Chapter XXI: The Minor Founders, 1800–1830 (1)

G. W. BOWER, _circ._ 1810.

This foundry was begun in Sheffield about the beginning of the present century. In 1810, Mr. Bower issued a price list below those of the London founders, whose founts he succeeded occasionally in underselling. Hansard mentions the foundry in 1824, under the style of Bower, Bacon and Bower. No specimen is known with an earlier date than 1837, when the firm was G. W. Bower, late Bower and Bacon.

A later specimen bears the name of Mr. G. W. Bower alone, and in 1841 the firm was Bower Brothers, who published _Proposals for establishing a graduated scale of sizes for the bodies of Printing Types, and fixing their height-to-paper, based upon Pica as the common standard_.[743]

After the death of Mr. G. W. Bower, the foundry was continued by Mr. Henry Bower till his death about 1851, in September of which year the plant and stock were sold by auction and dispersed among the other founders. The Catalogue of this Sale contained about 50,000 punches and matrices; many of them, however, being obsolete or of small value. {358}

BROWN, 1810.—LYNCH, 1810.

These two individuals are included among the Letter Founders whose names are given in Mason’s _Printer’s Assistant_[744]—the former having had his place of business in Green Street, Blackfriars, and the latter in Featherstone Buildings. They do not appear to have continued long in business, and their names are not included in the list of Letter Founders given in Johnson’s _Typographia_ in 1824.

MATTHEWSON, _circ._ 1810.

This man was founding in Edinburgh in 1810, at which date he had some correspondence with the Associated Founders respecting prices. Hansard mentions him as an incipient founder even in 1825, and a competitor of Mr. Miller’s. Nothing is known of the fate of his foundry; nor has any Specimen of his types come under notice.

ANTHONY BESSEMER, 1813.

Anthony Bessemer was a man of remarkable inventive genius. In his twentieth year he distinguished himself by the erection at Haarlem in Holland of pumping-engines to drain the turf pits; and before he had attained the age of twenty-five, he was elected a member of the Académie at Paris for improvements in the microscope. He subsequently turned his attention to letter founding, and established a foundry at Charlton, near Hitchin. Of the exact date of this undertaking we are uncertain; but, as his son, the present Sir Henry Bessemer, was born at Charlton in 1813, it is evident that the father was already settled there at that date. Hansard states[745] that “Mr. Bessimer” cut the Caslon Diamond letter. If the person referred to is Mr. Anthony Bessemer, as is probable, it would appear that during the early years of his business as a founder, he placed his energies occasionally at the disposal of his brethren in the art.

In 1821 he issued a specimen of Modern-cut Printing Types, and shortly afterwards took into partnership Mr. J. J. Catherwood, formerly a partner of Mr. Henry Caslon II, who, since his retirement from that business, appears for a short time to have had a foundry of his own at Charles Street, Hoxton.[746] Messrs. Bessemer {359} and Catherwood issued a Specimen in 1825, on the title-page of which the new partner styles himself “late of the Chiswell Street Foundry, London.”

Bessemer’s Romans were, in conformity with the fashion of the day, somewhat heavy, but finely cut. His chief performance was a Diamond, which was, as Hansard informs us, cut to eclipse the famous Diamond of Henri Didot, of Paris, at that time the smallest known. The execution of this feat, particularly in the Italic, was highly successful. The partnership between Messrs. Bessemer and Catherwood was not of long duration, and terminated either by the death or the retirement of the latter prior to 1830. Mr. Bessemer then removed his foundry to London, and established it at 54, Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell, whence, in 1830, he issued his final specimen book, consisting almost entirely of Roman founts.

In 1832 he retired from the business, and his foundry was put up to auction and dispersed. The Catalogue of the Sale mentions that the 2,500 punches included in the plant had been collected at an expense of £4,000, and that not a single strike had been taken from them but for the proprietor’s own use. From a marked copy of the Catalogue in our possession, it appears that several of the lots of punches and matrices fetched high prices. The list of implements and utensils shows that the foundry employed about seven casters and an equal number of rubbers and dressers.

Mr. Bessemer’s son, Henry, appears to have been for some time in his father’s foundry, where he mastered the mechanics of the trade. In 1838, being then twenty-five years old, he took out a patent for improvements in type-founding machinery, embodying several ingenious contrivances, some of which have since been adopted.

SPECIMENS.

1821. Specimen of the last modern cut Printing Types by A.
Bessemer, Letter Founder, Hitchin, Herts. 1821. 8vo. . . . .
(Caxt. Cel., 4400.)

1825. Specimen of the last modern cut Printing Types by A.
Bessemer & J. J. Catherwood, Letter Founders, Hitchin, Herts. (J.
J. Catherwood, late of the Chiswell Street Foundry, London.) 1825.
8vo. . . . . (W. B.)

1830. Specimen of the last modern cut Printing Types by A.
Bessemer, Letter Founder, 54, Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell,
London. 1830. 8vo. . . . . (T. B. R.)

RICHARD AUSTIN, _circ._ 1815.

Richard Austin began business as a punch cutter in the employ of Messrs. S. and C. Stephenson of the British Type Foundry, about the year 1795. On the Title-page of the specimen issued by that foundry in 1796, his name is {360} mentioned as the cutter of the punches, and the excellent specimen itself is no mean testimony to his abilities.

The activity prevailing throughout the trade generally at that period, consequent on the transition of the Roman character from the old style to the modern, brought the punch cutter’s services into much request, and Hansard informs us that Mr. Austin executed most of the modern founts both for Messrs. Wilson of Glasgow and Mr. Miller of Edinburgh.

Prior to the year 1819 he began a foundry of his own at Worship Street, Finsbury, in which subsequently his son, George Austin, joined him; and, in the year 1824, succeeded to the business. This foundry was styled the Imperial Letter Foundry, and carried on under the style of Austin & Sons. The earliest known specimen was issued in 1827. This 8vo volume is prefaced by a somewhat lengthy address to the Trade, in which, after criticising the letter founding of the day, the proprietors boldly claim to be the only letter founders in London who cut their own punches, which they do in a peculiar manner so as to insure perfect sharpness in outline. They also announce that they cast their type in an extra hard metal.

Mr. Austin appears to have been a man of considerable force and independence of character. It is related of him that once, on receiving—what to any founder at that day must have been a momentous mandate—an intimation that _The Times_ wanted to see him, he replied, with an audacity which sends a shudder even through a later generation, “that if _The Times_ wanted to see him, he supposed it knew where to find him!”

On the death of Mr. Austin, his foundry was acquired by Mr. R. M. Wood, who subsequently, in partnership with Messrs. Samuel and Thomas Sharwood, transferred it to 120 Aldersgate Street, under the title of the Austin Letter Foundry. Messrs. Wood and Sharwoods’ first specimen was issued in 1839. In their preface, reference is again made to the late Mr. Austin’s hard metal, the superiority of which, it is stated, “was owing to one peculiar article being used in the mixture which is unknown to our brethren in the Art.”

Mr. Wood died in 1845, and the firm subsequently became S. and T. Sharwood, who, in 1854, published two specimens, one of Types, the other of Polytyped Metal Ornaments.

This latter collection had been begun more than twenty years previously by Vizitelly, Branston & Co.,[747] who, in 1832, had issued a specimen of Cast Metal {361} Ornaments, “produced by a new improved method.” This method appears to have consisted of the soldering of the casts on metal mounts—at that time a novelty. The Sharwoods subsequently acquired this collection of blocks and considerably increased it.

On the death of the two Sharwoods, which occurred about the same time in 1856, the Austin Foundry was thrown into Chancery and put up for auction, and its contents dispersed among the trade.

SPECIMENS.

1827. Specimens of Printing Types cast at Austin’s Imperial Letter
Foundry, Worship Street, Shoreditch, London. 1827. 8vo. . . . .
(Caxt. Cel., 4407.)

1839. A Specimen Book of the Types cast at the Austin Letter
Foundry, by Wood & Sharwoods. No. 120, Aldersgate Street, London.
1839. 4to. . . . . (Caxt. Cel., 4429.)

* * * * *

1832. Specimen of Vizitelly, Branston & Co.’s Cast Metal Ornaments
produced by a new and improved method, greater in number and
variety, superior in design and execution, and considerably
cheaper in price than any collection hitherto offered to the
notice of printers. 76, Fleet Street, London, January 1832. 4to.
. . . . (Caxt. Cel., 4416.)

LOUIS JOHN POUCHÉE, _circ._ 1815.

This Frenchman started a foundry in Great Wild Street, Lincoln’s Inn. He had probably been established a few years when his first specimen was issued in 1819, the most interesting portion of which was a somewhat lengthy address to the public, setting forth the principles on which his “New Foundry” was to be conducted. He mentions that “only four Type Foundries (exclusive of mine) are worked in London at this time,” and declares his intention of breaking down the monopoly they assumed. The specimen itself is not remarkable.

In 1823, he took out the patent for this country for Henri Didot’s system of polymatype[748] which consisted of a machine capable of casting from 150 to 200 types at each operation, each operation being repeated twice a minute. This result was to be obtained by means of a matrix bar which formed one side of a long trough mould into which the metal was poured; and, when opened, “the types are found adhering to the break bar like the teeth of a comb, when they are broken off and dressed in the usual way.” Pouchée became agent in England for this novel system of casting which, says the editor of the partial reprint of Hansard’s _Typographia_, writing in 1869, was still used successfully in France at that date. {362}

The attempt to introduce this system into England went far to ruin Pouchée; and, according to the above authority, “on his failure to sustain the competition of the associated founders,[749] Didot’s machine and valuable tools were purchased by them through their agent, Mr. Reed, Printer, King Street, Covent Garden, and destroyed on the premises of Messrs. Caslon and Livermore.”

Despite this unfortunate speculation, Pouchée (who appears for some time to have had a partner named Jennings),[750] issued another Specimen Book in 1827, dated from Little Queen Street, London, in the advertisement of which he again referred to the fact that there were still only four letter-foundries in London (exclusive of his own), and took credit to himself for bringing about a reduction of 12 per cent. in the prices of his opponents. The specimen, which shows Titlings, Roman and Italic, Egyptians, Blacks and Flowers, is of little merit and is marked by a great preponderance of heavy faces.

About the same time,[751] he issued a price list of all kinds of printers’ materials, styling himself “Type Founder and Stereotype Caster.” In the beginning of 1830 he abandoned the business, which was sold by auction. The Catalogue included a large quantity of stereotype ornaments, as well as 20,000 matrices and punches, moulds, presses, and 35 tons of Type. The lots were variously disposed of at low prices among the other founders.

SPECIMENS.

1819. Specimen of Printing Types by L. J. Pouchée, at the New
Foundry, Great Wild Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London. 1819.
8vo. . . . . (Caxt. Cel., 4397.)

1827. Specimens of Printing Types by Louis J. Pouchée, Little
Queen Street, London. 1827. 8vo. . . . . (Ox. Univ. Pr.)

RICHARD WATTS, _circ._ 1815.

Richard Watts, a printer of Crown Court, Strand, who, from 1802–9, had held the office of printer to Cambridge University, distinguished himself towards the close of the first quarter of the present century as a cutter and founder of Oriental and foreign characters, of which he accumulated a considerable collection. His first printing office was at Broxbourne, whence in 1816 he removed to Crown Court, Temple Bar, and here, chiefly under the patronage of the Bible {363}

Society and the Mission Presses in India and elsewhere, he produced the punches of a large number of languages hitherto unknown to English typography. He received the assistance and advice of many eminent scholars in his work, some of whom personally superintended the execution of certain of the founts. His collection increased at a rapid rate, and at the time of his death included almost every Oriental language in which, at that time, the Scriptures had been printed. His death occurred in 1844 at Edmonton, in which place his foundry appears to have been for some time located.

He was succeeded in business by his son, Mr. William Mavor Watts, who printed a broadside specimen of the founts, numbering 67 languages and dialects, of which several were shown in different sizes of character. This number was largely augmented during the following years, and, in the specimen prepared by Mr. Watts for the Exhibition of 1862, nearly 150 versions were exhibited. To this specimen was prefixed an interesting note respecting the origin of many of the founts. The collection was subsequently acquired by Messrs. Gilbert and Rivington, in whose possession it still remains and increases.

HUGH HUGHES, 1824.

This artist, described as a very able engraver, was for some time in partnership with Robert Thorne at the Fann Street Foundry. In 1824, he commenced a foundry of his own in Dean Street, Fetter Lane, whence he published a specimen of Book and Newspaper type, without date, which, besides Romans, Scripts, and Egyptians, included also Saxon, Greek, Flowers, and Music.

He appears specially to have applied himself to the production of this last-named character, and attained the reputation of being the best music type cutter in the trade. Savage, in his _Dictionary of Printing_, shows a specimen of Hughes music, observing that “the English musical types have never to my knowledge undergone any improvement till within a few years, when Mr. Hughes cut two new founts,” (Nonpareil and Pearl), “which are looked upon as the best we have and the largest of which I have used for this article (‘Music’).” Hughes’ system appears to have been that originally introduced by Breitkopf in 1764, and the scheme of a pair of cases by which his specimen is accompanied shows that a complete fount comprised as many as 238 distinct characters. Besides music of the modern notation, Hughes had matrices for the Gregorian Plain Chant Music, of which a specimen is also shown by Savage.

After the death of Mr. Hughes, which took place before 1841, the punches and matrices of his different music founts, Gregorian and modern, were purchased by Mr. C. Hancock, of Middle Row, Holborn, by whom they were considerably {364} improved, and who, subsequently, after his removal to Gloucester Street, Queen Square, issued a specimen. Of the disposal of the other contents of Mr. Hughes’ foundry we have no information.

SPECIMENS.

No date. A Specimen of Book and Newspaper Printing Types by Hugh
Hughes, Letter Cutter and Founder, 23 Dean Street, Fetter Lane.
8vo. . . . . (Caxt. Cel., 4398.)

No date. Specimen Sheet of Modern Music Types by H. Hughes, 23
Dean Street, Fetter Lane, together with a scheme of Music Cases.
8vo. . . . . (T. B. R.)

BARTON, 1824.

Hansard states that this founder was early initiated in mechanical science by Mr. Maudsley, the engineer; he was formerly in partnership with Mr. Harvey, an engraver, by whom his founts were principally cut. His foundry was in Stanhope Street, Clare Market, and is mentioned by Johnson as one of the nine foundries carried on in London in the year 1824. No Specimen has come under observation.

HEAPHY, 1825; SIMMONS, 1825; BLACK, 1825.

To complete the list of minor founders prior to 1830, should be added the names of these three individuals, who are mentioned by Hansard in his _Typographia_ as distinct London letter founders in 1825.

{365}

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF ENGLISH LETTER-FOUNDERS’ SPECIMENS NOTED IN THIS WORK. 1665–1830. PAGE 1665. Nicholls 179 1669. Moxon 192 1693. Oxford 162 1695. Oxford 162 1706. Oxford 162 (1708?) Oxford 162 1734. Caslon 256 1749. Caslon 256 1749. Caslon and Son 256 1749. Caslon and Son 256 (1752?) Baskerville 287 1753. Anderton 350 (1756?) Baine 350 (1757?) Baskerville 287 (1758?) Baskerville 287 (1762?) Baskerville 287 (1760?) Cottrell 297 1763. Caslon and Son 256 1764. Caslon and Son 256 (1765?) Jackson 329 1766. Caslon 256 (1766?) Cottrell 313 1768. Moore (London) 313 1768. Fougt 351 1768–70. Oxford 163 1770. Caslon 256 1770. Caslon 256 1770. Cottrell 297 1770. Moore 313 1772. Wilson 266 (1778?) Oxford 163 1782. James 230 (1783?) Jackson 329 1783. Wilson 266 1784. Caslon and Son 256 1785. Caslon 256 1785. Caslon 256 1785. Caslon 297 (1785?) Cottrell 297 1785. Fry and Sons 313 1785. Fry and Sons 313 1786. Oxford 163 1786. Caslon 256 1786. Wilson 266 1786. Fry and Sons 313 1787. E. Fry and Co. 313 1787. Baine 350 1788. E. Fry and Co. 313 1789. Wilson 266 1789. Bell and Stephenson 354 1790. Fry and Co 313 (1792) Figgins 344 1793. E. Fry and Co. 314 (1793) Figgins 344 1794. Oxford 163 1794. Thorne 297 1794. Fry and Steele 314 1794. Fry and Steele 314 1794. Figgins 344 1795. Fry and Steele 314 1796. S. and C. Stephenson 354 1797. S. and C. Stephenson 354 1798. Thorne 297 (1798?) Jackson 329 1798. Caslon III 329 1798. Caslon III 329 1800. Fry, Steele, and Co. 314 1801. Fry, Steele, and Co. 314 1802. Figgins 344 (1802?) Figgins 344 1802. Swinney 353 1803. Fry, Steele, and Co. 314 1803. Thorne 297 1803. Caslon III and Son 329 1805. Caslon & Catherwood 256 1805. Fry and Steele 314 (1805?) Fry and Steele 314 1807. Caslon IV 329 1808. Caslon & Catherwood 256 1808. Fry and Steele 314 (1809) Miller 356 (1812?) Caslon and Catherwood 256 1812. Wilson 266 1813. Miller 356 1815. Wilson 266 1815. Figgins 344 1815. Miller 356 1816. Ed. Fry 314 1817. Figgins 344 (1819) Blake, Garnett 329 1819. Pouchée 362 1820. Ed. Fry and Son 314 1821. Thorowgood 297 1821. Figgins 344 1821. Bessemer 359 1822. Thorowgood 297 1822. Miller 356 1823. Wilson 266 1824. Ed. Fry 314 1824. Figgins 344 (1824?) Hughes 364 1825. Bessemer and Catherwood 359 1826. Blake, Garnett 329 1826. Figgins 344 1827. Fry 314 1827. Blake, Garnett 329 1827. Figgins 344 1827. Austin 361 1827. Pouchée 362 1828. Wilson 267 1828. Thorowgood 297 1828. Blake, Garnett 329 1830. Caslon and Livermore 256 1830. Thorowgood 297 1830. Thorowgood 297 1830. Blake and Stephenson 329 1830. Bessemer 359

{366}

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED OR REFERRED TO.

AMES (JOSEPH), Typographical Antiquities; being an Historical
Account of Printing in England. London, 1749, 4to.

AMES (JOSEPH), Typographical Antiquities; augmented by William
Herbert. 3 vols. London, 1785–90, 4to.

AMMAN (JOST.), Eygentliche Beschreibung aller Stände
und...Handwerker. Frankfurt, 1568, 4to.

ARBER (EDWARD), Transcripts of the Registers of the Stationers’
Company. London, 1875–77, 4 vols. 4to.

ASTLE (THOS.), The Origin and Progress of Writing. London, 1784,
4to.

BELOE (W.), Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce Books, 6 vols.
London, 1807–12, 8vo.

BERJEAU, (J. PH.), Speculum Humanæ Salvationis: Reproduit en
facsimile. Londres, 1861, 4to.

BERNARD (A. J.), Antoine Vitré et les Caractères orientaux de la
Bible Polyglotte de Paris. Paris, 1857, 8vo.

BERNARD (A. J.), Les Estienne et les types grecs de Francis 1er.
Paris, 1856, 8vo.

BERNARD (A. J.), De l’Origine et des Débuts de l’Imprimerie en
Europe, 2 vols. Paris, 1853, 8vo.

BIBLIANDER (T.), In Commentatione de ratione communi omnium
linguarum et literarum. Tiguri, 1548.

BIGMORE and WYMAN, A Bibliography of Printing, 3 vols. London,
1880–6, 4to.

BLADES (WILLIAM), Life and Typography of William Caxton, 2 vols.
London, 1861–3, 4to.

BLADES (WILLIAM), Some Early Type Specimen Books of England,
Holland, France, Italy and Germany. London, 1875, 8vo.

BODONI (G.), Manuale Tipografico, 2 vols. Parma, 1818, 4to.

BOWERS BROS., Proposals for Establishing a Graduated Scale of
Sizes for the Bodies of Printing Types. Sheffield, 1841, 12mo.

BRITISH MUSEUM, Catalogue of Early English Books to 1640, 3 vols.
London, 1884, 8vo.

BUTLER, (A. J.), Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt, 2 vols. Oxford,
1884, 8vo.

CAILLE (J. DE LA), Histoire de l’Imprimerie et de la Libraire.
Paris, 1689, 4to.

CAXTON CELEBRATION....Catalogue of the Loan Collection at South
Kensington. London, 1877, 8vo.

CHALMERS (ALEX.), The General Biographical Dictionary, 32 vols.
London, 1812–17, 8vo.

CHAMBERS (EPHRAIM), Cyclopœdia, 2 vols., 1728, folio (also
editions, 1738 and 1784–6).

CHEVILLIER (A.), L’Origine de l’Imprimerie de Paris. Paris, 1694,
4to.

COTTON (HY.), A Typographical Gazetteer attempted. 1st series, 2nd
ed., Oxford, 1831, 8vo; second series, 1866, 8vo.

D’ANVERS (Mrs.), Academia, or the Humours of the University of
Oxford, 1691.

DAUNOU (P. C. F.), Analyse des opinions diverses sur l’Origine d
l’Imprimerie. Paris, 1810, 8vo.

DE GEORGE (LÉON), La Maison Plantin à Anvers. 2nd ed. Bruxelles,
1878, 8vo.

DE VINNE (THEODORE), The Invention of Printing. New York, 1877,
8vo.

DIBDIN (T. F.), The Bibliographical Decameron, 3 vols. London,
1817, 8vo.

DIBDIN (T. F.), Introduction to the Knowledge of the rare and
valuable Editions of the Classics. 4th ed., 2 vols. London, 1827,
8vo.

DICKSON (R.), The Introduction of the Art of Printing into
Scotland. Aberdeen, 1885, 8vo.

DIDOT (PIERRE), Epitre sur les Progrès de l’Imprimerie. Paris,
1784, 8vo.

DUNTON (JNO.), The Life and Errors of. London, 1705, 8vo.

DUPONT (PAUL), Histoire de l’Imprimerie, 2 vols. Paris, 1854, 8vo.

DÜRER (ALB.), Unterweissung der Messung. Nuremburg, 1525, folio.

[DUVERGER (E.)], Histoire de l’invention de l’Imprimerie par les
Monuments. Paris, 1840, folio.

EDWARDS (E.), Libraries and Founders of Libraries. London, 1865,
8vo.

[ENCYCLOPÆDIA], Article sur Fonderie en Caractères de
l’Imprimerie. Paris, n. d., folio.

ENSCHEDÉ, Specimen de Caractères Typographiques Anciens. Harlem,
1867, 4to. {367}

ESSAY on the Original, Use, and Excellency of the Noble Art and
Mystery of Printing. London, 1752, 8vo.

EVELYN (JNO.), Diary and Correspondence, 4 vols. London, 1850–2,
8vo.

FAULMAN (C.), Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst. Vienna, 1882, 8vo.

FIGGINS (V.), Facsimile of Caxton’s Game of the Chesse; with
remarks. London, 1855, folio.

FINESCHI (V.), Notizie Storiche sopra la Stamperia di Ripoli.
Fiorenze, 1781, 8vo.

FISCHER (G.), Essai sur les Monumens typographiques de Jean
Gutenberg. Mayence, 1802, 4to.

FOURNIER (P. S.), Manuel Typographique, utile aux gens de lettres,
2 vols. Paris, 1764–66, 8vo.

FRANKLIN (BENJ.), Works of, 2 vols., London, 1793, 8vo; also
Bigelow’s edition, 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1875, 8vo.

FREEMASON’S MAGAZINE. London, 1796, 8vo.

FRY (EDMUND), Pantographia. London, 1799, 8vo.

GAELIC SOCIETY OF DUBLIN: Transactions of, Dublin, 1808, 8vo.

GAND (M. J.), Recherches Historiques et Critiques sur la Vie et
les Editions de Thierry Martens. Alost, 1845, 8vo.

GED (WILLIAM), Biographical Memoirs of. London, 1781, 8vo.

GENTLEMAN’S MAGAZINE. Vols. for 1792, 1793, 1803, 1836.

GOUGH (R.), British Topography, 2 vols. London, 1780, 4to.

GRESWELL (W. P.), A View of the Early Parisian Greek Press, 2
vols. Oxford, 1838, 8vo.

GUIGNES (J. DE), Essai Historique sur la Typographie Orientale et
Grecque de l’Imprimerie Royale. Paris, 1787, 4to.

GUTCH (JNO.), Collectanea Curiosa, 2 vols. Oxford, 1781, 8vo.

HANSARD (T. C.), Typographia. London, 1825, 8vo.

[HANSARD (T. C.), the Younger.] Treatises on Printing and
Type-founding (from the Encycl. Britan.). Edinburgh, 1841, 8vo.

HARLEIAN MSS.—The Bagford Collections.

HARLEIAN MISCELLANY, 8 vols. Lond., 1744–46, 4to. Vol. 3.

HARWOOD (EDW.), A View of the Various Editions of the Greek and
Roman Classics. Lond., 1775, 12mo.

HAWKINS (SIR JOHN), A General History of the Science and Practice
of Music. London, 1776, 4to. Vol. 5.

HEARNE (THOS.), Reliquiæ Hernianæ. Oxford, 1869, 4to, Vol. 2.

HODGSON (T.), An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Stereotype
Printing. Newcastle, 1820, 8vo.

IMPRIMERIE ROYALE (de Paris). Specimen: Ancienne Typographic.
Paris, 1819, 4to.

JAMES (JOHN), Catalogue and Specimen of the large and extensive
Printing Type Foundry of. London, 1782, 8vo.

LABORDE (LÉON), Débuts de l’Imprimerie â Strasbourg. Paris, 1840,
8vo.

LA CROIX, FOURNIER ET SERÉ, Histoire de l’Imprimerie, etc. Paris,
1852, 4to.

LAMBINET (PIERRE), Origine de l’Imprimerie, 2 vols. Paris, 1810,
8vo.

LANSDOWNE MSS., No. 231.

LATHAM (H.), Oxford Bibles and Printing in Oxford. Oxford, 1870,
8vo.

LAUD (Arch.), Works of, 7 vols. Oxford, 1847–60, 8vo. Vol. 5.

LEMOINE (HY.), Typographical Antiquities. London, 1797, 12mo.

LINDE (M. A. VAN DER), The Haarlem Legend of the Invention of
Printing by L. J. Coster, critically examined. Lond., 1871, 8vo.

LOMÉNIE (L. DE), Beaumarchais et ses Temps. Edwards’ translation,
4 vols. London, 1856, 8vo. Vol. 3.

LONDON PRINTERS’ LAMENTATION. (London, 1660) 4to.

LONG (J. LE), Discours Historique sur les principales editions des
Bibles Polyglottes. Paris, 1713, 12mo.

LUCE (L.), Essai d’une nouvelle typographie. Paris, 1771, 4to.

[LUCKOMBE (P.)], A Concise History of the Origin and Progress of
Printing. London, 1770, 8vo.

MCCREERY (JNO.), The Press, a Poem. Published as a Specimen of
Typography. Liverpool, 1803–27, 4to.

MADDEN (J. P. A.), Lettres d’un Bibliographe, 5 vols. Paris,
1868–78, 8vo.

MASON (MONCK), Life of William Bedell, D.D. London, 1843, 8vo.

MEERMAN (G.), Origines Typographicæ. 2 vols. Hagæ Com., 1765, 4to.

MILTON (JOHN), Areopagitica. (Arber’s Reprint.) London, 1868, 8vo.

MORES (E. ROWE), A Dissertation upon English Typographical
Founders and Founderies. London, 1778, 8vo.

MOXON (JOSEPH), Regulæ Trium Ordinum Literarum Typographicarum.
London, 1676, 4to.

MOXON (JOSEPH), Mechanick Exercises, or the Doctrine of
Handy-Works, 2 vols. London, 1677–83, 4to.

MOXON (JOSEPH), Tutor to Astronomy and Geography, 4th ed. London,
1686, 4to.

NICHOLS (JNO.), Biographical and Literary Anecdotes of William
Bowyer, Printer, F.S.A. London, 1782, 4to. {368}

NICHOLS (JNO.), Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, 9
vols. London, 1812–15, 8vo.

NICHOLS (JNO.), Illustrations of the Literary History of the
Eighteenth Century, 8 vols. London, 1817–58, 8vo.

NOBLE (MARK), Continuation of Granger’s Biographical History of
England, 3 vols. London, 1806, 8vo.

OTTLEY (W. Y.), An Inquiry concerning the Invention of Printing.
London, 1863, 4to.

OWEN (HUGH), Two Centuries of Ceramic Art in Bristol. 1873, 8vo.

PACIOLI (LUCA), De Divinâ Proportione. Venice, 1509, folio.

PALMER (SAM.), A General History of Printing. London, 1732, 4to.

PANIZZI (SIR A.), Chi era Francesco da Bologna? London, 1858, 16mo.

PANZER (G. W.), Annales Typographici, 11 vols. Nuremberg,
1793–1803, 4to.

PARR (RICHD.), The Life of James Usher, Archbishop of Armagh.
London, 1686, folio.

PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS. Abridgments of Specifications relating to
Printing (1617–1857). London, 1859, 8vo.

PATER (PAULUS), De Germaniæ miraculo, optimo, maximo, Typis
Literarum . . Dissertatio. Lipsisæ, 1710, 4to.

PHILIPPE (J.), Origine de l’Imprimerie â Paris. Paris, 1885, 4to.

PRINTER’S ASSISTANT, The. London, 1810. 12mo.

PRINTER’S GRAMMAR, The. London, 1787, 8vo.

PSALMANAZAR (GEO.), Memoirs of. London, 1765, 8vo.

REID (JNO.), A Specimen of the Printing Types and Flowers
belonging to. Edinburgh, 1768, 8vo.

RENOUARD (A.), Annales de l’Imprimerie des Alde. 3 vols. Paris,
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RENOUARD (A.), Catalogue de la Bibliotheque d’un Amateur. 4 vols.
Paris, 1819, 8vo.

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made to convert the Popish Native of Ireland. 1712, 8vo.

RICHARDSON (WM.), A Specimen of a New Printing Type, in Imitation
of the Law-hand. London, n.d. broadside.

RIVINGTON (C. R.), Records of the Company of Stationers. London,
1883, 8vo.

ROCCHA (ANGELO), Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana. Rome, 1591, 4to.

ROSSI (J. B. DE), De Hebraicæ Typographiæ Origine ac Primitiis.
Parma, 1776, 4to.

RUSHWORTH’S Historical Collections, 8 vols. London, 1659–1701,
folio. Vol. 2.

SARDINI (G.), Storia Critica di Nicolao Jenson, 3 vols. Lucca,
1796–98, folio.

SAVAGE (WM.), A Dictionary of the Art of Printing. London, 1841,
8vo.

SAVAGE (WM.), Practical Hints on Decorative Printing. London,
1822, 4to.

SCHOEPFLIN (J. D.), Vindicisæ Typographiæ. Argentorati, 1760, 4to.

SCHWAB (M.), Les Incunables Orientaux. Paris, 1883, 8vo.

SHENSTONE (WM.), Works in Verse and Prose, 3 vols. London, 1791,
12mo.

SKEEN (W.), Early Typography. Colombo, 1872, 8vo.

SMITH (JNO.), The Printer’s Grammar. London, 1755, 8vo.

SMITH (THOS.), Vitæ quorundam eruditissimorum et illustrium
Virorum. London, 1707, 4to.

STAR-CHAMBER. A Decree of Starre Chambre concerning Printing (11
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STATE PAPERS, Domestic, Calendars of, Various years.

STOWER (C.), The Printer’s Grammar. London, 1808, 8vo.

STRYPE (JNO.), Life and Acts of Matthew Parker. London, 1711,
folio.

THIBOUST (C. L.), De Typographiæ Excellentiâ; Carmen. Paris, 1718,
8vo.

THOMAS (ISAIAH), The History of Printing in America, (2nd ed.), 2
vols., Albany, 1874, 8vo.

TIMPERLEY (C.), Encyclopædia of Literary and Typographical
Anecdote. London, 1842, 8vo.

TIMPERLEY (C.), Songs of the Press, London, 1833, 8vo.

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TRITHEMIUS (JOH.), Annales Hirsaugienses, 2 vols. St. Gall, 1690,
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UNIVERSAL MAGAZINE, London, 1750, 8vo.

[WATSON (JAMES)], The History of the Art of Printing. Edinburgh,
1713, 8vo.

WETTER (JOH.), Kritische Geschichte der Erfindung der
Buchdruckerkunst. Mainz, 1836, 8vo., and atlas of plates.

WILLEMS (A.), Les Elzevier; Histoire et Annales Typographiques.
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WILKINS (DAVID), Concilia Magnæ Britanniæ et Hiberniæ. London,
1737, folio. Vol. 4.

WOOD (ANTHONY À), Athenæ Oxonienses, 2 vols. Lond., 1791–2, folio.

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{369}

INDEX.

_Acta Apostolorum, Gr., Lat. (Laud. Codex)_, Oxford 1715; 321

_Acta Sanctorum Hiberniæ_, Louvain, 1645; 75

Adams (Geo.), successor to Moxon, 192

Advertisement of Caxton, 49, 87

_Ælfredi Res Gestæ_, Lond. 1574; 73, 95, 96, 98, 144, 176

_Ælfric’s Paschal Homily_, Lond. 1567; 73, 95: Lond. 1623; 73

_Æneas Silvius_, Louvain, 1483; 43

_Æsop’s Fables_, Milan, 1480; 57: Louvain, 1513; 59

Aldus Manutius, Specimen, 49, 169; ‘Silver type’, 106; Greek, 58; Hebrew, 62; Initials, 80; Italic, 50; Ornaments, 82; Roman, 41

Alexandrian Greek, matrices, Grover, 198, 204, 321; James, 228, 303, 321; Fry, 303, 304, 311, 321; Jackson, 321, 322

_Alfieri, Works of_, Kehl, 1786–1809; 286

_Alphabet Irlandais_, Paris, 1804; 76, 191

_Alphabetarium Runic-Swed._, Stockholm, 1611; 72

_Alphabetum, Heb., Gr._, Paris 1507; 62: Paris 1516; 63

Amerbach, Roman type of, 43

America, first letter-founders in, 350

Ames (Jos.) on Caxton’s types, 84, 242; on Caslon’s, 242; inaccuracy of, 349

Amharic, same as Ethiopic, 69, 177; Castell’s, 177; Oxford, 177; Fry, 309, 311

Amman (Jost), _Book of Trades_, 104

ANDERTON (GEO.) founder, 246, 350; specimen of, 350

ANDREWS (ROB.) 157, 166, 194–197; succeeds Moxon, 194; punches cut by, 74, 157, 196; summary of foundry, 195; foundry sold, 197

——— Matrices: Anglo-Norman, 196; Arabic, 195; Blacks, 194, 196, 312; Ethiopic, 194, 193; Greek, 195, 197; Hebrew, 194, 195; Irish, 194, 196; Music, 77, 196; Roman and Italic, 195, 197; Samaritan, 70, 195; Saxon, 74, 157, 196; Secretary, 196; Signs, etc., 196; Syriac, 195, 241

ANDREWS (SYL.) son of above, 149, 195, 209; supplies Baskett, 210; foundry sold, 211; epitaph, 211

ANDREWS (SYL.) Matrices: Hebrew, 209; Roman and Italic, 209, 210

‘ANONYMOUS FOUNDRY,’ 206

——— Matrices: Anglo-Norman, 207; Arabic, 207; Black, 207; Ethiopic, 207; Gothic, 207; Greek, 207; Roman, 207

Anglo-Norman Matrices: Andrews, 196; ‘Anon,’, 207; James, 223, 228

Anglo-Saxon; _see_ Saxon

_Anthologia, Gr._, Florence 1494; 57

Antimony, discovered, 20; use of in type metal, 20, 117; prices of, 118

Antiqua, German name for Roman, 42; Italian ditto, 42

_Antiques linguæ Brit, rudimenta_, Lond. 1621; 64

Applegarth (A.) type-casting machine of, 121

Apprentice-founders, regulation of, 130, 133; in France, 129

_Aquinas (St. Th.) Summa_, 1462; 54

Arabic, first types of, 65; printed in Black or Hebrew, 65; early in Italy, 65, 66; Paris, 65; Leyden, 65, 141, 144; Upsala, 66

——— in England, first types, 66; printed in Italic, 66; written by hand, 66; De Worde’s, 66, 91; Bedwell’s, 66, 145; none at Oxford, 1639, 66: Flesher’s, 66

——— Matrices: Oxford, 66, 147, 148, 155, 161; Polyglot, 66, 173, 174, 177, 198; Andrews, 195; Grover, 198, 235; ‘Anon,’ 207; James, 67, 223, 228, 303; Caslon, 67, 235, 240, 247, 254; Fry, 67, 303, 309, 311; Caslon III, 326

——— Punches: James, 229

_Arabian Trudgman_, Lond. 1615; 66

_Arba Turim_, Pheibia, 1475; 62

Arber (E.) on early English printers, 125

_Archaionomia_, Lond. 1568; 95

_Areopagitica_ of Milton, 130

_Aristotle_, Venice, 1495; 58

Armenian, first types, 68; at Rome, 68; Paris, 68; Amsterdam, 68; Marseilles, 68; Constantinople, 68

——— Matrices: Oxford, 62, 148, 153, 161; Caslon, 69, 239, 240, 247, 254; Caslon III, 326

Aspinwall (T.) type-casting machine of, 122

Astle (T.) on early type ‘bills,’ 28; on Day’s Saxon, 96

Atanasia, Spanish type body, 37

Athias (Jos.) Dutch founder, 114, 215; Hebrew type of, 64, 215, 238, 264

_Attempts to convert the Native Irish_, Lond., _n.d._, 190

Augustin, a type body, 32, 37

_Augustini, De Civitate Dei_, Rome, 1474; 37: Basle, 1506; 37

AUSTIN (RICHD.) letter founder, 359; cuts punches for Stephenson, 353, 359; Wilson, 360; and Miller, 355, 360; starts a foundry, 360; specimen and advertisement, 360; anecdote of, 360; his successors, 360

——— Matrices, Roman and Italic, 360

Baber (H. H.) facs. of Alexandrian _Codex_, 322

Badius Ascensius, French printer, 20; device, 106; Greek, 58; Hebrew, 63; Roman, 43

Bagford (Jno.) notes on printing, 84, 139, 140, 144, 146, 165; on Oxford Specimen, 154; on Oxford Printing House, 156

Bagster (S.), Polyglot _Bible_ of, 65, 308, 311, 341; Hebrew, cut for, 65, 341; Syriac, 308, 311, 342

BAINE (JNO.) partner with Wilson, 239, 260; begins a foundry in London, 349; in Edinburgh, 349; specimens, 263, 349, 350

Barclay (R.) patent punches of, 119

Barker (Chr.) report on printers, 1582: 126

Barker (F.) printer of ‘Wicked’ _Bible_, 142, 143

Barnes (Jos.) Oxford printer, 140

BARTON—letter founder, 364

Base-Secretary, peculiar type, 55, 56, 289

BASKERVILLE (JNO.) 268–87; early training, 268; first types cut by, 268, 269, 275; letters to Dodsley, 270–2; _Virgil_, 1757, 271, 272, 273; specimens, 271, 276, 277, 287; preface to _Milton_, 275; tribute to Caslon, 243, 275; employed by Oxford Press, 160, 273, 274; dazzling impressions of, 275, 279; relics of, at Oxford, 160, 162, 274; privilege from Cambridge, 276, 278; type bodies, 276; punch-cutters for, 269, 277, 353; letter to H. Walpole, 278; prejudice against, 278, 279, 280, 284; folio _Bible_, 1763, 279; tries to sell business, 278, 281, 284; correspondence with Franklin, 280, 281; various tributes to, 263, 272, 277, 280, 284; retires from printing, 281, resumes 281; death, 281; personal notices of, 282; epitaph and burial, 282, 283; portrait, 283; his influence on English typography, 284, 299, 305, 310, 332, 333; destination of his types, 287, 286

——— Matrices: Roman, 47, 48, 263, 270, 271, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 284; Greek, 61, 160, 273, 274; Initials, 81, 270

Bakerville (Mrs.) notice of, 282, 283; her advertisements, 283; book printed by, 238

Baskett (Jno.) printer at Oxford, 210; his ‘Vinegar’ _Bible_, 1717–16, 210; inventory of his types, 210; ‘silver initials’ of, 107, 211

Batarde, a class of type, 36, 53, 55

Bay (Jno.) early American founder, 350

Beaumarchais, purchases Baskerville’s foundry, 284; typographical establishment at Kehl, 285; editions of _Voltaire_, 285, 286

_Beauties of the Poets_, Lond. 1788; 306

Bebel, Hebrew type of, 63

_Bede’s Works_, Camb. 1644; 74

Bedell (Bp.) _A B C. or Catechism_, Dublin, 1631, 188; Irish _Old Testament_, Lond. 1685; 188

Bedwell (Wm.) buys Arabic abroad, 66, 145

BELL and STEPHENSON, letter founders, 353

_Bellows’ French Dictionary_, Edinburgh, 1873; 356

Bengalee matrices, Jackson, 317, 318; Wilkins, 318

Bensley (T.) printer, employs Figgins, 336

Bernard (A.) on sculpto-fusi types, 8; sand-cast type, 10, 12; ‘getté en molle,’ 13; on early founts, 27

Berte (A. F.) type-casting machine of, 119, 120

Berthelet (T.) types of, 94; _Boke named the Governour_, 94

BESLEY (ROBT.) partner of Thorowgood, 296

BESSEMER (ANT.) letter founder, 254, 265, 358; starts at Charlton, 358; joined, by J. J. Catherwood, 358; removes to London, 359; minute types cut by, 358, 359; foundry sold, 359; specimens, 358, 359

——— Matrices:—Roman and Italic, 359

Bessemer (H.) son of above, type casting machine of, 265, 359

Bettenham (Jas.) printer, 234; assists Caslon, 234

Bewick (T.) wood-engraver, 306, 330, 331

_Bible_ (_Polyglot_), Complutum, 1514–17; 59, 63, 169, 170; Antwerp, 1569–72; 51, 59, 64, 169, 170; Heidelberg, 1586; 170; Hamburg, 1596; 170; Nuremburg, 1599; 170: Paris, 1645; 66, 67, 70, 169, 170, 171; London, 1657; 47, 66, 68, 69, 70, 98, 136; account of, 168–176; London, 1817–28, &c., 65, 68, 308, 341

——— (_Hebrew_) Soncino, 1488; 62; Basle, 1534: 63; Hamburg, 1587 and 1603; 63, 247; Amsterdam, 1639; 64; Amsterdam, 1667; 64, 215; Amsterdam, 1705; 64

_Bible_, (_Greek_) Alexandrian Codex, Lond. 1816–21; 322

——— (_Latin_) Mentz _n.d._, 26, 27, 53

——— (_English_) Lond. 1539 (Grafton’s) 124; Edinburgh 1576 (Bassendyne) 46; Lond. 1631 (Barker) 142, 198; Lond. 1653 (Field) 47; Oxford, 1717–16 (Baskett) 210; Cambridge 1763 (Baskerville) 279; Lond. 1774–6 (Moore) 301; Bristol, 1774 (Pine) 301; Lond. 1776 (Pasham) 324; Lond. 1777 (Fry) 302; Lond. 1800 (Macklin) 323, 336

——— (_Armenian_) Amsterdam, 1666; 68

——— (_Irish_) Lond. 1685; 75, 190; Lond. 1690; 190

——— (_Russian_) Prague, 1517–19; 71

——— (_Sclavonic_) Ostrog, 1581; 71: Moscow, 1663; 71

——— (_Syriac_) Lond. 1829; 68

Bible-height at Oxford, 155

Bible-printing, complaints of, 232

Bibliander, on wooden types, 4

_Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana_, Rome, 1591; 65, 67, 68

‘Bill’ of early founders, 28

Bill (Jno.) Hebrew type of, 64

Binneman (H.) types of, 96

BLACK, a founder, 364

Black letter, early use of in England, 54, 97; Caxton’s, 53, 87, 88, 89, 312, 343; De Worde’s, 53, 89, 90, 91, 197, 199, 225, 239; Faques’, 93; fashions in, 54; semi-gothic, 55, 94; mixed with Roman, 45, 80

——— Matrices:—Oxford, 148, 161; Polyglot, 173, 177; Andrews, 196, 312; Grover, 197, 199, 225; Head, 206, 241; Mitchell, 206, 241; ‘Anon.’, 207; James, 54, 214, 217, 223, 228, 303; Caslon, 54, 239, 240, 248, 254; Wilson, 264; Fry, 303, 310, 311, 334; Thorne, 295; Caslon III, 326; Figgins, 340, 343

Blades (Wm.) on early schools of typography, 9; on page by page printing, 26; _Life of Caxton_, 83; on early letter-founding, 102

BLAKE, GARNETT & CO., purchase Caslon IV’s foundry, 327; specimen, 328; Orientals, 328

Blind type: Haüy’s, 78; Lucas, 79; Frere, 79; Moon, 79; Braille, 79; Carton, 79; Alston, 78, 79, 309; Fry, 78, 79, 308, 309

Block books, not typographical, 2; latest printed, 2

Block-printing, _see_ Stereotype

Bodies, _see_ Type-bodies

Bodman on wooden types, 4

Bodoni (G. B.) notice of, 251, 252; specimens, 50, 252; influence on English typography, 251, 331; _Manuale Tipografico_, 72, 252; Etruscan letter of, 72; Greek, 61, 252, 332; Roman, 48, 251; Russian, 72

_Boëthius de Consolatione_, Oxon. 1698; 151

_Boke named the Governour_, Lond. 1531; 94

Bolts (W.) Bengalee type cut for, 317, 318, 319

Bomberg, Hebrew type of, 62

Bourgeoise, a class of type, 32

Bourgeois, an English type-body, 33, 39

Bourgeois (J. de) Rouen printer, 103

BOWER (G. W.) Sheffield founder, 357; specimen, 357; partners of, 357; attempt to regulate type bodies, 35, 357; foundry sold, 357

Bowyer (Wm.) printer, account of, 234; Saxon type used by, 74, 157, 289; fire of his office, 157, 197, 205, 234; his aid to Caslon, 234, 236, 238, 316

Bowyer (Wm. II) his aid to Jackson, 315, 316, 323

Boydell (Jno.) founder of the Shakespeare press, 330

Boyle (R.) Irish type cut for, 189

Bradshaw (Henry) on the type of the _Mentz Psalter_, 11; on the first Oxford types, 138

Branston, engraver and maker of cast ornaments, 360; his stereoplates for music, 360

Breaking off, process in founding, 111, 115, 116, 117, 131

‘Breaks’ of early types, 22

Breitkopf (J. G.) Leipzig founder, 296; German type of, 296; Map type, 296; Music, 78, 296; Russian, 71, 72, 296

Brèves (Sav. de) Arabic cut for, 66; Syriac, 67

_Breviary_ (_Icelandic_), Hoolum, 1531; 73

Brevier, a type body, 32; English, 32, 33, 39, 129; German, 38

Brilliant, an English type body, 356

_British Theatre_, Lond. 1791–2; 52

Brotherly Meeting of Printers, 165, 166, 171, 178, 193, 194, 197, 205

BROWN, letter-founder, 358

Browne (J.) Hebrew used by, 64

Bruce (D.) type-casting machine of, 122

Buchanan (Cl.) Syriac cut for, 342

Buck (T.) Cambridge printer, 141

Buel (Abel) early American founder, 350

_Bullock’s Oratio_, Camb. 1521; 141

Bulmer (W.) fine printer, 330, 331, 333; employs Birmingham cutters, 284, 331; prints for Roxburghe club, 312, 334

Burghers (M.) Oxford University engraver, 151, 210

Bus (J.) Dutch founder, 114, 215

_Cædmon’s Paraphrase of Genesis_, Amsterdam, 1655; 74

_Calasio Concordantiæ_, Lond. 1747; 346

Cambridge University, early printing at, 139, 141; offer to buy the Paris Greek, 61, 141; Greek types at, 60, 141; borrow type from Oxford, 61, 141; Saxon types of, 74; privilege to Ged for stereotype, 219; to Baskerville, 276, 278; Orientals, cut by Fry for, 308

_Cambro-brytannicæ . . lingua Institutiones_, Lond. 1592; 64

Canon, a type body, 32, 36; Tory’s definition of, 32

_Carmen Tograi_, Oxon. 1661; 66, 68

Cartlitch (Miss), married Caslon II, 248

CASLON (WM.) the First, 233–246; gunsmith’s apprentice, 233; first attempts at typography, 233–6; first foundry, 234; early patrons, 234; Palmer’s conduct to, 235, 238; early difficulties, 237; offers for Grover’s foundry, 237; reputation of, 237; first specimen, 240, 290; view of his foundry, 108, 116, 243, 288, 316; specimens, 241, 242, 280; various tributes to, 158, 241, 242, 243, 275; wager with Ged, 219, 238; rival to James, 219, 222, 238; buys half Mitchell’s foundry, 206, 221, 241; made a Justice, 243; his workmen, 243, 288, 290, 315, 316, 350, 351; family, 245, 246; retires, 244; anecdote of private life, 245; dies, 246; influence on English typography, 47, 249, 284, 301, 303, 305

——— Matrices: Armenian, 69, 239, 240, 247, 254; Arabic, 67, 235, 240, 247, 254, 311; Black, 54, 239, 240, 241, 248, 254; Coptic, 70, 236, 237, 240, 234; Ethiopic, 69, 240, 254; Etruscan, 72, 239, 240, 247,254; Flowers, 222, 240, 241, 248; Gothic, 73, 239, 240, 248, 254; Greek, 240, 241, 247, 254; Hebrew, 65, 236, 240, 247, 254; Initials, 81; Music, 254; Roman and Italic, 47, 48, 52, 159, 197, 236, 240, 247, 254, 284; Samaritan, 70, 240, 241, 247, 254; Saxon, 74, 240, 248, 254; Syriac, 68, 240, 241, 247, 254

CASLON (WM.) the Second, son of above, enters business, 241; specimens, 246; Mores’ prejudice against, 244, 247; anecdote of, 316; dies, 248; wife and family of, 248

——— Matrices: Black, 248; Greek, 247; Hebrew, 247; Music, 248; ‘Proscription-type,’ 248; Saxon, 74, 248; Syriac, 246

CASLON (MRS. W.) wife of above, formerly Miss Cartlitch, 248; manages for her husband, 248; succeeds to the business in 1792, 250; member of trade Association, 250; death, 251; tributes to, 251; decline in value of foundry under, 251

CASLON (WM.) the Third, son of W. Caslon II, succeeds to the business, 248; specimens, 248, 249, 250; founder to His Majesty, 249; altercation with Frys, 249, 303, 304; large sand cast type of, 250; cast ornaments, 254, 326; leaves Chiswell Street, 250; relations with Jackson, 317, 325

——— Matrices (Chiswell Street): Script, 249

——— Buys Jackson’s foundry, 325; uses Chiswell Street Orientals and Cast Ornaments, 325, 326; specimens, 325, 326; retirement and character, 326, 327

——— Matrices (Salisbury Square): Arabic, 326; Armenian, 326; Black, 326; Greek, 326; Hebrew, 326; Samaritan, 326; Saxon, 326; Syriac, 326

CASLON (HENRY) the First, son of W. Caslon II, 248; joint heir to foundry, 248; wife of, 250; death, 250

CASLON (Mrs. HENRY) wife of above, formerly Miss Rowe, 200, 250; joint proprietor of foundry, 251, 252; sole proprietor, 251; regenerates foundry, 251; cuts new founts, 251; her partner, 252; marries Mr. Strong, 252; illness and death, 252; specimen, 252

——— Matrices: Roman and Italic, 251, 252, 253

CASLON (HENRY) the Second, son of above, 250; infant proprietor of foundry, 251; sole proprietor, 253; partners of, 253, 254; additions to foundry, 253, 254, 334; state of foundry in 1825, 234; revives the Old Style, 255; death, 255

——— Matrices: German, 254; Greek, 254; Persian, 254; Diamond Roman, 358; Sanscrit, 254

CASLON (HY. WM.) son and partner of above, 235; unites Glasgow and Caslon foundries, 253, 263; offers foundry for sale, 255; dies, the last of his name, 255

CASLON (WM.) the Fourth, son and partner of Wm. Caslon III, 326; succeeds to Salisbury Square Foundry, 327; improved types, 120, 327; ‘Sanspareil’ matrices, 327; sells foundry to Blake, 327; character, 328

Caslon (Saml.) mould-maker, brother to Wm. Caslon I. 246, 350

Caslon (Thos.) bookseller, son of Wm. Caslon I, 246

Caslon Foundry, type bodies in 1841, 34; changes in the value of, 251, 255; relics preserved at, 245

Cast Ornaments, introduced by W. Caslon III, 250, 326; Fry’s, 306; Vizitelly, Branston’s, 360, 361

Castell (E.) his _Heptaglot Lexicon_, 176, 177

Casting, primitive methods of, 9; early irregularity of, 18, 25; in sand, 9, 10, 12; in clay, 11, 12; Moxon’s account of, 111; improvements in, 119–22

_Castle of Otranto_, Parma, 1791; 251

_Catechism and Articles in Irish_, Dublin, 1571; 75, 187

_Catechism in Irish_, Lond. 1680?; 189

_Catena on Job_, Lond. 1637; 98, 144, 176, 198, 201, 228

CATHERWOOD (NATL.) partner of Mrs. H. Caslon, 252

CATHERWOOD (J. J.) brother to above, 253; partner of Hy. Caslon II, 253; leaves Chiswell Street, 254; notice of, by Johnson, 254; starts a foundry, 254, 358; joins A. Bessemer, 358; retires, 359

_Catholicon_, Mentz, 1460; 16

Caxton (Wm.) first English printer, 84; early training, 84, 85; probable methods of type founding, 85, 86, 343; type cast by, 84, 85, 102; mould of, 88; types of, 86–9; Black, 53, 87, 88; Secretary, 55, 86, 87, 88; Initials, 79; type ornaments, 82; first books of, 86; his advertisement, 49, 87; printed page by page, 26; translation of _Ovid’s Metamorphoses_, by, 312; employs a foreign printer, 91; facsimiles of his types, 343, 344

Celtis, his reference to cut types, 7

Certificate, letter founders’, form of, 135

‘Chalcographia,’ derivation of, 15

_Champfleury_, Paris, 1529; 32, 183

Chapel (a founders’), account of, 112, 166, 186

Chapman, prints with Baskerville’s types, 283

Charles II and the _London Polyglot_, 176; on the Alexandrian _Codex_ facsimile, 203

Chevillier (A.) on the _London Polyglot_, 172

Chinese type cast in plaster moulds, 15

_Christian Doctrine_, Dublin 1652; 75, 188

_Christianæ Pietatis prima Institutio_, Lond. 1578; 98

_Chronological account of Irish writers_, Dublin 1820; 190

_Chrysostomi Homiliæ_, Lond. 1543; 60, 95: _Opera_, Oxon. 1586; 60, 140; _Translations from_, Oxon. 1602; 64: _Opera_, Eton 1610–12; 60, 140

Church (W.) Type casting machine of, 121

Cicero’s suggestion of mobile types, 3

Cicero, a type body, 32, 38

_Cicero de Officiis_, Mentz 1465; 38, 57; Rome 1469; 38

——— _de Oratore_, Rome 1465; 40

Civilité, Lettre de, a French cursive, 56; Plantin’s, 56

Clarendon Printing House, Oxford, 156

Clarke (S.) Oxford architypographus, 146

Classical ‘height-to-paper’ at Oxford, 155, 274

Claudin (A.) old Lyonnaise types of, 20; on early type markets, 103

Clayton (Robt.) patent matrices, 16, 121

_Clemens Romanus ad Corinthios_, Oxon. 1633; 143, 201

_Codex Alexandrinus_, history of, 200; attempts to facsimile, 200–5, 321

_Codex Bezæ_, facsimile of, Camb. 1793; 322

_Collection of Hymns_, Bristol 1769; 299

Colonel, a Dutch and German type body, 39

_Commentary on the Pentateuch_, Reggio 1475; 62

_Common Prayer_, Lond. 1550; 77: Cambridge 1760–2; 279

——— (_Irish_) Dublin 1608; 75, 187; Lond. 1712; 190

Complutensian _Polyglot_, types of, 59, 63, 169

Copland (R.) printer, types of, 94

Coptic types of the Propaganda, 69; Voskens, 70; Fournier, 70

——— Matrices: Oxford, 70, 147, 148, 153, 155, 161; Grover, ‘new-hand,’ 198, 200; Caslon, 70, 236, 237, 240, 247, 254

Cornish (J. D.) his specimen of Caslon’s types, 246

Corpus, a German type body, 39

Coster legend disposed of by Van der Linde, 2

COTTRELL (THOS.) 221, 288–92; apprentice to Caslon, 243, 288, 290, 316; starts a foundry, 288, 316; his tribute to Caslon, 244, 290; specimens, 290, 291, 292; repairs the Elstob Saxon, 158, 289; Fournier’s notice of, 290; private in the Guards, 290, 316; Nichols’ notice of, 291; his foundry, 292

——— Matrices: Domesday, 74, 291, 292, 294, 320; Engrossing, 56, 289, 290, 291, 292, 295; Flowers, 290, 291, 292; “Proscription,” 291, 292, 317; Roman and Italic, 48, 289, 290, 291, 292; Russian, 72, 291

Court Hand, early English, 55, 289

——— Matrices: Grover, 199, 204; James, 228, 303; Fry, 303

Cromwell (Oliver), his aid to the London _Polyglot_, 172, 175

Cupi, a Dutch punch cutter, 114, 215, 216

Cursiv, a German name for Italic, 51

‘Cut matrices,’ a misnomer, 8

_Cyclopædia_, E. Chambers, Lond. 1728; 38: Lond. 1738; 241: Lond. 1784–6; 250, 203

Danish type at Oxford, 73, 151

Dawks (I.) Script type of, 173

Day (Jno.) printer, account of, 95–101; a letter-founder, 96; his Star Chamber case _v._ Ward, 124. His types: Greek, 98; Hebrew, 64, 98; Italic, 51, 96, 97, 98, 144; Music, 77, 98; Roman, 47, 96, 97, 98, 144; Saxon, 73, 96

_De Antiquitate Britannicæ Ecclesiæ_, Lond. 1572; 97

_De Arte Supputandi_, Lond. 1522; 92

_De Divinâ Proportione_, Venice, 1509; 183

_De Emendatâ Structurâ_, Lond. 1524; 60, 93

_De Linguæ Arabicæ Utilitate_, Oxon, 1639; 66

_De Linguâ Etruriæ_, Oxon. 1735; 239

_De Siglis Arabum_, Lond. 1648; 66

De Vinne (Theo.) on early type moulds, 9, 17

_De Visibili Romanarchiâ_, Lond. 1573; 97

De Worde. _See_ Worde (W. de)

Demetrius of Crete, Greek types of, 57, 58

_Demetrius Phalereus_: Glasgow, 1743; 261

Descendiaen, a Dutch type body, 38

Deva Nagari matrices: Jackson, 319; Wilkins, 318

Diamond, an English type body, 40; a Dutch body, 40, 304; matrices in Grover’s foundry, 197, 199; founts cut in by Wilson, 264; Fry, 304; Bessemer, 358, 359

_Diary of Lady Willoughby_, Lond. 1844; 255

Dibdin (T. F.) on Black letter fashions, 54; on Caxton’s types, 84; Bibliographical Works of, 333

_Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers_, Westminster, 1477; 86

Didot (A. F.) improved Script type, 56, 120, 308, 312.

Didot (F.) on Polytype printing, 13, 220

Didot (F. A.) typographical points of, 35; Roman type of, 48

Didot (H.) Semi-Nonpareil cut by, 40; Diamond, 359; Patent type-casting machine, 121, 361

_Dilworth’s Spelling Book_, Lond. _n.d._ 306

_Dives et Pauper_, Lond. 1493; 91

_Diurnale Gr. Arab._ Fano, 1514; 65

_Doctrinale_, ‘getté en molle,’ 13

Domesday matrices:—Cottrell, 74, 291, 292, 294, 320; Jackson, 74, 291, 320, 321, 340; Figgins, 339, 340, 343

_Domesday Book_, Lond. 1783; 74, 320, 321, 340

_Domesday Book Illustrated_, Lond. 1788; 321

_Donlevey’s Irish Catechism_, Paris, 1742; 75

Double Pica, an English type body, 33, 36

Dressing, an operation in founding, 111, 115, 116

Drury (J. I.) letter cutter to Mrs. H. Caslon, 251

_Ductor in Linguas_, Lond. 1617; 64, 73, 171

DUMMERS, a letter founder, 345; Samaritan type cut for Caslon, 70, 241, 345

Dürer (A.) on the shape of letters, 32, 183

Dutch Founders, notices of, 113, 213–217; type of, in England, 46, 51, 61, 80, 114, 210, 233; in Scotland, 257, 238; cessation of trade with, 237, 249

Dutch ‘Bloomers,’ 80, 258

Duverger (E.) on early type moulds, 23

East (T.) Music type of, 77

East India Company, types cut for, 318, 319, 339

_Elementa Linguæ Persicæ_, Lond. 1649; 66

Elstob (Eliz.) Saxon works of, 74, 157; account of her, 157, 158: her _Saxon Grammar_, 157, 158

Elzevirs, types of: Greek, 264; Hebrew, 64; Orientals, 66, 141; Roman, 44, 263

Emerald, an English type body, 34

English, an English type body, 32, 33, 37; a name for Black Letter, 37, 53

English Two-line, an English type body, 36

_English-Saxon Homily on St. Gregory’s Day_, Lond. 1709; 74, 156

Engrossing matrices; Cottrell, 56, 289, 290, 291, 292, 295

Enschedés, Dutch letter founders, 215; leaden matrices in their foundry, 15; specimens of their old Italic, 52; Gothic, 53; Flamand, 54; Civilité, 56; Initials, 80

Enschedé (J.) on wooden types, 6

Erasmus at Cambridge, 141

Erpenius, Oriental matrices and types of, 65, 69, 144

_Essai sur l’Education des Aveugles_, Paris, 1786; 78

_Essay on the Original, Use and Excellency of Printing_, Lond. 1752; 242

_Essay towards a Real Character_, Lond. 1668; 191

_Essay on Melody of Speech_, Lond. 1775; 323

Estienne (H.) Greek types of, 58; flowers, 82

Estienne (P.) his compliment to Norton, 140

Estienne (R.) type of, Greek (Royal), 58, 262; Hebrew, 63; Initials, 80

Ethiopic, early founts at Rome, 69, 174; Leyden, 69; Frankfort, 69; Amsterdam, 69

——— Matrices: Oxford, 69, 151, 154, 155, 161; Polyglot, 69, 173, 174, 177, 195; Andrews, 198; ‘Anon.’, 69, 207; James, 228, 303; Caslon, 69, 240, 247, 254; Fry, 303, 309, 311

——— Punches: James, 229

Eton, Greek printing at, 60, 140

Etruscan type at Rome, 72, Parma, 72

——— Matrices: Caslon, 72, 239, 240, 247

_Eusebii Præparatio_, Venice, 1470; 41

_Eusebius_, Paris, 1544; 59

Everingham (R.) printer in Irish, 189, 190; works printed by his widow, 190

_Exposicio Simboli_, Oxon. ‘1468’; 137, 138

_Exposition on St. John_, Wesel? 1557; 45

Facsimile types, the earliest, 200, 204

Faques (W.) printer, trained at Rouen, 93, 103; types of, 93; used by De Worde, 94

Fann Street Foundry, 294, 295, 313

Farley (Abr.) Domesday type cut for, 320

Fell (Jno.) his services to Oxford Press, 146, 150; gift of matrices, &c., 148; report on Oxford printing, 149; his printing house, 150; Moxon’s compliment to, 150, 183

Fenner (W.) partner of Ged, 218, 219

FENWICK (Jos.) founder, account of, 351

——— Matrices:—Scriptorial, 351

Fergusson’s proposal for regulating type bodies, 35, 357

_Fidelis Servi Responsio_, Lond. 1573; 97

FIFIELD (Alex.) founder, nominated, 130, 165; account of, 166

_Fifteen O’s_, Westminster, 1490; 82, 85