Chapter IX: Asiatic Cholera (5)

=Measles=, etymology of, 632,
_variolae_ translated by, 633,
in 17th cent., 634, 640,
Sydenham on, 635,
indirect mortality from in 1674, 636,
in 18th cent., 641,
at Manchester, 644,
at Northampton, 645,
in the Foundling Hospital, 646,
increased fatality at end of 18 cent., 647,
anomalous at Uxbridge, 649,
the great epidemic of 1807-8, 651,
the epidemic in Glasgow, 652,
comparison of in London and Glasgow, 655,
Watt’s doctrine of substitution, 655-7,
reception of same, 657,
sequelae of, 659,
recent statistics of, 660,
recent highest death-rates from, 663,
progression of epidemics, 663,
season of, 664,
age-incidence of, 664,
an illustrative epidemic of, 665

Merthyr Tydvil, enteric fever, 219,
cholera in 1849, 844-5, 847,
in 1854, 851,
in 1866, 857

=Miasmatic infection=, Sydenham’s and Boyle’s doctrine of, 29, 400,
of enteric fever, 222-3,
of endemic ague, 302,
of influenza in, 401-5,
after earthquakes, 415-20,
of dengue, 424,
not excluded in scarlatina, 732,
of diphtheria, 745,
of dysentery, 788,
of cholera, 842

Middlesborough, enteric fever, 221

=Miliary fever=, 72, 76, 124, 127, 128-131

=Milk=, a vehicle of enteric fever, 222,
of scarlatina, 734,
of diphtheria, 745

Millar, Dr, isolation of fever patients, 178

Miller, Hugh, Cromarty cholera, 814

Molyneux, Dr, influenza of 1688, 336,
of 1693, 337

Minorca, localized influenza of 1748, 352,
mild and severe smallpox, 547

Missenden, Great, inoculation revived, 592

Moir, D. M., Musselburgh cholera, 806

Monro, Alexander, primus, influenza of 1762, 357 _note_,
procuring the smallpox in Scotland, 471,
inoculation in same, 509

Monro, A. Campbell, measles at Jarrow, 663

Monro, Donald, war typhus, 110

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, favours inoculation, 467-8,
referred to in prize poem, 588

Moore, John, on “putrid” fevers, 130,
improved health of London, 133

Morley, Christopher Love, epidemic agues and influenzas of 1678-79, 329,
332

Morton, Richard, worm fever, 7,
scale of malignity in fevers, 16,
fevers of 1678-80, 21,
smallpox not fatal to infants, 441,
opposed to the cooling regimen in do., 448,
fourteen things that make smallpox severe, 451-2,
pock-pits, 456,
measles of 1674, 657,
his view of scarlatina, 682,
cholera nostras, 771,
dysentery infective, 772

Moryson, Fynes, dietetic habits of Irish, 226

Moseley, Benjamin, practice of vaccination in 1808, 586

Moss, Mr, Liverpool public health 18th cent., 141 _note_, 368

Mudge, John, experiment in inoculation, 501, 558

Mulgrave, Lord, vaccination among rich and poor, 589

Murchison, Charles, enteric fever in Edinburgh, 200,
cause of increase of same in London, 202,
history of relapsing fever 1842, 203,
enteric of 1846, 206 _note_,
table of typhus in hospitals, 210,
confuses marsh agues with epidemic agues, 303-4 _note_,
cerebro-spinal fever a variety of typhus, 863

=Murre=, old name of influenza, 305, 432

Musselburgh, cholera in 1832, 806

Nairn, war typhus in 1746, 109,
cholera in 1832, 813-14

=Navy=, health of in 17th cent., 102,
in 18th cent., 104,
Smollett on, 107 _note_,
in the Seven Years’ War and American War, 111-117,
improvement in, 119

Neath, high scarlatina death-rate, 728,
cholera in 1849, 845,
in 1866, 857

=Nervous= fever, of Willis in 1661, 5,
or hysteric, 67, 70,
of Wintringham and Hillary, 72,
of Gilchrist, 75,
of Huxham, 76,
or putrid, 120-128

Nettleton, Thomas, pioneer of inoculation, 470,
inspires Jurin, 479,
gives a real smallpox, 483,
his theory of inoculation, 483-4,
ceases to inoculate, 485,
his statistics of smallpox fatality, 518

=New= acquaintance, 308,
ague, 306, 307,
delight, 332,
disease, 312-13, 344,
Boyle on, 313 _note_,
distemper of 1688, 335,
fever of Sydenham, 23, 27

Newburn, cholera of 1832, 804

Newcastle-on-Tyne, typhus in 18th cent., 142, 156 _note_,
in 1816-19, 172,
“jolly rant” of 1675, 327 _note_,
agues of 1780, 369,
inoculation of infants, 507,
no smallpox statistics, 539,
comparison of inoculations and vaccinations, 582,
scarlatina in 1778-9, 712,
in 1779-1802, 720,
in 1802-27, 723,
dysentery 18th cent., 780, 784,
cholera of 1831-2, 802,
cholera of 1853, 849

Newcastle-under-Lyme, cholera of 1849, 847

Newhaven, cholera of 1848, 835

Newman, John Henry, priests in the Irish fever, 207 _note_,
“chemists for our cooks,” 280

Newton Stewart, smallpox of 1816, 574

Norfolk Island, strangers’ cold of, 432

North, Roger, his fever in 1661, 8,
on Lord Guildford’s fever, 321,
fashion of blood-letting, 325 _note_

Northampton, smallpox statistics in 1747, 524,
vital statistics, 525,
measles and whooping-cough 18th cent., 645,
infantile diarrhoea, 765

Norwich, high mortality of 1740-42, 82,
smallpox beginning of 19th cent., 569, 578,
epidemic of 1819, 578,
vaccinations at, 585,
inoculations at, 591,
smallpox in 1838-9, 605,
infantile diarrhoea, 766

=Notification= at Leeds in 1804, 180 _note_,
and incorrect diagnosis, 864

Nottingham, fever in 1808, 165,
18th cent. smallpox, 522,
infantile diarrhoea, 761-2

O’Brien, John, Dublin dysentery in 1825, 271,
relapsing fever in 1826, 272,
intermittents in 1827, 273, 297

O’Brien, W. Smith, native resources of Ireland, 281

O’Connell, Daniel, export of Irish corn in famine, 280

O’Connell, Maurice, Irish famine of 1740, 241,
dysentery from it, 242,
the mortality from it, 244

O’Connor, Dennis, types of fever in Cork 1849-65, 297

O’Rourke, Rev. John, history of the Irish famine of 1847, 279 _note_

Ogle, William, influenza mortality, 395,
progression of measles epidemics, 663,
age and sex in scarlatina deaths, 729,
diarrhoea and heat, 762

Oglethorpe, General, reports on state of gaols, 91

=Old Bailey=, black assize of 1750, 93

Ormerod, E. L., relapsing fever with miliaria, 129, 208

Oxford, fevers of children in 1655 and 1661, 5-7,
epidemic fever in Wadham College, 59,
typhus in 1785, 153,
smallpox in 1649 and 1654, 437,
in 1661, 439,
usually mild, 444,
cholera of 1854, 851 _note_

Paderborn, sickness in British troops, 110

Painswick, typhus in 1785, 154,
epidemic agues, 369,
general inoculation, 509,
smallpox fatal during typhus, 550

Paisley, an epidemic of fever in 1811, 165,
cholera of 1831-2, 813

Palatinate, war typhus of 1621, 32

=Parish Clerks of London=, the bills of become inadequate, 385, 594, 596,
statistics of smallpox from in 1628, 435,
scarlatina appears in, 725

Paris, type of fever in 1700, 53,
smallpox of adults in 1825, 593,
same compared with Glasgow in 1850-51, 601, 611,
whooping-cough in 1578, 666,
cholera of 1832, 821, 830 _note_

Parkin, John, epidemics and electricity, 406 _note_,
cholera water-borne, 832

Parsons, H. Franklin, reports on influenza of 1890-92, 396 _note_

Peacock, T. B., influenza of 1847, 391

Pearson, George, nature of cowpox, 560,
cowpox not smallpox of the cow, 563,
second infection with cowpox impossible, 610

Peel, Sir Robert, policy in Irish famine of 1817, 266,
in famine of 1845-46, 279

=Peninsular War=, decline of fevers in Britain during, 162-64, 557, 569

Pepys, Samuel, fever of 1661, 9,
of the queen in 1663, 13,
of 1694, 44,
duchess of Richmond’s smallpox, 454

Percival, Thomas, decline of miliary fever, 131,
Manchester public health, 146,
statistics of smallpox, 536,
of measles, 644

Perkins, W. L., nosology of putrid sore-throats, 712 _note_

Perth, fever of 1622, 30,
enteric fever in 1864, 210,
cholera of 1832, 813-14

Peru, influenza of 1759, 354,
earthquake of 1687, 421,
influenza of 1720, 422

=Pestilential fever=, 16, 22, 30, 67,
in London in 1773, 137

Peterborough, plague in 1666-7, 34

Pettenkofer, Max von, infection in the subsoil, 403,
English officials prejudiced against his doctrine, 859

=Peyer’s patches=, theoretical relation of to ague, 2,
found diseased in London fevers, 186,
in Anstruther fevers, 189

Philadelphia, measles brought to by Irish, 649

=Physicians, College of=, memorial against drink, 84, 756,
inquiry on influenza of 1782, 363,
their Dispensary, 462 _note_,
declare inoculation in 1754 to be salutary, 516, 608,
but in 1807 to be mischievous, 609,
inquiries on cholera of 1849, 846 _note_

=Plague=, extinction of, 34-43,
effects of upon Chester, 40,
alarm of in 1710, 58,
rumour of in London in 1799, 140

Plot, Robert, smallpox mild, 444

Plymouth, 18th cent. types of fever, 74,
worm fever, 75,
malignant fever, 77,
ship fever, 78,
anginose fever, 125, 699,
dysentery and fever after Corunna, 166,
influenza of 1729, 345,
horse-colds, 345-6,
influenza of 1733, 347,
of 1743, 351,
of 1788, 371,
influenza in the fleet in 1782, 426,
smallpox of 1724-25, 520,
malignant sore-throat, 695, 699,
recent measles and scarlatina, 720,
dysentery, 778,
cholera of 1832, 829

Pockpitted faces, in 17th cent. London, 454,
the Vaccine Board on decrease of, 456 _note_

Poland, buying the smallpox in, 473

Popham, John, Cork workhouse in 1846, 286

=Population=, increase of North of Trent, 144,
in Ireland, 250,
after potato famine, 283,
principle of, 657

Port Royal, earthquake of 1692, 415

Portsmouth, dysentery in crews in 1696, 104,
ship fever in 1779, 116,
influenza in new arrivals in 1788, 372,
agues and fluxes, 772

=Posse=, old name of influenza or catarrh, 305 _note_, 308 _note_

=Potatoes=, in Ireland, 241, 252, 284

Preston, infantile diarrhoea, 705,
suffers little from cholera, 823

=Prices=, in 18th cent., 62, 131,
in 1801, 159,
in second half of French war, 162, 256-7,
effects of fall of in Ireland, 268

Prichard, J. C., Bristol fever 1817-19, 173,
cases not isolated, 179

Pringle, Sir John, ventilation of Newgate, 94,
war dysentery and typhus, 108-10,
nosology of continued fevers, 130,
improved state of London, 133,
little smallpox in campaigns, 545,
dysentery rarely epidemic in London, 779 _note_

=Prisons=, state of early in 18th cent., 90-92,
Howard’s visitations of, 95,
Lettsom’s cases of fever in, 97,
fever in 1785-88, 153,
little smallpox in, 544,
Neild’s reforms of, 628

Pulteney, R., Blandford, smallpox, 513

=Purples=, meaning of, 680

=Putrid fever=, in the sense of Willis, 16,
in 18th century sense, 120-8, 129-30, 683, 700

=Putrid measles=, 705

Pylarini, Jacob, on transplantation of smallpox, 465, 476

=Quarantine=, for plague pressed on the Ministry by Swift, 58 _note_,
in the cholera of 1831-32, 794, 798, 799, 814, 820

Queensferry North, vaccinations during an epidemic, 585

Radcliffe, John, attends Queen Mary in smallpox, 460 _note_
Ranby, John, his pamphlet against Jurin, 481 _note_,
his inoculation practice, 504

Reid, John, enteric fever at Edinburgh, 199

Reid, Seaton, relapsing synocha, 177

=Relapsing fever=, case of in London 1710, 57,
in 1727-29, 69, 74,
at Edinburgh 1735, 76,
in Gloucestershire in 1794, 156,
in London in 1817, 168, 172,
affinities of, 177,
in Scotland in 1817-19, 174,
in 1827-28 181,
in London, 182,
in Scotland in 1842-44, 203,
in 1847, 208,
in 1869-71, 210,
in Dublin in 1738, 239,
in 1746-48, 243,
in Ireland in 1799-1801, 450,
in 1817-19, 266,
in 1826, 271-2,
in 1846-7, 289,
not always associated with want, 211

=Remittent fever=, 68, 69 _note_, 72,
in London in 1751-55, 122,
Cormack on, 392 _note_

Reynolds, Revell, epidemic agues of 1780, 366

=Rheumatic fever=, its relation to dysentery, 782

=Rickets= in London 18th cent., 756,
relation of to infantile diarrhoea, 766

Rigby, Edward, vaccinations at Norwich, 584

Ripon, fevers at in 1726-28, 72

Roberton, John, vaccination at Manchester, 583,
smallpox after vaccination, 597 _note_,
measles in Edinburgh 1808, 651,
criticism of Watt, 658

Robertson, Robert, ship fever, 114,
influenza of 1782 in the fleet, 426,
no fatalities in smallpox, 546

Rochdale, fever of 1818, 171

Rogan, Francis, slaughter-houses not noxious, 236 _note_,
population in Tyrone 1817, 253,
cottiers in same, 255,
famine of 1817, 257,
dysentery and fever of, 258-260,
ratio of attacks, 263,
smallpox in the famine of 1817, 573

Rogers, James E. Thorold, starvation wages 18th cent., 62,
Malthus and high standard of living, 285 _note_

Rogers, Joseph, criticism of Sydenham, 10,
epidemic in Wadham College, 59,
fevers in Cork 18th cent., 234

=Roseola=, epidemic, supposed the scarlatina of Sydenham, 681

Rouen, epidemic fever of 1753-4, 121

Royston, William, epidemic agues of 1780 and 1808, 378 _note_

Rumsey, Henry, epidemic sore-throat in Chesham, 715,
“the croup” in the same, 716

Rush, Benjamin, smallpox after inoculation, 488,
infantile diarrhoea, 758

Russell, Lord John, cost of Irish potato famine, 282

Russell, James B., scarlatina from cows’ milk, 734 _note_

Ruston, Thomas, antidotes to smallpox, 494 _note_

Rutty, John, “putrid” fevers in Dublin, 127, 245,
nervous and relapsing fevers, 239, 240, 243,
famine fever of, 1740 244,
agues and horse-colds, 354,
smallpox in Ireland, 543,
malignant during typhus, 549,
throat-distemper of 1743, 693

Ryan, Dennis, dysentery in transports, 784

St Andrews, smallpox in 1818, 575,
dysentery in 1736, 778

St Kilda, strangers’ cold, 431

Salford, infantile diarrhoea, 761-2, 765 _note_,
cholera of 1832, 828

Salisbury, smallpox in 18th cent., 528,
cholera in 1832, 829,
in 1849, 847

Sanderson, J. B., diphtheritic membrane, 740 _note_

Sauvages, F. B. de, his nosology, 670, 678

=Scarlatina= and diphtheria, 18th cent., 678,
simplex of Sydenham, 680,
of Sibbald, 681,
perhaps epidemic roseola, 681 _note_,
Morton’s view of, 682,
anginosa at Edinburgh, 684,
at Plymouth, 684,
popular name of epidemic sore-throat, 687, 697, 701,
Cotton’s name for epidemic sore-throat in 1748, 698,
called miliary, 688, 703,
diagnosis from anomalous measles, 649, 705,
mild at Ipswich in 1771, 708,
anginosa in London in, 1777 708,
Withering on, 711,
Heberden on, 712 _note_,
Willan’s statistics 1786, 714,
Rumsey on, 715,
epidemic period 1796-1805, 719,
mildness of type 1805-31, 722-5,
modern statistics of, 726,
incidence on age and sex, 729,
range of fatality, 730,
fatalities at home and in hospital, 730,
alleged influence of drought, 731,
maximum in late autumn, 731,
question of miasma, 732,
uncertainty of its contagion, 733,
in children’s hospitals, 733,
from cows’ milk, 734,
as a septic disease, 735

Schacht, Lucas, fevers of Leyden, 332

Schultz, Simon, buying the smallpox, 473

=Scurvy=, supposed prevalence of on land in 17th cent., 1, 317, 319

Sedgley, cholera of 1832, 825

=Seven ill years=, fevers of in Scotland, 47-52

=Sewerage= of London 858,
of Lancashire towns, 209,
defects of in new mining townships, 220, 845

Shapter, Thomas, influenza contagious, 387,
Exeter, cholera in 1832, 829

Sharkey, Edmond, Asiatic cholera in 1837 at Berehaven, 834 _note_

Sheffield, vital statistics of 17th cent., 58,
epidemic sore-throat 18th cent., 696, 704,
diarrhoea during cholera, 842 _note_,
cholera in 1849, 848

=Ships=, cholera in, 826, 857,
fever in, _see_ Navy,
influenza in, 425-31

Short, Thomas, scarlatina in 1759, 704

Sibbald, Sir Robert, diseases of Scots 17th cent., 48,
bleeding in smallpox, 447,
scarlatina, 681

Simon, Sir John, inquiry on diphtheria, 739,
general principles of sanitation, 834,
report on Newcastle cholera in 1853, 849

=Simple continued fever=, a common form in the epidemic of 1817-19,
168-174,
relation of to relapsing fever, 177, 272,
in London 1826-28, 182,
in Bristol, 189 _note_, 176,
recent statistics of, 212, 216, 296

Simpson, Sir J. Y., cholera of 1832, 815 _note_

Simpson, William, choleraic season of 1678, 333

Sims, James, London typhus in 1786, 138,
Tyrone fevers 18th cent., 127, 246,
smallpox, 543,
London scarlatina in 1786, 713,
in 1798, 719

Skibbereen, dysentery in 1826, 273,
exports of food from, 280,
sicknesses of the great famine, 286, 287, 288

Slatholm, Dr, against blooding and cooling in smallpox, 447,
smallpox transferred to a sheep, 475

Sligo, cholera of 1832, 818

Sloane, Sir Hans, Jamaica earthquakes, 415,
procures account of inoculation, 465,
advises the king on same, 469

=Smallpox=, references to before 1660, 434,
after the Restoration, 437,
alleged increase of fatality, 439,
alleged mildness in infants, 441,
largely a disease of adults in 17th cent., 443,
the cooling regimen in, 445,
Morton on the causes of a severe type, 451,
marks of a recent epidemic visible, 454,
estimate of the numbers marked by in 17th cent., 455,
London deaths by from 1661 to 1700, 456,
in the country at end of 17th cent., 458,
death of Queen Mary from haemorrhagic form of, 458,
epidemic in 1710, 461,
a trouble in great houses, 462,
houses for, kept by nurses, 463,
at Boston, New England, in 1721, 485, 626,
at Charleston, 490,
hospital in London for, 505,
at Blandford, 513,
in the Foundling Hospital, 514,
table of epidemics of from 1721 to 1729, 518,
at Hertford in 1721, 519,
at Plymouth in 1724, 520,
at Aynho, 520,
at Hastings, 521,
at Nottingham, 522,
at Edinburgh 18th cent., 523,
at Northampton, 524,
at Boston, 525, 540,
at Kilmarnock, 526,
intervals between epidemics of, 527,
various epidemics 1751-53, 529,
London deaths 1721-60, 531,
weekly deaths in 1752, 532,
among London infants, 533,
London deaths 1761-1800, 535,
18th cent. statistics of Manchester, Liverpool, Chester, Carlisle and
Glasgow, 536-40,
in parishes of Scotland 18th cent., 541,
in Ireland, 543,
in the army and navy, 543,
wide range of fatality, 544,
comparison of epidemics at Chester and Warrington, 550,
summary of 18th cent. history, 556,
London deaths by from 1801 to 1837, 568,
Glasgow deaths 1801-1812, 569,
epidemic of 1817-19, 571,
the crystalline form of, 574-7,
at Norwich in 1819, 578,
in Christ’s Hospital, 581,
the epidemic of 1825-26, 593,
so-called “secondary,” 597,
a generation of in Glasgow, 597,
in Limerick 1830-40, 601,
the epidemic of 1837-40, 604,
legislation for in 1840, 606,
ages of at Paris and Glasgow compared, 611,
more adults attacked abroad than in Britain, 612,
London deaths by from 1837 to 1893, 613,
table for England, 614,
comparison of the epidemics of 1837-40 and 1871-72, 615,
has almost ceased in rural parts, 616,
London’s recent share of, 617,
recent rates of fatality from, 618,
in Ireland since 1864, 620,
in Scotland since 1855, 622,
varying ratios of children and adults attacked at various periods of
history, 622-7,
reason why fewer children attacked in epidemic of 1871-72, 627,
Watt’s doctrine of substitution applied to, 629

Smollett, Tobias, sick bay of the ‘Cumberland,’ 107 _note_

Snow, John, water-borne cholera, 852, 854

Southampton, a 17th cent, autopsy at, 316

Spalding, diphtheria, 739, 740

Spelman, Sir Henry, on burials, 37

=Spotted fever= in 17th and 18th cent., 13,
universal in 1623, 31,
cases in Archbishop’s family, 64,
Arbuthnot on, 67,
return of after 1831, 188, 277

Stark, James, sex-fatality in whooping-cough, 672 _note_

Stewart, Frances, her beauty after smallpox, 453

Stokes, William, Dublin enteric fever in 1826, 187 _note_

Story, Rev. George, camp sickness at Dundalk, 230-2

Stow, John, irregular building of London out-parishes, 85-6

Strabane, a congested district in 1817, 253,
fever and dysentery in, 259-60, 263,
smallpox in 1817, 573

Stranraer, smallpox in 1829, 600

Streater, Aaron, ague curer, 316

Streeten, R. J. N., influenza of 1837, 387 _note_

Strother, Edward, London fevers of 1727-29, 68-70

Stroud, tests of cowpox at, 565

Sturges, Octavius, whooping-cough mimetic, 677

Sudell, Nicholas, ague curer, 317

Sunderland, recent typhus in, 214, 217,
cholera begins at, in 1831, 796

=Surfeit=, meaning of, 775

Sutherland, John, reports on cholera of 1848-49, 837-8, 840

Sutton, Daniel, his method of inoculation, 498

=Sweat, the=, late reference to by Shakespeare, 311 _note_

Sweden, early statistics of whooping-cough, 670

Swift, Jonathan, urgent for quarantine, 58 _note_,
the stinks in his London lodging, 87,
state of Ireland in 1729, 238,
on an ague curer, 325

Sydenham, Thomas, on succession of epidemic types, 4, 631,
his epidemic constitutions, 9,
on intermittents, 11, 302, 314,
on comatose fever, 20,
on depuratory fever, 21,
on the “new fever” of 1685-6, 22, 24, 27,
his theory of subterranean miasmata, 29, 80,
a Scotch disciple of, 48,
on marsh agues, 302,
his position in the bark controversy, 320, 321-2,
on influenza of 1675, 327,
of 1679, 329,
on epidemic agues of 1678-80, 331,
his view of influenza, 399,
his practice in smallpox, 445,
smallpox most fatal to the rich, 450,
on measles in 1670 and 1674, 655,
on pertussis, 677,
on scarlatina, 680,
on diarrhoea in infants, 749,
on cholera nostras, 770,
on dysentery, 776

Symonds, John Addington, Bristol cholera in 1832, 828

Tain, cholera in 1832, 814

Talbor, Sir Richard, ague curer, 318,
his use of bark, 319, 322

=Tar-water=, in fever, 242,
in smallpox, 546

Taunton, dysentery in 1837, 790

Tavistock, cholera in 1849, 847

Tawton, North, epidemic fever of 1839, 196

Tees valley, enteric fever in, 221

Tewkesbury, burial in coffins, 36

Thackrah, Charles T., Leeds cholera nostras in 1825, 773

Theydon Bois, cholera in 1865, 857

Thompson, Theophilus, his ‘Annals of Influenza,’ 360 _note_

Thomson, John, smallpox of 1817-19, 575-6

Thoresby, Ralph, on influenza of 1675, 327,
loses his children by smallpox, 458

Thorne, Richard Thorne, diphtheria from cow’s milk, 745 _note_

Thorp, Dr, Leeds fevers in 1802, 160

=Throat distemper=, _see_ Scarlatina

Timoni, Emanuel, first writer on inoculation, 463,
visited by La Motraye, 472 _note_,
his inoculated daughter dies of smallpox, 488

Tiverton, fever of 1741, 80

Torbay, influenza on board ships in, 426

Torthorwald, 18th cent. fevers, 154,
vital statistics, 542

Torrington, strange experience of, in the influenza of 1782, 364

Toynbee, Arnold, the industrial revolution, 145

Tralee, typhus, 259,
cholera in 1849, 840

Trallianus, Alexander, dysenteria rheumatica, 782

Tranent, cholera in 1832, 806

=Transplantation= of disease, 474

Tristan d’Acunha, strangers’ colds, 431

Tronchin, Theodore, inoculation by blister, 493

Trotter, Thomas, ship fever, 117,
Northumberland fevers 18th cent., 156 _note_,
smallpox in the navy, 544

Turner, John, influenza of 1712, 340

Tullamore, panic at, from fever of 1817, 262

Tynemouth, cholera in 1849, 846,
in 1853, 850,
in 1854, 851

=Type, change of=, in continued fever, 2, 189, 203, 277,
in scarlatina, 724, 730

=Typhoid fever= _see_ Enteric

=Typhus=, _see_ also Simple Continued, Nervous, Putrid, Miliary,
Pestilential, War, Gaol, Ship and Workhouse fevers.
Perennial in London in 17th and 18th cent., 13, 67,
epidemic of 1685-6 identified as, 27,
the type of universal fever in 1623-4, 31,
corresponds to the malignant fever of 1694, 44,
among children at Bristol in 1696, 47,
in Scotland at end of 17th cent., 48, 49,
at Paris in 1700, 53,
a case in London in 1709, 53,
in Chester Castle in 1716, 60,
or _synochus_ at York in 1718, 63,
in 1728, 73,
at Plymouth in 1735, 77,
the type in the English epidemic of 1741-42, 83,
and in the Irish, 243,
circumstances of severe type of, 98-102, 290,
relation of to dysentery, 108, 231, 792,
in Lettsom’s dispensary practice, 136,
identified by Hunter in London with gaol or hospital fever, 138,
described by Sims in 1786, 138,
by Willan in 1799, 139,
by Currie at Liverpool, 141,
at Newcastle, 142, 156 _note_,
at Chester, 143,
at Leeds, 146, 160,
at Carlisle, 147,
at Manchester, 149, 157,
at Lancaster, 151,
at Whitehaven, 152,
in England generally 1782-85, 153,
in Scotland, 154, 161,
reference to by Robert Burns, 154 _note_,
epidemic of 1799-1802, 160,
in Ireland, 248,
epidemic of in fiction in 1811, 162 _note_,
decline of in second period of French war, 163, 167,
epidemic of 1817-19, in England, 168,
rare in the Scotch epidemic of same years, 175,
in the Irish epidemic, 258,
in Galway in 1822, 270,
the common type of continued fever from 1831 to 1848, 188-198,
the epidemic of 1847 in England, 205,
in Scotland, 208, 839 _note_,
in Ireland, 289-92,
of the Lancashire cotton famine, 209,
prevalence of relative to enteric, 211,
recent decrease of, 214, 606,
recent highest death-rates, 214, 217,
mistaken for typhoid, 214,
table of for Scotland, 216,
for Ireland, 296

Tyrone, over-population in, 254,
effects of the famine of 1817-19, 264

Ulverston, smallpox in 1816, 573

Uxbridge, measles in 1801, 649

=Vaccinal Syphilis=, real nature of, 562 _note_

=Vaccination=, rival of inoculation, 557,
its pathological nature, 559-562,
tests of its efficacy, 564,
approved by the State, 567,
extent of its practice to 1825, 582-6,
Gregory on the effect of upon the London smallpox of, 1825 595,
reasons for treating it as irrelevant to the epidemiology of smallpox,
596,
prejudices of working class against, 606-7,
made compulsory in 1853 on the precedent of 1840, 610,
of adults, or re-vaccination, common on the Continent sooner than in
Britain, 611-3
_see_ also Cowpox

=Vagrancy= in Irish famines, 244, 261, 267

“=Variolae Vaccinae=,” figurative name of cowpox, 563

=Ventilation= of gaols, 94,
of ships, 118.
_See_ also Window-tax.

Verdier, Jean, vaccination incorrect in principle, 587

=Vibrios= in cholera, 827 _note_

Virchow, Rudolph, dysentery and typhus, 108 _note_,
season of epidemic typhoid in Berlin, 217

Voltaire, M. de, his mythical account of inoculation in Circassia, 473
_note_

Wagstaffe, William, objects to inoculation, 478, 607

Wakefield, dysentery in asylum, 787

Wakley, James, carries Bill against inoculation, 607

Walker, George A., London graveyards, 87

Walker, John, “vaccinates” with smallpox, 590

Walker, Patrick, sickness in the seven ill years, 50,
epidemic agues in Scotland, 341

Wall, John, fever of 1741, 83,
epidemic sore-throat of 1748, 701-2,
relation of same to murrain, 736 _note_

Wall, Martin, Oxford typhus in 1785, 153

Walpole, Horace, on middle-class comfort, 60,
suffers from nervous fever, 71 _note_,
influenza of 1743, 350,
horse-cold of 1760, 355,
deaths by sore-throat in 1760, 703

=War typhus= at Chester in 1716, 60,
at Feckenheim in 1743, 108,
in 1746, 109,
at Paderborn in 1761, 110,
from Peninsular War, 166

Ward, T. Ogier, Wolverhampton cholera, 825

Ware, inoculation after an epidemic, 511

Warren, Dr, of Boston, two forms of influenza in successive seasons, 398
_note_

Warren, H., scarlatina anginosa in Barbados 1736, 684

Warrington, fevers at in 1773, 148,
smallpox in 1773, 537, 553,
comparison of with Chester as regards infant mortality, 551-5,
cholera of 1832, 829 _note_

=Water= from reservoirs, a source of enteric fever, 220 _note_, 221, and
_note_, 222 _note_,
a source of cholera, 832, 848,
at Newcastle in 1853, 550,
in London, 853, 859

=Water= from wells, a source of enteric fever, 219 _note_,
source of dysentery, 791,
source of cholera, 848,
the Broad St pump, 854,
Theydon Bois, 857

=Water= in the subsoil, relation to enteric fever, 217, 221,
Arbuthnot on its relation to influenza, 403-4, 408,
relation to scarlatina years or season, 731,
to diphtheria at Maidstone, 744,
to cholera at Bilston, 824, 830,
to cholera in east of London 1866, 859,
to cholera in the endemic area of Bengal, 861

Waterford, fever hospital founded in 1799, 249,
statistics of fever 1817-19, 266

Watson, Sir Thomas, epidemic fever of 1837-39 all typhus, 194,
“threw the agy off his stomach,” 318 _note_,
cause of intestinal irritation in scarlatina, 697 _note_,
rarity of dysentery, 790

Watson, Sir William, peeling of skin after influenza, 351,
inoculation trials at the Foundling, 500, 503,
smallpox in the Foundling, 514, 550,
putrid measles in same, 705,
dysentery in 1762, 779

Watt, Robert, Glasgow vital statistics, 539, 569, 654,
vaccination no direct effect on measles fatality, 583,
decline of smallpox, 597,
its place taken by measles, 629, 653-8,
statistics of whooping-cough, 675,
meaning of “bowel-hive,” 758 _note_

Watts, Giles, mildness of Sutton’s inoculation, 499

Webster, Noah, his theory of influenza, 405-7,
influenza of 1781 in America, 410,
influenza at sea, 428,
fatality of measles, 645,
insanitary state of American towns, 685,
angina of cats in Philadelphia &c., 719 _note_

West, Charles, nature of infantile remittent fever, 5,
exanthematic typhus, 189,
no enteric cases in 1837-8, 194

West Ham, diphtheria, 742

Wharekauri, strangers’ cold, 432

Whitaker, Tobias, smallpox more fatal after the Restoration, 439,
blooding in smallpox, 447,
prevention of pock-pits, 456

White, J., fevers in the navy 17th cent., 104

White, William, public health of York improves, 63

Whitehaven, gaol and ship fever, 114,
fevers, 152, 156,
few children die of them, 571,
fatality of smallpox, 538, 547,
vaccination supersedes inoculation, 582, 586,
cholera in 1832, 829

Whitmore, H., influenzas and agues of 1658-9, 313, 362,
opposes blooding in influenza, 381 _note_

=Whooping-cough= called “the kink” in medieval book, 666,
little regarded till 18th cent., 668,
apparent increase of London deaths, 669,
nosologically recognized in Sweden, 670,
various British statistics 18th cent., 670,
recent statistics, 671,
probable cause of higher fatality in females, 672,
now heads list of its class, 673,
as a sequel of other diseases, 674,
its pathology, 676,
partly contagious by mimicry, 677

Whytt, Robert, influenza of 1758, 353,
smallpox fatal in 1758, 547

Wick, cholera of 1832, 815

Wilde, Sir W. R., census of Ireland after the famine, 292

Willan, Robert, London typhus in 1796-99, 139,
agues, 373,
measles, 648,
18th cent. throat distempers all scarlatinal, 679, 737,
the Foundling epidemic of 1763, 705,
scarlatina of 1786, 713,
of 1796-1801, 719,
uncertainty of scarlatinal contagion, 733,
dysentery in 1800, 785

Williams, Robert, on 17th cent. agues and dysenteries in London, 304
_note_,
electrical theory of influenza, 406 _note_

Willis, Thomas, epidemic fever of 1661, 4-7,
cases and postmortem of, 6,
scale of malignity in fevers, 16,
epidemic agues of 1657-58, 314,
refers to bark in 1660, 320,
smallpox at Oxford in 1649 and 1654, 437,
less danger from smallpox in childhood, 441,
opinion on Duke of York’s children, 451,
whooping-cough left to nurses, 667,
convulsions, 749,
cholera nostras of 1670, 772,
symptoms of dysentery, 776

Wilson, Andrew, bilious colic, 771 _note_,
Newcastle dysentery, 780

=Window-tax=, effects of on health, 88,
history of, 88

Wintringham, Clifton, typhus in Yorkshire in 1718, 63,
nervous fevers, 72, 73,
agues, 341,
influenza of 1729, 345,
measles, 642,
angina and miliary fever, 683

Withering, William, describes scarlatina anginosa in 1778, 710-12

Witney, fever in 1818, 170

Wolverhampton, cholera in 1832, 825,
in 1849, 845

Woodward, John, treatment of smallpox, 449

Woodville, William, history of the Inoculation Hospital, 505,
value of inoculation, 516,
recent vaccination does not keep off smallpox, 565

Worcester, gaol typhus, 153,
epidemic sore-throat, 701,
infantile diarrhoea, 765-6

=Workhouses= fever in English, 47, 79, 126, 137, 154, 168;
established in Ireland, 267,
fever in, 286, 289, 293

Wordsworth, William, distress of 1794, 156

=Worm fever=, 7, 75, 111, 247

Worthing, enteric fever in 1893, 220

=Yellow fever= in the navy, 17th cent., 102

York, improved public health 18th cent., 63

Youghal, cholera in 1837, 835 _note_

Young, Arthur, prices and wages in 1801, 159,
potatoes in Ireland, 252,
potatoes as the English staple food, 284,
Warrington industry, 551

Ystradyfodwg, enteric fever, 220

Cambridge:
PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS,
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] James Lind, M.D., _Two Papers on Fevers and Infection_. Lond. 1763, p. 79.

[2] _Observations on Fevers and Febrifuges._ Made English from the French of M. Spon. London, 1682.

[3] James Hutchinson, M.D., _De Mutatione Febrium e tempore Sydenhami, etc._ Edin. 1782. Thesis.

[4] _Observationes Medicae_, 3rd ed. 1676, I. 2. § 23. English by R. G. Latham, M.D.

[5] Reports of Whitehaven Dispensary (Dixon) and of Nottingham General Hospital (Clarke), cited in the sequel.

[6] Rilliet, _De la Fièvre Typhoïde chez les Enfants_, Thèse, Paris, _2 Janv. 1840_, based on 61 cases; West, _Diseases of Infancy and Childhood_, 3rd ed. Lond. 1854.

[7] “Febris epidemicae cerebro et nervoso generi potissimum infestae, anno 1661 increbescentis descriptio,” in _Pathologia Cerebri_, Cap. VIII, “De Spasmis universalibus qui in febribus malignis” etc., Eng. transl. p. 51.

[8] “Itaque ventrem inferiorem primo aperiens, viscera omnia in eo contenta satis sana et sarte tecta inveni”--the small intestine being telescoped in several places.

[9] Elsewhere he says the first case of the series was “circa solstitium hyemale anno 1655.”

[10] _De Febribus_, chapter “De febribus pestilentibus.”

[11] _Treatise on the Infantile Remittent Fever._ London, 1782.

[12] _Pyretologia_, 2 vols. Lond. 1692-94, i. 68, at the end of “Synopsis Febrium”:--“Febris verminosa, quae nulli e specibus memoratis praecisé determinari potest.”

[13] Häser gives a reference to an essay in which Willis’s fever of 1661 is compared to enteric fever: C. M. W. Rietschel, _Epidemia anni 1661 a Willisio et febris nervosa lenta ab Huxhamio descriptae, etc. cum typho abdominali nostro tempore obvio comparantur_. Lips. 1861. Not having found this essay, I cannot say on what grounds the comparison is made.

[14] _Lives of the Norths._ New ed. by Jessopp. 3 vols. 1890, iii. 8, 21.

[15] _Diary of John Evelyn, Esq., F.R.S., 1641-1706_, under the date of 18 Sept.

[16] _Diary of Samuel Pepys, Esq., F.R.S., 1659-69._

[17] An analysis of the four Hippocratic constitutions, with modern illustrative cases, is given by Alfred Haviland, _Climate, Weather, and Disease_. London, 1855.

[18] _Epist. I. Respons._ § 57. Greenhill’s ed. p. 298.

[19] Tillison to Sancroft, 14 Sept. 1665. Cited in former volume, p. 677: “One week full of spots and tokens, and perhaps the succeeding bill none at all.”

[20] H. Clutterbuck, M.D., _Obs. on the Epidemic Fevers prevailing in the Metropolis_. Lond. 1819, pp. 58-60.

[21] Horace Walpole’s _Letters_ give two instances: he himself had never set foot in Southwark; a small tradesman in the City had never heard of Sir Robert Walpole.

[22] _Transactions of the College of Physicians_, iii. 366.

[23] Willis, Op. ed. 1682, Amstelod. p. 110. “De febribus pestilentibus”: “Etenim vulgo notum est febres interdum populariter regnare, quae pro symptomatum vehementia, summa aegrorum strage, et magna vi contagii, pestilentiae vix cedant; quae tamen, quia putridarum typos innotantur, nec adeo certo affectos interemunt aut alios inficiunt haud _pestis_ sed diminutiori appellatione _febris pestilens_ nomen merentur. Praeter has dantur alterius generis febres, quarum et pernicies et contagium se remissius habent, quia tamen supra putridarum vires infestae sunt, et in se aliquatenus τὸ θεῖον Hippocratis continere videntur, tenuiori adhuc vocabulo _febres malignae_ appellantur.”

The war-typhus of 1643, which was sometimes bubonic, and was succeeded by plague in 1644, is given as an example of _febris pestilens_; the epidemic of 1661 as an example of _maligna_.

[24] _Pyretologia_, i. 68.

[25] C. L. Morley, _De morbo epidemico, in 1678-9, narratio_. Lond. 1680.

[26] Guido Fanois, _De morbo epidemico hactenus inaudito, praeterita aestate anni 1669 Lugduni Batavorum vicinisque locis grassante_. Lugd. Bat. 1671.

[27] Brownrigg cites the Leyden epidemic of 1669, which he calls an intermitting fever, as an instance of the effects of changes in the ground water; it was “powerfully aggravated by the mixture of salt water with the stagnant water of the canals and ditches. This fever happened in the month of August, 1669, and continued to the end of January, 1670.” “Observations on the Means of Preventing Epidemic Fevers.” Printed in the _Literary Life of W. Brownrigg, M.D., F.R.S._ By Joshua Dixon, Whitehaven, 1801.

[28] _Obs. Med._ 3rd ed., v. 2.

[29] _Epist. I. Respons._ §§ 56, 57.

[30] _Pyretologie_, i. 429.

[31] John Lamport _alias_ Lampard, _A direct Method of ordering and curing People of that loathsome disease the Smallpox_. Lond. 1685, p. 28.

[32] _Hist. MSS. Com._ v. 186. Duke of Sutherland’s historical papers.

[33] _Schedula Monitoria I._ “De novae febris ingressu.” §§ 2, 3.

[34] _Ibid._ § 46.

[35] In the Belvoir Letters (_Hist. MSS. Com. Calendar_) Charles Bertie writes from London to the Countess of Rutland, 26 January, 1685, that “many are sick of pestilential fevers.” Evelyn says that the winter of 1685-6 was extraordinarily wet and mild, but does not mention sickness until June, 1686, when the weather was hot and the camp at Hounslow Heath was broken up owing to sickness.

[36] Evelyn’s _Diary_, which gives other particulars, including a description of the ice-carnival on the Thames.

[37] Thomas Short, M.D. of Sheffield, _New Observations on City, Town and Country Bills of Mortality_. London, 1750.

[38] Freind (_Nine Commentaries upon Fever, &c._, engl. by Dale, Lond. 1730, p. 4) has the following general criticism upon Sydenham’s varying constitutions of fevers: “I believe also I may truly affirm that those very fevers which Sydenham explains as distinct species, according to the various temperature of the seasons, do not differ much from one another. For, if perhaps you should except the _Petechiae_, they differ rather in degree than in kind. There hardly ever appeared a fever in any season where the signs so constantly answered one another, that those which you found collected in one person should unite after the same manner in another; however upon this account you would not deny their labouring under the same distemper.”

[39] _Tractatus de Podagra_, § 35. Greenhill’s edition, p. 428.

[40] _Chronicle of Perth_ (Maitland Club) under date 14 Oct. 1621.

[41] Thorold Rogers, _Hist. of Agric. and Prices_, sub anno.

[42] _Extracts from Kirk Session Records._ Spalding Club, 1846.

[43] _Chronicle of Perth._

[44] _History of the Burgh of Dumfries._ By W. MacDowall. 2nd ed. Edin. 1873, p. 381.

[45] _Court and Times of James I._, ii. 331.

[46] _Ibid._, under date 25 Oct. 1423.

[47] _Ibid._, ii. 439.

[48] _Cal. Coke MSS._ (Hist. MSS. Com.) i. 158.

[49] _C. and T. James I._, ii. 469.

[50] Mayerne, _Opera Medica_, Lond. 1700.

[51] _Ibid._, ii. 473.

[52] Janus Chunradus Rhumelius, _Historia morbi, qui etc._ Norimb. 1625.

[53] W. D. Cooper, _Archæologia_, XXXVII. (1857) p. 1. I had overlooked this important paper on English plagues in my former volume. The chief additional facts that it contains are the very severe plague at Cambridge in the summer of 1666, the deaths of 417 by plague at Peterborough in 1666, and of 8 more in the first quarter of 1667, and the slightness of the Nottingham outbreak, which was in August, 1666 (p. 22).

[54] _London Gazette_, 17-21 June, 1675, repeated in the number for 28 June-1 July.

[55] Brand, _Hist. of Newcastle_, II. 509. Report contradicted on 18 Dec.

[56] “The habitations of the poor within or adjoining to the City,” says Willan, “have suffered greatly; and some, I am informed, have been almost depopulated, the infection having extended to every inmate. The rumour of a plague was totally devoid of foundation.”

[57] Rudder, _A New History of Gloucestershire_, 1779, P. 737.

[58] Spelman, _De Sepultura_. English ed. 1641, p. 28. He cites the burial fees paid to the parson as twice as much for coffined as for uncoffined corpses. This agrees on the whole with the evidence adduced in the former volume of this history, p. 335.

[59] 18 and 19 Car. II. cap. 4; 30 Car. II. (1), cap. 3. These Acts were repealed by 54 Geo. III., cap. 108.

[60] _History of England_, I. 359.

[61] He has one or two relevant remarks: “But while we suppose common worms in graves, ’tis not easy to find any there; few in churchyards above a foot deep, fewer or none in churches, though in fresh-decayed bodies. Teeth, bones, and hair give the most lasting defiance to corruption. In an hydropsical body, ten years buried in the churchyard, we met with a fat concretion [adipocere] where the nitre of the earth and the salt and lixivious liquor of the body had coagulated large lumps of fat into the consistence of the hardest Castille soap, whereof part remaineth with us. The body of the Marquis of Dorset seemed sound and handsomely cereclothed, that after seventy-eight years was found uncorrupted. Common tombs preserve not beyond powder: a firmer consistence and compage of parts might be expected from arefaction, deep burial, or charcoal.”

[62] One may allege poverty on general grounds, as well as on particular. Thus, in 1636, the mayor was unpopular: “He was a stout man and had not the love of the commons. He was cruel, and not pitying the poor, he caused many dunghills to be carried away; but the cost was on the poor--it being so hard times might well have been spared.” Ormerod, I. 203.

[63] Printed plague-bill, with MS. additions, Harl. MS. 1929.

[64] Haygarth, _Phil. Trans._, LXVIII. 139.

[65] Cotton Mather’s _Magnalia_. Ed. of 1853, I. 227.

[66] _History of England &c._, IV. 707. Evelyn (_Diary, 21 May, 1696_) says the city was “very healthy,” although the summer was exceeding rainy, cold and unseasonable.

[67] Thomas Dover, M.B., _The Ancient Physician’s Legacy_. London, 1732, p. 98.

[68] Broadsheet in the British Museum Library.

[69] Tooke, _Hist. of Prices_, Introd.

[70] _Scotia Illustrata._ Edin. 1684. Lib. II. p. 52.

[71] Fynes Morryson, _Itinerary_, 1614. Pt. III. p. 156.

[72] Edinburgh, 1691, p. 67.

[73] _The Epilogue to the Five Papers, etc._ Edin. 1699, p. 22. This title refers to a controversy on the use of antimonial emetics in fevers. See Dr John Brown’s essay on Dr Andrew Brown, in his _Locke and Sydenham_, new ed. Edinb., 1866.

[74] He adds that “the fever has several times before been in my family and among my servants and children.” In mentioning the case of the Master of Forbes in August, 1691, whom he cured, he remarks that “the malicious said he was under no fever”; to disprove which Dr Brown refers to the symptoms of frequent pulse, watching and raving, continual vomiting, frequent fainting, and extreme weakness.

[75] Andrew Fletcher, _Two Discourses_. 1699.

[76] The English Government took off the Customs duty upon victual imported from England to Scotland, and placed a bounty of 20_d._ per boll upon it.

[77] Patrick Walker, _Some Remarkable Passages in the Life and Death of Mr Daniel Cargill, &c._ Edinb. 1732. (Reprinted in _Biographia Presbyteriana_. Edinb. 1827, II. 25.)

[78] Sir John Sinclair’s _Statistical Account of Scotland_. 1st ed. III. 62.

[79] _Ibid._ II. 544.

[80] _Ibid._ VI. 122.

[81] In the remote parish of Kilmuir, Skye, the famine is referred to the year 1688, “when the poor actually perished on the highways for want of aliment.” (_Ibid._ II. 551.) In Duthil and Rothimurchus, Invernessshire, the famine is referred to 1680, “as nearly as can be recollected:” “A famine in this and the neighbouring counties, of the most fatal consequence. The poorer sort of people frequented the churchyard to pull a mess of nettles, and frequently struggled about the prey, being the earliest spring greens.... So many families perished from want that for six miles in a well-inhabited extent, within the year there was not a smoke remaining.” (_Ibid._ IV. 316.) In the Kirk session records of the parish of Kiltearn, Rossshire, which I have seen in MS., there are various entries in the year 1697 relating to badges of lead to be worn by those licensed to beg from door to door: on 12 April, 34 such persons are named, and on 19 April, Robert Douglas was reimbursed for the cost of 35 badges. On 2 Aug., the number of poor who were to receive each from the heritors ten shillings Scots reads like “nighentie foure.”

[82] John Freind, M.D., _Nine Commentaries on Fevers_, transl. by T. Dale. London, 1730.

[83] _Cal. Coke MSS._ II. 405.

[84] Joannes Turner, _De Febre Britannica Anni 1712._ Lond. 1713, p. 3. “Vere proximè elapso, per Gallias passim ingravescere coeperunt febres mali moris in nobiles domos, et regiam praecipue infestae; quò Ludovicum Magnum ipsa infortunia ostenderent Majorem, et patientia Christianissima Maximum.”

[85] From London, on 25 February, 1701, we hear of the illness from a violent fever of Mr Brotherton, at his house in Chancery Lane; he was member for Newton, and Mr Coke was advised to look after his seat. A letter of 18 April, 1701, from Chilcote, in Derbyshire, says that it has been a sickly time in these parts and that a certain lady and her daughter were both dead and to be buried the same day. In the same correspondence, cases of fever in London are mentioned on 18 June and 4 December the same year (1701). _Cal. Coke MSS._ II. 421, 424, 429, 441.

[86] _Tractatus Duplex._ Lond. 1710. Engl. transl. 1737, p. 253.

[87] W. Butter, M.D., _A Treatise on the Infantile Remittent Fever_. Lond. 1782.

[88] Philip Guide, M.D., _A Kind Warning to a Multitude of Patients daily afflicted with different sorts of Fevers_. Lond. 1710.

[89] One death from “malignant fever,” two from scarlet fever.

[90] Hunter’s _Hallamshire_, ed. Gatty.

[91] Brand, _Hist. of Newcastle_, II. 308. Swift writes to Stella on 8 December, 1710: “We are terribly afraid of the plague; they say it is at Newcastle. I begged Mr Harley [the Lord President] for the love of God to take some care about it, or we are all ruined. There have been orders for all ships from the Baltic to pass their quarantine before they land; but they neglect it. You remember I have been afraid these two years.” The orders referred to were probably the Order of Council of 9 Nov. 1710. Parliament met on the 25th Nov. and passed the first Quarantine Act (9 Anne, cap. II.). Swift had a good deal to say with Ministers on many subjects, and it is not impossible, however absurd, that his had been the first suggestion to Harley of a quarantine law. I had purposed including a history of quarantine in Britain, but can find no convenient context for it. I shall therefore refer the reader to the historical sketch which I have appended to the Article “Quarantine” in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 9th ed.

[92] _Essay on Epidemic Diseases._ Dublin, 1734, p. 34.

[93] Dr Guide, a Frenchman, who had been in practice in London for many years, says in his _Kind Warning to a Multitude of Patients daily afflicted with different sorts of Fevers_ (1710) “the British physicians and surgeons are lately fallen into an unhappy and terrible confusion and mixture of honest and fraudulent pretenders.” Another writer of 1710, Dr Lynn, quoted in the chapter on Smallpox, implies that physicians were taking an unusually cynical view of their business. The most interesting essay of the time on fevers is by J. White, M.D. (_De recta Sanguinis Missione &c._ Lond. 1712), a Scot who had been in the Navy and afterwards in practice at Lisbon; but it throws no light upon the London fevers.

[94] Elizabeth, Lady Otway, to Benj. Browne, Dec. 1st and 15th, 1715, and Feb. 16, 1716. _Hist. MSS. Com._ X. pt. 4, p. 352; Hemingway’s _Hist. of Chester_, II. 244.

[95] _Letters_, ed. Cunningham, I. 72.

[96] Lecky, _History of England in the Eighteenth Century_, VI. 204:--“All the evidence we possess concurs in showing that during the first three-quarters of the century the position of the poorer agricultural classes in England was singularly favourable. The price of wheat was both low and steady. Wages, if they advanced slowly, appear to have commanded an increased proportion of the necessaries of life, and there were all the signs of growing material well-being. It was noticed that wheat bread, and that made of the finest flour, which at the beginning of the period had been confined to the upper and middle classes, had become before the close of it over the greater part of England the universal food, and that the consumption of cheese and butter in proportion to the population in many districts almost trebled. Beef and mutton were eaten almost daily in villages.”

[97] _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, pp. 398-415.

[98] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, 1766.

[99] Short.

[100] Clifton Wintringham, M.D., _Commentarium nosologicum, morbos epidemicos et aeris variationes in urbe Eboracensi locisque vicinis ab anno 1715 usque ad finem anni 1725 grassantes, complectens_. Londini, 1727.

[101] W. White, M.D., _Phil. Trans._ LXXII. (1782), p. 35. The annual deaths under the old _régime_ exceeded by a good deal the annual births: in the seven years 1728-35, according to the figures from the parish registers in Drake’s _Eboracum_, the burials from all causes were 3488, and the baptisms 2803, an annual excess of 98 deaths over the births in an estimated population of 10,800 (birth-rate 37 per 1000, death-rate 46 per 1000). But in the seven years, 1770-76, the balance was the other way: the population had increased by two thousand (to 12,800), and the births were on an average 20 in the year more than the deaths (474 births, 454 deaths), the birth-rate being still 37 per 1000, and the death-rate fallen to 35 per 1000. But the correctness of these rates depends on the population being exactly given.

[102] “There has been very great mobbing by the weavers of this town, as they pretend, because they are starved for want of trade; and they pull the calico cloaths off women’s backs wherever they see them. The Trainbands have been up since last Friday, and they were forced to fire at the mobb in Moor Fields before they would disperse, and four or five were shott and as many wounded.” (Benjamin Browne to his father, 16 June, 1719: Mr Browne’s MSS. _Hist. MSS. Com._ X. pt. 4, p. 351.) The calicoes which the London weavers tore from the backs of women were doubtless the Indian fabrics brought home by the ships of the East India Company. These imports were so injurious to home manufactures that an Act had been passed in 1700 prohibiting (with some exceptions) the use in England of printed or dyed calicoes or any other printed or dyed cotton goods. This prohibition was re-enacted in 1721, two years after the rioting at Moorfields. (7 Geo. I. cap. 7). Blomefield (_Hist. of Norfolk_, III. 437) says that at Norwich also there was tearing of calicoes, “as pernicious to the trade” of that city. On the 20th of September, 1720, a great riot arose there, the rabble cutting several gowns in pieces on women’s backs, entering shops to seize all calicoes found there, beating the constables, and opposing the sheriff’s power to such a degree that the company of artillery had to be called out.

[103] Ambrose Warren to Sir P. Gell, 16 Sept. 1718, _Hist. MSS. Com._ IX. pt. 2, p. 400 _b_.

[104] The sudden rise was due to influenza; but the fever mortality was high for weeks before and after.

[105] John Arbuthnot, M.D., _Essay concerning the Effects of Air on Human Bodies_. Lond. 1733, p. 187.

[106] Edward Strother, M.D., _Practical Observations on the Epidemical Fever which hath reigned so violently these two years past and still rages at the present time, with some incidental remarks shewing wherein this fatal Distemper differs from Common fevers; and more particularly why the Bark has so often failed: and methods prescribed to render its use more effectual. In which is contained a very remarkable History of a Spotted Fever._ London, 1729. This book was written before the influenza of the end of 1729. At p. 126 the author was writing on the 24th of May, 1728. The preface is undated.

[107] Bernard de Mandeville, M.D., _A Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysteric Diseases_, 3rd ed. 1730, 1st ed. 1711. It contains nothing about the “little fever.”

[108] Richard Blackmore, M.D., _A Discourse upon the Plague, with a prefatory account of Malignant Fever_. London, 1721, p. 17.

[109] W. Cockburn, M.D., _Danger of improving Physick, with a brief account of the present Epidemick Fever_. London, 1730.

[110] I am the more persuaded of the identity with relapsing fever of much that was called remittent in Britain, and even intermittent, after reading the highly original treatise by R. T. Lyons on _Relapsing or Famine Fever_, London, 1872, relating to the epidemics of it in India.

[111] Huxham, _On Fevers_, chap. VIII.

[112] Murchison, _Continued Fevers of Great Britain_, 2nd ed. Lond. 1873, p. 423.

[113] Sir Richard Manningham, Kt., M.D. _Febricula or Little Fever, commonly called the Nervous or Hysteric Fever, the Fever on the Spirits, Vapours, Hypo, or Spleen_. 1746.

[114] It is clear that the nervous fever established itself as a distinct type in England in the earlier part of the 18th century, both in medical opinion and in common acceptation: thus Horace Walpole, writing from Arlington Street on 28 January, 1760, says: “I have had a nervous fever these six or seven weeks every night, and have taken bark enough to have made a rind for Daphne: nay, have even stayed at home two days.” _Letters of Horace Walpole_, ed. Cunningham, iii. 281.

[115] _Commentar. Nosol._ u. s.

[116] William Hillary, M.D., “An Account of the principal variations of the Weather and the concomitant Epidemical Diseases from 1726 to 1734 at Ripon.” App. to _Essay on the Smallpox_, Lond. 1740.

[117] Brand, _History of Newcastle_, ii. 517, says that the magistrates of that town made a collection for the relief of poor housekeepers in the remarkably severe winter of 1728-29, the sum raised being £362. 18_s._

[118] Tooke, _History of Prices from 1793 to 1837_. Introd. chap. p. 40.

[119] _Ancient Physician’s Legacy._ Lond. 1733, p. 144.

[120] “In the year 1727,” says Hillary, “I ordered several persons to lose 120 to 140 ounces of blood at several times in these inflammatory distempers, with great relief and success; whereas, in this winter [1728] I met with few, and even the strong and robust, who could bear the loss of above 40 or 50 ounces of blood, at three or four times; but, in general, most of the sick could not bear bleeding oftener than twice, and then not to exceed 30 or 34 oz. at most, at two or three times; and especially those who had been afflicted with, and debilitated by, the intermitting fever in the autumn before,--these could not bear blooding oftener than once, or twice at most, and in very small quantities too, though the acuteness of the pain, and the other symptoms in all, seemed at first to indicate much larger evacuations that way; but the first bleeding often sunk the pulse and strength of the patient so much that I durst not repeat it more than once, and in some not at all.” Hillary, u. s. p. 26.

[121] _Edin. Med. Essays and Obs._ I-VI. This annual publication was the original of the _Transactions_ of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

[122] _Ibid._ I. 40; II. 27; II. 287 (St Clair’s case); IV.

[123] Huxham, _De aere et morbis_.

[124] Ebenezer Gilchrist, M.D., “Essay on Nervous Fevers.” _Edin. Med. Essays and Obs._ IV. 347, and VI. (or V. pt. 2), p. 505.

[125] _Ibid._ V. pt. 1, p. 30.

[126] _Obs. de aere et morbis_; also his essay _On Fevers_.

[127] Hillary, App. to _Smallpox_, 1740, pp. 57, 66.

[128] Mr Lecky (_History of England in the 18th Century_), II., says that the famine and fever of 1740-41, which he describes as an important event in the history of Ireland, “hardly excited any attention in England.” It was severely felt, however, in England; and if it excited hardly any attention, that must have been because there were so many superior interests which were more engrossing than the state of the poor.

[129] _Gent. Magaz._ X. (1740), 32, 35. Blomefield, for Norwich, says that many there would have perished in the winter of 1739-40 but for help from their richer neighbours.

[130] W. Allen, _Landholder’s Companion_, 1734. Cited by Tooke.

[131] _An Inquiry into the Nature, Cause and Cure of the present Epidemic Fever ... with the difference betwixt Nervous and Inflammatory Fevers, and the Method of treating each_, 1742, p. 54.

[132] John Altree, _Gent. Magaz._ Dec. 1741, p. 655.

[133] White, _ibid._ 1742, p. 43.