Chapter II

Dissolve 5 kilogrammes of gum-arabic to 1 of sugar in 5 quarts of water, adding 50 grammes of nitric acid; warm to boiling, and then add No. I. The result is a perfectly fluid adhesive, which will not mould, and dries on paper with a glaze. It is adapted for postage-stamps, marking over impressions, and fine stationery.

DURABLE FLOUR-PASTE FOR STATIONERS.--Take good flour-paste, adding to it while boiling one-tenth part of clear liquid glue, to be well stirred in. Add a few drops of carbolic acid or oil of cloves. Keep it corked in wide-mouthed, large vials.

DRY CEMENT, OR TRAVELLERS’ GLUE:--

Glue 600 grms.
Sugar 250 ”

The glue must be of the best quality, and perfectly melted in water, as usual, and the sugar stirred in. It is then steamed away until it becomes hard when cold. To use, place it in hot water, when it at once liquefies. This is specially used for paper.

COATING TO PROTECT TREES FROM INSECTS:--

Colophonium (resin) 100
Common soap 100
Tar 50
Whale-oil 25

Smear the trunks of the trees with this. It may also be put on sheets of brown paper to catch flies.

CEMENT FOR FILLING.--Take fresh curd (caseine), and knead it with water to a putty. It can be used in this state for many purposes. To greatly harden it, add one-twentieth of its weight in lime, and more or less of some indifferent substance, such as chalk, calcined magnesia, oxide of zinc, and colouring matter. This sets so hard that it may be used to make casts or many small works of art.

FRENCH GLUES.--Two very excellent glues used in France are the _colle forte de Flandre_ and that of _Givet_. GOUPIL recommends as the best glue, where a very superior article is required, one made of equal parts of the two. Break them up, let the pieces remain fifteen hours in water, then boil for two hours in the _bain-marie_, or glue-kettle. After a time the glue will settle and become clear. Add, if needed, a little water from the _bain-marie_.

TO GIVE A SATIN GLOSS TO PAPER.--Paint with a broad, soft brush on the paper with a solution of hypo-sulphite of barium (chemically expressed by BaS_{2}O_{3}). It may be laid on by itself or mingled with a colour. It is used sometimes by bookbinders. This may be applied in water-colour pictures to the imitation of silk or satin.

GOMME LAQUE, or shellac, also gelatine glue, is sold in thin leaves. To prepare it, put into a _bain-marie_ twenty parts of the gum to one of flowers of sulphur, stir it well, and add a little lukewarm water. It may be made into little bars by hand; let them cool, and warm them when required for use.

A VERY GOOD CEMENT, which, according to FRED. DILLAYE, is both fire and water proof, is made as follows:--Take half-a-pint of milk, as much vinegar, mix them, and take away the whey. Add the white of five eggs to the curd, mix the whole well, and add so much finely sifted quicklime as will form a paste.

SNAIL CEMENT.--It is said that snails or slugs, mashed, form a strong and hard glue. This is probable; also, that it would combine with powdered quicklime, or carbonate of lime in powder, to set very hard.

TO MEND MARBLE use shellac in leaves, mixed with white wax.

TO MEND ALABASTER use gum-arabic mixed with powdered alabaster. This is also useful for many other purposes.

A CEMENT useful for many purposes, also as a ground for painting, is made as follows:--Take barley and soak it in six equivalents of water for several days, or till the barley expands or sprouts. Throw out the barley, after pressing it. This gives a glutinous liquid, which, combined with pipeclay and white soap, sets hard. It is improved by adding the powder of calcined bone. Barley water may also be used in many other combinations. Gum-arabic and thin glue, dextrine, and fish-glue may be used in its place.

A STRONG CEMENT FOR HORN OR TORTOISE-SHELL:--

Glue (fluid) 1½
Sugar-candy 3
Gum-arabic ¾

The two latter to be dissolved in six parts of water.

ANOTHER FOR THE SAME:--Take strong lime-water; combine it with new cheese. The latter is to be mixed with two parts of water, so as to form a soft mass. Pour into this the lime-water, but see that there is no solid cheese in it. This will form a liquid which can be used as a cement.

CAT-GUT, which is, however, made from the intestines of sheep, &c., is of great service in some kinds of repairing, owing to its strength. It can be made into very small cord, which will sustain a man.

Very strong cords for fishermen are also said to be made by taking silkworms just before they spin, cutting them open, and using the silk, which is then found in a solid, longish lump, and which can be artificially drawn out into any shape. It is probable that the silk in this state could be thinned and applied in combination with fibre to produce useful results. It is also probable that this substance, or the silk _en masse_, could be used for mending silk fabrics in many ways. It could be produced very cheaply, because the greatest expense in manufacturing silk is the reeling, winding, and spinning the thread.

An incredibly strong and serviceable silk is spun by the _elm-worm_, which can be raised in any quantities wherever elm-trees abound. This is much cultivated in China, and it is said that garments made of its silk descend from father to son. It is several times larger than the silkworm, and survives even the severe winters of Canada. It would be much easier to raise than the delicate _bombyx_, or common silkworm. It is worth noting that a man can carry easily in his pocket fifty yards of cat-gut or elm worm silk cord strong enough to sustain his weight, which is very useful for travellers to know, since it is useful to mend harness or tether horses.

TO SOFTEN HORN.--This material can be softened so as to bend in hot water. It requires long boiling. According to Geissler, a horn can be moulded to shape by steeping the horn for two or three days in half a kilogramme of black alicant, 375 grammes of newly calcined lime, and 2 litres (two full quarts) of hot water. Should the mixture assume a reddish colour it is all right; if not, add more alicant and lime. After the horn has been moulded, dry it in well-dried common salt. Horn shavings and filings are made into a paste, which hardens by being in a strong solution of potash and slacked lime, in which it becomes jelly-like and can be moulded. This must be subjected to pressure to expel the moisture. By adding a little glycerine its brittleness is much diminished.

ARTIFICIAL BONEWORK.--Reduce the bone or ivory to a very fine, flour-like powder, mix it very thoroughly with the white of eggs, and a very hard and tough mass will be the result. This can be turned and highly polished. This is improved in hardness and quality by grinding the mass again and subjecting it to heat and pressure (_Die Verarbeitung Hornes, &c._, von Louis Edgar Andés; Vienna, 1892).

TO PROPERLY DUST CLOTHES.--The following extract on cleaning garments is taken from my forthcoming work, entitled _One Hundred Arts_:--

* * * * *

“The obvious way to remove dust from a coat--as some take evil out of children (_vide_ NORTHCOTE’S _Fables_)--is by whipping or beating with a stick. This, indeed, effects the purpose, but it speedily breaks the fibre of the cloth. Therefore in Germany, as in Italy, a little _bat_ plaited of split cane or reeds is employed to exorcise the demon of dust, known as _Pāpākeewis_ to the Chippeways. But better than this is a small _whisp-broom_. Half a century ago this simple contrivance was only known in the United States and in Poland.

“Whip the garment with the _side_ of the soft whisp, and as the dust rises to the surface brush it away. If the reader will try this on any coat, however clean it may be, he will be astonished to find how much dust he will extract or raise.

“All the dust which thus lies hidden in cloth, when it comes to the surface, acts as _grit_ or powder insensibly but certainly, and helps to wear away the surface whenever it is touched. That we take in dust every time we go out will appear from inspecting a silk hat. Again, the dust on a coat, &c., every time it is rubbed by the cleanest hand, takes in grease, which in time aids in spoiling the surface. In fact, half the wear-out of all cloth is due to dust alone.

“Therefore, if we _carefully_ dust our clothes with a whisp, every time we take them off, fold them with care, and lay them in a drawer, they will last much longer than they do. Pure air free from dust is as conducive to the well-being of coats as to that of their wearers, and Dominie Sampson uttered more truth than he imagined when he observed that the atmosphere of his patron’s dwelling was singularly preservative of broadcloth.”

* * * * *

In proof of this it may be observed, that as a sandblast attacks some substances exclusively, so dust or grit injures certain fabrics and not others, and that the latter are all known as the more lasting fabrics.

INDEX

Accuracy and care required in making cements, 28

Adding art to arts, 47

Alabaster, to mend, 249

ALLSTON, the painter, 123

Alum as a base, 6

Amber, repairing and imitating, 156-158;
carving amber, 158

American cement, 240

American glaze for postage-stamps, 113, 114

ANDÉS, LOUIS EDGAR, 207, 252;
varnishes, 4;
on ivory and bone, 144, 155;
on working horn, 149

Arabic, gum, cement of, with vinegar, 37

Avoiding excess in cementing, 31

Badly bound books, 108

BAER, J., catalogue on glass, 44

Bark, powdered, combined with glue, 82

Barley cement, 249, 250

Bases for beads, &c., 234

BAYARD, MISS CATHERINE L., 158

Bell made of a bottle, 49

Bent leaves in books, or dog’s ears, 89, 90

Benzoin, gum, or _lac virginis_, 236, 237

Binding books, 97-100 (_illustrations_), 97, 98

Blood in cements, 6

Blowpipe, the, 17, 36

Boats or canoes made from shavings, 52

Boiling china in milk, 19

Bone, calcined, 92;
artificial, 251

Bookbinders’ varnish, 89;
glue, 235

Books, repairing and restoring, 86-120

Book-worms, 115-120

BÖTTGER’S cement for pavements, stone slabs, &c., 29;
acid-proof cement, 247

Bottles, cracked, how to mend, 26, 37;
to close (a cement), 44;
to cork or seal them firmly, 161;
to seal, 241

Brass-ware, to look like gold, 234, 235

Bread cement, 241-243

Bread in cements, 8

BREWSTER, Sir D., 37

Brickwork tiles, how to repair, 28

Burnished steel or iron work, 234

Canes and bows made of shavings, 54

Caoutchouc, indiarubber, gutta-percha, 2, 4, 126, 127, 159

Cardboard or pasteboard as hard as wood, how to make, 124, 125

Carpenters’ cement, 79

_Carton-cuir_, 121

_Carton-pierre_, or “stone-paper,” to make, 128

Caseine or cheese in cements, 6, 27, 40, 41, 137, 138

CASTELLANI, Signore, 48

Cat-gut, 250

Cedar, to imitate, 83

Cellular tissue, cause of hardening in organic substances, 9, 10

Celluloid, or artificial ivory, its raw materials, manufacture, &c.,
by Dr. F. BOCKMANN, 9, 152, 153

Cellulose, 9;
how discovered and made, 82;
to prepare it with acid, 154

Cement, or adhesive, definition, 1;
for broken glass or china, 23-49;
for glass, china, leather, &c., 34;
for wood, 76-83;
for horses’ hoofs, 166, 167;
to attach metal, 173, 174

Ceresa, or mosaic in powder, 29, 138

Chalk, 2

Chamois-leather in repairs, 203

Chemical apparatus, cement for, 244

Chestnut, horse, paste, 243

China, broken, porcelain, crockery, majolica, terra-cotta, brick and
tile work, 12-32

Chinese transparent vases, a lost art rediscovered, 47, 48

Chloride of zinc cement, 241

Cholula, vase from, 13, 14

Chrome glue, 26, 34

_Chunam_, or Indian shell-lime, 24, 134

Circles, to draw, 103

Clamps, or strips of sheet-iron or wire, 67

CLAUDE and VANDERVELDE, 216, 217

CLAUS’S cement for metal and glass, 182

Clay and molasses mortar, 246

Closing wine-bottles, old method, 48, 49

Cloth-dust on gum in decoration, 236

Cloth, waterproofed, recipe for, 161;
felt, how to make, 199, 200

Clothes, to properly dust and keep clean, 252, 253

Coarse cements for brick, &c., 139

Cobbling and shoemaking, 187, 188

Cologne, eau de, 237

Concrete, 140

Copal, gum, 157

Coral, imitation of, 209

Corks, to improve, 240

Cracking of seasoned wood in America, 50

Cracks in furniture, filling, 67

CRANE, WALTER, 24

Crockery, 17, 18

Crockery or china, mosaic made from broken fragments, 139

Cups and vases of _papier-maché_, how to make (_illustration_), 172

DAVIDOWSKY, F., on glue and gelatine, 4

Decayed wood, to restore, 63

_Decorator, The_, 73

Defacing books, 90

DELILLE, alleged inventor of wiring porcelain, 18

Deterioration in pictures, causes of, 214, 215

Dextrine, or _Leiokom_, 7;
gum, 238

Diamond cement, 41. (_Vide_ Turkish)

DILLAYE, F., 32

DILLAYE’S cement, 249

Dirt in old pictures, its nature, 215

Domes or arched roofs, building, 64

DRAKE, Sir W., 47

Drawers, to put handles to, 62;
shrinking of them, 62, 63

Dry cleaning, 220

DÜRER, ALBERT, 151

Dusting broken china, 31

Earthenware tubes, how to lute, 27

Ebonite, 160

Ebony, repairing or imitating, 66, 67

EDER’S gum for photographs, 114

Eggs in cements, 5

“Egyptian Sketch-Book,” 210

Elmworm silk, 250

Embossing leather, 100

Engraving and etching glass or china, 38

Erasures in paper, 103

Essential oils in cleaning pictures, 225

Etruscan vases repaired, 15

Excess of cleaning and ignorance as to effects by age, 214

Fastening broken furniture, 60, 61

Fictile or ceramic ware, 12

FIELD, “Chromatography” 210

Fillers for wood, 69

Fire-proof paper, 103

Floors laid with shavings, 53

Flour and starch paste, 4, 5

Flour-paste, to make a strong, 112

Flowers made from wood-shavings and plaster of Paris, glue, &c., 68

Fluid paste, 247

Flour spar cement, 237

Flux, vitreous or metallic, 17

Forgeries in antiques, 94, 149

French glue for wood, 80

French glues, 248

Furniture, cheap and bad, 58

Furniture-making, 72

GARMAN, SAMUEL, 116

Garments, invisible mending of, 202-205

Gelatine and vinegar cement for china, 25

General cements, 244

GERNER, RAIMUND, _Die Glas Fabrikation_, by, 34, 35

Gesso-painting, 24

Glass-mending, with allied processes, 33-49;
old proverb on, 33

Glass-powder, 136;
how to prepare, 27

Glass, to pulverise, 234

Glazed or patent leather, how to make, 193

Glaze-mediums, 228

Gloves, how cleaned, 238

Glue, 4;
and lime cement, 41;
for coarse work, 235;
waterproof, 186

Glycerine, in cements, 6;
with glue, 68

_Gomme laque_, or shellac, 249

GOUPIL, F., Manual of Mending, 32, 64, 218, 222, 225

Grease-spots, to remove, 92

GREEN, Dr. SAMUEL A., on book-worms, 115

Grinding off fractures in glass, 48

Ground for wax-painting, 228, 229

Grounds of pictures, 221

Guards for mending broken fictile wares, 31, 32

Gum for general use, 243

Gum-mastic, 16, 22

Gum (or starch), 2, 3

Gutta-percha and oil cement for mending soles, 192

Gutta-percha cement for leather, 189

Gypsum, 6

Hard cement for all wood, 80

Harness, saddle, and bridle repairing, 193

Hats, blankets, &c., to mend by felting, 199-201

Heating wood before glueing, 60

HEIGELIN, Professor, exhibition of flowers made from shavings, 68

Hide, raw, 189

HILDEBRAND, WOLFGANG, on liquid glass, 7, 35, 148

HOFER, JOHANNES, 142

HOFER, RAIMUND, on indiarubber, 159, 168

Holding together broken china while mending, &c., 17

Holes in leather repaired with linen, 161

Horn, to mould or soften, 148, 251

HUBBARD, ERNST, “The rendering Valuable of Refuse Wood,” by, 69

HYATT’S patent ivory, 153

Hydraulic lime, 8

Ignorance, general, as to cleaning pictures, 212

Imitation indiarubber cloth, 167

Imperfect work, 107, 108

Indiarubber, applied to soles of shoes, 161;
or vulcanised cement, 162

Indifferent substances, 6

Ink-stains, to remove, 90-94, 96

Inserting pieces in china, &c., 19, 20

Iron cements to resist heat, 177, 178

Iron doors of furnaces, how to seal hermetically, 179

Iron in cements, 6

Iron strips and bands in repairing, 171

Iron, to set in stone, 178

Iron ware, or block cement, 180

Ironwork, setting a cement for, 176

Italian peasants’ shoes (_illustration_), 192

Ivory, repairing and imitating, 143-155;
cleaning, 143, 144;
imitations, 144;
staining, 147, 148;
softening, 148

Jewellers’ cement, 43. (_Vide_ Turkish)

Jewellers’ or Diamond cement, 174

Jewesses, repair of embroidery by, 202

_Joco-Seriorum Naturæ et Artis_,
1670, story from, referring to broken pottery, 20, 21, 35.

Join, to, glass and metal, 43

Joints in timbers, holes and cracks, how to close, 80

JUNEMANN, F., _Die Fabrikation des Alauns_, 6

Kaleidoscope, folding, how to make a, 37, 38

Kauri, the gum, 156, 157

Kelp, 154

_Kettenstich_, for German chain-stitch, 204

KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS, 92, 95

Knotting, patent, 72-74

KOPPE, J. W., on glycerine, 6

KRALL, BARKENTIN &, brass-cleaner, 235

KRATZER, HARRMANN, on liquid glass, 8

Lacquers, 34

LAYARD, Sir AUSTIN, 47

Lead pencil or crayon drawings, to protect, 233

Leather, artificial, 196, 198

Leather, durability of, 188, 189

Leather-glue, 197

Leather-Work, Manual of, 111

Leather-work, repairing, 183-198

LEHNER, 2, 5, 7, 9, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 40, 44, 77, 79, 80, 135, 136,
141, 144, 152, 157, 193, 197, 207, 208

LELAND, CHARLES G., quotation from, 50

Lemon-juice to whiten the hands, 236

Lime, 5, 24, 134

Lime cement for glass, 43

Liquid acid glue, 59, 60;
recipe for, 81

LISTER, MISS ROMA, 203;
MS. of Recipes, 65

Litharge cements for many uses, 175

LUTHER, MARTIN, 149

Luting cement, 235

Luting or closing chemical apparatus, &c., cements for, 30

Magnesia, calcined, to extract stains, 238

Majolica, 13, 15, 16

Malleable glass, 38

_Manuel Général du Modelage_, 64

Marble, fractures, &c., in, 140;
how to clean, 238;
to mend, 249

Marine glue, hard glue, recipe and description, 162, 163

Marking-ink, 237

Marquetry, or inlaid wood, repairing, 71, 72, 83-85

Mastic, 19, 135, 136;
French mastic, 136

Materials used in mending, 1-11

Meerschaum pipes, to mend or make, 240

Mending cloth with indiarubber, 165-168

Mending furniture, 74-76

Mending or repairing defined, 1, 2

MERRICK’S acid-proof cement, 246

MERRITT, HENRY, 211, 221

Metal, to attach leather to, 193

Metal-work, mending, 169-182

Metallic corners for books (_illustrations_), 104-106

Mica, leaves of, how to prepare them for windows, 47

MIERZINSKI, Dr. STANISLAUS, on the manufacture of paper, 132

Minor ingredients in cements, 10

Mirror with ornaments (_illustration_), 85

MOGFORD, HENRY, 213, 218, 219-222

Mosaics, 134

Mother-of-pearl and coral, mending, 206-209;
how imitated, 207;
from rice, 208

Mould or mildew in pictures, 226

Mouth-glue, or solid cement, 239, 240

Musical glasses of different kinds, 39

Musical instruments repaired with shavings, 54, 55

Neutral substances in cements, 6

Oil, as a basis, 2;
combination, 3;
softening paint, 219

Old recipes for mending crockery, 23 _et seq._

OLYMPIODORUS, 99

“One Hundred Arts,” a book by the Author, 38

Ornamenting panes for windows, and doubling them, 44 45;
beautiful and varied effects, 46

Ornamental work made of shavings, 56, 57

Ox-gall in cleaning pictures, 218

Oxidised cement, 176

PAGE, the American painter, 210

Pages in books, to repair when torn, 90, 91, 94

PAGET’S French mastic, 136

Pamphlets, binding, 100

Panel pictures, repairing, with shavings, 57;
fourteenth century, in distemper, &c., 227

Panel, warped, how to straighten a, 228

Panels of artificial wood, 81;
cements for, 82

Paper and wood-shavings, 52

Paper, its composition, 86, 87;
repairing damaged paper, 86, 87

Paper-leather, 129, 130

_Papier-mâché_, or softened paper, 106, 121-133;
articles made from, 121;
moulding, 121, 122

PARACELSUS, 35

Parchment paper, how to prepare, 95, 96

Parchment, repairing, 122;
artificial, from paper, 122

PARLAND, Mr., 128

Paste of starch or flour, 10

Paste, leather, the same mixed with indiarubber, 185;
use and preparation, &c., 186

Paste, bookbinders’, 96;
shoemakers’, 197

Patches, inserting, 201

Patterns cut from wood-shavings (_engraving_), 51-53

Pavements, to repair different kinds, 28

Peat, 78

PHILATIUS, the inventor of book-binding and glue, 99

Pictures, restoring, 210-230;
glazed and scaling, how to treat, 226

Plaster of Paris, alum, and glass cement, 141

Plugging teeth with indiarubber, 166

Polytechnic cement and imperial liquid glue, also KEYE’S cement, 39

Porcelain, 18

Potatoes as cement, &c., 9

Pots, cracks in iron, 180

Prepare, to, wood for paint, 83

Process of restoring worn and injured binding of a book, and of a
bas-relief in leather, 183-185

Proper paste, the, for wallpaper, waterproof, 164, 165

Pulp, paper, 130-133

Putty, 33, 34, 69

RAUFER, G. M., on meerschaum and amber, 158

Raw hide, 233

Recipe, old, for repairing glass, 36, 37;
definition of, 231;
general, 231-253

Red cement for iron, 237

Reliefs cut in brick, 29

Repainting old pictures, 226, 227

Repairing wood with paper-pulp, 132

Resin or pitch, 2, 3

Restoring fragments of engravings, &c., 115

Rice and lime cement, 145

RIMMEL, bookseller in Oxford Street, 40

Ringing or sounding glasses by blowing on them, 39

RIS-PACQUOT, M., 18, 29, 147

Riveting sheet-metal, 169, 170

Roller, use of the, 54

Roman and Hungarian pottery, &c., 12

Roman cement, 24;
for fine mosaics, 138

Rosewood stain, 74

Rubbing in colour, 14

RUPRECHT, KARL, on egg substances and albumen, 5

RUSKIN, 221

Rust, how removed, 234

Rust or oxide cement, 177

SALLE’S cement for glass, 44

Satin gloss for paper, 248, 249

Sawdust (_vide_ also Wood-paste or artificial wood), 80

SCHEIBLER’S cement, 244

SCHLOSSER, EDMUND, on soldering and metal-work, 182

SCHWARTZ’S iron cement, 180

Scissors, cutting glass with, 48

Scraping varnish, 223

Screws, to be dipped in oil or boiling wax, 67

Seams, to repair, 196

SEDNA, LUDWIG, on wax, &c., 7

Sewing or stitching books, 109

Shoes, easily made, 194, 195;
indiarubber, to repair, 160

Side-binding, 110

Silicate of soda, or liquid glass, 7, 20;
with colour, 29, 33, 35

Silico-enamel, 237, 238

Silk or woolen cloth, to clean, 232, 233

Silks, black, gummed, 205

Silkworm gum, 250

Silver bands, 20

Snail cement, 249

Soaps in cleaning pictures, 224

Solder, NEWTON’S and ROSE’S, a metallic glass, 181

Soldering, 171, 172, 180, 181

Soles, wooden, for shoes, 191

SOREL’S cement, 244

South Sea Bubble, 58

Spirits of wine to remove dry varnish, 219

Splicing broken rods, spars, &c. (_with illustration_), 61

Spraying, to restore crumbling substances by, 146, 147

Staining or colouring wood, 69, 70

Stains, grease, wine, oil, to remove, 232

Stationer’s paste, 247

Statues, mending, of plaster of Paris, 141

Steam, to clean pictures by, 223

STEVENS’ and MANDERS’ wood-stains, 70

Stills, to lute, 245

STOHMANN, classification of cements, with LEHNER’S extension of it, 2, 3

Stonework, mending, 134-142

Stopper, glass, filed to shape, 48

Stoves, cement for, 179, 182

Strips or braces on panels, &c., 61, 62

Strong adhesives for paper, &c., 113, 114

Strong cement, for glass, wood, or stone, 42;
for porcelain, glass, &c., 26, 136

Strop, leather, how to mend a, 186, 187

Sturgeon’s bladder or fish-glue gum, &c., 5, 32, 42

Syndetikon, 243

Tapestry glue, 245

Tarred or tarpaulin paper-bags, 163

_Tausendkünstler_ of 1782, 23

Tea-leaves, 243

Terra-cotta, 12, 13, 15

To preserve the contents of bottles when broken, 167

To protect wood under water, 79

Tortoise-shell or horn, cement for, 250

Toys, mending, 122, 123

Tragacanth, gum, 8

Transferring pictures, 225

Travellers’ glue, 247

Trees: bark, splits or cavities in, 82;
to protect, 248

Triangles of tin, &c., used to fasten panes of glass, 35

_Tribune_, the New York, 60

Trunks, mending, 190

Tufa cement, 235

Turkish or diamond cement, 19, 41, 42

Turpentine, a counteracting medium of solvent spirit, 220

ULENHUTH, EDUARD, on moulding, 131

VANDYKE, picture by, 222

VAN HELMONT on liquid glass, 7

Varnish, 3, 34;
to remove, 216-220

Veneers, 51, 53

Venetian marquetry, 71

Venetian glass, 36

_Venus mercernaria_, or American clam, 208

Vermin in wooden dwellings, 246

VINCI, LEONARDO DA, 151

Vinegar, commonly made from sulphuric acid, 60

Vitreous paint, 40

WAGNER, R., on liquid glass, 7, 8, 35

WALLBERGER, JOHANN, _Zauberbuch_, 96, 234-236

Wall-paper of wood, used in America, 69

Wall-paper paste, 245

Wall-paper with common paste poisonous, 165

Walls rendered air-tight (recipe), 164

Warped or curved wood, and how to flatten it, 61, 62

Washing broken china for repairing, 31

Water in cleaning pictures, 216-218

Waterproof carpets and wall-covering made from waste-paper, 191

Waterproof cement, 194

Wax in cements, 7

White of egg glaze, 223

Whitewash, to make equal to paint, 79

WIEGLEB, J. C., quotation from, 1, 147

Windows, stained glass, works on the subject by A. W. FRANKS, OWEN
JONES, WESTLAKE, &c., 40

Wine-stains, to remove, 231, 232

Wire, for mending china, 19;
in repairing, 170, 171

Wire-mending, 62

Wood-ashes in picture-cleaning, 224

Wood-Carving, a Manual of, by CHARLES GODFREY LELAND, 70

Wood-paste, or artificial wood, 63 _et seq._;
houses can be made of it, 64

Wood-shavings in mending and making, 50-57

Woodwork, repairing, 58-85

Woollen cloth, to clean, 231

_Work_, a scientific journal, 129

Worms in wood, to exterminate, 72

Wrinkles and freckles, 236

_Zeiodeleth_, 246, 247

Zinc, a cement for, 174, 175

ZWICK, Dr. H., on lime and mortar, 5;
in _Hydraulischer Kalk und Portland Cement_, 8

THE END

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Ceresa_ is the setting of powdered glass of different colours in a cement bed. Mosaic cubes are often combined with it.

[2] _Vide_ “Wood-Carving,” by CHARLES GODFREY LELAND, F.R.L.S., M.A. (London, Whittaker & Co., 5s.), for a chapter on this subject.

[3] For fullest details as to the treatment of horn, the reader may consult _Die Verarbeitung des Hornes_, &c., by LOUIS E. ANDÉS, in which he will also find full details as to dyeing ivory.

[4] The late W. W. STORY, the sculptor and man of letters.

[5] “Handbook on the Preservation of Pictures,” by HENRY MOGFORD; twelfth edition, revised. London: Winsor & Newton, 1s.

[Transcriber’s Note:

Obvious printer errors corrected silently.

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]