Chapter IV: Rise of the Marriage Contract

[BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE IV.--The literature for this chapter may
be more briefly indicated, since it is largely identical with
the authorities mentioned in Bibliographical notes I, II, and
III. The researches of Starcke, Westermarck, Darwin, Letourneau,
and Wake are of primary importance, and marriage by capture and
purchase are of course essential parts of McLennan's _Studies_
I and II, and the _Patriarchal Theory_. Particularly valuable
are the monographs of Dargun, _Mutterrecht und Raubehe_ and his
_Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht_; Kulischer, "Intercommunale Ehe
durch Raub und Kauf," in _ZFE._, VIII; Kohler, "Studien über
Frauengemeinschaft, Frauenraub, und Frauenkauf," _ibid._, V;
Kautsky, "Entstehung der Ehe und der Familie," in _Kosmos_, XII;
and Schroeder, _Hochzeitsbräuche der Esten_ (Berlin, 1888),
containing a description of many curious "survivals." A mass of
miscellaneous information relating to marriage customs may also
be found in Schmidt, _Hochzeiten in Thüringen_ (Weimar, 1863);
Wood, _The Wedding Day_ (New York, 1869); and especially in the
_Hochzeitsbuch_ of Düringsfeld (Leipzig, 1871).

For a full and systematic treatment of the matrimonial law
and usage of many low races see the various books by Post,
especially his _Entwicklungsgeschichte des Familienrechts_,
_Anfänge des Staats- und Rechtsleben_, and the _Afrikanische
Jurisprudenz_.

Illustrations of matrimonial law and usage may be found in
Henrici, "Das Volksrecht der Epheneger," in _ZVR._, XI;
Kohler, "Das Recht der Papuas auf Neu-Guinea," _ibid._, VII;
his "Das Recht der Birmanen," and "Das Recht der Chins," both
_ibid._, VI; Farrer, "Early Wedding Customs," in his _Primitive
Manners_ (London, 1879); Volkov, "Rites et usages nuptiaux
en Ukräine," in _L'anthropologie_, II, III (Paris, 1891-92);
Ellis, "Survivals from Marriage by Capture," in _Pop. Sci.
Monthly_, June, 1891 (New York, 1891); Loring, "Marriage,"
in his _A Confederate Soldier in Egypt_ (New York, 1884);
Blumentritt, _Ethnographie der Philippinen_ (Gotha, 1882); and
Wessely, "Ein griechischer Heiratscontract vom Jahre 136 n.
Ch.," in _Xenia Austriaca_, I (Vienna, 1893). Useful material
will likewise be found in Weinhold, _Deutsche Frauen_ (Vienna,
1882); Harrison, "Religion and Family among the Haidas" (Queen
Charlotte Islands), in _Jour. Anth. Inst._, XXI (London, 1891);
Crawley, "Sexual Taboo," _ibid._, XXIV (London, 1894-95); his
_Mystic Rose_ (London and New York, 1902); and Floessel, _Die
Schwiegermutter_ (Dresden, 1890).

For the question of sexual selection with Darwin compare
Wallace, _Darwinism_ (London, 1891); Poulton, _Colours of
Animals_ (New York, 1890); and Weismann, _Studies in the Theory
of Descent_ (London, 1880-82).

Hebrew marriage is treated by Michaelis, _Abhandlung von den
Ehegesetzen Mosis_ (Göttingen, 1768); his _Commentaries on
the Laws of Moses_ (London, 1814); Lichtschein, _Die Ehe nach
mosaisch-talmudischer Auffassung_ (Leipzig, 1879); Mielziner,
_The Jewish Law of Marriage and Divorce_ (Cincinnati, 1884);
Weill, _La femme juive_ (1874); Kurtz, _Die Ehe der Söhne
Gottes mit den Töchtern der Menschen_ (Berlin, New York, and
Adelaide, 1857); his _Die Ehe des Propheten Hosea_ (Dorpat,
1859); Stubbe, _Die Ehe im Alten Testament_ (Jena, 1886); Ellis,
"Marriage and Kinship among the ancient Israelites," in _Pop.
Sci. Monthly_, XLII (New York, 1892-93), 325-37; Bergel, _Die
Eheverhältnisse der alten Juden_ (Leipzig, 1881); Duschak,
_Das mosaisch-talmudische Eherecht_ (Vienna, 1864); especially
Döllinger's rare book, _Heidenthum und Judenthum_ (Regensburg,
1857), containing a comparison of Grecian, Roman, and Hebrew
laws and social customs. For Babylon see the works of Simcox,
Sayce, Kohler, and Haupt mentioned in the Bibliographical Index,
I.

For the matrimonial institutions of China, see Parker,
"Comparative Chinese Law," in _China Review_, VIII (Hong-Kong,
1879-80); Möllendorff, _Das chinesische Familienrecht_
(Shanghai, 1895); Katscher, _Bilder aus dem chinesischen Leben_
(Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1881); _idem_, _Aus China_ (Leipzig,
1887); Tscheng-ki-Tong, _Chinese Painted by Themselves_ (London,
1885); Arène, _La Chine familière_ (Paris, 1883); Huc, _Chinese
Empire_ (London, 1855); Gray, _China_ (London, 1878); Fielde,
"Chinese Marriage Customs," in _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, XXXIV (New
York, Dec. 1888); Kohler, "Aus dem chinesischen Civilrecht,"
_ZVR._, VI; Giles, _Chinese Sketches_ (London, 1876); Grosier,
_De la Chine_, Tome V (1819); and Smith's valuable _Village Life
in China_ (New York, Chicago, and Toronto, 1899), especially