward III.’s council, 216

Henry, Bishop of Winchester, brother of Stephen, secures him the
throne, 77;
upholds the dignity of the Church, escorts Matilda, demands the
See of Salisbury for his nephew, 82;
when Stephen refuses, declares his adhesion to Matilda, 83;
alienated by her refusal of his request for Eustace, demands
Stephen’s release, besieged by Matilda at Winchester, 84;
deprived of his legatine authority, 85;
mediates a compromise between Henry and Stephen, 86;
retires to Clugny, 90

Henry d’Almeyne, son of Richard, King of the Romans, prisoner after
battle of Lewes, 163;
desires conciliatory policy, 168;
murdered, 172

Heraclius, Bishop of Jerusalem, preaches a crusade, 111

Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, defeats Jasper Tudor, killed, 332

Hereford. [See Bohun.]

Hereward, attacks the monastery of Peterborough, collects the old
English exiles, 50;
is defeated and escapes, legends concerning his death, 51

Hidage explained, 113

Hide of land explained, 31

Hildebrand. [See Pope Gregory VII.]

Holland, Sir John, brother of Richard II., kills a friar, 246;
kills the Earl of Stafford, 247

Holland, Duke of Exeter, flies to Scotland with Henry VI., 329;
murdered, 336

Horsa, Jutish Ealdorman, 1;
killed, 2

House-carls, explained, 20;
used tyrannically, 21;
faithful to Harold, 26

Howard, Sir John, counsellor of Edward IV., 338;
supports Richard III., 341;
made Duke of Norfolk, 344;
at the battle of Bosworth, 348

Hubba invades England, 6

Hubert de Burgh, has charge of Arthur, 129;
defeats French fleet, 142;
Regent, 143;
destroys his enemies, 145;
his rule, 146;
prevents Henry III.’s expedition to France, 147;
his fall, 148;
character, 149;
property restored, 150

Hugh, Bishop of Rouen, deserts Stephen, 83

Hugh of Avranches, Earl of Chester, assists Odo, 54;
loses and wins back Anglesey, 59;
invites Anselm to establish Benedictine Abbey at Chester, 61

Hugh de Grantmesnil, holds large property in England, 46;
opposes William II., 57;
quarrels with Belesme, 58

Hugh of Neufchâtel receives Robert of Normandy, 53

Hugh de Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, joins the Great Rebellion against
Henry II., is conquered, 105;
buys the earldom of Northumbria, 116;
supplanted by Longchamp, becomes his enemy, 117;
produces his grievances against him, 121

Humphrey, fourth son of Henry IV., Duke of Gloucester, proposed
Regent in England, 302;
President of the Council, 304;
marries Jacqueline, 305;
quarrels with Beaufort, 306;
persecutes the Lollards, 312;
head of the war party, 313;
his claim on Flanders, 315;
his obstinacy, 316;
his death, 317;
his literary tastes, 353

Hundred, analogous to the German Pagus, 29;
England divided into, 31

Hundred Court, in Saxon times, 32;
connected with the Curia Regis by Henry I., 75, 76;
its duties, 76

Huntingdon, Earl of, deprived, 276;
conspires against Henry IV., 277;
executed, 277

Impeachment, first instance of parliamentary, 240;
by the Lords Appellant, 248

Ingvar invades England, 6

Interdict in John’s reign, 131

Investitures, dispute as to, 71

Ireland, Danes in, 11;
Harold’s sons fly there, 22, 45;
granted to Henry II. by Adrian IV., 91;
condition of, Strongbow’s invasion, Henry II.’s conquest of, 102;
land granted to his followers, 103;
John restores order in, 132;
Edward Bruce King of, 204;
English government re-established, 205;
Richard II.’s expedition to, 250;
his second visit to, 253

Irish Church, accepts Roman discipline, 102

Isaac of Cyprus, conquered by Richard I., 118

Isabella de la Marche, marries John, 128;
marries Count de la Marche, 154

Isabella of France, marries Edward II., 190;
insulted at Leeds, 207;
goes to France, 209;
conspires against Edward II., 210;
deposes him, 211;
her rule, 213;
her deposition, 216

Isabella of France marries Richard II., 251;
her restoration demanded, 278

Isabella, wife of Charles VI., joins the Burgundians, 298

Itinerant justices, sent out by Henry I., 75;
by Henry II., 107, 108

Ivo of Taillebois, 50

Ivo of Grantmesnil, 65

Ivry, siege of, 305

Jacqueline of Hainault, 305

Jacquetta of St. Pol, marries Bedford, 312

Jane, sister of Henry III., marries Alexander II., 143

Jane, sister of Edward III., marries David II., 214

Jane of Montfort defends Brittany, 222

Jane Shore does penance, 343

James I. of Scotland, captured and educated by Henry IV., 281;
released, marries Joan Beaufort, 305;
makes alliance with France, invades England, murdered, 315

James III. of Scotland, his character, 338

Jerusalem, kingdom of, refused by Robert, 65;
character of, 111;
overwhelmed by Saladin, 119

Jews, admitted to England by William I., 115;
their condition, persecuted by Richard, 116;
by John, 133;
banished by Edward I., 179

Joan of Arc, 308-311

Joanna, daughter of Henry II., marries William of Sicily, 109;
imprisoned by Tancred, 118;
restored to Richard I., accompanies him to Palestine, 118;
marries Raymond of St. Gilles, 124

John, Duke of Bedford, third son of Henry IV., Lieutenant of
England, 291;
Regent in France, 302, 303;
character, marriage, 304;
visits England, 306;
returns, renews alliance with Burgundy and Brittany, 307;
captures Joan of Arc, 311;
his second marriage, 312;
visits England, 313;
dies, 314

John, Bishop of Oxford, sent to the Pope, 98;
his excommunication by Becket, 99;
it is removed by the Pope, 100;
sent as Becket’s escort, 101;
made Bishop of Norwich, 105

John de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, elected Archbishop of Canterbury,
great administrator, 130;
governor in Ireland, 132

John (King), marries Alice of Savoy, 103;
favourite of Henry II., 109;
war with Richard, 110, 111;
Henry II.’s grief at his rebellion, 113;
his great possessions, 117;
tries to secure the succession, 121;
restrained by his mother, purchases Philip’s favour, 122, 123;
his party destroyed, 123;
nominated successor, crowned at Rouen and Westminster, 126;
his strong position, 127;
excites the anger of his subjects, 128;
kills Arthur, loses Normandy, 129;
quarrels with the Church and the Pope, 131;
is excommunicated, settles Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, 132;
his extortions, joins the League, 133;
dethroned by the Pope, 134;
is reconciled with the Church, goes to Poitou, 135;
defeated at Bouvines, 136;
signs Magna Charta, 137;
attempts to break it, 139;
dies, 140

John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III., commanding in France,
marriage, 236;
assumes the government, 237, 239;
renewed power, 240;
protects Wicliffe, 240;
hated by the people, 240, 244;
head of the Council, 243;
deserts Wicliffe, 245;
character of his government, 245, 246;
goes to Spain, 246;
returns, 251;
dies, 253

John, King of France, 229;
taken prisoner at Poitiers, 231;
liberated, 233;
dies, 234

Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, ancestress of Matilda, wife
of William I., her three marriages, 6

Jurisdiction, early organization of, 32;
connected with the possession of land, 33, 36;
of the Witan, 34;
old machinery retained by William, 37;
ecclesiastical separated from secular, 38, 94;
private, 87;
punishment of corrupt judges, 179

Jury, origin of, 108

Justiciary, his duties, 38;
president of the Curia Regis, 75

Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor, 321;
dies, 322

Kenilworth, last stronghold of the Barons, 167;
Dictum of, 168

Kent, Earl of, half-brother of Edward II., his conspiracy and
death, 215

Kent, Earl of, his conspiracy against Henry IV., beheaded, 277

King, the origin of, 30;
his personal relation becomes territorial, 33;
his office elective, 34;
becomes supreme landowner, 37;
practically irresponsible, 38;
position of William I., 42;
of Henry I., as feudal lord, 64;
his equitable power, his power of making laws and levying taxes, 76;
misery caused by a weak king, 78, 86, 87;
rivalry with the Church, 94, 105;
his judicial power, 107;
opposition to his overstrained power, 125, 137, 138, 159;
view of his position in a political poem of Henry III.’s time,
169, 170;
desire of Edward I. for despotism, 173;
opposition of his clergy and barons, 187, 188;
his legislative power, 193;
Edward II.’s prerogative restricted by the Ordinances, 201;
Richard II.’s despotism, 253;
Henry IV.’s power checked by the Commons, 282, 283;
character of Edward IV.’s monarchy, 330, 340

Knowles, general of the Free Companies, 234, 235;
opposes Wat Tyler, 244

Lacey, Hugh de, does homage for land beyond Hereford, 59

Lacey, Hugh (his nephew), sent as envoy to O’Connor, 102;
made Earl of Meath, 103

Lacey, Hugh de (son of Earl of Meath), obtains the kingdom of
Ulster, 132

La Hire, French general, 310

Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, opposition to Gaveston, 200;
his great possessions, Edward II. flies from, 202;
made minister, 205;
joins Hereford in rebellion, 206;
surrenders, is beheaded, 207

Land, how apportioned by the Saxons in England, 31;
tenure becomes military, 37;
granted to Normans by William I., 43

Landrica, his jurisdiction, 33;
his position, 34

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, connects the Church with Rome, 38;
establishes ecclesiastical courts, 49;
England left in charge of, 53;
supports William II., 56;
restrains him, 57;
prevents the quarrel on investitures from reaching England, 60;
dies, 57

Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, consecrated, 131;
opposes John, 135;
causes Pandulf’s fall, 143;
excommunicates Hubert’s enemies, 145;
his national policy, 146;
dies, 147

Latimer, leader of a rebellion against Edward IV., 332

La Tremouille, favourite of Charles VII., 310;
opposed to peace, 313

Layamon, his translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Chronicle, 271

Leicester. [See Beaumont.]

Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 20;
competes with Godwine, 22

Leofwine, fifth son of Godwine, outlawed, 22;
Earl of Essex and Kent, 23;
killed at Hastings, 27

Lindisfarne, episcopal See in, 4

Lionel, third son of Edward III., Duke of Clarence, left in command
of England during the French war, 228;
governor of Ireland, 250

Lisle, Lord, 341;
takes sanctuary, 342

Literature, 270-274, 353

Llewellyn, John’s son-in-law, submits to him, 132

Llewellyn, attacks Mortimer’s lands, 162;
refuses to obey the summons of Edward I., 175;
conquered and killed, 176

Læt, position of, 29;
origin of, 30;
settle on the demesne land, 31

Lollards, their petition, 251;
their doctrines, 267;
persecuted by Henry IV., 285;
by Henry V., 288, 289;
by Gloucester, 312;
by Suffolk, 318

Longchamp, Chancellor, buys bishopric of Ely, 116;
justiciary and legate, 117;
Richard I. orders his arrest, his dispute with Geoffrey and John,
is dismissed, 121;
retires to France, 122

Lothians, granted to Scotland, 14

Louis VI., upholds William Clito, defeated at Puysac, makes peace, 67

Louis VII., divorces Eleanor, 85;
his friendship secured by Henry II., 90;
cemented by a marriage-treaty, war with Henry II., 92;
receives Alexander III., 94;
protects Becket, 98;
war with Henry II., 100;
supports Prince Henry, 103, 104;
makes peace, 105;
jealous of Henry II.’s power, 109

Louis VIII., engaged to Blanche of Castile, 127;
summoned to England, 139;
retires, 142;
dies, 145

Louis XI., makes Treaty of Pecquigni, 338

Louis of Bavaria, Emperor, dispute with the Pope, 219;
joins France against Edward III., 222

Lovel, favourite of Richard III., 345

Magesætas, men of Hereford, 19

Magna Charta, 107, 137, 138, 139;
re-enacted, 168;
confirmed, 188

Maid of Norway, betrothed, 181;
dies, 182

Maine, Robert, Governor of, 52, 53;
William II. fights against, 59;
suzerainty of, given up by Louis VI. to Henry I., 67

Maintainers, complaints against, 245;
explained, 270

Malcolm I., King of Scotland, holds part of Strathclyde by military
service, 12

Malcolm II., King of Scotland, does homage to Cnut, 20

Malcolm III., Canmore, King of Scotland, helps Eadgar, 45;
commends himself to William I., 46;
his savage invasions, 51;
marries Eadgar’s sister, does homage to William I., 52;
his wars with William II., does homage to him, killed at Alnwick, 58

Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, resigns three counties to Henry II., 90;
does homage for Huntingdon, 91;
follows Henry to his war with France, 93

Malet, Count of, supports Robert, 65;
banished, 67

Manny, Sir Walter, raises siege of Hennebone, 222;
invades Picardy, 233

Manor, origin of, 32

Mansell, holds seven hundred livings, 152;
on Henry III.’s council, 159;
driven to France, 162;
joins Eleanor’s army, 164

Marcel, revolutionary leader in Paris, 232

Margaret, sister of Eadgar, marries Malcolm, 52

Margaret, daughter of William the Lion, sent as hostage to John, 132

Margaret, of France, marries Edward I., 190

Margaret, marries Henry VI., 316;
character, 317;
wins battles of Wakefield and St. Albans, rescues the King, 327;
flies with him to Scotland, attempts to overthrow Edward IV., 329;
defeated at Tewkesbury, 335;
ransomed, 338

Margaret, sister of Edward IV., marries Charles of Burgundy, 331

Mark system, described, 28;
how carried out, 31

Marlborough, castle of, held for Matilda, 83

Marriage of the clergy, permitted by Dunstan, 14, 15,
forbidden by Lanfranc, 49

Marshall, William, first Earl of Pembroke, ordered to supplant
Longchamp, 121;
summoned to Rouen, 126;
advises John to disband his troops, 129;
declares Henry III. King, 141;
his character, government, 142;
death, 143

Marshall, William, second Earl, head of the Barons at Brackley, 136;
his property attacked, 144;
quarrels with De Burgh, 146

Marshall, Richard, third Earl, his patriotism, 149;
outlawed, murdered, 150

Marshall, Gilbert, fourth Earl, restored to favour, 150

Martin, Papal agent, his exactions, 154

Mary of Burgundy, rivals for her hand, 336, 337;
marries Maximilian of Austria, 339

Matilda, wife of William I., helps Robert, 53;
dies, 54;
her claim on Flanders, 69

Matilda, niece of Eadgar Ætheling, marries Henry I., 64;
dies, 68

Matilda, daughter of Henry I., marries Henry V., 67;
the Barons swear fealty to her, 69;
marries Geoffrey of Anjou, 70;
her claim passed over, 77;
David of Scotland supports her, 79;
Robert of Gloucester declares for her, 81;
lands, 82;
supported by Henry of Winchester, 83;
offends London and the Church, retires to France, 84

Maud of Boulogne, wife of Stephen, fights for him, 81

Mellent. [See Beaumont.]

Mercenaries, of William I., 46, 54;
of Stephen, 81;
of Henry II., 90, 93;
of John, 133, 136, 139

Mercia, foundation of, 2;
kingdom of, 4;
submits to Wessex, 5;
conquered by the Danes, 7;
submits to Eadward, 10;
Dunstan’s reforms in, 14, 15;
rebels against Æthelred, 16;
overrun by Danes, 18;
surrendered to Cnut, 19;
made an Earldom for Eadric, 20

Militia, Harold’s, 26;
William II.’s, 59;
reorganized by Henry II., 109

Milo, Constable of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford, Robert of Gloucester’s
agent, 81;
fights for Matilda, 82;
attests her oath, 83;
his son Roger surrenders his castles to Henry II., 90

Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester, Minister under Suffolk, 318;
killed, 319

Monarchy. [See King.]

Montgomery, Roger, fights at Hastings, 27;
made Earl of Shrewsbury, 51;
opposes William II., 57

Montgomery, Hugh, second Earl, killed while assisting Hugh of
Chester, 59

Montgomery, Roger, third son of the first Earl, does homage for
Powys, 59

Montgomery, Arnulf, fifth son of the first Earl, does homage for
Dyfed, 59

Montgomery, Robert, eldest son of the first Earl. [See Belesme.]

Montmirail, Peace of, 100

Morkere, a Thegn of the Danish Burghs, 18

Morkere, son of Ælfgar, elected Earl of Northumbria, 24;
defeated by Tostig, 26;
calls a Witan, 40;
hopes to be elected King, deserts Eadgar, 41;
reinstated in his Earldom, 44;
rebels and is pardoned, 45;
joins Hereward’s rebellion, 50;
made prisoner, 51

Mortain, Count of. [See Robert.]

Mortimer, Hugh, descended from Belesme, surrenders to Henry II., 90

Mortimer, Roger, attacked by Llewellyn, 162;
tries to liberate Edward, 164;
succeeds, 166

Mortimer, Roger, subdues Ireland, 205;
surrenders to Edward II., 207;
escapes from the Tower, 208;
in France with the Queen, 210;
his government, 213, 214;
made Earl of March, executed, 215

Mortimer, Roger, fourth Earl of March, made heir-apparent, 246;
killed, 253

Mortimer, Edward, outlawed, 252;
taken prisoner, 278;
refused leave to ransom himself, marries Glendower’s daughter, 279

Morton, Bishop of Ely, apprehended, 343;
released, 344;
proposes marriage between Henry Tudor and Elizabeth of York, 345

Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, kills Malcolm at Alnwick, 58;
his conspiracy against William II., 59

Mowbray, Roger (son of Robert’s nephew Nigel), opposes the invasion
of David I., 79

Mowbray, John, Edward I. relies upon, 191

Mowbray, Thomas, Earl of Nottingham, one of the Lords Appellant, 248;
won over to Richard II., 251;
made Duke of Norfolk, 252;
banished, 252

Mowbray, Thomas, joins Scrope’s rebellion, beheaded, 281

Mowbray, John, third Duke of Norfolk, joins York, 321;
defeated at St. Albans, 327

Neville, Ralph, Chancellor, 151

Neville, Ralph, made Earl of Westmoreland, 252;
partisan of Henry IV., 276;
conquers Scrope and Mowbray, 281

Neville, Earl of Salisbury, joins York, 321;
Chancellor, 322;
retires, wins the battle of Blore Heath, 325;
beheaded, 327

Neville, Earl of Warwick, the “Kingmaker,” at St. Albans, 322;
retires to Calais, 325;
wins battle of Northampton, 326;
takes charge of Henry VI., 327;
defeated at St Albans, 327;
his power, 331;
keeps Edward IV. prisoner, pardoned, supports Wells’ rebellion, 333;
makes a treaty with Margaret, re-crowns Henry VI., 334;
killed at Barnet, 335

Neville, John, of Montague, wins battles of Hedgeley Moor and
Hexham, 329;
made Earl of Northumberland, 331;
declares for Henry VI., 334;
killed, 335

Neville, George, Archbishop of York, Chancellor, 331;
deprived of his chancellorship, 332

Neville, William (son of Ralph), Lord Falconbridge, at Ferrybridge, 328

New Forest, made by William I., 39;
Richard dies there, 54;
the displaced people taken to Cumberland, 58;
death of William II. in, 60

Nicholas of Ely, Chancellor, 159

Nicholas of Tusculum, Papal Legate, 135

Nigel, Bishop of Ely, nephew of Roger of Salisbury, surrenders Devizes
to Stephen, 81;
joins Matilda, 83

Normandy, connected with England by Emma, 17;
Æthelred and his sons fly there, 18, 19;
Cnut forms alliance with, 20;
Edward the Confessor’s friendship for, 21, 22;
William I. resides there, 53;
given to Robert, 53, 56;
anarchy in, 57;
pledged by Robert to William II., 59;
conquered by Philip II. from John, 129

Northumbria, founded, 2;
claims supremacy, 3;
submits to Wessex, 5;
conquered by the Danes, 7;
helps Hasting against Alfred, 9;
acknowledges supremacy of Eadward, 10;
incorporated with Wessex, made an Earldom for Osulf, 12;
divided into three parts, 14;
surrendered to Cnut, 19;
Cnut makes it an Earldom, 20

O’Connor, King of Ireland, war with Dermot of Leinster, 102;
submits to Henry II., 103

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, brother of William I., at Hastings, 27;
made Earl of Kent, 43;
left in charge of England, 44, 53;
rules severely, aims at the Papacy; William imprisons him, 54;
heads Norman opposition to William II., defeated, and retires to
France, 57

Offa, King of Mercia, 4;
his power, his dyke, 5

Olaf, King of Norway, invades England, retires on receiving
Danegelt, 16

Oldcastle, his character, 286;
persecuted, 288;
escapes, his death, 289

Ordainers, appointment of, 200

Orleans, siege of, 307-310

Orleton, Bishop of Hereford, his conspiracy, 209

Osberht, King of Northumbria, 7

Osulf, Earl of Northumbria, 12;
retains one third of it, 14

Oswald, King of Northumbria, 4

Oswi, King of Northumbria, 4

Otho, son of Henry the Lion, brought up in England, 114;
elected Emperor, 123;
promises help to John, his rivalry with Philip of Swabia, 127;
supported by the Pope, 131;
receives money from John, 132;
crowned as Emperor, joins the Northern League, 133;
defeated at Bouvines, 136

Otho, Papal Legate, his extortions, 146, 151

Owen Glendower, rebellion, 278;
negotiates with the Percies, 279;
conquered, 282

Palatine counties, established by William I., 51;
Ely made one by Henry I., 79

Pale, English, provinces in Ireland, 103

Pandulf, Papal Legate, forbids Philip to attack John, 134;
his government, 143

Parliament, its origin, 106, 107;
Knights and Burghers summoned to, 165;
three Estates represented at, 185, 193, 194;
royal power restricted by, 201;
a Peer’s privileges in, 221;
construction of, in Edward III.’s reign, 237, 238;
mercantile classes introduced, 264;
power of the Commons in Henry IV.’s reign, 282, 283

Paulinus, missionary to Northumbria, 3, 4

Peasantry, their sufferings in Henry I.’s reign, 72, 73;
in Stephen’s reign, 86, 87;
effects of the Friars’ preachings on, 153;
disturbances in Edward I.’s reign, 179;
their love for Lancaster, 207;
effect of Black Death upon, 229;
becoming more important, 237, 238;
their insurrection under Wat Tyler, 244;
oppression of the Commons, 245;
day labourers increasing, 260, 261;
effects of Wicliffe’s preaching on, 267, 269;
the Statute of Labourers, 267, 268;
their sufferings after the French war, 318;
their hatred of Suffolk, 319;
Jack Cade’s rebellion, 320;
rebellions against Edward IV., 332, 333;
their indifference in the War of the Roses, 332, 333, 335;
increased freedom of, and poverty, 352, 353

Pecquigni, Treaty of, 338

Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile, supported by the Black Prince, 234;
his daughters marry John of Gaunt and Edmund of York, 236

Penda, King of Mercia, 4

Percy, Henry, first Earl of Northumberland, Constable, partisan of
Henry IV., 276;
quarrels with him, 278, 279;
submits, 280;
escapes, 281;
killed at Bramham, 282

Percy, Thomas, brother of the first Earl, made Earl of Worcester, 252

Percy, Hotspur, son of the first Earl, his marriage, 279;
killed, 280

Percy, second Earl, reinstated, 288;
killed at St. Albans, 323

Percy, Lord Egremont, son of the second Earl, fighting with the
Nevilles, 321, 323

Percy, third Earl, killed at Towton, 329

Peter des Roches, Justiciary, 135;
his character and policy, charges Hubert with treason, 144;
retires to the crusades, 146;
returns, causes Hubert’s fall, 148;
his rule, 149;
his fall, 150

Peter of Savoy, uncle of Queen Eleanor, his possessions, 151;
joins her army, 164

Peter de Aigue Blanche, Bishop of Hereford, 151;
envoy to Rome, 158;
attacked by Llewellyn, 162;
joins Eleanor’s army, 164

Peter III., of Aragon, conquers Sicily, 177.

Peter’s Pence, begun by Æthelwulf, 6;
paid by William I., 50;
collected in Ireland, 102

Philip I., jealous of William I., 53;
assists Robert, 54, 59;
jealous of William II., 60

Philip II., makes peace with Henry II., 110;
claims the guardianship of Arthur, meets Henry at Gisors, 111;
declares war, 112;
goes on a crusade with Richard I., 116;
called the Lamb in Sicily, 117;
quarrels with Richard, 118;
befriends Conrad, 119;
withdraws from the Crusade, 120;
invades Richard’s dominions, 122;
tries to prolong Richard’s imprisonment, 123;
general alliance against him, 124;
helps Arthur against John, 126;
makes treaty with John, 127;
war with John, 128;
takes Normandy, 129;
league against him, 133;
victory at Bouvines, 136;
dies, 145

Philip IV., his likeness to Edward I., 173;
quarrels with him, 184;
alliance with the Scotch, 185;
abolishes the Templars, 199

Philip VI., his quarrel with Edward III., 218;
asks David II. to attack Edward, 228;
dies, 229

Philip of Swabia, Emperor of Germany, 127;
makes peace with the Pope, 131;
assassinated, 132

Philip of Burgundy. [See Burgundy.]

Philippa, wife of Edward III., saves the lives of the men of
Calais, 228

Piers Ploughman, Vision of, 273

Pole, Michael de la, advises retreat from Scotland, 246;
made Earl of Suffolk, dismissed, 247;
impeached, 248

Pole, William de la, in command at the siege of Orleans, 307;
taken prisoner, 310;
arranges the marriage of Henry VI., 316;
made Marquis of Suffolk, 317;
chief Minister, unpopularity of, 318;
murdered, 319

Pole, John de la, marries sister of Edward IV., 347

Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln, declared heir, 347

Police, the early system of, 35;
systematized at the Conquest, 37;
strictness of William I.’s, 39;
of Henry I., 73, 74

Pope, Adrian IV. the only English one, 90;
grants Ireland to Henry II., 91
Alexander III. [See Alexander III.]
Alexander IV., extorts money for Sicilian war, 158;
absolves Henry III. from his vow, 161
Boniface VIII., his claim on Scotland, 191
Boniface IX., grants Provisors, 250
Calixtus II., mediates a treaty between Henry I. and Louis VI., 68
Celestine III., excommunicates Longchamp’s enemies, 122
Clement III., raised by Henry IV. of Germany, 60
Clement IV., excommunicates the Barons, 164
Clement VI., attempts arbitration, 223
Gregory VII., supports William I., 25;
revives the Papacy, 49;
demands homage and Peter’s Pence, 50;
friendly relations with England, 60
Gregory IX., his extortions, 147
Gregory XI., restores the Papacy to Rome, 245
Honorius III., his character, 147
Innocent III., decides the election at Canterbury, 130;
consecrates Langton, 131;
his interdict and excommunication, 131;
declares John’s crown forfeited, 134;
his tyranny in England, 135;
disallows Magna Charta, 139;
dies, 140
Innocent IV., his exactions, 154;
offers Sicily to Edmund, 157
John XXII., mediates between Edward II. and the barons, 205
Victor III., acknowledged in England, 61
Victor IV., acknowledged in Germany, 94

Popes, position as arbitrators, 222, 223

Powys, granted to Montgomery, 59

Præmunire, Statute of, 250, 266;
writ of, used against Beaufort, 312

Privy Council, origin of, 107

Provisions of Oxford, 159

Provisors, Statute of, 250, 265

Purveyance, misery caused by, 73;
restrained by Henry I., 74;
restricted by Magna Charta, 139;
checked by the Statute of Stamford, 200;
exacted by the royal Princes, 215;
complained of, 245

Ralph of Gwader, son of Ralph the Staller, Earl of Norfolk, conspires
against William I., 52;
flies to Brittany, 53

Ralph Flambard, Justiciary, his cruelties, 57;
arrested by Henry I., 64;
escapes to Normandy, 64

Ranulf, Earl of Chester, fights against Wales, 78;
joins Matilda, 83

Ratcliffe, favourite of Richard III., 342, 345, 347

Raymond of Toulouse, quarrels with Richard, 112;
marries Joanna, 124;
revenge for injury done him, 133

Reeve, his office, 31;
his duties, 32

Renaissance, its effects, 338, 353

Réné, Duke of Bar, 316

Representation, not understood in Saxon times, 34;
used in making the Domesday Book, 55;
used in inquiries for financial purposes, 125;
first used in Parliament, 165;
principle established, 172, 193, 194

Revenue. [See Taxes.]

Richard I., engaged to Berengaria, 93;
joins the Great Rebellion against his father, 104;
pardoned, 105;
his success in Aquitaine excites Prince Henry’s envy, 110;
his war with him, 111;
attacks Raymond of Toulouse, joins Philip II. against Henry II.,
receives his father’s submission, 112;
gets absolution, is crowned, 115;
sells all offices in the Kingdom, and goes on a crusade, 116;
his quarrels in Sicily, 117;
conquers Cyprus, marries Berengaria, 118;
takes Acre, 120;
relieves Joppa, makes a truce with Saladin, 121;
imprisoned in Germany, 122;
does homage to Henry VI., returns to England, 123;
his wars with Philip, his death, 124;
his heavy taxation, 125;
names John as his successor, 126

Richard II., made heir-apparent, 240;
his interview with Wat Tyler, 244;
his favourites, 247;
his character, 248;
assumes authority, 249;
his expedition to Ireland, 250;
his marriage, 251;
his vengeance, 252;
his despotism, 253;
deposed, 254;
death, 277

Richard III., murder of Henry VI. imputed to him, 336;
his quarrel with Clarence, 336;
captures Edward V., 342;
secures the crown, 343;
his unpopularity, 345;
his energy, 346;
death of his son, 347;
killed at battle of Bosworth, 348;
his character, 349

Richard, Prior of Dover, succeeds Becket as Archbishop of
Canterbury, 105

Richard, brother of Henry III., Count of Poitou, quarrels with
De Burgh, 146;
his patriotic efforts, goes on a Crusade, 152;
marries Sancha, 154;
refuses the Sicilies, 157;
elected King of the Romans, 158;
joins Henry against the Barons, 162;
taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes, 163

Richard, Earl of Cambridge, son of Edward III.’s son Edmund, his
conspiracy, executed, 292

Richard of York, son of the Earl of Cambridge, in command of the war
in France, 314, 315;
leader of the Plantagenet Princes, 317;
concerned in Suffolk’s death, 319;
appears in arms, 320;
duped into submission, 321;
President of the Council, 322;
victory at St. Albans, 323;
Protector, deposed, 324;
returns from Ireland, 325;
claims the throne, 326;
beheaded after Wakefield, 327

Richard, son of Edward IV., in sanctuary, 342;
given up to Richard, 343;
murdered, 345

Ridel, Godfrey, Becket’s enemy, made Bishop of Ely, 105

Rivaux, Treasurer, 148;
obtains confiscated property, 150

Rivers. [See Woodville.]

Robert, brother of William I., fights at Hastings, 27;
made Earl of Cornwall, 45;
opposes William II., 57;
banished, taken prisoner at Tenchebray, 66

Robert de Comines, Earl of Northumberland, murdered, 46

Robert, son of William I., Governor of Maine, 52;
does homage for it to Philip I., 53;
his rebellion and reconciliation with his father at Gerberoi, his
expedition against Scotland, 54;
Normandy bequeathed to him, 56;
his character excites feudal anarchy, 57;
makes Treaty of Caen with William II., 58;
goes on a Crusade, pledging Normandy to William, 59;
claims the throne of England, surrenders to Henry I., 65;
taken prisoner at Tenchebray, 66

Robert of Rhuddlan, his wars with Wales, 51

Robert of Flanders, supports William Clito, killed, 68

Robert of Bathenton, rebels against Stephen, 79

Robert, Earl of Gloucester, natural son of Henry I., swears fealty
to Matilda, 69;
suppresses Gryffith’s insurrection, 70;
one of the three remaining Earls, renounces his fealty to
Stephen, 80;
his power in the West, 81;
brings Matilda to England, 82;
takes Stephen prisoner at the battle of Lincoln, 83;
taken prisoner, exchanged for Stephen, 84;
dies, his character, 85

Robert of Artois, persuades Edward III. to the war with France, 218

Robert of Gloucester, translated Layamon, 271

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, punishes false coiners, 74;
organizes the Exchequer Court, 75;
power of his family, 81;
arrested, 81;
dies, 82

Rotheram, Archbishop of York, Chancellor, 341;
deposed, 342

Rouen, siege of, 299;
loss of, 319

Russell, Chancellor, 342, 346

Rutland, made Earl of Albemarle, 252;
title removed, 276;
conspires against Henry IV., 277

Sac and Soc, explained, 33;
benefit of, 76

Saladin, his power in the East, 111;
greatness of his empire, takes Jerusalem, 119;
his truce with Richard, 121

Saladin tax, imposed by Henry II., 111

Salisbury, Earl of, conspires against Henry IV., beheaded, 277

Salisbury, commanding at Orleans, 307

Salisbury. [See Neville.]

Sanctuary, effects of taking, 149

Say, minister under Suffolk, 318;
executed, 320