Chapter XII

THE REIGNS OF JAMES I. AND CHARLES.
(pp. 133-180.)

Accession of James I. -- The Genius of the Reign of James -- Conspiracy of Sir Walter Raleigh -- Gunpowder Plot -- Persecution of the Catholics -- Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset -- Greatness and Fall of Somerset -- Duke of Buckingham -- Lord Bacon -- Trial and Execution of Raleigh -- Encroachments of James -- Quarrel between James and Parliament -- Death of James -- The Struggle of Classes -- Rise of Popular Power -- Quarrel between the King and the Commons -- The Counsellors of Charles -- Death of Buckingham -- Petition of Right -- Earl of Strafford -- John Hampden -- Insurrection in Scotland -- Long Parliament -- Rebellion of Ireland -- Flight of the King from London -- Rise of the Puritans -- Original Difficulties and Differences -- Persecution during the Reign of Elizabeth -- Archbishops Grindal and Whitgift -- Persecution under James -- Puritans in Exile -- Troubles in Scotland -- Peculiarities of Puritanism in England -- Conflicts among the Puritans -- Character of the Puritans -- John Hampden -- Oliver Cromwell -- The King at Oxford -- Cromwell after the Battle of Marston Moor -- Enthusiasm of the Independents -- Battle of Naseby -- Success of the Parliamentary Army -- Seizure of the King -- Triumph of the Independents -- Cromwell invades Scotland -- Seizure of the King a second Time -- Trial of the King.

CHAPTER XIII.

PROTECTORATE OF OLIVER CROMWELL.
(pp. 181-191.)

Storming of Drogheda and Wexford -- Battle of Worcester -- Policy of Cromwell -- The Rump Parliament -- Dispersion of the Parliament Cromwell assumes the Protectorship -- The Dutch War -- Cromwell rules without a Parliament -- The Protectorate -- Regal Government restored.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE REIGN OF CHARLES II.
(pp. 192-210.)

The Restoration -- Great Public Rejoicings -- Reaction to Revolutionary Principles -- Excellencies in Charles's Government -- Failure of the Puritan Experiment -- Repeal of the Triennial Bill -- Secret Alliance with Louis XIV. -- Venality and Sycophancy of Parliament -- Restrictions on the Press -- Habeas Corpus Act -- Titus Oates -- Oates's Revelations -- Penal Laws against Catholics -- Persecution of Dissenters -- Execution of Russell and Sydney -- Manners and Customs of England -- Milton -- Dryden -- Condition of the People of England.

CHAPTER XV.

THE REIGN OF JAMES II.
(pp. 211-233.)

Accession of James II. -- Monmouth lands in England -- Battle of Sedgemoor -- Death of Monmouth -- Brutality of Jeffreys -- Persecution of the Dissenters -- George Fox -- Persecution of the Quakers -- Despotic Power of James -- Favor extended to Catholics -- High Commission Court -- Quarrel with the Universities -- Magdalen College -- Prosecution of the Seven Bishops -- Tyranny and infatuation of James -- Organized Opposition -- William, Prince of Orange -- Critical condition of James -- Invasion of England by William -- Flight of the King -- Consummation of the Revolution -- Declaration of Rights.

CHAPTER XVI.

LOUIS XIV.
(pp. 234-251.)

The Power and Resources of Louis -- His Habits and Pleasures -- His Military Ambition -- William, Prince of Orange -- Second Invasion of Holland -- Dutch War -- Madame de Montespan -- Madame de Maintenon -- League of Augsburg -- Opposing Armies and Generals -- War of the Spanish Succession -- Duke of Marlborough -- Battle of Blenheim -- Exertions and Necessities of Louis -- Treaty of Utrecht -- Last Days of Louis -- His Character.

CHAPTER XVII.

WILLIAM AND MARY.
(pp. 252-270.)

Irish Rebellion -- King James in Ireland -- Freedom of the Press -- Act of Settlement -- Death of William III. -- Character of William -- Sir Isaac Newton and John Locke -- Anne -- The Duke of Marlborough -- Character of Marlborough -- Whigs and Tories -- Dr. Henry Sacheverell -- Union of Scotland and England -- Duke of Hamilton -- Wits of Queen Anne's Reign -- Swift -- Pope -- Bolingbroke -- Gay -- Prior -- Writers of the Age of Queen Anne.

CHAPTER XVIII.

PETER THE GREAT, AND RUSSIA.
(pp. 271-289.)

Early History of Russia -- The Tartar Conquest -- Accession of Peter the Great -- Peter's Reforms -- His War with Charles XII. -- Charles XII. -- Building of St. Petersburg -- New War with Sweden -- War with the Turks -- Peter makes a second Tour -- Elevation of Catharine -- Early History of Sweden -- Introduction of Christianity -- Gustavus Vasa -- Early Days of Charles XII -- Charles's Heroism -- His Misfortunes -- His Return to Sweden -- His Death.

CHAPTER XIX.

GEORGE I., AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF SIR ROBERT WALPOLE.
(pp. 290-309.)

Accession of George I. -- Sir Robert Walpole -- The Pretender -- Invasion of Scotland -- The South Sea Bubble -- The South Sea Company -- Opposition of Walpole -- Mania for Speculation -- Bursting of the South Sea Bubble -- Enlightened policy of Walpole -- East India Company -- Resignation of Townshend -- Unpopularity of Walpole -- Decline of his power -- John Wesley -- Early life of Wesley -- Whitefield -- Institution of Wesley -- Itinerancy -- Great influence and power of Wesley.

CHAPTER XX.

THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA AND THE EAST INDIES.
(pp. 310-341.)

Commercial Enterprise -- Spanish Conquests and Settlements -- Portuguese Discoveries -- Portuguese Settlements -- Early English Enterprise -- Sir Walter Raleigh -- London Company incorporated -- Hardships of the Virginia Colony -- New Charter of the London Company -- Rapid Colonization -- Indian Warfare -- Governor Harvey -- Arbitrary Policy of Charles II. -- Settlement of New England -- Arrival of the Mayflower -- Settlement of New Hampshire -- Constitution of the Colony -- Doctrines of the Puritans -- Pequod War -- Union of the New England Colonies -- William Penn -- Settlement of New York -- Conquest of New Netherlands -- Discovery of the St. Lawrence -- Jesuit Missionaries -- Prosperity of the English Colonies -- French Encroachments -- European Settlements in the East -- French Settlements in India -- La Bourdonnais and Dupleix -- Clive's Victories -- Conquest of India.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE REIGN OF GEORGE II.
(pp. 342-359.)

The Pelhams -- The Pretender Charles Edward Stuart -- Surrender of Edinburgh -- Success of the Pretender -- The Retreat of the Pretender -- Battle of Culloden -- Latter Days of the Pretender -- Maria Theresa -- Capture of Louisburg -- Great Colonial Contest -- Character of the Duke of Newcastle -- Unpopularity of the Pelhams -- Rise of William Pitt -- Brilliant Military Successes -- Military Successes in America -- Victories of Clive in India -- Resignation of Pitt -- Peace of Paris.

CHAPTER XXII.

LOUIS XV.
(pp. 360-379.)

Regency of the Duke of Orleans -- John Law -- Mississippi Company -- Popular Delusion -- Fatal Effects of the Delusion -- Administration of Cardinal Fleury -- Cornelius Jansen -- St. Cyran -- Arnauld -- Le Maitre -- The Labors of the Port Royalists -- Principles of Jansenism -- Functions of the Parliament -- The Bull Unigenitus -- Madame de Pompadour -- The Jesuits -- Exposure of the Jesuits -- Their Expulsion from France -- Suppression in Spain -- Pope Clement XIV. -- Death of Ganganelli -- Death of Louis XV.

CHAPTER XXIII.

FREDERIC THE GREAT.
(pp. 380-390.)

Frederic William -- Accession of Frederic the Great -- The Seven Years' War -- Battle of Rossbach -- Battle of Leuthen -- Fall of Dresden -- Reverses of Frederic -- Continued Disasters -- Exhaustion of Prussia by the War -- Death of Frederic -- Character of Frederic.

CHAPTER XXIV.

MARIA THERESA AND CATHARINE II.
(pp. 391-401.)

The Germanic Constitution -- The Hungarian War -- The Emperor Joseph -- Accession of Maria Theresa -- She institutes Reforms -- Successors of Peter the Great -- Murder of Peter III. -- Assassination, of Ivan -- Death of Catharine -- Her Character.

CHAPTER XXV.

CALAMITIES OF POLAND.
(pp. 402-408.)

The Crown of Poland made elective -- Election of Henry, Duke of Anjou -- Sobieski assists the Emperor Leopold -- The Liberum Veto -- The Fall of Poland.

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.
(pp. 409-415.)

Saracenic Empire -- Rise of the Turks -- Turkish Conquerors -- Progress of the Turks -- Decline of Turkish Power -- Turkish Institutions -- Turkish Character.

CHAPTER XXVII.

REIGN OF GEORGE III. TO ADMINISTRATION OF WILLIAM PITT.
(pp. 416-431.)

Military Successes in America -- Prosecution of Wilkes -- Churchill -- Grafton's Administration -- Popularity of Wilkes -- Taxation of the Colonies -- Indignation of the Colonies -- Functions of the Parliament -- The Stamp Act -- Lord Chatham -- Administration of Lord North -- Irish Discontents -- Protestant Association -- Lord George Gordon's Riots -- Parliamentary Reforms.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
(pp. 432-449.)

Causes of the Revolution -- Riots and Disturbances -- Duty on Tea -- Port of Boston closed -- Meeting of Congress -- Speech of Burke -- Battle of Bunker Hill -- Death of Montgomery -- Declaration of American Independence -- Commissioners sent to France -- Capture of Burgoyne -- Moral Effects of Burgoyne's Capture -- Arrival of La Fayette -- Evacuation of Philadelphia -- The Treason of Arnold -- Surrender of Lord Cornwallis -- Resignation of Lord North.

CHAPTER XXIX.

ADMINISTRATION OF WILLIAM PITT.
(pp. 450-470.)

William Pitt -- Early Life of Pitt -- Policy of Pitt -- Difficulties with Ireland -- The United Irishmen -- Union of England and Ireland -- Condition of Ireland -- Parliamentary Reform -- Warren Hastings -- War with Hyder Ali -- Robbery of the Princesses of Oude -- Prosecution of Hastings -- Edmund Burke -- Charles James Fox -- Richard Brinsley Sheridan -- Bill for the Regulation of India -- War with Tippoo Saib -- Conquest of India -- Consequences of the Conquest -- War with France -- Policy of Pitt.

CHAPTER XXX.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
(pp. 471-495.)

Causes of the French Revolution -- Helvetius -- Voltaire -- Rousseau -- Diderot -- General Influence of the Philosophers -- Sufferings of the People -- Degradation of the People -- Derangement of Finances -- Maurepas -- Turgot -- Malesherbes -- Necker -- Calonne -- States General -- The Tiers État -- Commotions -- Rule of the People -- National Federation -- Flight of the King -- The Girondists and the Jacobins -- The National Convention -- Marat -- Danton -- Robespierre -- General War -- Reign of Terror -- Death of Robespierre -- New Constitution -- The Directory.

CHAPTER XXXI.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
(pp. 496-526.)

Character of Bonaparte -- Early Days of Bonaparte -- Early Services to the Republic -- The Italian Campaign -- Battle of Cape St. Vincent -- Conquest of Venice by Bonaparte -- Invasion of Egypt -- Siege of Acre -- Reverses of the French -- Bonaparte First Consul -- Immense Military Preparations -- The Reforms of Bonaparte -- The Code Napoléon -- Bonaparte becomes Emperor of the French -- Meditated Invasion of England -- Battle of Austerlitz -- Battle of Jena -- Bonaparte aggrandizes France -- Aggrandizement of Bonaparte's Family -- The Peninsular War -- Invasion of Russia -- Battle of Smolensko -- Retreat of the French -- Battles of Lutzen and Bautzen -- Battle of Leipsic -- The Allied Powers invade France -- Peace of Paris -- Bonaparte escapes from Elba -- Battle of Waterloo -- Reflections on Napoleon's Fall.

CHAPTER XXXII.

EUROPE ON THE FALL OF NAPOLEON.
(pp. 527-532.)

Remarkable Men of Genius -- Condition of Germany -- Condition of other Powers -- The United States of America.

APPENDIX.

Chronological Table, from the Fall of Napoleon, 533
Prime Ministers of England, from the Accession of
Henry VIII., 538
Table of the Monarchy of Europe, during the Sixteenth,
Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries, 541
Genealogical Table of the Royal Family of England, 543
Genealogical Table of the Bourbons, 544

MODERN HISTORY.