Chapter XIII: Miscellany

There are many traditions relating to the county, some of which are worth preserving; others are only the result of some fertile brain which first invented the tale and then told it as a tradition. Several of Roby's "Traditions of Lancashire" are of this class; others are of considerable antiquity and of historic interest.

Scattered all over Lancashire are the remains or traces of roadside crosses, which at one period must have been very numerous, many of them being of great antiquity. At Burnley, near to the church, is one of these, which is of undoubted Saxon origin; it is known as Godly Cross, and associated with it is a tradition to the effect that long before the church was built religious rites were celebrated on the spot indicated by the cross, and that Paulinus baptized his converts in the waters of the Brun, which flows close by. The legend further asserts that upon an attempt being made to build an oratory on an adjacent site, the stones were nightly removed by supernatural agents, in the form of pigs, to the place where ultimately the church was erected. Similar traditions as to the removal of foundation-stones obtain as to the parish churches of Winwick, Rochdale, and one or two others. Very few parishes in Lancashire are without some trace (if only in a name) of these ancient crosses. The following furnishes a good example of the use to which these relics of a past age were applied as late as 1624. John Stirzaker and others, on July 25 in this year, confessed to the Bishop of Chester that they had been present and assisted in carrying the corpse of Thomas Bell of Garstang to the parish church there, and that they were in the company and consented "to the settinge downe of the said corse att crosses and yielding obeysance to the same superstitious manner as they went alonge, and that they carryed, or agreed thereto, the sayd corps by the church porche, and afterwards it was buryed without the mynister's ayd or any prayers made at the buryall thereof." The Bishop's sentence was that the offending parties should acknowledge their faults "in their accustomed apparel on the Sundaie next, being att Morning Prayer tyme," and also be prepared to receive the Holy Communion before the Feast of St. Michael, or in default they were to be excommunicated.

In this same parish of Garstang there still exists near Cross House the socket of one of these crosses, about which a curious bit of folklore obtains, to the effect that any persons troubled with warts or similar excrescences would get instant relief by washing their hands in the water from time to time collected in the hollow place where the base of the upright shaft once stood.

In the town of Wigan is a portion of a very ancient stone cross, known as Mab's Cross. The origin of the cross itself is unknown, but its name is derived from a family tradition connected with the Bradshaigh family, one of whom, Sir William Bradshaigh, in the time of Edward II., having been absent from home for ten years, on his return found that his wife Mabel (daughter of Hugh Norres of Haghe) had married a Welsh knight, who, on hearing of the first husband's return, took to flight, but was overtaken and slain by Sir William. For her unfaithfulness, Mabel was enjoined by her spiritual adviser to walk barefooted and barelegged once every week to the cross at Wigan, and there to do penance.

The most interesting monument in Wigan Church is the tomb of Sir William and Lady Mabel Bradshaigh.

In a county where there are so many ancient private houses, the successive owners of which led not unadventurous lives, it is no wonder that there are not wanting those old legends which add a charm and an interest to the remaining vestiges of what were once the family mansions of the oldest settlers in the county. Of these traditions a selection only can be taken.[235] At Kersall Hall, near Manchester (see p. 209), Peverill, the last Saxon owner, is said to have been slain whilst defending his ancestral home against the Norman intruder, who forthwith caused his dead body to be cast into the Irwell, and having taken possession, he retired for the night. But before the dawn he was called to account by ghostly visitors, and was found dead next morning on the threshold of the hall, and on his brow was written in blood a warning that all future intruders would meet with a similar fate, which threat the legend records was carried out against a succession of occupiers of the old dwelling-place. Not far from Bolton is a small farmhouse called Timberbottoms, which is also known as the Skull House, in consequence of the tradition that the taking away of two human skulls which had for generations been kept there would bring bad luck to the inhabitants; the tale goes that many times and oft had these relics been buried at Bradshaw Chapel, but they had always found their way back to their old quarters.[236] The dragon often figures as the hero of legendary lore, and associated with particular localities. The dragon of Rusworth is the only legend of the kind referring to Lancashire. At Rusworth is a house at one time owned by the Rusworths, one of whom in the remote past is supposed to have slain the beast which was devastating the district. In the house are several old oak carvings illustrating the event. In connection with Townley Hall, near Burnley, the spirit of some former owner, who demands a life every seven years, was supposed to wander about the demesne crying:

"Lay out, lay out
Horelaw and Hollinhey Clough."

The late Mr. Harland, in his "Lancashire Legends," quotes this as a singular instance how these old tales frequently have some foundation; for in 1604 James I. granted by letters patent to Charles, Lord Mountjoy, the Earl of Devon, for services rendered in the time of Queen Elizabeth, _inter alia_, "all that parcel of land called Horelaw Pasture, abutting on Hollinghey, part of the Duchy of Lancaster, and formerly inclosed by John Townley." Here was evidently the source of the legend. Townley had without authority inclosed the land, and on the King reclaiming it, an imaginary grievance was created.

Turton Tower had its ghostly visitant--a lady in white, who passed from room to room in rustling silken dress. Samlesbury Hall had a similar apparition, which was accounted for by the reputed murder of the lover of one of the daughters of the house. Osbaldeston Hall (like Holyrood) has in one of its rooms traces of blood which cannot be washed out; the story told is that at a large family feast a quarrel arose, which by the interference of friends was apparently made up, but later in the evening Thomas Osbaldeston met his brother-in-law in this particular room, and at once drew his sword and murdered him in cold blood. For this he was outlawed, and ever since the place has been haunted by the ghost of the victim, who walks through the silent rooms with uplifted hands and blood-stained clothes. How many of these old superstitions arose cannot ever be explained, but there is scarcely an old hall in the county but has associated with it a "ghost story." In Lancashire still linger many very ancient bits of folklore and superstitious beliefs, but a large proportion of these are not peculiar to the county, but are also common in Yorkshire and other Northern parts of the country. Some are, however, purely local, and are worth a passing note. In Ashton-under-Lyne is an annual festival known as the _Gyst-ale_ or _Guisings_, at which is performed the ceremony of "riding the black lad," which is said to have had its origin from a grant made to Rauf and Robyn Assheton in 1422.

The custom is still observed in a modified form. An effigy of a man in armour is fixed on horseback, and led through the streets, after which it is dismounted and made to supply the place of a shooting butt, at which all kinds of firearms are discharged.

Rushbearings have already been referred to (see p. 123). They have now practically become a thing of the past; the people who formerly remained at home to celebrate these old rites now go away by the numerous cheap trips which mark the dates when the fairs were held.

Most of the old grammar schools had several customs, strictly observed by many generations of scholars--_inter alia_, barring out (Burnley Grammar School), which consisted in an assumed right for the boys at the end of each term to exclude the masters from the school, on which occasion a tallow candle was used to illuminate each pane of glass in the windows. Cock-penny was an annual present claimed by the head-master from each boy; this was probably intended as a payment for the game-cocks which in former years were provided. One of the statutes of the Manchester Grammar School, made about 1525, appears to have been especially designed to put a stop to this custom; it runs: "He" (the master) "shall teach freely and indifferently[237] every child and scholar coming to the same school, without any money or other reward taking therefor, as cock-penny, victor-penny, etc." Another clause provides that the scholars shall "use no cock-fights nor other unlawful games, and riding about for victors, etc."

The payment of the cock-penny was continued in some places until a few years ago.

At funerals many old customs not common in other parts of the country were here observed, and, indeed, have not yet quite died out.

The promiscuous giving of the penny manchet (often provided for by will) was almost universal amongst the richer classes; but the gift to each person who was "bidden" to the funeral, of a cake called the "arval cake," was not quite so common.

These cakes were generally given with ale, provided at the nearest public-house. In the neighbourhood of Burnley guests attending a funeral are met at the door by an attendant, who offers spiced ale (or other liquor) from a silver tankard. In some districts, those who went round to invite the guests to the funeral presented each of them with a sprig of rosemary; this inviting was sometimes called "lathing." At Poulton-le-Fylde, at the beginning of this century, the older families always buried their dead at night by torchlight, when every householder in the streets through which the cortège passed placed a lighted candle in his window. In the seventeenth century a singular privilege was given to women dying in childbed, their bodies being allowed interment within the church without the usual fee.[238]

The peculiar rites appertaining to All Hallows' Eve (October 31) are well known; but in the Fylde district it was celebrated by the lighting of bonfires, and it was locally known as Teanlay, or Teanley, night. Pace-egging in the same district is called "ignagning."

In Rochdale, Good Friday, some fifty years ago, was called "Cracknel Friday," as on this day people regaled themselves with small thin cakes called cracknels. St. Gregory's Day (March 12) in the northern parts of the county is characterized as _the_ day on which onion seed must be sown, or no crop will be yielded. Lancashire is rich in this kind of folk-lore.

Bury simnels are now known all over the country; they are a kind of cake, which derives its name from having originally been made from the finest part of flour, which in mediæval times was called "siminellus." They are used on Mid-Lent or Mothering Sunday. This day in other parts of Lancashire is called Bragot or Bragget Sunday, and on it a peculiar drink known as bragot was used; it consisted of spiced ale, which was always taken hot.

Did space permit, this chapter might well be extended, as the county is rich in old tales, ancient superstitions, "wise saws and modern instances," charms, divinations and omens, many of which, however, are not of local historical interest, as they are more or less common to other parts of the country.

[Footnote 235: See Roby's "Traditions of Lancashire"; Harland and Wilkinson, "Legends and Traditions of Lancashire," etc.]

[Footnote 236: A somewhat similar tradition obtains of Wardley Hall, where the skull of Roger Downes, who was slain in London in 1676, was preserved for centuries.]

[Footnote 237: A curious instance of the alteration in the meaning of words. Of course, by "indifferently" is meant _alike to all_.]

[Footnote 238: See "History of St. Michael's-on-Wyre," p. 64.]

INDEX.

Abbadie, Dr., 166

Abbey of Cockersand, 198, 199

„ of Whalley, 3, 201-205

Accrington, 3, 274

„ Forest, 63

„ Hall, 72

Adams, Roger, 27

Aerie of Hawks, 47, 54, 55

Æthelbert, 42, 177

Æthelburga, 42

"Agreement of the People, The," 231, 232

Agricola, 15, 22, 27

Aiden (Bishop), 181

Aiken, Dr., 259

Ainsley, 53

Ainsworth, Harrison, 119

Alcar, 53, 229

Aldcliff, 58

Aldingham, 58, 230

„ Moat Hill, 48

Alehouses, 95

Alfred and Guthrum's Peace, 44

Allectus, 17

Allen, Cardinal, 221

Allerton, 53

All Hallows' Eve, 291

Alston, 57

Altham Chapel, 202, 235

Ambrose, Rev. Isaac, 165, 234

Amounderness Hundred, 2, 52, 57, 60, 199, 249

Ancoats, 21

Anderton, Sir Francis, 165, 245

„ Colonel James, 165

Angier, John, 165, 234

„ Rev. Samuel, 121

Angles, The, 41, 42, 51

Anglo-Saxon "burh," 49

Antoninus Pius, 36

Appleby Slack, 10

Archers at Flodden, 90, 91

Archery butts, 94, 95

Arkholme, 58

Arkwright, Richard, 265-268

Arrow-heads, Flint, 7

Arrowsmith, Edmund, 225

Arval cake, 290

Asheton, Edmund, 165

Ashton, 57, 58, 153

„ Colonel, 138, 140, 143, 145, 146

„ Hall, 121

„ in Makerfield, 36

„ Ralph, Sir, 91, 92, 125, 128, 205

„ Rauf, 289

„ Robyn, 289

Ashton-under-Lyne, 163, 173, 229, 260, 283, 289

„ „ „ Church, 209

Ashurst, Captain, 138

Ashworth Chapel, 213

Asiaticus, Marcus, 31

Assarts, or "Rods," 51

Athelston, son of Edward, 45

Atherton, Sir John, 220

Aughton, 53, 54, 229

Augustine, St., 177

Authors, Seventeenth Century, 165

Ayres, Mr., 247

Bacup, 274

Bamber Green, 36

Bamford, Samuel, 262

Banastre, Christopher, 165

Banister, Christopher, 150

„ Sir Evan, 222

Bannockburn, Battle of, 68

Baptist Chapels, 240

Bardsey, 58

Bare, 58

Baret, Janekyn, 84

Barlow, Alexander, 111

Barnet, Rev. Nehemiah, 165

"Barring out," 289

Barrow-in-Furness, 2

Barrow-in-Leck, 58

Barton, 53, 57

„ Lodge, 36

Barton, Mr., 215

Bath, Rev. Robert, 234

Beacon Stations, 105

Beamont, Mr., 166, 207

Bede, Venerable, 44, 178, 210

Belfield Hall, 106

„ Ralph, 111

Belisama Estuary, 12

Bell-founding, 175

Bell, Thomas, 286

„ William, Rev., 165

Bennet, John, 239

Bensted, William de, 189

Bergerode, 46

Bernicia, 42

Beverley, John of, 182

Bewsey Hall, 124

Billington, 50

Bindloes, Robert, 124

Birch, Captain Thomas, 129

Birkrigg Common, 10

Birley, Isabel, 103

Bispham, 2, 46, 57

„ Chapel, 187

Blackburn, 2, 3, 92, 133, 134, 148, 163, 173, 203, 219, 257, 264,
265, 267, 274, 283

„ Church, 55, 201, 213

„ Hundred, 53, 55, 57, 60, 143, 200

„ Press, 273

„ Rectory, 202

Black Death, The, 74

Blackpool, Rise of, 273, 274

Blackstone Edge, 7

„ „ Road over, 38, 39, 255

Blakley Chapel, 213

"Blanketeers, The," 279

Bleaberry Haws, 9

Bleasdale Forest, 2

Blundel, Mr., 170

Blundell, Richard, 222

„ William, 171

Blundeville, Randle de, 61

Boadicea, Queen, 14

Bocher, Henry le, 82

Bold, Richard, 89

Bolton, 4, 7, 8, 92, 103, 133, 134, 173, 229, 232, 267, 269, 270,
271, 275, 276, 282, 283, 287

„ Church, 209, 216

„ Market, 62

„ Press, 272

„ Sieges of, 137, 138, 146, 147

„ Gilbert de, 190

„ John de, 86

Bolton-le-Sands, 58, 229

„ „ „ Church, 187, 188, 190

„ „ „ Free School, 161

Bone, Christopher, 66

Book of Sports, The, 121, 123

Bootle, 53

_Bordarii_, 54, 56

Borwick, 58

Boteler, Thomas, 89

„ Richard, 165

„ William le, 60, 80, 82

Bothe, John, 89

Boulton and Watt, 270

Bowness Church, 193

Bradford, John, 214, 215

„ (in Salford), 73

Bradshaigh, Sir William, 286, 287

Bradshaw, Captain, 131

Bragot Sunday, 291

Brerley, Alice, 103

Bridgeman, Orlando, 125

Bridgewater Canal, 21

Briercliffe, 11

Brigantes, 8, 17, 133

Bright, Colonel, 151

Brindle, 229

Brindley, James, 259

Brining, 57

British Cairns, 11

„ Canoes, 9

„ Forts, 11

„ Implements, 11

„ Mural huts, 9, 10

„ Pottery, 10

„ Settlements, 9, 11, 12

„ Tumuli, 11

Britons, The, 13, 16, 18, 40, 41

Brockhole Eses, Tumulus at, 50

Bromfield, Dr., 166, 167

Bronze torque, 11, 12

Brook, 36

Broughton, 36, 46, 57

„ Sir Thomas, 86

Brown, Captain, 169, 267

Bruanburgh, Battle of, 45

Bryn Hall, 225

Buckley, Captain, 138

Bulla, Roman, 26

Burgh, Hubert de, 66

Burial mounds, 10, 11

„ by torchlight, 290

Burnley, 3, 7, 8, 49, 103, 134, 173, 222, 248, 274, 285, 290

„ Chapel, 202

„ Grammar School, 289

„ Market, 62

„ Press, 272

Burrow, 58

Burscough Priory, 4, 208

Bury, 4, 47, 92, 100, 130, 163, 173, 229, 257, 274

„ Church, 209, 216, 224

„ Press, 272

„ Tunnels, 291

Bushell, Rev. Seth, 165

Busli, Roger de, 55

Bussel, Albert, 200

„ Warine, 200

Butler, Richard, 244, 248

„ Sir Thomas, 106

„ William, 248

Buxton, 21

Byrom, Dr., 105, 157, 250

Cædwallan, 42, 180

Cæsar, Julius, 13

Cairns, British, 9, 10

Caledonians, The, 16

Canal, Duke of Bridgwater's, 258, 259

Canals, 259, 260

Canterbury Church, 42

Cantsfield, 58

Canute the Dane, 45

Capernwray, Thomas de, 190

Cappock, Thomas, 251, 252

Caracalla, 16, 31

Caractacus, 14

Carausius, 16

Carinus, 16

Carleton, 57

Carlton, Adam de, 64

Carnforth, 58

Carpenter, General, 247

Cartismandua, Queen, 14

Cartmel, 2, 8, 69, 144, 162, 185, 230

„ Church, 198

„ Market, 61

„ Priory, 2, 198

Cartwright, Rev. Edmund, 269

Carus, Emperor, 16

Castle Holme, 33

Castleton in Rochdale, 47

Caton, 38

„ Chapel, 189

Catterall, 57

Cawson, Charles, 169

Cecil, Sir William, 220

Cell at Lytham, 200

Celtic implements, 8

„ Races, 8

„ Torque, 11

_Cenimagni_, The, 13

Chadburn, 33

Chadderton, 38, 173

Chadwick, 46

Chantries suppressed, 212, 213

Charibert, 42

Charles II. in Lancashire, 154

Charnocke, William, 222

Chattox, Alice, 117

Chaunter, William le, 82

Cheetham, 173

Chester, Rev. Richard, 190

Chetham Hospital, 158

„ Library, 158

„ Humphrey, 124, 158

Childwall, 4, 53, 55, 203, 229

„ Church, 187, 207, 208

Chipping, 57, 69, 229

„ Church, 201

Chlorus, Constantius, 17

Chorley, 3, 152, 173, 266

„ Richard, 245

Chowbent, 173, 237

„ in Civil Wars, 133, 134

Christianity, Introduction of, 42

Church Chapel, 202

Church goods in 1552, 212, 213

„ Named in Domesday, 184, 199, 200, 201, 207, 208

„ Survey (1650), 228

Churches built, 46

Cists, Stone, 10

Civil Wars, 127-155

"Classis," The Lancashire, 229, 230

Claudius, 13

Claughton, 36, 57, 58, 69, 229

„ Saxon remains at, 50

„ Tumulus, 50

Cleworth Hall, 113

Clifton, 57

„ Colonel, 147

„ Cuthbert, 89

„ Gilbert, 124

„ Sir Thomas, 171

„ Thomas, 102

Clitheroe, 100, 103, 173, 257

„ Castle, 3, 65, 70, 72, 126, 153

„ Chapel, 202

„ Fair, 61

Cliverton, 58

Cliviger coals, 73

Clothiers, 163, 164

Cloth trade, 163, 164

Coaches, Stage, 258, 275

Coal-fields, 4

„ Worked, 71, 73, 100, 101

Cockerham, 46, 58, 168, 169, 229

Cockersand Abbey, 63, 198, 199

Cock-fighting, 223

Cock-penny, 289

Coifi (pagan priest), 178, 179

Coins, Roman, 16, 26, 27, 30

Colchester, 14

Collyhurst Common, 94

Colne, 134, 173, 271

„ Chapel, 207

„ Skirmish at, 148

Colton, 230

Coninger Tumulus, 49

Conishead Priory, 2, 139

Coniston, 9

„ Leper's Hospital, 198

„ Old Man, 2, 10

„ Water, 2

Constantine, 17

Convent at Preston, 199

Cornwall, Earl of, 248

Cotes, Dr., 215

Cotton goods, 270

„ Manufacture, 92, 101

„ Mills, rise of, 3, 270

„ Spinning, 261, 262, 263-271

„ Trade, 3, 261, 270, 282-284

Cottons, 92-99

Cowper, H. S., 10, 48

Cracknel Friday, 291

Cromford, 266

Crompton, Samuel, 268

Cromwell, Lieutenant-General, 151

Crosby, 170

„ Walter, 171

Crosses, Road-side, 286

Croston, 3, 229

„ Church, 3, 187, 200

Crusades, The, 68, 80

Cuerdale, Coins found at, 49

Cuerden, 8

Cumberland, Duke of, 250

Curfew bell, 224

Cuthbert's son, 186

„ St., 185

Dacre, Ralph, 189

Dalton, 2, 53, 58, 144, 191, 230

„ Fair, 62

„ John, 244

Danegeld, 47, 54

Danes, The, 44, 45, 53, 182, 183

„ _See_ Chap. V.

„ Pad, 35

Danish bishop, A, 183

„ Remains. _See_ Chap. V.

Darney, William, 239

Darrell, John, 114

Darwen, 26, 265

„ James, 222

Deacon, Dr., 251

Dean Church, 215

Dee, Dr., 114

„ Estuary, 15

„ River, 42

Defoe, Daniel, 255

Deira, Kingdom of, 41-43

Demoniac possessions, 113-121

Denton, 232

„ Chapel, 213

Derbei, 4

Derby, Countess of, 145-147, 149

„ Charles, Earl of, 165

„ Earl of, 88, 90, 104, 111, 131-134, 137, 139, 149, 217-220

„ „ „ Capture of, 154, 155

„ „ „ Execution, 155

„ Hundred, 2, 53, 56

„ Lord, 166

Derwentwater, Earl of, 248

Despencer, William le, 82

Device, Elizabeth, 115, 117

„ James, 117

Devonshire, Duke of, 197

„ Earl of, 168

Dicconson, William, 171

Dilworth, 205

Dingle Chapel, 237

Diocletian, 17

Directories, Eighteenth Century, 275

Dodding, Colonel G., 139

Dodsworth, Robert, 170

Dolan, Dom. Gilbert, 211

Domesday Book, 52, _et seq._, 184

Douglas Chapel, 213

„ River, 259

Downham, 120

„ Chapel, 202

Down Holland, 53

_Drenchs_, or _Drings_, 54, 55

"Drop box," Invention of, 264

Druidism, 176, 177

Duddon Estuary, 6

Dugdale, Richard, 120

„ Sir William, 163

Dunnerdale Fell, 10

Eadbert, 182

Earth dwellings, 7

Eastgate, John, 203

Ebba, Abbess of, 182

Eccles Church, 209, 215

Eccleston, 46, 57, 229

„ Church, 3, 187, 200

„ Green, 146

Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, 200

Education, 193, 281

Edward the Confessor, 45

Edwin, 4, 178, 179

Egbert, 44, 182

Egerton, General, 149

„ Lady, 221

„ Ralph, 121

„ Sir Thomas, 276

Egfrid, 43, 207

Eighteenth century progress. _See_ Chap. XI.

Elfwin, 207

Ellabarrow, 49

Ellel, 58

„ Moor, 152

Elswick, 46, 57

„ Chapel, 237, 238

Engines for carding, 266

Englishmen, First so named, 41

Entrenchments, Early, 9

Entwysle, Richard, 108

Erskine, Ensign, 248

Ethelburga, 178, 180

Ethelfrid, 207

Evyas, John de, 82

Eyves, Jane, 222

Failsworth, 21

Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 134, 145

Fanshaw, Thomas, 125

Farleton, 58

Farnworth, 219

Farquharson, Lieutenant-Colonel, 246

Fell, Margaret, 235

Fenny, 35

Fielden, John, 236

Fiennes, Celia, 253

Fish, Royal, 66

Fisheries, 66, 72

Fishwick, 46, 57, 222

Fitton, Sir Edward, 128

Fleetwood, 46

„ Submerged forests at, 6

Flemish weavers, 83

Fletcher, Captain George, 251

Flint instruments, 7

Flixton, 8, 229

„ Church, 208, 209

Flodden, Battle of, 90-92

Fly-shuttle, Invention of, 261

Folk-lore, 289

Football, Playing in streets, 157

Foot races, Sixteenth century, 101

Forests, 2, 8, 15, 54-56, 63-67, 70

„ Laws, 65

Formby, 46, 53

Fox, George, 235, 239

Frankland, Richard, 121

Freckleton, 57

Friary of Warrington, 207

Friends, Society of, 235-237

Frisii, The, 24, 25

Fullwood Forest, 2

„ Moor, 34, 140

Funeral customs, 19, 162, 290

Furness, 2, 144, 162

„ Abbey, 2, 85, 191-197

„ District, 9, 10

„ Iron furnaces, 192

„ Monks of, 60, 62

„ Saltworks, 192

Fustian manufacture, 164

Fylde, The, 33, 34, 139, 291

_Galacum_, 35

Galgate, 33, 35, 36

Gamel, The Thane, 47, 56

Garnet, Roger, 67

Garstang, 2, 8, 59, 69, 74, 173, 222, 225, 229, 244, 286

„ Incorporated, 172

„ Church, 199

„ Market, 62, 162

Gawthorp Hall, Steward's accounts, 109

Gee, Rev. Edward, 165

Gerard, Lord, 122

„ Sir Gilbert, 130

„ Sir William, 171

Gernet, John, son of Roger, 189

Geta, 16

Giant's grave (in Furness), 10

Girlington, John, 165

„ „ Sir, 128, 130, 137, 143, 144

„ Lady, 144

Glaston, 58

Gleslet, Albert, 55

Glodwick, 21

Godiva, widow of Leofric, 53

Godley Cross, 285

Goose, Thomas, 248

Goosnargh, 57, 167, 169, 226, 280

Grammar Schools customs, 289

„ School, _temp._ Elizabeth, 103

Graygarth Fell, 1, 12

Great Lever, 137

Great Plumpton, 57

Green, Alexander, 129

Greenhalgh, 57

Greenhalgh, _or_ Greenhaugh, Castle, 90, 126

Greenhalgh, _or_ Greenhaugh, Castle destroyed, 149

Greenhalgh, Thomas, 165

Gregory I., Pope, 177

Gressingham, 58

„ Chapel, 189

Grimsargh, 57

Guilds at Preston, 159

"Guisings" at Ashton, 289

Hadrian, 26, 27, 38

Hadrian Wall, 16, 17

Hagioscope at Stydd, 207

Haighton, 57

Hall-in-the-Wood, 268

„ Park, 9

Halliwell, 173

Halsall, 49, 53, 58, 69, 173, 186, 229

Hambleton, 57

„ Duke of, 150

Harcla, Sir Andrew, 68

Hargreaves, James, 264, 265

Harkirke in Sefton, 50

"Harmonious Consent, The," 230, 232

Harrington, Sir James, 88

„ Lord Robert, 88

Harris, William, 248

Harrison, Colonel, 151-154

„ John, 125

„ Rev. John, 165, 234

„ William, 8, 258

Harsnett, Samuel, 115

Harthacnut, 45

Haslingden, 173, 257, 274

„ Chapel, 202

„ Press, 272

Hatfield, Battle of, 42

Hawcoat, 193

Hawkshead, 9, 103, 230

„ Park, 10

Haydock, 36

Heaton, 58, 173

„ Park, 276

Heathwaite, 10

„ Fell, 9

Heneage, T., Chancellor, 224

Henry, Bolingbroke, 77, 78

„ Earl of Lancaster, 76, 84

„ V., 78

„ VI., 79

„ VII. in Lancashire, 89

Heralds' Visitation, 110, 111, 163

Herle, Rev. Charles, 165

Hert, 58

Hesketh, Bartholomew, 221

„ Gabriel, 245

„ Sir Thomas, 221

Heyricke, Rev. Richard, 157, 230, 231

Heysham, 58, 229

„ Church, 185, 187

„ "Hog-backed" stone at, 49, 186

„ Vivian de, 189

Heywood, Rev. Nathaniel, 121, 165, 234

„ Rev. Oliver, 232

Highway robbers, 256

Hodgson, John, 162

"Hog-backed" stone at Heysham, 49, 186

Hoghton, Sir Gilbert, 133, 136

„ Sir Henry, 245, 247

„ Lady, 136

„ William, 246

Hoghton Tower, 124

„ „ Attack on, 136, 137

Holcroft, Captain, 129

Hollard, 229

„ John, 170

„ Sir Robert, 200, 208

Hollinfare, 258

Hollingworth, Rev. Richard, 165

Hollinwood, 21

Holme Bank, 9, 10

Holt, Captain, 138

„ Lord Chief Justice, 170

„ Robert, 110, 165, 266

„ Thomas, 165

„ „ Sir, 206

Holy Island, 181

Home, Rafe, 222

Homesteads, British, 9

Hoole, 229

Hora, _or_ Ores, 54

Hornby, 58

„ Castle, 85, 121

„ Chapel, 213

„ Priory, 198, 199

Horrox, Jeremiah, 165

Hospital for Lepers, 66, 198

„ St. Leonard's (at Lancaster), 190, 191

„ at Stydd, 205, 206

Houghton, Helen, 102

„ Sir Richard, 110, 122

Hulme, 257

Huncoat, 55, 58

Hunt, Henry, 279, 280

Hurleston, 53

Huskisson, William, 280

Hutton, 58

„ William, 273

Huyton, 4, 173, 229

„ Church, 207, 208

Icebergs and Glaciers, 5

Ightenhill Park, 70

"Ignagning," 291

Ince Blundell, 53

Independent Chapels, 237, 240

Infant marriages, 111

Ingleton, John, 165

Inskip, 57, 82

„ Saxon remains at, 50

Interment in the Church, 290

Iona Monastery, 180

Ireby, 58

Ireland, Gilbert, 124

Irish monks, Colony of, 186

Iron forges, 71

„ mines, 2

Irwell Bridge, 259

Isle of Man, 143, 145, 149, 154, 168

Ivah, 35

Jacobites in Manchester, 250

James I.'s visit to Lancashire, 121-124

James, Thomas, 265

John of Gaunt, 76, 77

Jolly, Rev. Thomas, 121, 235, 237

Jones, Rev. Richard, 108

Julia, Empress, 30

Jupiter Stator, Statuette of, 26

Just, John, 34

Jutes, The, 41

Kay, John, 261, 262

„ Robert, 264

Kellet, 58

„ Adam, 190

Kendale, 260

Kenmore, Lord, 248

Kent River, 12, 15

Kersall Hall, 286

„ Moor, 276

„ Priory, 209

Kershaw, James, 103

Kighley, Henry de, 82

Killerwick, 58

King's Evil, Touch for, 161

„ Manor-house, 55

Kirby, 173

„ Colonel, 165

„ Roger, 125, 137

Kirkby, 53, 207, 230

„ Ireleth, 58, 185

„ Lonsdale, 245

Kirkham, 2, 8, 34, 35, 46, 53, 57, 59, 66, 69, 74, 101, 143, 149,
173, 225, 229

Kirkham, Adam de, 74

„ Church, 187, 199

„ Fair, 62

„ Free School, 102, 103

Knights Hospitallers at Stydd, 206

Knott Mill, 24

Knowsley, 53

Labourne, James, 221

Lacy, Edmund de, 62

„ Henry de, 60, 68, 70, 208

„ Ilbert de, 60

„ Roger de, 61, 70

Lake District, 2, 5

Lambert, Major-General, 154

Lancashire, Area, 1

„ Boundaries, 1

„ Coast, Level of, 6

„ Forests, 2, 8, 15, 54-56, 63-67, 70

„ Hundreds, 1, 2

„ Members of Parliament, 1640, 125

„ Part of Northumbria, 42

„ Parliamentary Divisions, 1

„ Plot, The, 166-172

„ Witches, 115-120

Lancaster, 2, 8, 13, 33, 35-37, 49, 54, 58, 82, 103, 138, 152,
153, 157, 161, 173, 228, 229, 243, 260, 272

Lancaster Assizes, 97, 218

„ Borough created, 61

„ Castle, 97, 126, 137, 203, 215, 235, 236

„ Church, 184-186

„ Duchy of, 78, 80

„ Dukes of, 76, _et seq._

„ Earls of, 74

„ Eighteenth century, 255

„ Honour of, 75

„ Hospitals (St. Leonard's), 190, 191

„ Monastery (Friars'), 191

„ Palatine of, 78-80

„ Pretender, The, at, 250

„ Press, 272

„ Priory, 65, 190

„ Rebels at, 245, 248

„ Roger de, 60

„ Roman station in, 37

„ Siege of, 139, 140, 141

„ Trade, 162

„ William de, 196

Langdale, General, 150

„ Sir M., 155

Langho, 33, 49

„ Green, 141

Langton, Philip, 171

Lastingham Monastery, 181

Lathom, 53

„ George, 207

„ House, 143, 148

„ „ Sieges of, 144-149

Laton, 143

Lawrence, Thomas, 89

Lawson, John, 236

Layton Hawes, 147

„ with Warbrick, 57

Lea, 57

Lead smelting, 73

Lee, Adam de, 189

Lee, Pears, 89

Leece, 58

Leeds, 259

Leicester, Earl of, 220

Leigh, 4, 134, 229, 259

„ Peter, 125

„ Richard, 111

„ Rev. William, 165

Lenthall, Hon. W., 151

Lepers in Lancashire, 3, 66

„ Hospitals, 3, 198

„ Window, 66

Leprosy, 66

Lever, Great, 137

Leybourne, John, 245

Leyland, 2, 3, 103, 229

„ Church, 3, 53, 57, 200

„ Hundred, 55, 60, 143, 200

„ Manor, 55

„ Trained band, 132

Lichfield Diocese, 183

Lindisfarne Abbey, 181

Litherland, 53

Littleborough, 38

Little Lever, 173

Little Plumpton, 57

Little Woolton, 53

Liuhart, Bishop, 177, 178

Liverpool, 1, 4, 8, 53, 61, 82-84, 103, 125, 138, 156, 172-175,
213, 219, 237, 248, 257-259, 273, 277, 280, 282

Liverpool after Civil War, 159

„ Borough, 61

„ Castle, 4, 61, 84, 85, 126, 147, 148, 152

„ Church, 213

„ Cockpit, 99

„ Docks, 4, 282

„ Eighteenth century, 254

„ Imports, 283

„ Newspapers, 271

„ Plague at, 98, 99

„ Population, 283

„ Port, sixteenth century, 99

„ „ in fourteenth century, 84

„ Potteries, 160

„ Press, 271

„ Siege of, 147, 148, 152

„ Sugar Trade, 160, 162

„ Time of Henry VIII., 98

„ Town Hall, 159

„ William III. at, 166

Lockhart, Captain, 248

Lonsdale, 184, 249

„ Hundred, 58

„ Natives of, 65, 68

„ North of the Sands, 2, 38, 39

„ South of the Sands, 1, 2

Lostock Hall, 271

Lovell, Giles (Prior), 190

Lower Darwen, 274

Lowther, Sir William, 197

Lune Estuary, 15

„ River, 139, 167

Lunt, John, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172

Lydiate, 53, 54

Lytham, 2, 57, 69

„ Cell, 200

Mab's Cross, 286

Macclesfield, Earl of, 168

Maghull, 53

Makerfield, 48

Manchester, 4, 8, 16, 33, 38, 45, 74, 92, 129, 138, 173, 174, 221,
228, 237, 242, 243, 256-259, 260, 270, 271, 276-278, 280, 283, 286

Manchester after Civil Wars, 158

„ Burgesses, 62

„ Barony, 61

„ Church, 213

„ „ (Collegiate), 93, 209, 219, 224, 230

„ Churches, 56, 208

„ „ Weddings at, 96

„ Court Leet, 93

„ Rural Deanery, 208

„ Civil Wars in, 129, 130, 134, 135, 146

„ Diocese, 213

„ Eighteenth century, 254

„ Enfranchized, 155

„ Fairs, 95

„ Free Grammar School, 102

„ Free School Mill, 94

„ In Domesday Book, 56

„ Newspapers, 271

„ Press, 271

„ Pretender, The, in, 250

„ Public Library, 156, 158

„ Races, 273

„ Regiment, 250, 251

„ Roman Station, A, 22-25

„ „ Remains at, 22-25

„ Siege of, 130, 132

„ Theatres, 273

„ Trade, 163, 164

Manchet-penny, 162, 290

Manor-house of the King, 55

March, Dr. H. Colley, 6

Marcus Aurelius, 26

„ Julius Maximus, 32

Marsh, Rev. George, 215, 218

Marston Moor, 57

Martius Lucius, 25

Marton, 58

„ Mere, 6, 11, 34, 35

Martyrs, 214, 215, 225

Maserfeld, Battle of, 43, 48

Massey, Richard, 221

„ William, 124

Mather, Cotton, Dr., 238

„ Rev. Richard, 234, 238

Matrona, Ælia, 32

May Day, 18

Medlock River, 22

Meldrum, Sir John, 149

Melford, Lord, 168, 169

Melling, 53, 54, 58, 69, 229

„ Church, 187

Mellor, 265

Meols, 53

Mersey Estuary, 15

„ River, 1, 4, 6, 21, 36, 53

Methodism, Wesleyan, 239, 240

Middleton, 46, 103, 138, 229, 274, 275, 279

„ Church, 91, 92, 209

„ in Lonsdale, 58

„ Sir George, 128

„ „ Thomas, 155

Mid-Lent Sunday, 291

Military Musters, 104

Millham, 58

Mills, Water, 270

„ Steam, 270

Milnrow, 173

Mitton, 3

Molyneux, Caryl, Lord, 166, 170, 171

„ Lord, 128, 130, 143

„ Sir William, 91

Monasteries. _See_ Chap. IX.

„ Founded by Oswy, 181

Monastery, Furness, 191-197

„ Lancaster, 191

Moncaster, Roger, 244, 248

Monks in Wynsdale, 192

Monteagle, Lord, 111, 121

Moore, Colonel, 146, 147

„ Rev. William, 165

„ Sir Edward, 159, 160

More, John, 125, 126, 128

Morecambe Bay, 1, 8, 33, 184, 202

„ Estuary, 12, 15

Morte, Adam, 136

Mosley, Anthony, 163

„ Nicholas, 157

„ Sir Edward, 133

Moss and Fen, 15

Mountains, Height of, 2, 7

Mountjoy, Lord, 288

Mowbrick, 120

Mowroad, Find at, 11

Much Woolton, 53

"Mule," The, Invented, 268, 269

Mural Huts, British, 9, 10

Murray, Lord Charles, 248

Musbury Park, 70, 73

Mutun, Walter de, 205

Myerscough Forest, 2, 70, 73, 122

„ Lodge, 122

Mythorp, 57

Nairn, Major, 248

Nateby, 57

Natland, 36

Nectansmere Battle, 43

Neolithic Flora, 7

„ Man, 6, 7

Newbarns, 193

Newchurch, 274

Newcome, Rev. Henry, 234

Newsham, 57

Newsome, 58

Newton Heath, 21

„ Hundred, 53, 54, 56

„ in Lonsdale, 58

„ le Willows, 28

„ with Scales, 57

Nightingale, Rev. B., 237

Nineteenth Century. _See_ Chap. XII.

Nithsdale, Earl of, 248

Nonjurors, 249

Norman Churches, 86

Normans, The. _See_ Chap. VI.

Norres, Hugh, 286

„ Mabel, 286

Norris, Henry, 165

„ Sir William, 91

North Meols, 229

„ „ Church, 200, 207

„ „ Fishery, 72

Northumbria, Divisions of, 43

„ Kings of. _See_ Chap. V.

„ Tributary Rulers of, 43

Nottingham, 265, 266

Nowell, Roger, 116, 117, 165

Nutter, Alice, 118

Oath of Allegiance (1688), 158

Ogilby, John, 38

Old Halls, 105, 106

Oldham, 4, 21, 46, 138, 163, 173, 229, 232, 266, 274, 279, 283

Oldham, Hugh (Bishop), 102

Organs in Churches, 213

Orgreave (now Titeup), 58

Ormskirk, 4, 130, 149, 173, 229, 272

„ Church, 207, 208, 212

„ Market, 62

Orrell, 53

Osbaldeston, Edward, 124

„ Hall, 288

„ Thomas, 288

Oswald, 42, 180, 181

Oswaldtwistle, 265

Oswestry, 48

Oswi, 48, 181

Oswine, 43

Overborough, 16, 26, 33, 35, 36, 38

„ A Roman Station, 35

Over Darwen, 274

Overton, 58

„ Chapel, 189

Oxcliffe, 58

Pace-egging, 291

Padiham, 134, 141, 203, 237

Pagan Religion, 42

Paganism, 176

Palmer, Sir Roger, 125

Parker, Colonel, 167

Parliamentary Representation, 81-83, 96, 97, 109, 125, 155

Paslew, John, Abbot, 203

Patronage of Churches, 210

Paul, Lewis, 261, 266

„ Rev. William, 244

Paulinus, 42, 178, 179, 180, 210, 285

Peada, son of Penda, 43

Pearson, Margaret, 118

Pedder House, 34

Peel, Robert, 265

Pele, Roger, Abbot, 192

Pemberton, 91

Penda, 42, 180, 181

Pendle Forest, 115, 134

„ Hill, 70, 71

Pendlebury, Rev. Henry, 121, 234

Pennington, 58, 230

„ Castle Hill, 49

Penwortham, 3, 8, 11, 46, 56, 229

„ Church, 200

„ Priory, 3, 200

Perceval, Richard, 129

"Peterloo" Riots, 277, 278

Petilius Cerealis, 14, 15

Picts, The, 43

„ and Scots, 17, 18, 41

Pigott, Rev. Henry, 165

Pile of Fouldrey, 85

Pilgrimage of Grace, 203

Pilkington, Sir Thomas, 88

Pilling Dikes, 91

„ Moss, 8

Pink, W. J., 82

Plague in 1349, 70

„ „ 1422, 80

„ „ 1485, 89

„ „ 1540, 98, 99

„ „ 1565, 96

„ „ Seventeenth Century, 153

Plantagenets. _See_ Chap. VI.

Plautius, Aulus, 13

Plumpton, 34

Poictou, Roger de, 199

Population, 280, 283

„ at Conquest, 50

„ in 1349, 80

„ of Townships, 274

Portus Sestantiorum, 34

Post to London, 257, 258

„ Stages, 160

Potts, Thomas, 115, 118

Poulton-le-Fylde, 36, 46, 57, 69, 74, 91, 139, 173, 229, 290

Poulton-le-Fylde Church, 187, 188, 224

Poulton le Sands, 58

Preesall, 57

Preise, 57

Pre-Roman Lancashire. _See_ Chap. II.

Presbyterian Chapels, 237, 240

Prescot, 4, 103, 170, 173, 229, 257

„ Church, 207, 213

Press, The, in Lancashire, 271, 272

Preston, 2, 8, 34, 36, 46, 57, 61, 69, 82-84, 91, 130, 133-135,
138, 140, 149, 152, 172, 174, 228, 229, 257, 260, 265, 273

Preston after Civil Wars, 158

„ Attack on, 244-247

„ Battle at, in 1316, 75

„ Church, 187, 199, 210, 213

„ Eighteenth Century, 255

„ Fairs, 162

„ Free School, 102

„ Grey Friars, 3, 199

„ Guilds, 96, 97

„ Hospital for Lepers, 3

„ „ St. Mary Magdalen, 74

„ In Civil Wars, 128, 150

„ James I. at, 122

„ Newspapers, 272

„ Population, Sixteenth Century, 97

„ Port in 1338, 84

„ Press, 272

„ Pretender, The, at, 256

„ Roads, 256

„ Sessions at, 81

„ Sieges of, 135, 136, 140, 141, 150-152

Preston, Thomas, 165

"Preston Wives," 35

Prestwich, 156

„ Church, 209

Pride, Colonel, 151

Printing in Lancashire, 165

Priory of Burscough, 4, 208

„ „ Cartmel, 198

„ „ Hornby, 198, 199

„ (or Cell) of Kersal, 209

„ of Lancaster, 187-190, 200

„ „ Penwortham, 3, 200, 201

„ „ Upholland, 208

Puritanism, 227

Puritans, 111, 123, 174

Pynklowe, Robert, 82

Quakers, 235-239

„ Literature, 236

„ Meeting-house at Lancaster, 238, 239

Quernmore, 38

„ Forest, 2, 65

Races, 273

„ Foot, 101

Radcliffe, Captain, 131

„ Church, 209

„ William, 262

Railways, 280

Raven's Meals, 53

Rawcliffe, 57

Read, Lieut.-Colonel, 151

Rebellions, The. _See_ Chap. X.

Rebels executed (1746), 248, 251

Redman, Matthew de, 82

Religion in Lancashire. _See_ Chap. IX.

Restoration, The, celebrated at Manchester, 157

Restoration, The, celebrated at Lancaster, 157

_Rhætii and Norici, The_, 25

Ribble Estuary, 15

„ Fishery, 66

„ River, 2, 11, 12, 32, 46, 53, 260

Ribbleton Moor, 150

Ribby, 46

„ with Wray, 57

Ribchester, 3, 16, 26, 27, 33-35, 57, 69, 91, 141, 205, 226, 229

Ribchester Church, 201

„ Roman Camp, 27-33

„ „ Settlement, 29

Richmond, Archdeaconry, 183

Rigby, Alexander, 125, 126, 129

„ „ Colonel, 143-145, 147, 165

Rigby, Joseph, 165

Rigmaiden, Mr., 222

Riots at Arkwright's Mill, 266, 267

„ „ "Peterloo," 278, 279

„ against machinery, 265

„ Risby, 174

Rivers, Lord, 130

Rivington, 103

„ Chapel, 213

Roads in Eighteenth Century, 255-258

„ „ Sixteenth Century, 98

„ Roman. _See_ Chap. IV.

„ State of, 161

„ Turnpiked, 256

Robinson, Major Edward, 135, 140

Roby, 53

„ John, 284

Rochdale, 4, 7, 8, 38, 46, 47, 56, 64, 100, 103, 138, 163, 173,
203,229, 237, 239, 257, 275, 285, 291

Rochdale Church, 209, 213, 224

„ Eighteenth Century, 255

„ Market, 62, 100

„ Press, 272

„ Rectory, 202

Rodes, John, 107

Roger de Poictou, 54-56, 58

Roman Catholics, 174, 242, 249

„ Catholic Chapels, 240

„ Coins. _See_ Chap. IV.

„ Coloniæ, 21

„ Improvements, 40

„ Pottery. _See_ Chap. IV.

„ Power, Decline of, 17

„ Roads. _See_ Chap. IV.

„ Strongholds, 42

Romanus, John (Archdeacon), 188

Romans, The. _See_ Chap. III.

Roose, 58

Rossall, 57, 139, 221

„ Submerged forest at, 6

Rossendale, 274

„ Forest, 63, 134

Rosworn, Colonel, 130, 131

Royton, 8, 38

Runcorn, 25, 259

Rupert, Prince, 146-149

Rushbearings, 103, 123, 223, 289

Russell, Adam, 82

Rusworth, Dragon of, 288

St. Alban, 17

„ Augustine, 42

„ Elfin, 55, 207

„ Gregory's Day, 291

„ Helens, 274

„ Michael's-on-Wyre, 2, 57, 59, 69, 143, 192, 199, 226, 280

„ „ „ „ Church, 210

„ Oswald's Well, 48

Salesbury Hall, 207

Salford, 2, 22, 232, 257, 258, 283

„ Borough, 4, 61, 62

„ Chapel, 147

„ Corporation, 79

„ Hundred, 3, 4, 53, 56, 57, 60, 143, 208, 249

Salt works, 192

Salwick, 57

Samian pottery, 33

Samlesbury Hall, 288

„ Manor, 82

„ Witches, 115

Sanctuary, Privilege of, 209

Sanderson, Edgar, 44

Santon, 58

Saville, Sir George, 267

Saxon Churches, 46, 184, _et seq._

„ Coins, 50

„ Crosses, 49, 186, 285

„ Pirates, 18

„ Remains. _See_ Chap. V.

„ Thanes, 46, 49, 59

„ „ Castles, 46, 48, 50

„ „ Manors, 53

Saxons, The, 59

„ _See_ Chap. V.

Scandinavians, The, 51

Scapula, Ostorius, 14

Scarborough, Earl of, 168

Scarisbrick, 53

Schofield, Captain, 138

Scholefield, Robert, 101

Scotch Kirk, 240

Scotforth, 58

Scots, Ravages of, 191

„ The, 45, 210

„ Wars with, 69

Scrow Moss, 10

Seaton, Sir John, 135, 140

Sefton, 4, 46, 50, 53, 222, 229

„ Church, 207

Sessions at Preston, 81

Setantii, The, 8, 12

„ Haven of the, 12, 34

Severus, 16

Shaftoe, Captain, 248

Shard, 46

Sharpell, Thomas, 222

Shaw, 174

„ Chapel, 213

Sheriffs, High, 79

Ship-money, 124

Shirehead, 35

Shortt, Rev. J., 28

Shuttleworth, Richard, 125, 126, 248

Silures, The, 14

Silverdale, 8

Simnel, Lambert, 86

Simnels, 291

Singleton, 57

„ Chapel, 224

Skelmersdale, 53

Skerton, 58

Skipton, 33

Skull House, 287

Skyllicorne, Adam de, 66

Slyne, 58

Smithdown, 53

Smithell's Hall, 215

Smythecumbesrode, 47

Solway Firth, 16

Southerne, Elizabeth, 115, 116

Southworth, John, 89

„ Sir John, 221

Sowerby, 46, 57, 58

Spanish ship in the Wyre, 138, 139, 142

Speke, 53

Spinning-jenny invented, 264, 265

„ Mills, 3

Staining, 57

Stainton, 58

Stalmine, 57

„ Chapel, 189

Standish, 36, 229

„ Church, 3, 200

„ Ralph, 245

„ Thomas, 125, 132

Stanford, Alexander de, 188

Stanlawe Monastery, 201-203

Stanley, Sir Edward, 90

„ Lord, 86, 88

„ Sir Rowland, 171

„ Sir William, 188

„ Thomas, 165

„ William, 165

Star Chamber, The, 78

Starkie, Edmund, 113, 114

„ John, 118

Starkey, Captain, 136

Steam-engines, 270

„ Ships, 282

Stephen, 194

„ Earl of Bologne, 60

Stirzaker, John, 286

Stockport, 1, 21, 276, 279

„ Robert de, 60

Stone circles, 11

„ Hammers, 35

Stoneyhurst, 150

„ College, 31

Stout, William, 161

Strange, Lord, 126, 128-131

Strathclyde, Kingdom of, 41

Stretford, 21, 257

"Stubbin Nook," 34

Stydd Chapel, 206, 207

„ Hospital at, 205, 206

Submerged forests, 6

Sunday-Schools, 281

Surey demoniac, 120, 121

Surnames, Local, 280

Swarth, 58

Swarthmore Hall, 235, 239

Sweating sickness, 89

"Sworn men," 226

Syddal, Thomas, 242-244, 248

Sylvester, Dr., 120

Syngleton, Alan de, 205

Syon Monastery, 190

Talbot, John, 124

„ Nicholas, 206

Tarleton, 174

Tatham, 8, 35, 58, 69, 229

„ Church, 185

Taylor, Rev. Zachary, 121

"Teanlay" night, 291

Teinterer, William le, 82

Theatres, 272, 273

Theodosius, 17

Therf-cake, 83

Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 200

Thornborough, William, 89

Thornburn, Captain, 267

Thornham, 58

Thornhaugh Castle, 151

Thornton, 53, 57

Threlfall, Edmund, 167, 168, 170

Thurland Castle, 86, 143, 144, 185

„ „ Siege of, 143, 144

Tildesley, Edward, 165

Timberbottoms, 287

Titus Floridius Natalis, 30

Tobacco trade, 162

Tockholes, 265

Todmorden, 107, 236

Tokens, Seventeenth century, 173

Torbock, 53

Torque, Celtic, 11, 12

Torrisholme, 58

Torver, 9

Tosti, Earl, 57

Townley, Colonel Francis, 256

„ Hall, 288

„ John, 221, 288

„ Sir John, 111

„ Mr., 136

„ Richard, 245

Townson, Mr., 139

Toxteth, 53

„ Chapel, 120, 237

Trade, State of, after Civil Wars, 153

„ With Africa, 260

„ With West Indies, 260

Traditions, 285, _et seq._

„ Roman, 18, 19

Trafford, Edmund, 220, 221

„ Sir Cecil, 134

Trawder Forest, 63

Treales, 57

Trough Edge, 7

Tulket, Monastery at, 191

Tumuli, British, 11

„ Saxon, 49, 50

Tunshill, 39

Tunstall, 1, 36, 58, 69, 229

„ Church, 184

„ Sir Thomas, 86

Turner, Rev. John, 246

Turnpike Act, 257, 258

„ Roads, 256-258

Turton, 174

„ Tower, 86, 288

Twisleton, Colonel, 151

Tyldesley, Colonel, 143

„ Edward, 122

„ John, 244

„ Thomas, 129, 168, 244

Ulverston, 2, 58, 191, 230

„ Church, 198

Unitarian Chapels, 237, 240

Upchurch, Potteries of, 26

Up-Holland, 149

„ „ Priory, 208

Urns, cinerary, 11

Urswick, 9, 10, 58, 230

Vaccaries, 70

Valentia, Province of, 17

Veneti, The, 13

Vicars, Non-resident, 210

Volunteers, Lancashire, 276

Voluntii, 8

Waddington, 91

Wadsworth, John, 248

Wages in eighteenth century, 263

Walintone Hundred, 53, 56

Walk Mills, 164

Walmesley, C., 166

Walmsley, Bartholomew, 171

Walney, 58

„ Island, 85, 191, 192

Walter, Theobald, son of Herveus, 60

Walton, 46, 58, 69

„ Rev. John, 246

Walton-le-dale, 4, 12, 35, 36, 55, 150, 222, 246

Walton-le-dale, Roman Station at, 36

Walton-on-the-Hill, 53, 57, 58, 229

„ „ „ „ Church, 55, 207

War of the Roses, 80, 86

Wardley Hall, 287

Ware, S. Hilbert, 241

Warre, Thomas la, 209

Warrington, 4, 36, 48, 91, 132, 138, 152, 174, 229, 242, 256, 258

Warrington Bridge, 89

„ Church, 55, 207

„ Friary, 207

Warrington Manor, 55

„ Market, 62

„ Press, 272

„ Siege of, 142

Warton, 57, 229

Watkin, W. T., 16, 20, 26, 27, 37

Watling Street, 34, 44

Wavertree, 53

Weaving, 263

Wedacre, 91

Weeton, 57

„ Moss, 34

Wennington, 58, 184

Werdhyll, Nicholas de, 64

Wesley, Rev. John, 239

Wesleyan Chapels, 240

West Derby, 54, 60

„ „ Hundred, 4, 53-55, 60, 207, 249

West Houghton, 174, 260

„ Sir Thomas, 93-96

Westby, 46, 57

Whalley, 50, 103, 174, 219, 229

„ Abbey, 3, 201-205

„ Church, 55, 201, 202

Wharton, Lord, 168

Wheatley, 57

Whitaker, John, 21, 22

White, Colonel, 267

Whiteside, Ethart, 273

Whittaker, Dr., 121

Whittingham, 57

Whittington, 58, 229

Whittle, Ann, 116, 117

Whitworth, 101

Whytington, 69

Widdrington, Lord, 243, 248

Wigan, 4, 36, 82, 91, 132, 133, 137, 138, 141, 152, 153, 174, 175,
228, 229, 245, 248, 257, 259, 267, 282, 286, 287

Wigan, Borough, 62

„ Church, 55, 100, 207

„ Coal, 4, 100

„ in 1540, 100

„ Eighteenth century, 255

„ Fight at, 154

„ Press, 272

„ Roads, 256

„ Roman station at, 27

Wilderspool, 36

Wilfred, Bishop, 181, 182, 210

Willoughby, Lord, 121

Wills, General, 245, 246

Wilson, John, 170

Windermere Lake, 1

Windle, 53

Windy Arbour, 35

Winton, Earl of, 248

Wintown, Lord, 244

Winwæd, Battle of, 43

Winwick, 4, 8, 36, 46, 48, 49, 89, 229, 285

„ Church, 55, 207, 213, 224

„ Fight at, 152

Wipensis, Gerard de, 188

Witchcraft, 103

Witches, Lancashire, 115-120

Woden and Thor, 42, 177, 178

Wolves in the forests, 74

Woodroof, Jenet, 222

„ Robert, 222

Woods, Rev. James, 245, 246

Woollen Cloth, 92

„ Manufacture, 101

„ Trade, 175, 266

Wool-spinning, 261, 262

Worsley, New Hall, 25

Worsthorne, 33

"Written Stone," 35

Wroe, Rev. Richard, 165

Wyatt, John, 261

Wymondhouse Chapel, 237

Wynn, Sir R., 125

Wyre Estuary, 15, 35

„ River, 34, 46

Wyresdale, 91

„ Forest, 2, 63, 65

„ Monks in, 192

Yealand-Conyers, 58

York, 16, 25, 44

„ Minster, 180, 181

Young, Arthur, 256

ERRATA.

Page 8, note, _for_ "Rev. William Harrison" _read_ "Mr. W. Harrison."

„ 53, line 18 from top, _for_ "Hollard" _read_ "Holland."

„ 58 „ 7 „ bottom, _for_ "Ellet" _read_ "Ellel."

„ 73 „ 7 „ top, _for_ "Tollington" _read_ "Tottington."

„ 200 „ 4 „ bottom, _for_ "Busset" _read_ "Bussel."

„ 270 „ 12 „ „ _for_ "Wall" _read_ "Watt."

_Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Row, London, E.C._

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_Classified Gleanings from the Encyclopedia of_ BARTHOLOMEW ANGLICUS
_On the "PROPERTIES OF THINGS"_

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SLAVONIC FOLK TALES.
_BEING SIXTY TALES FROM VARIOUS SOURCES._

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Transcriber's Notes:

More information on the inscriptions in paragraph 13 of Chapter IV. can be found at:-

www.romaninscriptionsofbritain.org
1st inscription ref: RIB580.
2nd inscription ref: RIB577.
3rd inscription ref: RIB579.
4th inscription ref: RIB578.

End of Project Gutenberg's A History of Lancashire, by Henry Fishwick