Chapter XIV: Appendix: I. Apparatus and Reagents

The apparatus and reagents listed here are sufficient for all the tests described in the text. Those in smaller type are less frequently required. For ordinary routine work a much smaller list will suffice.

A. APPARATUS

Beakers and flasks, several sizes, preferably of Jena glass.

Blood lancet, or some substitute (Fig. 64).

Bunsen-burner or alcohol lamp.

Buret, 25 c.c. capacity; preferably with Schellbach stripe.

Buret and filter-stand combined.

Centrifuge--hand, electric, or water-power (Figs. 16 and 17). With the last two a speed indicator is desirable. Radius of arm when in motion should be six and three-fourth inches. Plain and graduated tubes accompany the instrument; milk-tubes (Fig. 128) must be purchased separately. When sedimentation only is desired, the torfuge (Fig. 31) is a cheap and convenient substitute.

Cigaret-paper, "Zig-zig" brand, or some similar thin paper.

Corks, preferably of rubber, with one and two holes.

Cover-glasses, No. 2 thickness--seven-eighth-inch squares are most convenient.

{287} Cover-glass forceps.

Esbach's tube (Fig. 23).

Evaporating dish.

Filter-paper: ordinary cheap paper for urine filtration; "ashless" quantitative filter-paper for chemic analyses.

Glass funnels.

Glass rods and tubing of sodium glass: for stirring rods, urinary pipets, etc.

Glass slides: the standard 1- by 3-inch size will answer for all work, although a few larger slides will be found convenient; those of medium thickness are preferable.

Graduates, cylindric form, several sizes.

Granite-ware basin.

Hemoglobinometer: see pp. 143 to 147 for descriptions of the different instruments.

Hemocytometer: either Türk or Zappert ruling is desirable (Figs. 69, 70, and 72).

Labels for slides and bottles.

Litmus paper, red and blue, Squibb's preferred.

Microscope (Fig. 1): should have Abbé condenser, 1- and 2-inch eye-pieces, and two-thirds, one-fifth, or long focus one-sixth and one-twelfth inch objectives. A one-half inch eye-piece, a micrometer eye-piece, and an attachable mechanical stage are very useful additions.

Petri dish or cleaned photographic plates for sputum examination.

Stomach-tube.

Test-glass, conic, one side painted half white, half black.

Test-tubes, rack, and cleaning brush.

Ureometer, Doremus-Hinds' pattern (Fig. 20).

Urinometer, preferably Squibb's (Fig. 14).

* * * * *

{288} Blood-fixing oven, or Kowarsky's plate (Fig. 77).

Copper-foil and gauze.

Holt's cream gage and hydrometer (Fig. 127).

Horismascope (Fig. 22).

Pipets, graduated, 5 c.c. to 50 c.c. capacity.

Ruhemann's tube for uric-acid estimation (Fig. 21).

Saccharimeter (Fig. 25).

Strauss' separatory funnel for lactic-acid test (Fig. 87).

Suction filter.

Urinopyknometer of Saxe (Fig. 15).

Widal reaction outfit: either living agar cultures of the typhoid bacillus, or the dead cultures with diluting apparatus, which are sold under various trade names.

Water-bath.

B. REAGENTS AND STAINS

All stains and many reagents are best kept in small dropping bottles. Formulæ are given in the text.

Acid, glacial acetic. Other strengths can be made from this as desired.

Acid, hydrochloric, concentrated (contains about 32 per cent. by weight of absolute hydrochloric acid). Other strengths can be made as desired.

Acid, nitric, strong, colorless.

Acid, nitric, yellow. Can be made from colorless acid by adding a splinter of pine, or allowing to stand in sunlight.

Acid, sulphuric, concentrated.

Alcohol, ethyl (grain-alcohol). This is ordinarily about 93 to 95 per cent., and other strengths can be made as desired.

Aqua ammoniæ fortior (sp. gr. 0.9).

Bromin or Rice's solutions (p. 67), for urea estimation.

{289} Chloroform.

Diluting fluid for erythrocyte count (p. 154).

Diluting fluid for leukocyte count (p. 165).

Dimethyl-amido-azobenzol, 0.5 per cent. alcoholic solution.

Distilled water.

Esbach's reagent (p. 74).

Ether, sulphuric.

Ferric chlorid: saturated aqueous solution and 10 per cent. aqueous solution.

Haines' (or Fehling's) solution (p. 78).

Lugol's solution (_Liquor Iodi Compositus_, U.S.P.). Gram's iodin solution (p. 38) can be made from this by adding fourteen times its volume of water.

Obermayer's reagent (p. 64).

Phenylhydrazin, pure.

Phenol.

Phenolphthalein, 1 per cent. alcoholic solution.

Purdy's (or Fehling's) solution (p. 80).

Robert's reagent (p. 73).

Sodium chlorid (table-salt), saturated aqueous solution.

Sodium hydroxid (caustic soda), 40 per cent. solution; other strengths can be made from this as desired.

Sodium hydroxid, decinormal solution. This is best purchased ready prepared.

Sodium nitrite, 0.5 per cent. solution for diazo reaction. Must be freshly prepared.

Sulphanilic acid solution for diazo reaction (p. 91).

Stains:
Carbol-fuchsin (p. 33).
Eosin, saturated aqueous solution.
Gabbet's stain (p. 34). {290}
Löffler's alkaline methylene-blue solution (p. 38).
Stain for fat: Sudan III, saturated solution in 70 per cent.
alcohol; or 1 per cent. aqueous solution osmic acid.
Wright's stain for blood.

Tincture of guaiac, diluted to a light sherry-wine color (keep in a dark-glass bottle).

Turpentine, "ozonized" (p. 89).

* * * * *

Acid, boric, for preserving urine (p. 48).

Acid, oxalic.

Acid, salicylous (salicyl aldehyd), 10 per cent. alcoholic solution.

Alcohol, amylic.

Alcohol, ethyl, absolute.

Alcohol, methyl (pure).

Barium chlorid mixture (p. 62).

Benzol.

Boas' reagent or Günzburg's (p. 219).

Boggs' reagent (p. 280).

Calcium chlorid, 1 per cent. solution.

Canada-balsam in xylol: necessary only when permanent microscopic preparations are made.

Carbon disulphid.

Charcoal, animal.

Chromium trioxid.

Congo-red, strong alcoholic solution.

Copper sulphate.

Diluting fluid for blood-platelet count (p. 167).

Egg-albumen discs in glycerin (p. 221).

Ether, acetic, pure.

Florence's reagent (p. 285).

Formalin (40 per cent. solution of formaldehyd gas).

{291} Iodin crystals.

Iron sulphid.

Lead acetate (sugar of lead); used in 10 per cent. solution to clarify urine.

Lead acetate, tribasic.

Lime-water.

Magnesium carbonate.

Müller's fluid saturated with mercuric chlorid (p. 37).

Pepsin, U.S.P.

Phenylhydrazin hydrochlorid.

Potassium ferrocyanid, 10 per cent. solution.

Potassium persulphate.

Ruhemann's reagent (p. 69).

Silver-nitrate crystals; also dram to the ounce aqueous solution, and "ammoniated" solution (p. 68).

Sodium alizarin sulphonate, 1 per cent. aqueous solution.

Sodium carbonate.

Sodium chlorid, 2 per cent. solution; from this, normal salt solution (0.8 per cent.) can be made as desired.

Sodium hyposulphite.

Sodium nitroprussid.

Sodium sulphate.

Stains:
Anilin-gentian violet (p. 38).
Bismarck-brown, saturated aqueous or alcoholic solution.
Ehrlich's triple stain for blood.
Eosin, 0.5 per cent. alcoholic solution for blood.
Fuchsin, weak solution; can be made when desired by adding a little
carbol-fuchsin to a test-tube of water.
Gentian-violet, saturated alcoholic solution.
Goldhorn's spirochæte stain (p. 283).
Methylene-blue and borax solution (p. 193).
Methylene-blue, saturated aqueous solution for blood.

Sulphur, powdered.

{292} Trichloracetic acid solution (p. 71).

Uranium nitrate, 5 per cent. aqueous solution.

Xylol.

Zinc, arsenic free.

II. WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC., WITH EQUIVALENTS

METRIC

Meter (unit of length): Millimeter (mm.) = 1/1000 meter.
Centimeter (cm.) = 1/100 meter.
Kilometer = 1000 meters.
Micron (µ) = 1/1000 millimeter.

Gram (unit of weight): Milligram (mg.) = 1/1000 gram.
Kilogram (kilo.) = 1000 grams.

Liter (unit of capacity): Cubic Centimeter = 1/1000 liter. Same as
milliliter (ml.).

1 Millimeter = 0.03937 (1/25 approx.) in.
1000 microns.

1 Centimeter = 0.3937 (2/5 approx.) in.
0.0328 feet.

1 Meter = 39.37 in.
3.28 feet.

1 Micron (µ) = 1/25000 in.
0.001 millimeter.

1 Gram = 15.43 grains.
0.563 dram (Avoir.).
0.035 ounce (Avoir.).
0.0022 pound (Avoir.).
0.257 dram (Apoth.).
0.032 ounce (Apoth.).
0.0027 pound (Apoth.).

1 Kilogram = 35.27 ounce (Avoir.).
2.2 pound (Avoir.).

1 Liter = 1.056 (1 approx.) quart.
61.02 cu. inches.
1000 cu. centimeters.

1 Sq. Millimeter = 0.00155 sq. in.
1 Sq. Centimeter = 0.1550 sq. in.
1 Sq. Meter = 1550 sq. in.
1 Sq. Meter = 10.76 sq. feet.

1 Cu. Millimeter = 0.00006 cu. in.
1 Cu. Centimeter = 0.0610 cu. in.
1 Cu. Centimeter = 0.001 liter.
1 Cu. Meter = 35.32 cu. feet.
1 Cu. Meter = 61025.4 cu. in.

1 Inch = 25.399 millimeters.
1 Sq. Inch = 6.451 sq. centimeters.
1 Cu. Inch = 16.387 cu. centimeters.

1 Foot = 30.48 centimeters.
1 Sq. Foot = 0.093 sq. meter.
1 Cu. Foot = 0.028 cu. meter.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT

1 Ounce = 437.5 grains.
1 Ounce = 16 drams.
1 Pound = 16 ounces.
1 Grain = 0.065 (3/50 approx.) grams.
1 Dram = 1.77 (1¾ approx.) grams.
1 Ounce = 28.35 (30 approx.) grams.
1 Pound = 453.59 (500 approx.) grams.
1 Pound = 27.7 cu. inches.
1 Pound = 1.215 lb. Troy.

APOTHECARIES' MEASURE

1 Dram = 60 minims.
1 Ounce = 8 drams.
1 Pint = 16 ounces.
1 Gallon = 8 pints.
1 Dram = 3.70 cu. centimeters.
1 Ounce = 29.57 cu. centimeters.
1 Pint = 473.1 cu. centimeters.
1 Gallon = 3785.4 cu. centimeters.
1 Gallon = 231 cu. inches.

{293} APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT

1 Scruple = 20 grains.
1 Dram = 3 scruples = 60 grains.
1 Ounce = 8 drams = 480 grains.
1 Pound = 12 ounces.

1 Grain = 0.065 grams.
1 Dram = 3.887 grams.
1 Ounce = 31.10 grams.
1 Pound = 373.2 grams.

To convert _minims_ into _cubic centimeters_ multiply by 0.061
" " _fluidounces_ " _cubic centimeters_ " " 29.57
" " _grains_ " _grams_ " " 0.0648
" " _drams_ " _grams_ " " 3.887

" " _cubic centimeters_ into _minims_ " " 16.23
" " _cubic centimeters_ " _fluidounces_ " " 0.0338
" " _grams_ " _grains_ " " 15.432
" " _grams_ " _drams_ " " 0.257

TEMPERATURE

Centigrade. Fahrenheit. Centigrade. Fahrenheit.
110° 230° 37° 98.6°
100 212 36.5 97.7
95 203 36 96.8
90 194 35.5 95.9
85 185 35 95
80 176 34 93.2
75 167 33 91.4
70 158 32 89.6
65 149 31 87.8
60 140 30 86
55 131 25 77
50 122 20 68
45 113 15 59
44 111.2 10 50
43 109.4 +5 41
42 107.6 0 32
41 105.8 -5 23
40.5 104.9 -10 14
40 104 -15 +5
39.5 103.1 -20 -4
39 102.2 -------------------
38.5 101.3 0.54° = 1°
38 100.4 1 = 1.8
37.5 99.5 2 = 3.6
2.5 = 4.5

To convert Fahrenheit into Centigrade subtract 32 and multiply by 0.555.

To convert Centigrade into Fahrenheit multiply by 1.8 and add 32.

{295}

INDEX

Absorptive power of stomach, 233

Acarus scabiei, 259

Accidental albuminuria, 70

Acetanilid in urine, 95

Acetic acid in gastric contents, 219

Acetone in urine, 82, 83. See also _Acetonuria_.

Acetonuria, 82, 83
after anesthesia, 83
Gunning's test in, 84
Lange's test in, 85
Legal's test for, Lange's modification, 85
Lieben's test in, Gunning's modification, 85
tests, 84-86
Trommer's test in, 86

Achard and Castaigne's methylene-blue test for urine, 56

Achlorhydria, 225

Achylia gastrica, gastric contents in, 231

Acid intoxication, cause, 83

Acid-albumin, 213

Acid-fast bacilli, 35

Acidophilic structures of blood, 172

Actinomyces bovis in sputum, 31

Active hyperemia, urine in, 132

Agglutination, 196

Agglutinins, 196

Air-bubbles in urine, 132

Albumin, acid-, 213
in urine, 69. See also _Albuminuria_.

Albuminometer, Esbach's, 74

Albuminuria, 69
accidental, 70
centrifugal estimation of albumin, 74
Esbach's estimation of albumin, 74
estimation of albumin in, quantitative, 74
false, 70
from blood changes, 70
from kidney changes, 70
functional, 70
heat and nitric acid test in, 73
test in, Purdy's, 73
nitric acid test in, 73
Purdy's centrifugal method, 74
heat test in, 73
table after centrifugation, 75
renal, 70
Robert's test in, 73
tests, 71-75
trichloracetic acid test in, 71

Albumoses in urine, 76

Albumosuria, 76

Alkaline methylene-blue, Löffler's, 38

Alveolar cells in sputum, 43

Ameboid movements of malarial parasites, 187

Amidobenzol test for free hydrochloric acid, 219

Ammoniated silver nitrate solution, 68

Ammoniomagnesium phosphate crystals in urine, 109

Ammonium urate crystals in urine, 112

Amoeba coli dysenteriæ, 244
in feces, 235

Amorphous phosphates in urine, 50, 61, 111
in mass, 120
urates in urine, 50, 67, 105
in mass, 120

Anæmia infantum pseudoleukæmica, 211

Anemias, 203
aplastic, 207
blood-plaques in, 166
color index in, 156
degeneration of Grawitz in, 176
erythroblasts in blood in, 177
erythrocytes in, 175
from uncinaria, 256
lymphocytes in, 179
myelocytes in, 184
oligocythemia in, 150
pernicious, 205
polychromatophilia in, 176
primary, 205
secondary, 204
blood picture, 204
splenic, 208
table of blood changes in, 212

Anesthesia, acetonuria after, 83

Angina, Vincent's, 273

Anguillula aceti in urine, 129

Anilin dyes for blood-films, 171

Anilin-gentian-violet stain, 38

Animal inoculation, 269
parasites, 244. See also _Parasites, animal_.

Anopheles, 189

Antipyrin in urine, 95

Anuria, 49

Aplastic anemia, 207

Apothecaries' measure, 292
weight, 293

Apparatus, 286

Appendicitis, leukocytosis in, 160

Arsenic in urine, 95
poisoning, anemia from, 204

Arthropoda, 259

Ascaris lumbricoides, 253

Asthma, bronchial, eosinophilia in, 183
sputum in, 45

Atrophic gastritis, gastric contents in, 231

Atropin in urine, 96

Avoirdupois weight, 292

Babcock estimation for fat in milk, 279

Bacillus, acid-fast, 35
Boas-Oppler, in gastric contents, 229
diphtheriæ in eye affections, 275
in mouth, 272
Koch-Weeks, in conjunctivitis, 274
mucosus capsulatus in sputum, 38
of Friedländer in otitis, 276
in sputum, 38
of influenza in sputum, 39
pyocyaneus in otitis, 276
smegma, 35, 127
tuberculosis in cerebrospinal fluid, 268
in feces, 242
in otitis, 276
in pus, 263
in sputum, 32
examination, 24
Gabbet's method for, 32
methods for, 32-35
in urine, 127
typhosus in urine, 127

Bacteria in feces, 241
stains for, 242
in gastric contents, 229
in pus, 261
in sputum, 32
in urine, 51, 126

Bacterial casts in urine, 119
vaccines, Wright's, 201

Balantidium coli, 246

Basophilic granular degeneration, 176
leukocytes, 183
stippling, 176
structures of blood, 172

Beef tape-worm, 247, 248

Bile acids in urine, 87
tests, 88
in feces, 239
in gastric contents, 217
in urine, 87
Gmelin's test for, 87
Smith's test for, 87
tests, 87, 88

Bile-pigment in urine, 87

Bilifuscin in urine, 87

Biliousness, indican in urine in, 63

Bilirubin in urine, 87

Biliverdin in urine, 87

Blepharoconjunctivitis, 275

Blood, 139
acidophilic structures of, 172
basophilic structures of, 172
blood-plaques in, 165
changes, albuminuria from, 70
in blood diseases, table, 212
color index, 155
constituents, 139
count, 149
diluting fluids for, 154
Thoma-Zeiss hemocytometer for, 150, 151
diseases, blood changes in, table, 212
Ehrlich's triple stain for, 172
eosin and methylene-blue for, 172
eosinophilic structures of, 172
erythrocytes in, number, 149
filaria nocturna in, 194
sanguinis hominis in, 194
guaiac test for, 202
hemin test for, 202
in anemia, 203
secondary, 204
in chlorosis, 207
in feces, 238, 241
in gastric contents, 217, 228
test for, 223
in leukemia, 208
in urine, 51
Jenner's stain for, 174
leukocytes in, number, 156
neutrophilic structures of, 172
obtaining of, for blood-count, 152
for coagulation test, 140
oxyphilic structures of, 172
parasites, 186
pathology, special, 203
plasmodium malariæ in, 187
recognition of, tests, 202
stained, plasmodium malariæ in, 192
study of, 168, 175
stains, 168
for films, 168, 171
Wright's, in cytodiagnosis, 266
Teichmann's test for, 202
triple stain for, Ehrlich's, 172
trypanosoma hominis in, 195
unstained, plasmodium malariæ in, 191
Wright's stain for, 173

Blood-casts in urine, 118

Blood-corpuscles, red, 139
in sputum, 43
in urine, 124
white, 139

Blood-dust of Müller, 140

Blood-films, 168
anilin dyes for, 171
chemic fixation of, 170
cigarette-paper method, 169
drying, 170
Ehrlich's two-cover method, 168
fixing, 170
heat fixation for, 171
Kowarsky's plate for fixing, 171
making, 168
plasmodium malariæ in, 192
spreading, 168
stain for, 168, 171
stained, study of, 175
staining, 168, 171
two-slide method, 168

Blood-lancet, 141

Blood-plaques, 139
counting of, 166
diluting fluid in counting, 167
enumeration, 165
in anemia, 166
in infections, 166
in leukemia, 166
in purpura hæmorrhagica, 166
Kemp-Calhoun-Harris estimation, 166
stained, study of, 185
variation in number, 166

Blood-platelets, 139. See also _Blood-plaques_.

Blood-serum, 140
reactions, 196

Boas' reagent, 219
test for free hydrochloric acid, 219
test-breakfast, 215

Boas-Oppler bacilli in feces, 242
in gastric contents, 229

Boggs' modification of Esbach's method for proteids in milk, 280
reagent, 280

Boston's method of keeping semen for examination, 283

Bothriocephalus latus, 247, 249

Brick-dust deposit in urine, 50, 106

Bromids in urine, 96

Bronchial asthma, eosinophilia in, 183
sputum in, 45

Bronchiectasis, sputum in, 44

Bronchitis, sputum in, 43, 44

Buerger's method for pneumococcus capsules, 37
in pus, 263

Butyric acid in gastric contents, 219

Cabot's classification of pathologic polymorphonuclear leukocytosis,
160

Calcium carbonate crystals in urine, 112
oxalate in urine, 106
phosphate crystals in urine, 110

Calculi in feces, 238

Calculus, renal, urine in, 134
vesical, urine in, 137

Cammidge's pancreatic reaction, 91
technic, 92

Capsules of pneumococcus, Buerger's method for, 37
stains for, 37

Carbol-fuchsin, 33

Carcinoma, gastric, bacteria in feces in, 242
stomach contents in, 232

Casts in sputum, 30
in urine, 113

Cedar oil for oil-immersion objective, 21

Cells, alveolar, in sputum, 43
cylindric, in sputum, 42
epithelial, in sputum, 41
in sputum, 40, 42
stains for, 40

Centigrade and Fahrenheit scales, 293

Central illumination of microscope, 18

Centrifuge for albumin in urine, 74
for chlorids in urine, 58
Purdy's table, 60
for phosphates in urine, Purdy's, 61
for sulphates in urine, Purdy's, 62
Purdy's, 57
tubes, Purdy's, 59
water-motor, 58

Cercomonas hominis, 246

Cerebrospinal fever, epidemic, cerebrospinal fluid in, 268
fluid, bacillus tuberculosis in, 268
examination, 268

Cestoda, 247

Charcot-Leyden crystals in feces, 243
in sputum, 29, 30

Chemic fixation for blood-films, 170

Chemotaxis, 157

Chlorids in urine, 56
estimation, quantitative, 57, 59
Purdy's centrifuge methods, 58
table, 60
in nephritis, 56

Chlorosis, 207
color index in, 156
lymphocytes in, 179
oligocythemia in, 150

Cholesterin crystals in sputum, 30

Chyluria from filaria sanguinis hominis infection, 109

Cigarette-paper method for blood-films, 169

Cirrhosis of liver, anemia from, 204

Clover-leaf nucleated erythrocytes, 177

Coagulation, 140
time, 140

Cochin China diarrhea, 258

Coffin-lid crystals in urine, 110

Color index in chlorosis, 156
in pernicious anemia, 156

Combined hydrochloric acid, Töpfer's test, 226

Compsomyia macellaria, 260

Concretions in feces, 238

Congo-red test for free acids in gastric contents, 218

Conjunctivitis, acute infectious, 274
bacteria of, 274
blepharo-, 275
diphtheric, 275
gonorrheal, 275
pseudomembranous, 275

Cook's method for purin bodies, 68

Corpuscles, blood-, red, 139
in sputum, 43
in urine, 124
white, 139
pus-, 181, 261
in feces, 241
in gastric contents, 229
in sputum, 40
in urine, 123

Corrections for objectives, 21

Cotton fibers in urine, 120, 131

Cows' milk, 277

Croupous pneumonia, sputum in, 45

Cryoscopy, 55

Crystals, Charcot-Leyden, in sputum, 29, 30
in feces, 243
in sputum, 30

Culex, 189

Curschmann's spirals in sputum, 29

Cylindric cells in sputum, 42

Cylindroids in urine, 119

Cystin crystals in urine, 108

Cystitis, urine in, 136

Cytodiagnosis, 266

Daland's blood-lancet, 141

Dare's estimation of hemoglobin, 146
hemoglobinometer, 146

Degeneration of Grawitz, 176

Dextrose in urine, 76. See also _Glycosuria_.

Diabetes insipidus, urine in, 137
mellitus, urine in, 138

Diacetic acid in urine, 86
Gerhardt's test for, 86
Lindemann's test for, 86
tests, 86

Diarrhea, polycythemia in, 149

Differential count of leukocytes, 178

Digestion, stomach, 213

Dilatation of stomach, gastric contents in, 230

Diluting fluid for blood count, 154
in leukemia, 165
for blood-plaque count, 167

Diazo reaction, 89
in measles, 91
in tuberculosis, 90
in typhoid fever, 90
technic, 91
substances in urine, 89

Diphtheria of nasopharynx, 272
of tonsils, 272

Diplobacillus of Morax and Axenfeld, 275

Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis, 268
of Fränkel in sputum, 35

Distilling apparatus, 84

Distoma hæmatobium in urine, 128

Donné's test for pus in urine, 50

Doremus-Hinds' ureometer, 66

Drugs, effect on urine, 50, 95
leukocytosis from, 161

Drunkard's pneumonia, sputum in, 25

Dry objective, 21

Dysentery, tropical, parasite of, 244

Ear, 276

Earthy phosphates in urine, 111

Echinococcus disease, 247, 251
anemia from, 204
eosinophilia in, 183
parasite of, 247, 251

Edema, pulmonary, sputum in, 45

Egyptian hematuria, 128

Ehrlich's diazo reaction, 89
technic, 91
triple stain for blood, 172
two-cover method for blood-films, 168

Einhorn's saccharimeter, 81

Elastic fibers in sputum, 27

Enteroliths in feces, 238

Envelope crystals in urine, 106

Eosin and methylene-blue for blood, 172

Eosinophiles, 182
in sputum, 41

Eosinophilia, 182
in bronchial asthma, 183
in echinococcus disease, 183
in filariasis, 183
in menstruation, 182
in myelogenous leukemia, 183
in parasitic infections, 183
in scarlet fever, 183
in skin diseases, 183
in trichinosis, 183
in uncinariasis, 183
in worm infection, 183

Eosinophilic leukocytes, 182
in sputum, 41
leukocytosis, 159
structures of blood, 172

Epidemic cerebrospinal fever, cerebrospinal fluid in, 268

Epithelial casts in urine, 118
cells in feces, 241
in sputum, 41
in urine, 121, 122

Erythroblasts, 177

Erythrocytes, 139
counting of, 150, 151
decrease of, 150
enumeration of, 149
in anemias, 175
in feces, 241
in gastric contents, 228
in leukemia, 175
in pernicious anemia, 175
increase of, 149
nucleated, 177
shape of, 175
size of, 175
stained, study of, 175
staining properties of, variations in, 176
structure, 175
variations in, 177
Thoma-Zeiss instrument for counting, 150, 151

Esbach's albuminometer, 74
estimation of proteids in milk, Boggs' modification, 280
method for albumin in urine, 74
reagent for albumin, 74

Estivo-autumnal parasite, 187, 188, 194

Ewald's salol test for gastric motor power, 234
test-breakfast, 215

Exudates, 265

Eye, 274

Eye-pieces, micrometer, 23
microscopic, 20

Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales, 293

False albuminuria, 70

Fat in feces, 241
in milk, estimation, 279
needles in sputum, 30

Fat-droplets in urine, 131

Fat-globules in urine, 109

Fatty casts in urine, 117

Favus, 277

Feces, 235
amoeba coli in, 235
animal parasites in, 238
bacillus tuberculosis in, 242
bacteria in, 241
stains for, 242
bile in, 239
blood in, 238, 241
Boas-Oppler bacilli in, 242
calculi in, 238
chemic examination of, 238
color, 236
concretions in, 238
consistence, 236
crystals in, 243
detection of occult hemorrhage, 239
enteroliths in, 238
epithelial cells in, 241
erythrocytes in, 241
examination of, 235
chemic, 238
macroscopic, 236
microscopic, 239
specimen for, 235
fat in, 241
food particles in, 240
form, 236
frequency of passage, 236
gall-stones in, 238
macroscopic examination, 236
microscopic examination, 239
milk curds in, 241
mucus in, 237
muscle-fibers in, 240
normal, 235, 240
odor, 237
parasites in, animal, 238
ova of, 243
pus-corpuscles in, 241
quantity, 236
starch-granules in, 240
tape-worms in, 238
vegetable cells in, 240
fibers in, 240

Fehling's estimation of glucose in urine, 81
test for glucose, 78

Fermentation method of estimating glucose in urine, 81

Fibers, elastic, in sputum, 27
in urine, extraneous, 120, 131
of cotton in urine, 120, 131
of linen in urine, 120, 131
of silk in urine, 120, 131
of wool in urine, 120, 131

Fibrinous casts in sputum, 30
in urine, 117

Filaria nocturna, 194
sanguinis hominis, 194, 254
infection, chyluria from, 109
in urine, 128

Filariasis, 194
eosinophilia in, 183
parasite of, 254

Filariform embryos of strongyloides intestinalis, 258

Fish tape-worm, 247, 249

Fixation, chemic, for blood-films, 170
heat, for blood-films, 171
of blood-films, 170
Kowarsky's plate for, 171

Flaws in slides as source of error, 132

Flies, 260

Floaters in urine, 128

Florence's reaction for detection of semen, 284
reagent, 285

Focusing microscope, 19

Food particles in feces, 240
in gastric contents, 217, 228

Formaldehyd in milk, test for, 280

Formalin in milk, test for, 280

Fränkel's diplococcus in sputum, 35

Free hydrochloric acid, 213. See also _Hydrochloric acid, free_.

Freezing-point of urine, 55

Friedländer's bacillus in otitis, 276
in sputum, 38

Fruit-sugar in urine, 82

Functional albuminuria, 70

Fungi in urine, 131

Gabbet's method for bacillus tuberculosis in sputum, 32
stain, 34

Gall-stones in feces, 238

Gametes in malaria, 188
staining of, 193

Gangrene of lung, sputum in, 44

Gastric carcinoma, bacteria in feces in, 242
gastric contents in, 232
contents, acetic acid in, 219
bacilli in, 229
bacteria in, 229
bile in, 217
blood in, 217, 228
test for, 223
Boas-Oppler bacillus in, 229
butyric acid in, 219
chemic examination, 218
constituents, 213
erythrocytes in, 228
examination, 213
chemic, 218
microscopic, 228
physiology, 217
routine, 214
food particles in, 217, 228
free acids in, Congo-red test for, 218
tests for, 218
hydrochloric acid in, 213. See also _Hydrochloric acid_.
in achylia gastrica, 231
in atrophic gastritis, 231
in carcinoma, 232
in dilatation, 230
in disease, 230
in gastritis, 231
in gastrosuccorrhea, 231
in neuroses, 231
in ulcer, 232
lactic acid in, 219. See also _Lactic acid_.
leptothrix buccalis in, 230
microscopic examination, 228
mucus in, 217
obtaining, 214
organic acids in, 219
quantitative test, 226
pepsin in, Hammerschlag's test, 227
quantitative test, 227
tests for, 221
pepsinogen in, test for, 221
physical examination, 217
pus-corpuscles in, 229
reaction, 217
rennin in, test for, 222
renninogen in, test for, 223
sarcinæ in, 229
tests, qualitative, 218
quantitative, 223
tissue bits in, 218
total acidity, 223
tests, 223
Töpfer's test, 223
withdrawal, 215
yeast-cells in, 229
juice, stimulation, for specimen, 214
test-meals to stimulate, 214
neuroses, stomach contents in, 231
ulcer, gastric contents in, 232

Gastritis, gastric contents in, 231

Gastro-intestinal diseases, anemia from, 204

Gastrosuccorrhea, gastric contents in, 231

Gerhardt's test for diacetic acid, 86

Globular sputum, 46

Glucose in urine, 76. See also _Glycosuria_.

Glycosuria, 76
estimation of glucose, 79
Fehling's quantitative estimation, 81
test in, 78
fermentation method of estimating, 81
Haines' test in, 77
Kowarsky's test in, 78
persistent, 77
phenylhydrazin test in, 78
Purdy's estimation of glucose, 79
tests, 77-82
transitory, 76

Gmelin's test for bile, 87

Goldhorn's stain for spirochæte pallida, 283

Gonococcus in ophthalmia, 275
in pus, 264
in urine, 128

Gonorrheal ophthalmia, 275
threads in urine, 128

Gram's iodin solution, 38
method for bacillus influenza in sputum, 39
for bacteria in feces, 242
for pus, 261

Granular casts in urine, 117
degeneration, basophilic, 176

Granule epithelial cells in urine, compound, 122

Granules, lycopodium, in urine, 132
starch, in urine, 131

Gravel in urine, 104

Grawitz's degeneration, 176

Guaiac test for blood, 202
for hemoglobin, 89

Gunning's test for acetone, 84

Gutzeit's test for arsenic, 95

Haines' solution, 78
test for glucose, 77

Hairs in urine, 120

Hammerschlag's estimation of hemoglobin, 146
test for pepsin, 227

Häser's method for total solids in urine, 55

Hayem's diluting fluid for blood count, 154
hematoblasts, 185

Hay's test for bile acids, 88

Heart disease, anemia from, 204
polycythemia in, 149

Heart-failure cells in sputum, 27, 43, 44

Heat and nitric acid test for albumin, 73
fixation for blood-films, 171
test for albumin, Purdy's, 73

Hematoblasts of Hayem, 185

Hematocrit, 151

Hematoidin crystals in sputum, 30

Hematuria, 125
Egyptian, 128
hemoglobinuria and, differentiation, 88

Hemin crystal test for blood, 202

Hemocytometer, diluting fluids for, 154
Thoma-Zeiss, 150, 151
cleaning instrument, 155
sources of error, 155
technic, 152

Hemoglobin, 142
Dare's estimation, 146
decrease of, 142. See also _Oligochromemia_.
estimation, 143-149
Hammerschlag's estimation, 146
in urine, 88. See also _Hemoglobinuria_.
increase of, 142. See also _Hyperchromemia_.
Sahli's estimation, 144
Tallquist's estimation, 147
von Fleischl's estimation, 143

Hemoglobinometer, Dare's, 146
Sahli's, 144, 145
Tallquist's, 147, 148
von Fleischl's, 143

Hemoglobinuria, guaiac test in, 89
hematuria and, differentiation, 88
paroxysmal, 89
Teichmann's test in, 89
tests, 89

Hemorrhage, anemia from, 204
leukocytosis after, 161
occult detection in feces, 239

Hemosporidia, 187, 247

Herapathite, 100

Hip-roof crystals in urine, 110

Hiss's method for pneumococci in pus, 263

Hodgkin's disease, 208, 211

Holt's milk-testing apparatus, 278

Horismascope, 72, 73

Human milk, 277

Hyaline casts in urine, 114
stage of plasmodium malariæ, 187

Hydatid disease, 247, 251
parasite of, 247, 251

Hydrochloric acid, combined, 213
Töpfer's test, 226
free, 213
absence, 225
amidobenzol test for, 219
amount, 224
Boas' test for, 219
decrease, 225
increase, 224
tests for, 218
quantitative, 224
Töpfer's test for, 225
secretion, 213

Hydrogen sulphid generator, 98

Hyperchlorhydria, 225

Hyperchromemia, 142

Hyperemia, active, urine in, 132
passive, urine in, 133
renal, urine in, 132

Hyphæ of molds in urine, 121

Hypobromite method for urea in urine, 66

Hypochlorhydria, 225

Illumination for microscope, 17

Immersion objective, 21

Indican in urine, 63
from decomposition of exudates, 63
in biliousness, 63
in diseases of small intestine, 63
in diseases of stomach, 63
Obermayer's test for, 64
tests for, 64

Infection, phagocytosis and, 200
blood-plaques in, 166
leukocytosis in, 160

Infectious diseases, secondary anemia from, 204

Inflammations, leukocytosis in, 160
pseudomembranous, of mouth, 272

Influenza bacillus in sputum, 39

Inoculation, animal, 269

Intestines, small, diseases of, indican in urine in, 63

Intoxication, acid, cause, 83

Iodin in urine, 96
reaction of leukocytes, 182
solution, Gram's, 38

Iodoform crystals from Gunning's test, 85

Iodophilia, 182

Irregular epithelial cells in urine, 122

Itch-mite, 259

Jenner's stain for blood, 174

Kemp-Calhoun-Harris estimation of blood-plaques, 166

Keratitis, bacteria of, 274

Kidney, changes in, albuminuria from, 70
permeability of, tests for, 55, 56

Koch-Weeks bacillus in conjunctivitis, 274

Kowarsky's plate for fixing blood, 171
test for glucose, 78

Lactic acid in gastric contents, 219
Strauss' test for, 220
Uffelmann's test for, 220

Lactose in milk, estimation, 280
in urine, 82

Lancet, blood, 141

Lange's test for acetone, 85

Lead in urine, 96

Lead-poisoning, anemia from, 204
chronic, degeneration of Grawitz in, 176

Lederer's test for lead, 96

Leffmann-Beam estimation of fat in milk, 279

Legal's test for acetone, Lange's modification, 85

Lenses, 20

Leprosy, secondary anemia from, 204

Leptothrix buccalis, 270
in gastric contents, 230
in sputum, 28

Leucin in urine, 107

Leukemia, 157, 162, 208
blood-plaques in, 166
degeneration of Grawitz in, 176
diluting fluids for count, 165
erythroblasts in, 177
erythrocytes in, 175
leukocyte count in, 162, 163
lymphatic, 210
lymphocytes in, 179
myelogenous, 208
eosinophilia in, 183
erythroblasts in, 177
mast-cells in, 184
myelocytes in, 184
oligocythemia in, 150
polychromatophilia in, 176
Todd's estimation of leukocytes in, 164
Türk's ruling for blood count in, 162, 163
Zappert ruling for blood count, 162

Leukocytes, 139
abnormal varieties, 184
atypical forms, 184
basophilic, 183
counting, in leukemia, 162, 163
decrease in, 156
differential count of, 178
enumeration, 156
eosinophilic, 182. See also _Eosinophiles_.
increase in, 157
absolute, 178
relative, 178
iodin reaction of, 182
irritation forms, 185
mononuclear, large, 179
non-phagocytic, 159, 161
normal, 179
polymorphonuclear, 158
neutrophilic, 180
polynuclear, 180
stained, study of, 178
transitional, 180

Leukocytosis, 157
absolute, 178
eosinophilic, 159
mononuclear, 159
myelocytes in, 184
phagocytic, 159
polymorphonuclear, 159
from drugs, 161
from infections, 160
from inflammations, 160
in malignant disease, 160
pathologic, 160
physiologic, 159
post-hemorrhagic, 161
toxic, 161
relative, 178

Leukopenia, 156
lymphocytes in, 179

Levulose in urine, 82

Lieben's test for acetone, Gunning's modification, 84

Lindemann's test for diacetic acid, 86

Linen fibers in urine, 120, 131

Liver, cirrhosis of, anemia from, 204

Löffler's alkaline methylene-blue, 38
for gonococci in pus, 264
methylene-blue for pus, 261

Louse, 259

Lung, gangrene of, sputum in, 44

Lycopodium granules in urine, 132

Lymphatic leukemia, 210

Lymphocytes, 179

Lymphocytosis, 159, 161

Macrocytes, 175

Magnification, microscopic, 20

Malaria, basophilic stippling in, 177
irregular, 188
large mononuclear leukocytes in, 180
organism of, 187. See also _Plasmodium malariæ_.
polychromatophilia in, 176
secondary anemia from, 204
transmission of, by mosquitos, 189

Malignant disease, leukocytosis in, 160
tumors, anemia from, 204

Mast-cells, 183

McFarland's method for Widal reaction, 198

Measles, diazo reaction in, 91

Measures, 292

Megaloblasts, 177

Megalocytes, 175

Meningitis, tuberculous, cerebrospinal fluid in, 268

Menstruation, eosinophilia during, 182

Mercury in urine, 98

Merozoites of plasmodium malariæ, 187

Methylene-blue and eosin for blood, 172
Löffler's, 38
for gonococci in pus, 264
for pus, 261
test for urine, 56

Metric system, 292

Microblasts, 177

Micrococcus ureæ in urine, 126

Microcytes, 175

Micrometer eye-piece for microscope, 23
stage, 23

Micron, 23

Microscope, 17
care of, 21
cleaning, 22
eye-pieces for, 20
focusing, 19
illumination for, 17
lenses for, 20
care of, 22
magnification by, 20
method of carrying, 22
micrometer eye-piece for, 23
objectives for, 20
corrections, 21
use, 17

Microscopic objects, measurement, 22

Milk, 277
analysis of, 277
tube for, 279
chemic examination of, 277
curds in feces, 241
examination of, chemic, 277
fat in, estimation, 279
formalin in, test for, 280
lactose in, estimation, 280
proteids in, estimation, 280
reaction, 277

Milk-sugar in urine, 82

Milk-testing apparatus, Holt's, 278

Mixed infection, 35

Mold fungi in urine, 131

Molds, hyphæ of, in urine, 121
in sputum, 32

Mononuclear leukocytes, large, 179
leukocytosis, 159

Morax and Axenfeld's diplobacillus, 275

Morphin in urine, 99

Mosquitos in transmission of malaria, 189

Motor power of stomach, 233

Mouth, diseases of, 270
organisms of, 270

Mucin in urine, 76

Mucous threads in urine, 119

Mucus in feces, 237
in gastric contents, 217

Müller's blood-dust, 140
fluid, 37

Muscle-fibers in feces, 240

Myelocytes, 184

Myelogenous leukemia, 208
eosinophilia in, 183
erythroblasts in, 177
mast-cells in, 184
myelocytes in, 184

Nasopharynx, diphtheria of, 272

Nematoda, 253

Nephritis, anemia from, 204
chlorids in urine in, 56
urine in, 132, 134, 135

Neuroses, gastric, stomach contents in, 231

Neutrophilic leukocytes, polymorphonuclear, 180
structures of blood, 172

Newton's rings, 153

Nitric acid test for albumin, 73

Nonphagocytic leukocytes, 159

Normoblasts, 177

Nucleo-albumin in urine, 76

Nutrition, poor, secondary anemia from, 204

Obermayer's reagent, 64
test for indican in urine, 64

Objectives, dry, 21
immersion, 21
microscopic, 20
oil-immersion, 21

Oblique illumination of microscope, 18

Occult hemorrhage, detection in feces, 239

Oïdium albicans, 271

Oil-immersion objective, 21

Oligochromemia, 142

Oligocythemia, 150
in anemias, 150
in chlorosis, 150
in leukemia, 150
in pernicious anemia, 150

Oliguria, 49

Ophthalmia, gonorrheal, 275

Opsonic index, 201

Opsonins, 200
measuring amount of, 200
Wright's method for measuring, 200

Organic acids in gastric contents, 219
quantitative test, 226

Otitis, 276
bacteria of, 276
tuberculous, 276

Oxalate, calcium, in urine, 106

Oxybutyric acid in urine, 87

Oxyphilic structures of blood, 172

Oxyuris vermicularis, 253

Pancreatic reaction, 91
flasks for, 93
in pancreatitis, 91
technic, 92

Pancreatitis, pancreatic reaction in, 91

Paramoecium coli, 246

Parasites, animal, 244
anemia from, 204
arthropoda, 259
in feces, 238
in urine, 128
infection with, eosinophilia in, 183
protozoa, 244
vermes, 247
blood, 186
causing skin diseases, 277
ova of, in feces, 243

Paroxysmal hemoglobinuria, 89

Passive hyperemia, urine in, 133

Pavement epithelial cells in urine, 122

Pediculus capitis, 259
corporis, 259
vel pubis, 259

Pepsin, 213
in gastric contents, quantitative test, 227
tests for, 221

Pepsinogen, 213
in gastric contents, test for, 221

Pericardial fluid, examination, 265

Peritoneal fluid, examination, 265

Permeability of kidneys, tests, 55, 56

Pernicious anemia, 205
blood-plaques in, 166
color index in, 156
degeneration of Grawitz in, 176
erythroblasts in blood in, 177
erythrocytes in, 175
lymphocytes in, 179
myelocytes in, 184
oligocythemia in, 150
polychromatophilia in, 176

Pertussis, leukocytosis in, 161
lymphocytes in, 179

Phagocytes, 158

Phagocytic index, 201
leukocytosis, 159

Phagocytosis and infection, 200

Pharyngomycosis leptothrica, 271

Pharynx, tuberculosis of, 274
ulceration of, 273

Phenacetin in urine, 95

Phenol in urine, 99

Phenolphthalein in urine, 99

Phenylglucosazone crystals, 78

Phenylhydrazin test for glucose, 78

Phloridzin test for urine, 56

Phosphate crystals in urine, ammoniomagnesium, 109
calcium, 110
triple, 110
in urine, 60, 109
amorphous, 50, 61, 111
in mass, 120
earthy, 61, 111
estimation, 61
Purdy's centrifuge method, 61
quantitative, 61
Purdy's table for, after centrifugation, 61

Phosphorus poisoning, anemia from, 204

Pin-worms, 253

Piroplasma hominis, 247

Pirosoma bigeminum, 247

Plasmodium malariæ, 187
ameboid movements of, 187
asexual cycle of, 187
cycles of, 187
detection, 191, 192
estivo-autumnal, 187, 188, 194
gametes in blood with, 188
hyaline stage of, 187
life histories, 187
merozoites of, 187
mosquitos as host, 189
quartan, 188, 194
Ruge's method for, 192
segmentation of, 187
sexual cycle, 188
spores of, 187
stains for, 192
tertian, 188, 194
Wright's stain for, 192, 193

Pleural fluid, examination, 265

Pneumococcus capsules, Buerger's method for, 37
stains for, 37
in eye affections, 274
in otitis, 276
in pus, 263
in sputum, 35
Smith's method, 37

Pneumonia, croupous, sputum in, 45
drunkard's, sputum in, 25

Poikilocytes, 175

Polychromatophilia, 176

Polycythemia, 149
idiopathic, 142, 149
in diarrhea, 149
in heart disease, 149

Polyhedral epithelial cells in urine, 121

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 158
leukocytosis, 159. See also _Leukocytosis, polymorphonuclear_.
neutrophilic leukocytes, 180

Polynuclear leukocytes, 180

Polyuria, 49

Pork tape-worm, 247, 249

Potassium indoxyl sulphate in urine, 63. See also _Indican in urine_.
urate in urine, 105

Pregnancy, urine in, 133, 134

Primary anemia, 205

Progressive pernicious anemia, 205

Proteids in milk, estimation, 280
in urine, 69

Protozoa, 244

Prune-juice sputum, 25

Pseudo-casts in urine, 120

Pseudoleukemia, 208, 211

Pseudomembranous inflammations of mouth, 272

Pulmonary edema, sputum in, 45
gangrene, sputum in, 44
tuberculosis, sputum in, 45

Purdy's centrifugal estimation of albumin, 74
of chlorids, 58
of phosphates, 61
of sulphates, 62
centrifuge tubes, 59
electric centrifuge, 57
estimation of glucose in urine, 79
of lactose in milk, 280
heat test for albumin, 73
solution for glucose test, 80
table for estimation of albumin, 75
of chlorids, 60
of phosphates, 61
of sulphates, 62

Purgen in urine, 99

Purin bodies in urine, 67
Cook's method, 68

Purpura hæmorrhagica, blood-plaques in, 166

Pus, bacillus tuberculosis in, 263
bacteria in, 261
examination of, 261
gonococci in, 264
Gram's method for, 261
in urine, 50, 123
Donné's test, 50
Löffler's methylene-blue for, 261
pneumococci in, 263
staphylococci in, 262
streptococci in, 262

Pus-casts in urine, 119

Pus-corpuscles, 181, 261
in feces, 241
in gastric contents, 229
in sputum, 40
in urine, 123

Pyelitis, urine in, 136

Pyuria, 123

Quartan parasite, 188, 194

Quinin in urine, 100

Ray-fungus in sputum, 31

Reagents, 288

Red blood-corpuscles, 139
in sputum, 43
in urine, 124
sand in urine, 104

Reinsch's test for arsenic, 95

Relapsing fever, spirillum of, 186

Renal albuminuria, 70
calculus, urine in, 134
circulation, changes in, albuminuria from, 70
hyperemia, urine in, 132
tuberculosis, urine in, 134

Rennin, 213
in gastric contents, test for, 222

Renninogen, 213
in gastric contents, test for, 223

Resinous drugs in urine, 100

Rhabditiform embryos of strongyloides intestinalis, 258

Rheumatism, secondary anemia from, 204

Rice's solution, 67

Ring-worm, 277

Robert's test for albumin, 73

Round epithelial cells in urine, 121
worms, 253

Ruge's method for plasmodium malariæ, 192

Ruhemann's method for uric acid, 69
reagent, 69
uricometer, 68

Rusty sputum, 25, 26

Saccharimeter, Einhorn's, 81

Sahli's estimation of hemoglobin, 144
hemoglobinometer, 144, 145

Salicylates in urine, 100

Salol in urine, 100
test, Ewald's, for gastric motor power, 234

Sarcinæ in gastric contents, 229

Saxe's urinopyknometer, 53

Scarlet fever, eosinophilia in, 183

Scratches on slide as source of error, 132

Screw-worm, 260

Secondary anemia, 204

Secretory ability of kidneys, tests, 55, 56

Sediments, urinary, 100. See also _Urinary sediments_.

Segmentation of plasmodium malariæ, 187

Semen, examination of, 283
on clothes, detection, 283
Florence's reaction for, 284

Separatory funnel for Strauss' lactic acid test, 221

Serum reactions, 196

Serum-albumin in urine, 69

Serum-globulin in urine, 69

Shadow cells in urine, 125

Silk fibers in urine, 120, 131

Silver nitrate solution, ammoniated, 68

Skin diseases, eosinophilia in, 183
parasitic diseases of, 277

Sleeping sickness, 196

Small intestine, diseases of, indican in urine, 63

Smegma bacillus, 35, 127

Smith's method for pneumococcus in sputum, 37
test for bile, 87

Sodium urate in urine, 105

Specific gravity of urine, 51

Spermatozoa, absence of, 283
in urine, 125

Spirillum of relapsing fever, 186

Spirochæte pallida, 281, 282
refringens in syphilis, 282

Splenic anemia, 208

Spores of plasmodium malariæ, 187

Sputum, 24
actinomyces bovis in, 31
alveolar cells in, 43
bacillus mucosus capsulatus in, 38
of Friedländer in, 38
of influenza in, 39
tuberculosis in, 24, 32
bacteria in, 32
cells in, 40
stains for, 40
Charcot-Leyden crystals in, 29, 30
cholesterin crystals in, 30
color, 25
consistence, 25
crystals in, 29, 30
Curschmann's spirals in, 29
cylindric cells in, 42
diplococcus of Fränkel in, 35
elastic fibers in, 27
eosinophilic leukocytes in, 41
epithelial cells in, 41
examination, 24
microscopic, 26
physical, 25
fat needles in, 30
fibrinous casts in, 30
Fränkel's diplococcus in, 35
globular, 46
heart-failure cells in, 27, 43, 44
hematoidin crystals in, 30
in bronchial asthma, 45
in bronchiectasis, 44
in bronchitis, 43, 44
in disease, 43
in gangrene of lung, 44
in pneumonia, croupous, 45
in pulmonary edema, 45
gangrene, 44
tuberculosis, 45
leptothrix buccalis in, 28
molds in, 32
pneumococcus in, 35
Smith's method for, 37
prune-juice, 25
pus-corpuscles in, 40
quantity, 25
ray-fungus in, 31
receptacle for, 24
red-corpuscles in, 43
rusty, 25, 26
squamous cells in, 42
stained, 32
staphylococcus in, 35
streptococcus in, 35
streptothrix actinomyces in, 31
tubercle bacillus in, 24, 32
unstained, 26

Squamous cells in sputum, 42
in urine, 122

Squibb's urinometer, 52

Stage micrometer, 23

Stained blood, 168
sputum, 32

Stains, 288
anilin, for blood-films, 171
anilin-gentian-violet, 38
carbol-fuchsin, 33
Ehrlich's triple, for blood, 172
eosin and methylene-blue, for blood, 172
for bacillus influenza in sputum, 39
tuberculosis in sputum, 32
for bacteria in feces, 242
in sputum, 32
for blood, 168
Wright's, in cytodiagnosis, 266
for blood-films, 168, 171
for cells in sputum, 40
for gametes, 193
for plasmodium malariæ, 192
for pneumococcus capsules, 37
for pus, 261
Gabbet's, 34
Goldhorn's, for syphilis, 283
Gram's iodin solution, 38
iodin, for leukocytes, 182
solution, Gram's, 38
Jenner's, for blood, 174
Löffler's alkaline methylene-blue, 38
methylene-blue, for gonococci in pus, 264
for pus, 261
methylene-blue and eosin, for blood, 172
Ruge's, for plasmodium malariæ, 192
Stirling's anilin-gentian-violet, 38
triple, for blood, 172
Wright's, for blood, 173
in cytodiagnosis, 266
for plasmodium malariæ, 192, 193

Staphylococci, 262
in eye affections, 274
in otitis, 276
in sputum, 35

Starch paper, 233

Starch-granules in feces, 240
in urine, 131

Sterility, 283

Stippling, basophilic, 176

Stirling's anilin-gentian-violet stain, 38

Stomach, 213
absorptive power of, 233
contents of, 213. See also _Gastric contents_.
digestion, 213
dilatation of gastric contents in, 230
diseases of, indican in urine in, 63
motor power of, 233
position of, determination, 234
size of, determination, 234

Stomach-tube, 215, 216

Stools, 235. See also _Feces_.

Strauss' test for lactic acid, 220

Streptococci, 262
in eye affections, 274, 275
in otitis, 276
in sputum, 35

Streptothrix actinomyces in sputum, 31

Strongyloides intestinalis, 257

Sugars in urine, 76

Sulphates in urine, 62
estimation, Purdy's centrifuge method, 62
quantitative, 62
Purdy's table after centrifugation, 62

Sulphuric acid in urine, 62

Syphilis, examination of material, 281
Goldhorn's stain for, 283
micro-organism of, 281, 282
secondary anemia from, 204
spirochæte pallida in, 281, 282
refringens in, 282

Tænia echinococcus, 247, 251
in urine, 128
mediocanellata, 247, 248
saginata, 247, 248
solium, 247, 249

Tallquist's estimation of hemoglobin, 147
hemoglobinometer, 147, 148

Tannin in urine, 100

Tape-worms, 247
beef, 247, 248
fish, 247, 249
in feces, 238
pork, 247, 249

Teichmann's test for blood, 202
in hemoglobinuria, 89

Temperature, 293

Tertian parasite, 188, 194

Test-breakfast, Boas', 215
Ewald's, 215

Test-meals, 214, 215
Boas', 215
Ewald's, 215

Texas fever, parasite of, 247

Thorn-apple crystals in urine, 112

Thoma-Zeiss hemocytometer, 150, 151
cleaning instrument, 155
sources of error, 155
technic, 152

Thread-worm, 253

Thrush, 271

Tick fever, parasite of, 247

Tinea versicolor, 277

Tissue bits in gastric contents, 218

Todd's estimation of leukocytes in leukemia, 164

Toisson's diluting fluid for blood count, 154

Tonsils, diphtheria of, 272
ulceration of, 273

Töpfer's test for free hydrochloric acid, 225
for total acidity, 223

Torfuge, Wetherill's, 101

Toxic leukocytosis, 161

Transitional leukocytes, 180

Transudates, 265

Trichina spiralis, 255
infection, eosinophilia in, 183

Trichinella spiralis, 255

Trichiniasis, 255
eosinophilia in, 183
parasite of, 255

Trichloracetic acid test for albumin, 71

Trichocephalus dispar, 258
trichiurus, 258

Trichomonas vaginalis, 245

Triple phosphate crystals in urine, 110
stain, Ehrlich's, for blood, 172

Trommer's test for acetone, 86

Tropical dysentery, parasite of, 244

Trypanosoma hominis, 195

Trypanosomiasis, 195

Tube-casts in urine, 113

Tubercle bacillus. See _Bacillus tuberculosis_.

Tuberculosis, animal inoculation in, 270
diazo reaction in, 90
of mouth, 274
of pharynx, 274
pulmonary, sputum in, 45
renal, urine in, 134
secondary anemia from, 204

Tumors, anemia from, 204

Türk's ruling for blood count in leukemia, 162, 163

Two-slide method for blood-films, 168

Typhoid fever, diazo reaction in, 90
lymphocytes in, 179
secondary anemia from, 204
Widal reaction in, 90, 197

Tyrosin crystals in urine, 107, 108

Uffelmann's test for lactic acid, 220

Ulcer, gastric, stomach contents in, 232

Ulcerations of mouth, 274
of pharynx, 273
of tonsils, 273

Uncinaria Americana, 256
duodenalis, 256

Uncinariasis, anemia from, 204
eosinophilia in, 183

Unstained sputum, 26

Urate crystals in urine, ammonium, 112

Urates in urine, amorphous, 50, 67, 105
in mass, 120

Urea in urine, 64
decreased, 65
estimation, quantitative, 66
increased, 64
tests, 66

Ureometer, Doremus-Hinds', 66

Uric acid in urine 67
Cook's method, 68
decreased, 68
estimation, quantitative, 68
increased, 67, 68
Ruhemann's method, 69

Uric-acid crystals in urine, 104

Uricometer, Ruhemann's, 68

Urinary albumin, 69
crystals, 104
sediment, examination, 100
organized, 113
transference to slide, 101
unorganized, 103
in acid urine, 103, 104
in alkaline urine, 104, 109

Urine, 47
acetone in, 82, 83. See also _Acetonuria_.
acetanilid in, 95
acid, 51
unorganized sediments in, 103, 104
air-bubbles in, 132
albumin in, 69. See also _Albuminuria_.
albumoses in, 76
alkaline, unorganized sediments in, 104, 109
alkalinity of, 51
fixed, 51
volatile, 51
ammoniacal decomposition, 51
ammoniomagnesium phosphate crystals in, 109
ammonium urate crystals in, 112
anguillula aceti in, 129
animal parasites in, 128
antipyrin in, 95
arsenic in, 95
atropin in, 96
bacillus typhosus in, 127
tuberculosis in, 127
bacteria, 51, 126
bacterial casts in, 119
bile acids in, 87
test, 88
bile-pigment in, 87
bilifuscin in, 87
bilirubin in, 87
biliverdin in, 87
blood in, 51
blood-casts in, 118
blood-corpuscles in, 124
brick-dust deposit in, 50, 106
bromids in, 96
calcium carbonate crystals in, 112
oxalate in, 106
phosphate crystals in, 110
casts in, 113
chemic examination, 56
chlorids in, 56. See also _Chlorids in urine_.
coffin-lid crystals in, 110
color, 49
composition, 47
constituents of, 47
abnormal, 69
normal, 56
cylindroids in, 119
cystin crystals in, 108
decreased, 49
dextrose in, 76. See also _Glycosuria_.
diacetic acid in, 86. See also _Diacetic acid in urine_.
diazo substances in, 89
distoma hæmatobium in, 128
effect of drugs on, 50, 95
envelop crystals in, 106
epithelial casts in, 118
cells in, 121, 122
examination, 49
chemic, 56
microscopic, 100
physical, 49
extraneous structures in, 130
fat-droplets in, 131
fat-globules in, 109
fatty casts in, 117
fibers in, extraneous, 120, 131
of cotton in, 120, 131
of linen in, 120, 131
of silk in, 120, 131
of wool in, 120, 131
fibrinous casts in, 117
filaria sanguinis hominis in, 128
floaters in, 128
freezing-point, 55
fruit-sugar in, 82
functional tests for, 55
glucose in, 76. See also _Glycosuria_.
gonococci in, 128
gonorrheal threads in, 128
granular casts in, 117
granule cells in, compound, 122
gravel in, 104
hairs in, 120
hemoglobin in, 88. See also _Hemoglobinuria_.
hip-roof crystals in, 110
hyaline casts in, 114
hyphæ of molds in, 121
in calculus, renal, 134
vesical, 137
in chyluria, 109
in cystitis, 136
in diabetes insipidus, 137
mellitus, 138
in disease, 132
in hyperemia, 132, 133
in nephritis, 132, 134, 135
in pregnancy, 133, 134
in pyelitis, 136
in renal hyperemia, 132
tuberculosis, 134
increased, 49
indican in, 63. See also _Indican in urine_.
iodin in, 96
irregular epithelial cells in, 122
lactose in, 82
lead in, 96
leucin crystals in, 107
levulose in, 82
lycopodium granules in, 132
mercury in, 98
methylene-blue test for, 56
microscopic examination, 100
micrococcus ureæ in, 126
milk-sugar in, 82
mold fungi in, 131
morphin in, 99
mucin in, 76
mucous threads in, 119
normal constituents, 56
nucleo-albumin in, 76
oxybutyric acid in, 87
phenacetin in, 95
phenol in, 99
phenolphthalein in, 99
phloridzin test for, 56
phosphates in, 60, 109. See also _Phosphates in urine_.
physical examination, 49
pigments in, 49
removal of, 48
polyhedral epithelial cells in, 121
potassium indoxyl sulphate in, 63. See also _Indican in urine_.
potassium urate in, 105
pavement epithelial cells in, 122
proteids in, 69
pseudo-casts in, 120
purgen in, 99
purin bodies in, 67, 68
pus in, 50, 123
pus-casts in, 119
pus-corpuscles in, 123
quantity, 49
quinin in, 100
reaction, 51
red blood-corpuscles in, 124
sand in, 104
resinous drugs in, 100
round epithelial cells in, 121
salicylates in, 100
salol in, 100
serum-albumin in, 69
serum-globulin in, 69
shadow cells in, 125
sodium urate in, 105
solids in, total, 53
Häser's method, 55
specific gravity, 51
spermatozoa in, 125
squamous epithelial cells in, 122
starch-granules in, 131
sugars in, 76
sulphates in, 62. See also _Sulphates in urine_.
sulphuric acid in, 62
suppression, 49
tænia echinococcus in, 128
tannin in, 100
thorn-apple crystals in, 112
total solids in, 53
Häser's method for, 55
transparency, 50
triple phosphate crystals in, 110
tube-casts in, 113
tubercle bacilli in, 127
tyrosin crystals in, 107, 108
urate crystals in, ammonium, 112
urates in, amorphous, 50, 67, 105
in mass, 120
urea in, 64. See also _Urea in urine_.
uric acid in, 67. See also _Uric acid in urine_.
uric-acid crystals in, 104
vinegar eel in, 129
volatile alkalinity of, 51
waxy casts in, 116
yeasts cells in, 130

Urinometer, Squibb's, 52

Urinopyknometer, Saxe's, 53

Vaccine treatment, 201

Vaccines, bacterial, Wright's, 201

Vegetable cells in feces, 240
fibers in feces, 240

Vermes, 247

Vesical calculus, urine in, 137

Vincent's angina, 273

Vinegar eel in urine, 129

Vogel's scale. See _Frontispiece_.

Von Fleischl's estimation of hemoglobin, 143
hemoglobinometer, 143

Water-motor centrifuge, 58

Waxy casts in urine, 116

Weights, 292

Wetherill's torfuge, 101

Whip-worm, 258

White blood-corpuscles, 139

Widal reaction, 197
in typhoid fever, 90
macroscopic, 199
microscopic, 198

Wool-fibers in urine, 120, 131

Worms, 247
eosinophilia as symptom, 183
pin-, 253
round-, 253
screw-, 260
tape-, 247
thread-, 253
whip-, 258

Wright's bacterial vaccines, 201
blood stain, 173
in cytodiagnosis, 266
method for measuring opsonins, 200
stain for plasmodium malariæ, 192, 193

Xerosis bacillus in eye, 276

Yeast-cells in gastric contents, 229
in urine, 130

Zappert ruling for count in leukemia, 162

Zymogens, 213