Chapter 8: The Future Tasks of Slavic and East European Studies (2)

The second aspect closely connected to this, both in the present and future, is the furnishing of an instructional staff. In some fields there are still too few men now available and while the younger generation is being trained, the United States is wasting the services of many competent scholars who have arrived since World War II began, who, because of their ignorance of English, are often compelled to take menial and unintellectual positions. This is a tragic waste at a time when so much half-knowledge is being disseminated. There must be more contact between these newly arrived specialists and the general educational system. Some of these men undoubtedly need special training to equip them to function advantageously in the American system, but it is sheer folly for the country and the universities alike to discount them wholly, or to confine them to minor institutions maintained by their own groups. American scholarly societies should make every effort to bring into their membership the newly arrived scholars and to cooperate with those institutions which have been recently transplanted to America, such as the Shevchenko Scientific Society. By neglecting to do so, American education is overlooking a large reservoir of trained personnel with long experience and a wide range of knowledge and ideas.

Another pressing problem is the need for money, money for the payment of faculties, for scholarships, for the expansion and establishment of libraries and museums. The lack of financial resources in the past has often been the greatest handicap, for before World War II contributions for this type of work were few. While the Foundations have contributed handsomely to make the present expansion possible, it is hardly to be expected that they will continue indefinitely. Thus, even now the East European Fund of the Ford Foundation seems to be in the process of liquidation.

Similarly, with the pressure exerted on universities, we can scarcely hope that they, already pressed for funds to conduct research in other branches, will be able to provide the money needed for Slavic and East European studies. At the present time, there is a movement on foot to secure large grants, on a one-time or yearly basis, from many of the larger corporations. The plans offer encouragement but there is always the danger that funds will be diverted to those subjects which promise the most direct advantage to the donors, and while this may set free certain university funds, it may also serve to furnish those favored departments something more than their regular share of the institutional income.

On the other hand, many societies of the larger groups of Slavic and East European peoples possess relatively large sums of money which can be used for cultural purposes. Some of these societies have already awakened to their responsibility and are doing praiseworthy work in publishing materials in English, in supporting refugee scholars and in maintaining cultural institutions. It can only be hoped that all of the societies will consider carefully the opportunities that are offered for aiding in the development of endowment funds and gifts for Slavic and other study.

In connection with this, the universities have an obligation to keep an open mind about these offers and not to judge them in terms of the teaching accepted in Hohenzollern Germany, Hapsburg Austria-Hungary, Romanov Russia and the Communist Soviet Union. This is not asking the universities to alter their demands for objectivity, but it is asking them to recognize that points of view which serve the political aspirations of the old imperialists should not be maintained because of their prestige alone, for they have been challenged in large part by outstanding scholars since World War I. The epigoni of the old Russian professors are by no means as sure of their ground as were their masters and it is ridiculous to suggest that no new ideas have been developed by a reworking of the old and new material. We may still be far from the time when there will be professors in the history and culture of every one of the Slavic and East European groups, in a single institution, but scholarship has advanced beyond the simple view which lumps all the nations of Eastern Europe into one or two convenient sections and accepts the view of the dominant nation as absolute truth.

There is, in addition, a great need for the collection and preservation of material on Slavic and Eastern Europe. At the time of World War I, the American Relief Commission under instructions from its chief, Herbert Hoover, collected enormous masses of material now preserved in the Hoover War Library at Stanford University. Slavic groups, societies and associations have brought together relatively large collections of the most valuable material that has appeared during and after World War II. Much of this material has been saved at tremendous risks, but is still scattered in various repositories, not always under ideal conditions. In addition, the libraries of American universities are becoming so crowded that they often hesitate to accept copies of works which may seem superfluous at first sight.

Thus, it would be highly desirable to form a new institution, sponsored by interested universities and the scholarly societies of the new immigration, to preserve in a convenient place, under modern library conditions, all this material. Such a project, admittedly ambitious, would require assistance from some foundation, the cooperation of all the factions among the new immigration, as well as the American institutions. Administered by a joint board, it could easily be made a center which would soon be unrivalled in the world. Even ephemeral material, such as newspapers and programs, which seem of little or no intrinsic importance, should be preserved, for in a few years they will be hotly bargained for by the greatest libraries. Why should this not now be brought together and made available for duly qualified students? Such a collection would soon prove to be more important than many apparently more valuable sources.

In the same way, perhaps under the same roof, there could be a Slavic museum not only for the major arts but also for articles of domestic use. Early immigrants brought with them home-made utensils, weavings, carpets, and dishes which now seem crude and are discarded. However, their real value is suggested by the fact that the New York State Historical Society has organized in Cooperstown an agricultural museum to preserve similar articles made in the early United States. The disappearance of the old way of life in Eastern Europe, evident even before the Communist wave of devastation and the ravages of the War, have given these articles, now in the United States a value far beyond anything imagined a few years ago. Some organizations such as the Polish Roman Catholic Union in Chicago, the Ukrainian Museums in Ontario, California, Chicago and Cleveland, and other groups have made small scale efforts to establish collections and libraries; some of them, such as the Shevchenko Society library, the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences library and the Hungarian Feleky library, have not yet found proper housing. There are many other small and scattered museums and collections. The development of a project on a continental scale would at once reveal the similarities and dissimilarities existing among the Slavic and East European peoples.

No single institution can possibly hope to achieve all this or to cover adequately the subjects included in a careful survey and study of Eastern Europe. Some new form of cooperation must be devised, if the burden is not to become overwhelming and thus be neglected. It cuts sharply in some respects across some of the American educational traditions but the establishments of atomic laboratories sponsored by several institutions, such as the Brookhaven laboratory, shows that cooperation is possible.

These, then, are but a few possibilities for future expansion of Slavic studies. The Slavic and East European studies in the United States are still in their infancy and American scholars, whether of Slavic or non-Slavic origin, have an enormous opportunity to push forward to solve many of the problems which have, until now, isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe and have barred them from playing their proper role in world affairs.

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Index

Abel, Samuel, 56.

Alliance College, 39, 49, 70, 71.

American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 68.

American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages,
70.

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 18.

American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism, 79.

American Council of Learned Societies, 59, 75.

American Council on Foreign Relations, 27, 50, 68.

American Historical Association, 26, 56, 70.

American Relief Commission, 107.

_American Slavic and East European Review_, 68, 69, 89.

Andrews, Arthur I., 33.

Archipenko, Alexander, 49.

_Armenian Review_, 69.

Armstrong, Hamilton F., 27.

Armstrong, John A., 78.

Army Language School, 67.

Bachinsky, Dr., 14.

Bacon, Leonard C., 29.

Baranov, Aleksander, 6, 7.

Barta, Alois, 42.

Bender, Harold H., 33.

Bergson, Abram, 68.

Bienowski, Count, 5.

Bilmanis, Dr., 86.

Birkenmeyer, Joseph, 60.

Bloomfield, Maurice, 25.

Bowring, Sir John, 19.

Brookings Institute, 49.

Bures, Vaclav, 40.

Burnett, Col., 59.

Burnham, James, 77.

Butler, Nicholas M., 52, 62.

Cadet School of Warsaw, 5.

California, University of, 27, 28, 29, 47, 51, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 67,
74.

Cambridge University, 25.

Capek, Thomas, 58.

Carnegie Corporation, 81.

Carroll College, 21.

Chekhov Publishing House, 78.

Chicago, University of, 27, 30, 34, 47, 50, 68, 69.

Chubaty, Nicholas, 64, 69.

Churchill, Marlborough, 46.

Chyzhevsky, Dmytro, 72.

Clarke, James F., 79.

Cleveland Public Library, 57.

Coe College, 42.

Coleman, Arthur P., 51, 65, 70.

Colorado, University of, 68.

Columbia University, 25, 31, 32, 33, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 59, 62, 63, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 76, 79.

Comenius (Komensky), Jan A., 4.

Conant, Kenneth J., 54.

Coolidge, Archibald C., 26.

Cornell University, 65.

Crane, Charles R., 30.

Creighton University, 47.

Cressey, George B., 68.

Croatian Academy of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 72.

Croatian National Alliance, 12.

Cross, Samuel H., 53, 54, 58, 59, 67, 68, 74.

Cundy, Percival, 92.

Curtin, Jeremiah, 21.

Czechoslovak National Alliance, 12.

Darbinian, Reuben, 69.

Dartmouth College, 48, 52, 69.

Dawson, Clarence, 56.

Denver, University of, 66.

Deutsch, Babette, 34.

Dobriansky, Leo, 76.

Doroshenko, Dmytro, 49.

Drizari, Nelo, 52.

Dubuque College and Seminary, 42.

Duggan, Stephan P., 33.

Dumbarton Oaks, 84.

Dyboski, Roman, 50.

East European Fund, Inc., 78, 105.

Ecole des Langues Orientales, Paris, 32.

Eliseeff, Serge, 48.

Fay, Sidney B., 34.

Faymonville, Philip, 59.

Feleky Library, 108.

Fisher, H. H., 68.

Fitch, Graham D., 46.

Ford Foundation, 78, 81.

Fordham University, 68, 72, 74.

_Foreign Affairs_, 27.

Foreign Language Information Service, 41.

Francis Skorina Society (Kryvian), 71.

Franklin, Benjamin, 17.

Freiburg, University of, 26.

Gallitzin (Golitsyn), Prince Dimitry, 6.

Gent, William, 47.

Georgetown University, 48, 57, 74, 76.

Gerschenkron, Alexander, 68.

Gilman, Pres., 25.

Golder, Frank A., 27, 30.

Golitsyn (Gallitzin), Prince Dimitry, 6.

Granovsky, Alexander, 49.

Graves, W., 59.

Haiman, Mieczyslaw, 38.

Hairenik Association, 69.

Halecki, Oskar, 64, 68, 72.

Hapgood, Isabel F., 23.

Harper, Samuel N., 30, 47, 55, 68.

Harvard University, 4, 6, 25, 26, 27, 28, 41, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56, 58,
67, 72, 73, 98.

Haupt, Paul, 25.

Hayne, Frank L., 59.

Hawkes, Dean H., 53.

Hecker, Julius F., 34.

Herrman, Augustine, 4.

Heyberger, Anna, 42.

Hoover, Herbert, 107.

Hoover War Library, 56.

House, Edward M., 27, 34, 46.

Hrbek, Jeffrey D., 40.

Hrbkova, Sarka B., 41, 54.

Hrdlicka, Ales, 33.

Indiana, University of, 79.

Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 79.

Institute for Study of the USSR, Munich, 79.

International Baptist Seminary, 42.

Iowa, University of, 40, 41, 42, 65.

Jakobson, Roman, 64, 68, 73, 74.

Jaszy, Oskar, 40.

Jefferson, Thomas, 7.

Jena, University of, 33.

Joffe, Judah A., 31.

Johns Hopkins University, 25, 31.

Joint Committee on Slavic Studies, 68, 75.

Jones, R. W., 48.

_Journal of Central European History_, 69.

_Journal of East European History_, 69.

Karpovich, Michael, 54, 68, 74.

Kaun, Alexander, 28, 67, 74.

Kaunas, University of, 65.

Kelly, Eric P., 48, 52.

Kennan, George, 22, 79.

Kennan, George F., 79.

Kerner, Robert J., 27, 28, 55, 68, 74.

Knizek, Charles, 42.

Kodiak, 6, 7.

Komensky (Comenius), Jan A., 4.

Komensky Educational Clubs, 40.

Kosciuszko Foundation, 50, 72.

Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 5, 6, 18.

Koshits, Alexander, 49.

Koukol, Alois E., 32.

Kovach, Michael, 5.

Kovalevsky, Maxim, 30.

Krakow, University of, 29, 60.

Kridl, Manfred, 64, 73.

Lafayette College, 47, 54.

Lanz, Henry, 30, 67.

Leacock, Stephen, 51.

Ledbetter, Eleanor, 57.

Lednicki, Waclaw, 64, 68, 74.

Lee, Charles, 5.

Lerando, Leon Z., 42, 47, 54.

Le Tallec, Paul, 56.

Lewis, John D., 18.

Lewis, William D., 18, 19.

Library of Congress, 56.

Lisovsky, Adm., 21.

Liverpool, University of, 30.

London, University of; School of Slavonic and East European Studies,
30, 48, 52, 55.

Lord, Eric, 56.

Lord, Robert H., 28.

Magoun, Francis P., Jr., 54.

Mandell, Max S., 32, 33.

Manitoba, University of, 101.

Manning, Clarence A., 32, 51, 52, 53, 55, 63, 68, 96.

Marquette University, 72, 74.

Martinovitch, Nicholas N., 49.

Maryland, University of, 48.

Masaryk Institute, 72.

Masaryk, Thomas G., 14.

Maslenikov, Oleg, 66, 74.

Matice Vyssoho Vzdelani, 39.

McCroskey, Benjamin B., 47.

McGill University, 51.

Meader, Clarence L., 33.

Mediaeval Academy of America, 84.

Mencken, H. L., 101.

Menges, Karl H., 53.

Menut, Albert, 65.

Michela, Joseph A., 59.

Michigan, University of, 33, 49.

Mid-European Studies Center, 79.

Milyukov, Paul, 30.

Minnesota, University of, 49.

Mirsky, Prince D. S., 52.

Miskovsky, Louis F., 39.

Missouri, University of, 55.

Mitana, Thaddeus, 49.

Modern Language Association of America, 55, 69.

Mogilat, Elena T., 51, 59.

Mohrenschildt, D. von, 69.

Monroe, Will S., 33.

Morawski-Nawench, Albert, 32.

Mosely, Philip S., 50, 68.

Murray, W. S., 33.

Myshuha, Luke, 14.

NRA, 58.

Nebraska, University of, 34, 40, 41, 47.

New Jersey Normal School, Montclair, 33.

New York Public Library, 56.

New York State Historical Society, 107.

New York University, 33, 77.

Niemciewicz, Juljusz U., 6.

Notre Dame University, 40, 74.

Noyes, George R., 28, 29, 51, 55, 68.

Oberlin College, 39.

Odlozilik, Otokar, 64.

Ohio State University, 42.

Oxford University, 25.

Paderewski, Ignace J., 14.

Pares, Sir Bernard, K.B.E., 30, 55.

Pasvolsky, Leo, 49.

Patrick, George Z., 29, 58, 59, 66, 67, 74.

Pennsylvania, University of, 65, 68.

Percival, James G., 19.

Phelps, William Lyon, 32.

Piatkowski, Romuald, 39.

Pipal, F. J., 40.

Pisek, Rev. Vincent, 58.

Pittsburgh, University of, 54.

_Poland_, 56.

Polish Historical Society, 38.

Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America; _Bulletin_, 64, 71.

Polish National Alliance, 12, 39.

_Polish Review_, 69.

Polish Roman Catholic Union, 12, 38, 108.

Posin, Jack A., 59, 65.

Prince, John D., 31, 51, 53, 67, 94, 96.

Princeton University, 25, 33, 34.

Prokosch, B., 42.

Pulaski, Casimir, 5, 18.

Pupin, Michael I., 14, 31, 58.

Radio Free Europe, 79.

Radosavljevich, Paul R., 33.

Rejcha, Frank, 40.

Reshetar, John, 78.

Rezanov, Nikolay, 6, 7.

Robinson, Rev. Edward, 20.

Robinson, Geroid T., 50, 68, 73.

Rockefeller Foundation, 81.

Rose, William J., 48.

Rosicky, John, 40.

Rostovtseff, M., 48.

Rudnyckyj, Jaroslav, 101.

Rumford, Count Benjamin T., 17.

Russian Orthodox Seminary, 42.

_Russian Review_, 69.

St. Basil’s College, 57, 71.

St. Francis Seminary, 38.

St. Mary’s Seminary, 38.

St. Procopius College, 38, 57.

St. Vincent College, 38.

St. Vladimir’s Russian Orthodox Seminary, 53.

Santa Barbara Mission, 3.

Schmitt, Bernadotte, 34.

Schuyler, Eugene, 21.

Senn, Alfred, 65, 68.

Serb National Federation, 12.

Serb National University, 72.

Seton-Watson, R. W., 55, 56.

Severa, G. F., 39.

Shelikov, Grigory, 6, 7.

Shevchenko Scientific Society, 71, 105, 108.

Shevelov, George, 72.

Shipman, A. J., 34.

Shishmanov, Dimitar, 52.

Simek, Bohumil, 39, 40.

Simkhovich, Vladimir, 33.

Simmons, Ernest J., 53, 55, 65, 68, 73.

Slabey, Rev. Andrew, 42.

_Slavic and East European Journal_, 70.

_Slavonic and East European Review_, 55, 68, 89.

_Slovan Americky_, 38.

Slovanska Lipa Society, 36.

Smal-Stocki, Roman, 72, 74, 77.

Smith College, 34.

Smithsonian Institution, 33.

Social Science Research Council, 75.

Society for Advancement of Slavonic Study, 54, 55.

Southern California, University of, 57.

Spector, Ivar, 57.

_Speculum_, 53, 69.

Stanoyevich, Milivoy S., 32.

Stanford University, 27, 30, 49, 56, 67, 68, 107.

Stepanek, Orin, 41, 47.

Strakhovsky, Leonid I., 48, 68.

Strassburg, University of, 53.

Struve, Gleb, 74.

Subotic, D., 52.

Syracuse, University of, 65, 68.

Talvj, 20.

Texas, University of, 42, 47.

Thomson, S. H., 68, 69.

Tikhon, Patriarch, 13.

Timoshenko, Stephen, 49.

Timoshenko, Volodymyr, 49.

Toronto, University of, 48.

Tufts College, 33.

Turkevich, Rev. Leonid, 42.

Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences, 71, 108.

Ukrainian Free University, 49, 96.

Ukrainian Museums, 108.

Ukrainian National Association, 12, 63, 96.

Ukrainian Providence Association, 12.

_Ukrainian Quarterly_, 69.

Ukrainian Workingmen’s Association, 12.

Unbegaun, Boris, 53.

Van Deman, Ralph, 46.

Vasilieff, A. A., 48.

Vasmer, Max, 53.

Vernadsky, George, 48, 68.

Vienna, University of, 32.

Vocadlo, Otakar, 52.

Walsh, Rev. Edmund, 57.

Washington, University of, 57.

White Ruthenian Institute of Arts and Sciences, 71.

Whitfield, Francis J., 68.

Wiener, Leo, 26, 27, 28, 53.

Wisconsin, University of, 28, 33, 42, 47, 60.

Yale University, 19, 21, 25, 32, 56, 68.

Yarmolinsky, Avrahm, 32, 34.

Yeaton, Ivan, 59.

Zeboroski (Zabriskie), 3.

Zenger, John Peter, 5.

Zinzendorf, Count, 4.

-----

Footnote 1:

W. H. Prescott, _Conquest of Peru_, Philadelphia, (1902), II, p. 199.

Footnote 2:

Professor Otokar Vocadlo of the University of Bratislava visited in
1929 some of the missions and came to the conclusion that they
included Slavic monks.

Footnote 3:

M. Haiman, _Polish Past in America, 1608–1865_ (Chicago: _Polish Roman
Catholic Union_).

Footnote 4:

J. D. Prince, “The Jersey Dutch Dialect,” _Dialect Notes, III_,
(1910), pp. 459–484. The usual modern form is “Zabriskie.”

Footnote 5:

Thomas Capek, _Augustin Herrman zakladatel Bohemia Manor r. 1660 a
autor mapy statu Virginie a Marylandu_. (Praha: Vytiskla statni
tiskarna, 1930); _Dictionary of American Biography_ (New York: Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 1932), VIII, p. 592.

Footnote 6:

Robert J. Kerner, _Bohemia in the Eighteenth Century_ (New York:
Macmillan, 1932), p. 315.

Footnote 7:

Clarence Manning, _Soldier of Liberty, Casimir Pulaski_ (New York:
Philosophical Library, 1945), p. 253.

Footnote 8:

M. Haiman, _Poland and the American Revolutionary War_ (Chicago:
Polish Roman Catholic Union, 1932).

Footnote 9:

For data on Major General Charles Lee, see _ibid._, p. 4.

Footnote 10:

For data on Prince Gallitzin (Golitsyn), _cf._ _Dictionary of American
Biography_ (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons 1932), VIII, p. 113; D.
Sargent: _Mitri, The Story of Prince Demitrius Augustine Gallitzin_,
1770–1840 (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., Inc., 1945).

Footnote 11:

H. C. Brown, _Valentine’s Manual of the City of New York_, New Series
I (New York: Valentine Co., 1916), p. 24.

Footnote 12:

Haiman, _op. cit._, p. 178.

Footnote 13:

Clarence Manning, _Russian Influence in Early America_ (New York:
Library Publisher, 1953), pp. 17–142.

Footnote 14:

Thomas Capek, _History of the Bohemians (Czechs) in America_ (Chicago,
1920); Rose Rosicky, _A History of Czechs (Bohemians) in Nebraska_
(Omaha; Czech Historical Society of Nebraska, 1929), p. 33 ff.

Footnote 15:

There is a large literature on various facets of this mass
immigration: T. Capek, _The History of the Bohemians (Czechs) in
America_; the works of various Polish sociologists; _Propamyatna
Knyha_ (_Jubilee Book_ of the Ukrainian National Association), (Jersey
City, N.J.: Svoboda Press, 1936); M. I. Pupin, _From Immigrant to
Inventor_ (New York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1923).

Footnote 16:

Clarence A. Manning, _Russian Influence in Early America_; also, the
following articles on the history and development of Russian
institutions—Bishop Leonty, “History of Russian Orthodox Church in
America,” _Russian Orthodox Journal_, Vol. XVI, No. 11, 12 (March-Apr.
1943); Vol. XVII, No. 2, 4, 11 (June, Aug. 1944, March 1945); Vol.
XVIII, No. 2, 4, 11 (June, Aug. 1945, March 1946); Vol. XIX, No. 4, 6
(Aug., Oct. 1946).

Footnote 17:

Cf., A. P. Coleman, “A New England City and the November Uprisings,”
_Annals of the Polish Roman Catholic Union Archives and Museum_,
(Chicago, 1939), IV, p. 31 ff.

Footnote 18:

_Dictionary of American Biography_, XI, p. 226; L. Wiener, _Anthology
of Russian Literature_ (New York: G. P. Putnam’s 1902–3), I, viii; II,
v.

Footnote 19:

_Dictionary of American Biography_, XIV, p. 460; A. P. Coleman, “James
Gates Percival and Slavonic Culture,” _Slavia_, (San Francisco), XVI,
No. 3, pp. 65–75.

Footnote 20:

For Talvj (Mrs. Edward Robinson), see _Dictionary of American
Biography_, XVI, p. 55; L. Wiener, _op. cit._, I, ix.

Footnote 21:

_Dictionary of American Biography_, IV, p. 608.

Footnote 22:

_Ibid._, XVI, p. 471.

Footnote 23:

_Ibid._, X, p. 331.

Footnote 24:

_Ibid._, VIII, p. 233.

Footnote 25:

For the general history of Slavic studies during the period, see:
Kerner, “Slavonic Studies in America,” _Slavonic Review_, III, pp.
244–258; Manning, “Slavonic Studies in the United States,” _Modern
Language Journal_, XIII (1929), pp. 280–288; XIX (1935), pp. 425–432;
“Polish and the American Universities,” _Poland America_, (N.Y.) XIII,
pp. 489–491.

Footnote 26:

For Coolidge, see _Dictionary of American Biography_, IV, p. 393.

Footnote 27:

For a recent description of this, see George Kennan, _Russia Leaves
the War_, (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1956).

Footnote 28:

_Cf._ _Propamyatna Knyha_ (Jubilee Book), especially, O. Stetkevych
(Joseph Stetkewych), “Ukrayinske Shkilnytstvo v Amerytsi,” pp. 325 ff.

Footnote 29:

Thomas Capek, _History of the Bohemians (Czechs) in America_, p. 241
f.

Footnote 30:

Facts concerning the history of Alliance college have been supplied by
President Coleman.

Footnote 31:

Concerning Oberlin, cf. “Teaching of Area and Language Course in the
Field of Slavic and East European Studies,” _American Slavic and East
European Review_, IV (1945), pp. 85 ff.

Footnote 32:

Rosicky, _op. cit._, pp. 412 ff.

Footnote 33:

_Ibid._, pp. 422 ff.

Footnote 34:

Thomas Capek, _History of Bohemians (Czechs) in America_.

Footnote 35:

C. W. Hasek, _The Slavonic Languages and Literatures in American
Colleges and Universities_ (Washington, 1920); Manning, “Slavonic
Studies in the United States,” _Modern Language Journal_, XIX, (1935),
pp. 425 ff.; “Slavonic Group of the Modern Language Association of
U.S.A. (Slavonic Group),” _Slavonic Review_, XI (1933), p. 521; “The
University and East European Cultures,” _Columbia University
Quarterly_, XXXIII (1941), pp. 242–251; “Die slawische Wissenschaft in
den Vereinigten Staaten,” _Osteuropa_, V (1930), pp. 171–176.

Footnote 36:

Kelly left Slavonic studies in 1929 to take up journalism. For details
on his career, _cf._ _Who’s Who In America_, Vol. 29, p. 1380.

Footnote 37:

_Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America_, I,
p. 161, carries the obituary of Joseph Birkenmeyer.

Footnote 38:

Oleg Maslenikov, “Slavic Studies in America, 1939–1946,” _Slavonic
Review_ (1947), XXV, pp. 528–537.

Footnote 39:

Obituaries of these leaders appear as follows: Prince, _American
Slavic and East European Review_, IV; Cross, _ibid._, V; Lanz,
_ibid._, IV; Patrick, _ibid._, IV; Kaun, _ibid._, IV.

Footnote 40:

M. J. Nagurney, “The Teaching of Ukrainian in the U.S.,” _American
Slavic and East European Review_, IV (1945), pp. 186–194.

Footnote 41:

Noyes, “Slavic Languages at the University of California,” _Slavonic
Review_ (American Series III, 1944), XXII, pp. 53–60.

Footnote 42:

I. Spector, “Russian Studies in the Pacific Northwest,” _Slavonic
Review_ (American Series III, 1944), XXII, pp. 61–69.

Footnote 43:

P. N. Malevsky-Malevich, _ed._, _Russia-USSR_ (New York, 1933), p. 65.

Footnote 44:

_Third Annual Report_, 1953–1954, The East European Fund, Inc. (New
York, 1954), pp. 48, 86.

Footnote 45:

_Area Study Program—The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe_, (University
of Illinois, 1955), p. 37.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE MARQUETTE SLAVIC STUDIES

Published by the Marquette University Press
Milwaukee 3, Wisconsin

I. _The Doctrine of Anarchism of Michael A. Bakunin_ (1955) by
Eugene Pyziur.

II. _Hitler’s Occupation of Ukraine (1941–1944)_ (1956) by Ihor
Kamenetsky.

III. _History of Slavic Studies in the United States_ (1957) by
Clarence A. Manning.

_Available in paper or case bindings._ _Prices on application._

History of Slavic Studies in the United States

Both World Wars during the twentieth century originated in the Slavic countries and in the efforts of various Slavic groups to obtain and retain their national independence and the right to their own language and culture. Currently, Russian Communist imperialism overshadows the Slavic countries, once again threatening their national heritage and creating new world tensions.

Since aggression in the Slavic countries has twice resulted in global wars, the United States, as well as the entire Western world, has begun to concentrate attention upon the Slavs, their history, their culture, their aspirations.

One phenomenon which sharply differentiates the scope of Slavic and East European studies in the United States from the purely academic studies elsewhere in the world, is the presence in this country of ten million Slavic immigrants and their descendents, who have played an increasingly vital role in our national culture by blending their native qualities, knowledge and traditions into the American heritage.

Public and educational leaders in the United States are seriously supporting attempts to develop a Slavic scholarship commensurate with American educational traditions. _A History of Slavic Studies in the United States_ points to the gradual evolution of Slavic and East European studies in this country and points out some of the more hopeful paths for future education, so that the United States may make the best use of the resources, both intellectual and material, that it has at its disposal.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.