Chapter II: Introduction

PAGE
Interest in the subject--Influence of Lyell--Usher's
Chronology--Aime Boue first to proclaim the high antiquity
of man--Dr. Schmerling the founder--Boucher de Perthes the
apostle--Classifications by Lubbock, Lartet, Renevier, and
Westropp--Plan of the work--No Universal Age of Stone,
Bronze, or Iron--Epochs not sharply defined--Outlines of
History--Superstitious Notions--Skull from Constatt--Stone
hatchet from London--Cavern of Gailenreuth--Axes from
Hoxne--Human jaw from Maestricht--Skeleton from Lahr--
"Reliquiae Diluvianae"--Discoveries by Tournal and Christol--
Engis and Enghihoul Caverns--Schmerling's labors--Lyell's
opinions--Arrow mark on skull of Cave-Bear--Boucher de
Perthes and the Valley of the Somme--Jaw of Moulin-Quignon--
Kent's Hole--Fossil Man of Denise--Remains from the
Manzanares--Cave of Aurignac--Lyell declares his belief--
Lake-Dwellings of Switzerland Neanderthal Skull--Caverns
near Torquay--Cave of Massat--Cave of Lourdes--Caverns of
Ariege--Tertiary at St. Prest--Implements near Gosport--
Bones from Colmar--Implements near Bournemouth--Trou de
la Naulette--Bones near Savonia--Reindeer Station--Foreland
Cliff--Fossil Man of Mentone--Other Discoveries near Mentone. 11

CHAPTER II.

GLACIAL EPOCH.

Starting point for the investigation--Advance of the ice--
Fauna of Europe--Geological Period--Probable Date--Probable
Duration--Evidences of the Existence of Man--Implements from
Hampshire--Flint tools at Bournemouth--Oval flint from
Foreland Cliff--Implements from the Valley of the Somme--
Jaw of Moulin-Quignon--Implements from the Seine--Axes
near Madrid--Kent's Hole--Brixham Cave--Human jaw from
Maestricht--Skeleton from Lahr--Cave of La Naulette--
Implements from Hoxne--Bones from Colmar. 25

CHAPTER III.

GLACIAL--CONTINUED.

Belgian Caverns--Caverns of Liege--Engis Skull--Remarks of
Prof. Huxley--Views of Busk, Schmerling, Buchner, and Vogt--
Neanderthal Skull--Prof. Huxley, Dr. Buchner, and Dr.
Fuhlrott on Geological time of Neanderthal Skull--Opinions
of Huxley, Buchner, Schaaffhausen, and Busk--Skull from the
Loess of the Rhine, Constatt, Cochrane's Cave, Island of
Moen, Minsk, and Plau--Borreby Skulls--Human skulls of Arno. 44

CHAPTER IV.

PRE-GLACIAL EPOCHS.

North America during the Tertiary--Europe--Climate--Fauna of
Eocene--Of Miocene--Of Pliocene--Traces of Man--Opinions of
Lyell, Lubbock, and A. R. Wallace--Man in the Pliocene--
Hearth under Osars--Human bones from Savonia--Discoveries at
St. Prest--Skull from Altaville--Prof. Denton's Statement--
Man in the Miocene--Flints from Pontlevoy--Flint-flake from
Aurillac--Marks on bones near Pouance--Implements from
Colorado and Wyoming--Eocene--Glacial Periods during the
Miocene. 58

CHAPTER V.

CONDITION OF MAN IN THE EARLIEST TIMES.

No knowledge of the first appearance of Man--Fauna of India
during the Miocene--Intellect of Man--Contests with the
Beasts--A weapon invented--Earliest type--Advancement slow--
Climate changes--Sufferings of Man--Known by the Remains--
Structure of the Neanderthal Man--Engis Man--Men both large
and small--Animal structure of jaws from La Naulette and
Moulin-Quignon. 63

CHAPTER VI.

INTER-GLACIAL EPOCH.

Condition of the earth--Numerous traces of Man--Cave of
Aurignac--Conclusions of Lartet and Cartailhac--Caverns of
Maccagnone--Wokey Hole--Fossil Man of Denise--Reindeer
Station on the Schusse--Dr. Buchner's Conclusions. 68

CHAPTER VII.

CONDITION OF MAN IN THE INTER-GLACIAL.

Length of the Inter-Glacial--Man an improvable being--
Implements improved--Art of engraving begun--Religious
nature--Denton's description of primeval man--Language
improved. 76

CHAPTER VIII.

REINDEER EPOCH.

Advance of the Glaciers--Fauna---Reindeer epoch a distinct
one--Evidences of the existence of Man--Caves of Central and
Southern France--Implements from Les Eyzies--Relics from La
Madeleine--Workshops of Laugerie-Haute and Laugerie-Basse--
Cave and rock shelters of Bruniquel--Cave of Gourdan--Fossil
Man of Mentone--Other remains near Mentone--Other bone caves
of France--Belgian Caverns--Trou de Frontal--Trou Rosette--
Trou des Nutons--Cave of Chaleux--Cave at Furfooz--Cave of
Thayngen--Cave near Cracow. 79

CHAPTER IX.

MAN OF THE REINDEER EPOCH.

Man under a more favorable aspect--Type of--Dwellings--
Clothing--Food--Cannibalism--The Arts--Traffic--Burial--
Dupont's Report. 89

CHAPTER X.

NEOLITHIC EPOCH.

How characterized--Caves of this period--Contents of--Cave
of Saint Jean d'Alcas--Danish Shell-Mounds--Danish Peat
Bogs--Lake-Dwellings of Switzerland--Enumeration of--
Robenhausen--Fauna and Flora of--Troyon and Keller on--
Other Lake-Dwellings--Chronology. 94

CHAPTER XI.

MAN OF THE NEOLITHIC.

Type of--Advancement--Habitations--Clothing--Food--Arts and
Manufactures--Vast number of implements discovered--War--
Agriculture--Burial--Dolmens, Tumuli, Cromlechs, and Menhirs--
Victims, or Cannibalism. 103

CHAPTER XII.

BRONZE EPOCH.

No direct relation to Antiquity of Man--How characterized--
Type--Habitation and Food--Clothing--Implements--Arts--
Agriculture--Fishing and Navigation--Burial--Religious
Belief--Stone crescents. 108

CHAPTER XIII.

IRON EPOCH.

Civilization established--Swiss Lake-Dwellings--Dr. Keller's
Observations. 112

CHAPTER XIV.

TRACES OF MAN IN AMERICA.

Great opportunities for the Archaeologist--Aim of the chapter--
Skull from Osage Mission--Comstock lode--Charcoal at Toronto--
Knife from Kansas--Pelvic bone from Natchez--Skeleton from New
Orleans--Remains from the reefs of Florida--Caverns of Brazil--
Shell Heaps--Mound-Builders--Extent of Mounds--Implements of--
Sacrificial--Sephulchral--Temple--Symbolical--Antiquity of--
Fort Shelby--How long the Mound-Builders remained. 114

CHAPTER XV.

WRITTEN HISTORY.

Mystery of Ancient Empires--Rollin's difficulties--Egypt--
Manetho's list--Statement of Herodotus--Mariette's
explorations--Borings in the mud deposits of the Nile--
Dr. Schliemann's discoveries at Troy--History of Chaldea
by Berosus--Astronomical calculations--Chinese history--
Mexican History. 123

CHAPTER XVI.

LANGUAGE.

A field for study--Three divisions of language--Rhematic
period--Origin of--Various theories--Change of--Views of
Ancients--Number of--Comparative permancy of written
language. 132

CHAPTER XVII.

UNITY OF THE HUMAN RACE.

Objections to the Unity of the Race--Anatomical--
Geographical--Disparity of--Non-existence of medium types--
Phenomena caused by two united types--Objections answered--
Both man and animals affected by climate, food, and
condition--Examples--Argument from language--Ocean navigated
by frail crafts--Examples--Captain Tyson and party--The two
extremes exist in all nations, and even in families--People
who have retrograded--Races will amalgamate and perpetuate
their kind--Griquas--Papuas--Pitcairn Islanders--Law of
hybridity--Close affinity of the races--Slow change of. 136

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE BIBLE.

Controversy--Perversion of meaning--Men of science branded--
Design of the chapter--Creation--"Bara"--Day--Man's
appearance--Two accounts--Case of Cain--Sons of God--Remarks
of Dr. Livingstone--Doctrine of unity of the race--
Chronology--The Deluge--Septuagint--Monarchies--The
Dispersion--Opinion of Dr. Hedge--No supernatural aid in the
formation of Language--What God may do does not imply what
he has done--Dean Stanley on the Biblical account of Creation. 143

A MANUAL OF THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN.