Chapter L: NICOBARICA. Reinhardt, Naturhist; Selskabet, Copenhagen. No

I. 1850. Tab. I, fig. 1-3.[68]

[68] I am not at all sure that the proper title of the periodical
in which this species has been described, is here given. I am
greatly indebted to Prof. Steenstrup for sending me a separate
copy of the paper in question, written in Danish. I believe I am
right in identifying the specimen here described, from Timor,
with the species from the Nicobar Islands, named by Reinhardt,
_L. Nicobarica_.

_L. scutis terga angustè obtegentibus: carinæ cristâ internâ tenui in parte superiore positâ: rostro conspicuo, squamarum sex subjacentium latitudinem æquante: lateribus, superficie internâ triangulâ, squamarum septem subjacentium latitudinem æquantibus._

Scuta narrowly overlapping the terga: carina with a slight central internal ridge in the upper part: rostrum conspicuous, as wide as six of the subjacent scales: latera, with their internal surfaces triangular, as wide as seven of the subjacent scales.

Palpi square at their ends: mandibles with twice as many pectinations between the first and second main teeth, as between the second and third: maxillæ slightly notched, with the inferior angle slightly prominent: caudal appendages more than twice as long as the pedicels of the sixth cirrus.

Timor; Brit. Mus., (given by Cuvier to Leach); Nicobar Islands,
according to Reinhardt.

Capitulum as in _L. dorsalis_. The teeth on the prominent rims of the valves are small and approximate; but the specimen was much worn.

_Scuta_, triangular, slightly overlapping the terga; the line of junction between these valves slightly sinuous, the upper part of the tergal margin of the scuta being slightly hollowed out, and the corresponding upper portion of the margin of the terga being slightly protuberant. Internally, there is a considerable depression for the adductor muscle; and besides the usual knob at the rostral angle, there is a trace of a knob at the baso-tergal angle.

_Terga_, as seen internally, irregularly rhomboidal, ending downwards in a blunt point, of which the two sides, (neither being sensibly hollowed out,) stand at about an angle of 45° to each other. Scutal margin, with the upper part, (as above remarked,) slightly protuberant: near the bottom of this margin, there is a very slight projection, answering to the small knob at the baso-tergal angle of the scutum. Externally, towards the basal angle, the narrow strip not concealed by the overlapping of the latera and carina is square-edged, with the zones of growth on it straight.

_Carina_, internally concave in the upper free part, with a slight, central, internal crest, caused by the projection of each successive zone of growth. The inner growing surface is almost pentagonal in outline; with the basal margin square and truncated in the middle.

_Rostrum_ (fig. 2 _a_), rather conspicuous, many zones of growth being preserved. It equals in width six of the subjacent scales of the peduncle, but as these are rather smaller than elsewhere, the width equals about five of the ordinary uppermost scales; compared with the latera, it is nearly 5/7ths of their width.

_Latera_, unusually large; as seen on their interior surfaces, (or in a section parallel to the zones of growth,) they are triangular, elongated transversely, with the carinal angle a rectangle. In width they equal the seven subjacent scales of the peduncle, and are more than half as long as the basal margin of the carina.

_Peduncle_, with the upper scales varying from circular to quadrilateral, thrice as large as those in the second whorl; beneath which, in the next three or four whorls, the scales rapidly decrease in size; and beneath these the whole peduncle is studded with equal-sized, rounded, calcareous beads, so minute as to be quite invisible to the naked eye. This specimen was nearly ready to moult, and perhaps in consequence of this, even the upper scales were most obscurely serrated on their lower margins, and all the others quite smooth: there were some much worn horny spines close to the bottom of the peduncle. Basal calcareous cup slightly concave, of moderate size; its diameter, in the one specimen examined, was 9/10ths of an inch; it was composed of several layers. In the specimen figured (2 _a´_) by Reinhardt, instead of a cup, there is a straight row of small discs, which are attached to the walls of the cavity, as explained in the generic description.

_Mouth._--Palpi with their ends square and truncated; thickly clothed with long spines.

_Mandibles_, with fully twice as many pectinations, (viz. from 16 to 20,) between the first and second main teeth, as between (viz. 8 to 10) the second and third main teeth. Inferior angle, coarsely pectinated. The distance between the tips of the first and second teeth, is considerably less than between the tip of the second tooth and the inferior angle.

_Maxillæ_, with the edge very slightly irregular; beneath the two great upper spines there is a slight notch, with some small spines: inferior angle slightly prominent, with a brush of moderately fine spines; besides these, there are about seventeen pairs of large spines; sides very hairy.

_Outer Maxillæ_, with the inner margin slightly concave, and with the spines continuous.

_Cirri._--The segments in the three posterior pairs support three or four pairs of long spines, with a single row of moderately long intermediate spines; the dorsal tufts consist of a few rather thick, and some long and thin spines. The front of the segments is not protuberant; the whole surface is hirsute with minute comb-like scales. _Second cirrus_, with the anterior ramus having its eight basal segments highly protuberant and thickly clothed with spines, the upper nine having the usual structure; the posterior ramus has four or five basal segments thickly clothed with spines, and the twelve upper ones with the usual structure. _Third cirrus_, with the anterior ramus having six segments highly protuberant and thickly clothed with bristles, and the fifteen upper ones on the usual structure; in the posterior ramus, only three or four of the basal segments are paved with bristles. The spines on the first three pairs of cirri, are coarsely and doubly serrated.

The _Caudal Appendages_ are more than twice as long as the pedicels of the sixth cirrus, and equal half the length of the whole cirrus. In a specimen in which the sixth cirrus contained twenty-two segments, the caudal appendages actually contained twenty. The segments are thin, with their upper edges clothed with serrated spines. The slip of membrane on each side, whence this organ springs is united, for a little space, to the lower segment of the pedicel of the sixth cirrus.

_Size and Colour._--Width of the capitulum rather above 4/10ths of an inch; length, including the peduncle, (contracted by spirits,) nearly one inch. Valves, as usual, dirty white, partly invested by yellow membrane, furnished with a few minute yellow horny spines. Pedicels of the first four cirri, caudal appendages, penis, the two posterior thoracic segments, the segments of the cirri, and the trophi, clouded, banded, or spotted, with blackish purple.

_Affinities._--This species, in the characters derived from the valves, comes perhaps nearest to _L. Rhodiopus_; in the characters derived from the animal’s body, it is nearest to _L. dorsalis_.

4. LITHOTRYA RHODIOPUS. Pl. VIII, fig. 4.

BRISNÆUS RHODIOPUS. _J. E. Gray._ Annals of Philosoph., vol. x,
(new series,) 1825.

---- ---- _J. E. Gray._ Spicilegia Zoolog., Tab. xvi, fig. 17,
1830.

_L. scutis terga ample obtegentibus: carinæ cristâ internâ tenui, in parte superiore positâ: lateribus, superficie internâ symmetricè et latè ovatâ, carinæ latitudinis plus quam tertiam partem æquantibus: tergorum basali apice tenui, et angulo carinali producto: rostro et pedunculo ignotis._

Scuta largely overlapping the terga. Carina with a slight central internal ridge in the upper part. Latera with their internal surfaces symmetrically and broadly oval, more than one third of the width of the carina. Terga with the basal points narrow, and the carinal angle produced. Rostrum and peduncle unknown.

Mandibles, with four times as many pectinations between the first and second main teeth, as between the second and third; distance greater between the tips of the first and second teeth, than between the tip of the second tooth and the inferior angle. Maxillæ widely notched, with the inferior part forming two obscure prominences.

Hab. unknown. Imbedded in a massive coral. Brit. Mus.

The specimens are in a rather bad condition, and have been disarticulated. They are of rather small size; the rostrum and peduncle are lost, and animal’s body much injured.

Valves white, thin, translucent; teeth on the projecting rims small, narrow, standing further apart than their own width. The upper layers have undergone but little disintegration or scaling off, and consequently the carina and terga project freely. The valves, where not rubbed, are covered by bright yellow membrane, which is thickly clothed with rows of spines; these are small on the exterior surfaces, but are very large and hooked in certain parts, as near the tergal margins of the scuta, and on the carinal margins of the terga, and especially on the inner face of the upper free part of the carina. Here the hooked spines (fig. 4 _d_) are trifid or quadrifid, and are very conspicuous.

_Scuta_, as seen externally, triangular; they overlap half the width of the terga; on their internal faces (fig. 4 _a_), in the upper projecting part, there is a strong ridge, against which the scutal margin of the terga abuts. There is a deep and conspicuous pit for the adductor muscle.

_Terga_, as seen externally, nearly triangular. The ridge which leads from the apex to the basal angle, is rounded, central, and extremely prominent; but does not form a furrow, or include the overlapping margin of the scuta. The basal angle is narrow, spur-like, and slightly hollowed out on both margins. The growing corium-covered surface (fig. 4 _b_) is transversely elongated, with the occludent margin rounded, and the carinal angle much produced, but not forming a roughened knob.

_Carina_ (fig. 4 _d_), concave within, with a slight central ridge in the upper free portion. The inner growing surface is concave, almost pentagonal, with a just perceptibly raised central rim in the upper part, and with two minute prominences on each side, against which the produced carinal angles of the terga abut.

_Rostrum_, lost.

_Latera_ (fig. 4 _c_), growing surface (or a section parallel to the growth-layers,) symmetrically oval, more than one third as wide as the basal margin of the carina. Several zones of growth preserved.

_Peduncle_, lost, but a few scales accidentally adhering to one of the valves, show that they are crenated in the three or four upper whorls. No basal calcareous cup was preserved, but by clearing out the base of one of the holes in the coral, in which a specimen had been imbedded, I found a little flat disc about the size of a pin’s head; it was composed of two or three layers, and was externally coated by yellow membrane, including the usual spindle-shaped bodies and tubuli. The cement-ducts were also discovered after dissolution in acid. So that there could be no doubt regarding the nature of the little disc.

_Mouth._--Labrum with a row of little blunt teeth.

_Palpi_, blunt, rather expanded at their ends, with the extreme margin much arched and furnished with two rows of long spines; there is a fringe of short spines on the straight inner side.

_Mandibles._--There are nine pectinations between the first and second main teeth, and only two between the second and third teeth; the inferior angle is coarsely pectinated, with one central spine twice as long as the others. The distance between the tips of the first and second main teeth, is greater than between the tip of the second tooth and the inferior angle.

_Maxillæ_ (Pl. X, fig. 12).--These may be described as having their edge formed into three prominences; or, as having a very wide notch under the two upper great spines, and with the whole inferior part forming two prominences. There are, altogether, about twelve pairs of spines, of which two stand singly on the inferior side of the wide notch under the two upper great spines. The spines on the inferior angle are rather smaller than those above; sides hirsute.

_Outer Maxillæ_, with the inner margin slightly concave, and sparingly covered with bristles.

_Cirri_, imperfectly preserved; the three posterior pairs have segments of the usual character, bearing five pairs of very long spines, with the usual little intermediate, the minute lateral, and the dorsal spines. First cirrus lost; second and third with only their few basal segments preserved, sufficient, however, to show that at least two or three segments, in both the anterior and posterior rami of both cirri, were paved with bristles.

_Pedicels_, as in the other species.

_Caudal Appendages_, lost.

This species comes very close, as far as the characters derived from the trophi serve, to the _L. truncata_, though readily distinguished from that species by the shape of the valves. On the other hand, the capitulum of this species is distinguished with difficulty from that of _L. Nicobarica_ and _L. cauta_; no doubt this difficulty is much enhanced by the rostrum and peduncle having been lost.

5. LITHOTRYA TRUNCATA. Pl. IX, fig. 1.

ANATIFA TRUNCATA. _Quoy_ et _Gaimard_. Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Pl.
xciii, figs. 12 to 15, 1834.

_L. scutis in profundam tergorum plicam insertis: carinæ cristâ centrali prominente et rotundatâ in parte superiore: rostro et lateribus rudimentalibus, carinæ latitudinis quindecimam fere partem æquantibus._

Scuta locked into a deep fold in the terga: carina with a prominent central rounded ridge in the upper part: rostrum and latera rudimentary, about 1/15th of the width of the carina.

Mandibles, with nearly three times as many pectinations between the first and second teeth, as between the second and third teeth; distance between the tips of the first and second teeth equal to that between the tip of the second tooth and inferior angle. Maxillæ widely notched, with the inferior part forming two prominences. Caudal appendages shorter than, or barely exceeding in length, the pedicels of the sixth cirrus.

Friendly Archipelago, Mus. Paris; Philippine Archipelago, Mus.
Cuming; imbedded in coral rock.

Capitulum rather thick, with the five main valves having their free apices, diverging and truncated. The upper and old layers of shell do not here scale off so readily as in many of the foregoing species; and hence an unusually large proportional length of each valve projects freely above the sack; and the valves are of unusual thickness. The capitulum is very nearly as wide at its summit as at its base, owing to the divergence of the apices of the valves. The scuta and terga are articulated together by a conspicuous fold, which, when seen from vertically above, (Pl. IX, fig. 1 _a´_,) appears like a deep wedge-formed notch in the terga. On the exterior surfaces of the valves, the teeth on the successive rims are approximate; on the inner surfaces, the rims are covered by strong yellow membrane, which is generally fringed with small horny spines.

_Scuta_, exterior surface convex, sub-triangular, with the apex truncated: seen vertically from above, there is a small rectangular indentation or fold which receives the projecting scutal margin of the terga. The inner growing or corium-covered surface (fig. 1 _b_, _b´_) is triangular, with its tergal margin _largely_ hollowed out. Along the occludent margin there is a slight ridge, which terminates at the rostral angle, in both the right and left-hand valves, in a rounded, knob-like, roughened tooth. The lower part of the tergal margin is slightly inflected and roughened, where it meets the corresponding lower part of the scutal margin of the terga. There is a deep pit for the adductor muscle. The interior surface of the valve above this pit is faintly-coloured purple. The inner surfaces of both scuta and terga, are roughened with little points.

_Terga_, seen externally, are almost quadrilateral (owing to the apex being truncated), with the free margin facing the scutum, arched. Seen vertically from above, each shows a deep fold, which receives the lower part of the tergal margin of the scutum. In the foregoing species, a prominent ridge runs down the exterior surface of the terga from the apex to the basal angle, against which ridge, the margin of the overlapping scuta abuts: here this ridge, instead of projecting straight out, is oblique or folded over, and thus forms a furrow, receiving the margin of the scuta. The interior growing surface of the tergum (fig. 1 _b´_, _c_), presents so irregular a figure, that it can hardly be described; in area it quite equals the scuta; it is slightly concave; at the upper point of the carinal margin, there is a large, rounded, protuberant, roughened knob, which corresponds with a small knob on each side of the inner face of the carina; these knobs seem firmly united together by membrane. The scutal margin of the terga, in the upper part, forms a shoulder, largely projecting over the scuta; on its lower part, there is a small roughened projection. The occludent margin is arched and protuberant, with a slight fold above the knob on the carinal margin, just mentioned: this fold is caused by the protuberance of the central internal ridge of the carina, but is so small, that when the capitulum is seen from vertically above, it can hardly be distinguished. Finally, the basal half of the carinal margin, runs in the same line with the basal margin of the scuta.

_Carina_, moderately large; seen externally, the surface presents an elongated triangle, with the apex truncated; on the internal face (fig. 1 _b´_, _d_) of the free part, there is (instead of being concave as is usual) a great central ridge, which projects between the diverging apices of the terga, as may be seen from vertically above; hence the thickness of the upper part of the carina, in a longitudinal plane, almost equals its breadth. The edge of this ridge is rounded. The inner or growing surface of the carina is tinted purple, and lies in a plane, oblique to the longer axis of the valve; it is triangular, with the apex cut off, and the basal margin rounded and protuberant; it is not concave. There is a central raised line or slight ridge on this inner surface, and on each side in the upper part there is a small, white, roughened knob, corresponding with the similar knobs on the carinal margins of the terga.

_Rostrum_ (fig. 1 _b´_, _a_), rudimentary; in one specimen it was about 1/50th of an inch in width; it is either as wide, or only half as wide, as the subjacent scale on the peduncle.

_Latera_, rudimentary, placed between the edges of the carina and the terga; rather smaller than the rostrum; almost cylindrical, slightly flattened, enlarged at each zone of growth, with one or two sharp teeth or spines on both faces; imperfectly calcified; in width barely 1/15th part of the carina.

_Peduncle_, short; the scales alone in the uppermost whorl are plainly toothed; they are transversely elongated, and almost quadrangular, and are nearly twice as large as those in the second whorl. Beneath this second whorl, there are two or three whorls, with scales, graduated in size; and the rest of the peduncle is covered by rather distantly scattered, minute, rounded or acutely pointed scales: the pointed scales are directed upwards, and are best developed under the carina. The basal calcareous cup, judging from two specimens, is thin, and not much developed.

_Size and Colour._--The largest specimen was nearly 6/10ths of an inch across its capitulum. The calcareous valves are dirty white. The sack is (after having been long kept in spirits) pale coloured, excepting a small purple space, between the scuta and another over the carina. The three posterior segments of the thorax and portions under the second and third cirri, the trophi, the pedicels and the anterior faces of the segments (especially of the basal segments in the second and third cirri), and a spot on their dorsal surfaces, and the penis are all coloured dark purplish-black. The prosoma is pale coloured.

_Mouth._--Crest of labrum with a row of bead-like teeth and hairs. _Palpi_ bluntly pointed, with neither margin hollowed out.

_Mandibles_, with eight pectinations between the first and second main teeth, and three between the second and third teeth; inferior angle coarsely pectinated, with a central spine much longer than the others; the distance between the tips of the first and second main teeth, is about equal to that between the tip of the second tooth and of the inferior angle.

_Maxillæ._--Under the two upper long spines (associated with some smaller ones), there is a slight and wide hollow; and the whole inferior edge obscurely forms two blunt points, with the spines on the lower projection smaller than the upper spines.

_Outer Maxillæ_, considerably concave in front, with the spines almost discontinuous in the middle part.

_Cirri._--First pair rather far separated from the second pair. The segments of the three posterior cirri bear three or four pairs of main spines, and are otherwise characterised like the foregoing species. _First cirrus_, with its anterior ramus much thicker than the posterior ramus, and of nearly equal length; all the segments, except the two terminal ones, thickly clothed with serrated spines. _Second cirrus_ considerably shorter than the third cirrus: anterior ramus with the seven basal segments very protuberant, and paved with bristles, and the four terminal ones on the usual structure; posterior ramus, with the five basal segments paved (but much less thickly than in the anterior ramus), and the nine terminal ones on the usual structure. _Third cirrus_, the anterior ramus, with the five basal segments, thick and paved, and eleven terminal segments on the usual structure: posterior ramus, with one basal segment paved, and sixteen other segments on the usual structure. In the posterior rami, however, of both the second and third cirri, it is difficult to draw any distinct line between the paved segments and the others.

_Caudal Appendages_, short, either just exceeding in length the pedicels of the sixth cirrus, or equalling only the lower segment: segments flattened, cylindrical, six in number, there being, in the same individual, twenty-one segments in both rami of the sixth cirrus.

6. LITHOTRYA VALENTIANA. Pl. VIII, fig. 5.

CONCHOTRYA VALENTIANA. _J. E. Gray._ Annals of Philosoph., vol. x
(new series), 1825.

_L. scutis in profundam tergorum plicam invertis: tergorum opposito superiore margine, plicâ alterâ æquè profundâ instructo: carinæ cristâ prominente centrali, marginibus quadratis, in parte superiore: rostro rudimentali: lateribus et pedunculo ignotis._

Scuta locked into a deep fold in the terga; the latter having a second equally deep fold on the opposite upper margin. Carina with a prominent, central, square-edged ridge in the upper part: rostrum rudimentary. Latera and peduncle unknown.

Animal unknown.

Red Sea, imbedded in an oyster-shell. British Museum.

_General Remarks._--The two specimens in the British Museum are small, and in an imperfect condition, without the peduncle or the latera, and without the body of the animal. The capitulum so closely resembles that of _L. truncata_, that it is quite superfluous to do more than point out the few differences. It is just possible, though not probable, that this form may prove to be merely a variety or younger state of _L. truncata_, in which case this latter name would have to be sunk. The difference, though one only of degree, in the form of the terga of the two species is conspicuous, and there is a slight difference in the carina, and again some dissimilarity in habits.

_Description._--The valves, as just stated, generally resemble those of _L. truncata_; scarcely any appreciable difference can be detected in the scuta; the apex, however, of the inner surface seems coloured a darker purple. The terga, as seen from vertically above (Pl. VIII, fig. 5 _b_), have a fold or indentation on the upper or occludent margin, as large and as conspicuous as that receiving the margin of the scuta: this fold, as seen on the inner corium-covered surface (fig. 5 _a_), descends below the roughened knob at the upper angle of the carinal margin, which is not the case with the slight fold in the same place in _L. truncata_; its presence seems caused by the edge of the central internal crest, in the upper part of the carina, being square (instead of round, as in _L. truncata_), and thus more deeply affecting the outline of the terga, between which it is inserted. The upper part of the scutal margin of the terga, as seen internally (fig. 5 _a_), overlaps the scuta in a large _rectangular_ projection. From the depth of the two opposite folds, namely, that caused by the tergal edge of the scuta and that by the crest of the carina, the inner face of the tergum is divided into two almost equal areas. The carina has its central crest square (fig. 5 _c_, _d_,) instead of being rounded as in _L. truncata_. The inner growing or corium-covered face is nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the whole valve, instead of being oblique to it; it is convex or protuberant, with a central raised line, and two little knobs on each side of the upper part; the two lateral margins are slightly hollowed out, and the basal margin is not highly protuberant. The rostrum is excessively minute, barely above 1/200th of an inch in width; it is a little enlarged at each zone of growth. Latera lost; no doubt they were rudimentary.

A fragment of a posterior cirrus, which adhered to one of the valves, shows that each segment supported four pairs of spines.

Width of the capitulum before disarticulation, probably was about 1/10th of an inch.

* * * * *

_Species mihi non satis notæ, aut dubiæ._

ANATIFA VILLOSA. _Brugière._ Encyclop. Meth. Des. Vers., tom. i,
1789, p. 62, Pl. clxvi.

On ships: Mediterranean.

ANATIFA HIRSUTA[69] _Conrad._ Journal of the Acad. of Nat. Sc.,
Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1837, p. 262.

On fuci, Fayal, Azores.

The specimens, to which these names have been given by the above two authors, are described as small, and the _A. villosa_ was suspected by Brugière to be young. The _A. hirsuta_ is said by Conrad to have the valves minutely striated, granulated, and covered by a strong hirsute epidermis; the scuta, compared with the other valves, are very large; the entire length of this specimen was a quarter of an inch. The _A. villosa_ is described as having smooth valves, and apparently the peduncle alone is hirsute. Now, in young individuals of _Lepas australis_, the peduncle is hairy, whilst in full-grown specimens it is quite smooth. Again, in some varieties of _L. fascicularis_, the thorax, prosoma, and cirri are hirsute, whereas they are generally quite smooth; hence I am inclined to suspect that _A. villosa_ is the young, in a state of variation, of _L. anatifera_; and that _A. hirsuta_ bears a similar relation to _L. anserifera_. In Lamarck’s ‘Animaux sans Vertèbres,’ _Pollicipes villosus_ of Sowerby is quite incorrectly given as a synonym to the above _A. villosa_.

[69] The _Anatifa hirsuta_ of Quoy and Gaimard is the _Ibla
quadrivalvis_ of this work.

ANATIFA ELONGATA. _Quoy_ et _Gaimard_. Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Pl.
xciii, fig. 6.

This, I think, is certainly a distinct and new species, but I am unable to decide whether to place it in Lepas or Pæcilasma. It is briefly described and pretty well figured in the above work. It was procured at New Zealand, but it is not stated to what object it was attached. The capitulum is much elongated, and one inch in length; the peduncle is from six to eight lines long. The carina is said to be very narrow; it is not stated whether it terminates downwards in a fork or disc; judging from the figure, it extends some way up between the terga, the basal ends of which are bluntly pointed. The scuta are almost quadrilateral. The peduncle is short, yellow, and tuberculated. The general appearance of the drawing makes me suspect that it is a Pæcilasma.

CLYPTRA. _Leach._ Zoological Journal, vol. ii, p. 208, July,
1825.

Leach has most briefly characterised a specimen in Savigny’s Museum, from the Red Sea, under the above name of _Clyptra_. It has only four valves, and its peduncle is smooth; by the latter character it is distinguished from Ibla. Apparently this is a distinct and new genus.

* * * * *

Mr. J. E. Gray, in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,’ 1848, p. 44, quotes a description by Stroem (‘Nym. Saml. Danske,’ 1788, 295, n. iii, f. 20), namely, “_Lepas testâ compressâ 7-valvis, stipite lamellosâ_.” It is found attached to _Gorgonia placomus_, in the North Sea. I suspect that this is the common _Scalpellum vulgare_, and that Stroem counted the valves only on one side, overlooking the rudimentary and concealed rostrum; and this would give seven for the number of the valves. Had it not been for the expression “stipite lamellosâ,” I should have thought this might have been an unknown species of Dichelaspis.

SCALPELLUM LÆVIS. _Risso._ Hist. Nat. des Product. de l’Europe
Mérid., 1826, Tom. iv, p. 385.

The chief characteristic of this species appears to be indicated by its specific name. It is found in the Mediterranean, attached to Cidarites. I am inclined to believe that it is distinct from _S. vulgare_.

SCALPELLUM PAPILLOSUM. _King._ Zoolog. Journal, vol. v, p. 334.

Captain King has described this species, taken from the depth of 48 fathoms, on the coast of Patagonia, in Lat. 44° 30´ S. It is probably distinct, but is so imperfectly described, that not even the number of the valves is given.

POLYLEPAS (POLLICIPES), Sinensis. _Chenu._ Illust. Conchyliolog.,
Pl. II, fig. 7.

This species is said to come from China; it is nearest to _P. spinosus_, but is, I think, distinct.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

TAB. I.

Fig.

1. _Lepas anatifera_, (nat. size.) _Var._, with a row of square,
dark-coloured marks on the scuta and terga.

1_a._ _Lepas anatifera_, external view of carina, magnified
thrice.

1_b._ _Lepas anatifera_, lateral view of carina, magnified thrice;
var. _dentata_.

1_c._ _Lepas anatifera_, internal view of right-hand scutum, to
show the tooth at the umbo.

2. _Lepas Hillii_, (nat. size.)

3. _Lepas pectinata_, (magnified thrice.)

3_a._ _Lepas pectinata_, var. (_spirulæ_), tergum, magnified
thrice.

4. _Lepas anserifera_, (nat. size.)

5. _Lepas australis_, (nat. size.)

5_a._ _Lepas australis_, carina, external view of, magnified
twice.

6. _Lepas fascicularis_, (nat. size,) with its peduncle, together
with those of three other specimens, imbedded in a vesicular
ball of their own formation, of which a slice has been cut
off to show the internal structure. The specimen is in the
College of Surgeons.

6_a._ _Lepas fascicularis_, carina of, nat. size.

6_b._ _Lepas fascicularis_, var. _villosa_.

6_c._ _Lepas fascicularis_, var. _villosa_, carina of.

6_d._ Part of the membrane from one side of the peduncle of _Lepas
fascicularis_, with the ball removed, showing one of the
cement-ducts, and the orifices through which the vesicular
membrane forming the ball has been secreted; greatly
magnified; viewed from the outside.

TAB. II.

Fig.

1. _Poecilisma Kæmpferi_, (magnified two and a half times.)

1_a._ _Poecilisma Kæmpferi_, carina of.

2. _Poecilisma aurantia_, (magnified two and a half times.)

3. _Poecilisma crassa_, (magnified twice.)

3_a._ _Poecilisma crassa_, carina of.

4. _Poecilasma fissa_, (magnified five times.)

5. _Poecilasma eburnea_, (magnified five times.)

5_a._ _Poecilasma eburnea_, carina of, external view of.

5_c._ _Poecilasma eburnea_, carina of, lateral view of.

5_b._ _Poecilasma eburnea_, scutum, internal view of.

6. _Dichelaspis Warwickii_, (magnified five times.)

6_a._ _Dichelaspis Warwickii_, transverse section of the top of
the peduncle, showing the deeply-notched end of the inwardly
bent carina; magnified five times.

6_b._ _Dichelaspis Warwickii_, _var._, scutum and tergum.

7. _Dichelaspis pellucida_, (magnified five times.)

7_a._ _Dichelaspis pellucida_, basal end of carina of, much
magnified.

8. _Dichelaspis Lowei_, (magnified nearly ten times.)

8_a._ _Dichelaspis Lowei_, fork of carina of, viewed internally.

9. _Dichelaspis Grayii_, (magnified eight or nine times.)

10. _Dichelaspis orthogonia_, (magnified six times.)

10_a._ _Dichelaspis orthogonia_, carina, lateral view of.

10_b._ _Dichelaspis orthogonia_, basal end of carina, viewed
internally, much magnified.

TAB. III.

Fig.

1. _Oxynaspis celata_, (magnified three times.)

1_a´._ _Oxynaspis celata_, with the skin of the encrusting horny
zoophyte removed. (_a_), scutum; (_b_), tergum; and (_c_),
carina.

2. _Conchoderma virgata_ (magnified twice.)

2_a._ _Conchoderma virgata_ carina, viewed externally.

2_b._ _Conchoderma virgata_ summit of capitulum, showing the terga
from vertically above.

2_c._ _Conchoderma virgata_ var. _chelonophila_, (magnified four
times).

2_d._ _Conchoderma virgata_ var. _Olfersii_, (scutum.)

3. _Conchoderma Hunteri_, (magnified five times.)

4. _Conchoderma aurita_, (nat. size,) with the rudimentary carina
exhibited on the right hand.

4_a._ _Conchoderma aurita_, summit of capitulum, viewed from
vertically above, showing the ear-like appendages and the
rudimentary terga.

4_b._ _Conchoderma aurita_, section near the bases of the ear-like
appendages, showing their folds.

4_c._ _Conchoderma aurita_, (var.), scutum.

5. _Alepas minuta_, (magnified five times.)

6. _Alepas cornuta_, (magnified five times.)

TAB. IV.

Fig.

1. _Anelasma squalicola_, (copied from Lovèn.) The ovigerous
lamellæ are seen within the edges of the aperture of the
capitulum. Enlarged about one and a half times.

2. _Anelasma squalicola_, (from Lovèn), with the membranes removed
from one side of the capitulum and of the peduncle,
exhibiting the body.

(_a._) External membrane of the capitulum.

(_a, a._) Inner membrane of ditto, lining the sack, and
separated from the external membrane by a double fold of
corium.

(_b._) The ovigerous lamellæ, the edge projecting beyond the
orifice of the capitulum.

(_c._) Penis, succeeded by six pairs of rudimentary cirri.

(_d._) Probosciformed mouth.

(_e._) Orifice of the acoustic (?) sack.

(_f._) Ovigerous frænum.

(_g._) Ovarian branching tubes filling up the peduncle.

(_h._) Outer integument of peduncle, lined by corium and
muscles, continuous with the outer membrane (_a_) of the
capitulum.

3. _Anelasma squalicola_, Small portion of the outer integument
of the peduncle, greatly magnified, exhibiting the natural
lines of splitting, and showing that it is composed of
several distinct portions or layers, which are displayed by
the corners having been turned over. Three of the branching
filaments, filled with pulpy corium, are given; the others
have been cut off. The membrane (_a_) extends under (_b_),
but not under the circular patches of membrane, (_c, c_.)

4. _Anelasma squalicola._ Mandibles, seen from the side towards
the maxillæ.

5. _Anelasma squalicola._ Mandibles, seen from the side towards
the labrum.

6. _Anelasma squalicola._ The right-hand, rudimentary cirrus, the
third from the mouth.

7. _Anelasma squalicola._ Maxillæ. The thin horny apodeme, (_a_).

8. _Ibla Cumingii_, female, (magnified four times.)

8_a´._ _Ibla Cumingii_, female, (magnified about five times), with
the right hand valves and right side of the peduncle
removed. The Male (_h_) is seen attached in the sack. The
peculiar form of the body, caused by the small development
of the prosoma, by the distance of the first and second
pairs of cirri, and by the distance of the mouth from the
adductor muscle, (a dark dotted circle opposite _i_,) and
lastly, the remarkable course of the oesophagus over the
adductor muscle, together with the outline of the stomach,
are here all exhibited.

(_a._) Scutum; the end of the large rounded adductor
muscle, which was attached to the valve now removed,
near its apex, is plainly seen.

(_b._) Tergum.

(_c._) On a line with this letter, is seen the largely
bullate labrum, forming a blunt overhanging projection.

(_d._) Palpus, close to the upper segment of the pedicel of
first cirrus.

(_e._) Orifice of the acoustic (?) sack, between the bases
of the first and second cirrus.

(_f._) Caudal appendages.

(_g._) Branching ovarian tubes within the peduncle.

(_h._) Male, on the same scale, lying in its natural
position within the sack, with the lower part of its
peduncle bent upwards, and imbedded in the corium and
muscles of the female.

(_i._) Adductor scutorum muscle.

8_b´._ _Ibla Cumingii_, Internal view of the scutum and tergum,
and of the upper part of the outer integument of the
peduncle, with its horny spines magnified about three
times.

8_c´._ _Ibla Cumingii_, A small portion of the outer integument of
the peduncle, greatly magnified, showing the horny
persistent spines; two of the spines have been torn out.

9. _Ibla quadrivalvis_; internal view of scutum and tergum, and of
the upper part of the outer integument of the peduncle;
magnified four times.

9_a´._ _Ibla quadrivalvis_, Penis supported on a long
unarticulated projection; greatly magnified.

TAB. V.

Fig.

1. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, magnified thirty-two times.

(_a._) Mouth.

(_b._) A slight double fold, formed by the basal edge of the
labrum, and by a lower fold, which at (_h_) becomes well
developed; the latter is a rudimentary representation of
the double membrane and valves forming the capitulum.

(_c._) Eye.

(_d, d._) Torn membrane from the sack of the female,
constricted round the body of the male.

(_e._) Terminal or basal point, with the prehensile larval
antennæ, represented on rather too large a scale.

(_f._) The imbedded portion of the male.

(_g._) Two pairs of cirri.

(_h._) The fold above alluded to, concealing a small portion
of the slightly retracted thorax.

2. The male of _Ibla Cumingii_, viewed from vertically above;
magnified about sixty times. The dotted lower portion,
represents the outline of the thorax and the positions of
the cirri, which, from standing below the mouth, could not
be well seen, when the summit of the mouth was in the
proper focus.

(_a._) Labrum, largely bullate.

(_b._) Palpi.

(_c._) Mandibles.

(_d._) Maxillæ.

(_e._) Outer maxillæ; between which and the crest of the
labrum, the orifice of the oesophagus can be obscurely
seen.

(_f._) Anus.

(_g._) Rudimentary caudal appendages, under which is the
pore leading from the vesiculæ seminales.

(_h._) Posterior cirrus. (_i._) Anterior cirrus.

3. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_; labrum and palpi, as seen with the
eye on a level with the summit of the mouth.

4. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Posterior cirrus (_h_ in fig. 2) much
magnified.

5. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Larval antennæ; from the terminal
point of the body (_e_ in fig. 1), as seen with a 1/8th of
an inch object glass.

6. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Outer maxillæ.

7. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Mandibles, with the underlying
articulated membrane, forming the side of the mouth.

8. Male of _Ibla Cumingii_, Maxillæ, with the apodeme.

9. Complemental Male of _Scalpellum vulgare_, attached over the
fold in the occludent margin of the scutum of the
hermaphrodite.

(_a._) Orifice of the sack of the male.

(_b._) Spinose projections above the rudimental valves; at
the bottom of the figure are represented, as seen through
the whole thickness of the animal, the prehensile larval
antennæ.

(_d._) The depression for the attachment of the adductor
scutorum muscle of the hermaphrodite; see fig. 15 _a´_.

(_e_, _e._) A transparent layer of chitine, which forms a
border to the occludent margin of the scutum of the
hermaphrodite. This border supports long spines, which are
connected with the underlying corium by sinuous tubuli.

10. The basal (normally anterior) portion of the above
complemental Male, greatly magnified, viewed dorsally from
above, exhibiting the larval prehensile antennæ, attached
to the antero-sternal surface of the animal.

11. One of the antennæ of ditto, viewed laterally and on the
outside.

12. Ditto, ultimate segment of.

13. Body of the above complemental male, consisting of the thorax
supporting the four pairs of limbs, and of the terminal
abdominal lobe.

14. Small portion of the outer integument of the complemental
male, as seen with a 1/8th of an inch object glass.

15. _Scalpellum vulgare_ (hermaphrodite), magnified three times.

(_a, a._) Complemental males.

(_b._) Rostrum, of which a separate enlarged figure (_b´_)
is given.

15_a´._ Scutum of the hermaphrodite _Scalpellum vulgare_,
internal view of.

(_a._) Fold on the occludent margin.

(_d._) Pit for the adductor muscle.

TAB. VI.

Fig.

1. _Scalpellum ornatum_, (female, magnified seven times.)

1_a´._ _Scalpellum ornatum_, Upper latus, viewed internally.

1_b´._ _Scalpellum ornatum_, Scutum of full-grown specimen, viewed
internally, much magnified.

(_a._) Depression for the adductor muscle.

(_b._) Depression for the reception of the male.

1_c´._ _Scalpellum ornatum_, cutum of half-grown specimen, viewed
internally, much magnified, on same scale with fig. 1 _b´_.
The depression (_b_) for the reception of the male is here
seen, in almost the first stage of formation.

1_d´._ _Scalpellum ornatum._ An imaginary section through the
cavity (_x_) in which the male is lodged.

(_a._) Section of the shell of the scutum of the female.

(_b._) A layer of chitine homologous with the shell, and
_partially_ lining the scutum.

(_c._) The inner lining (of chitine) of the sack of the
female.

(_d._) A double fold of corium.

2. _Scalpellum rutilum_, (magnified two and a half times).

2_a´._ _Scalpellum rutilum_, Internal view of scutum, enlarged.

(_a._) Depression for the adductor muscle.

(_b._) Cavity for the reception of the male.

2_b´._ _Scalpellum rutilum_, External view of carina.

2_c´._ _Scalpellum rutilum_, Section across middle of carina.

3. Complemental Male of _Scalpellum Peronii_, greatly magnified.

4. Complemental Male of _Scalpellum villosum_, greatly magnified.

(_a´._) Natural size.

4, _a, b, c._ Ditto, valves separated.

(_a._) Scutum.

(_b._) Tergum.

(_c._) Carina.

5. Complemental Male of _Scalpellum rostratum_, a restored
figure, greatly magnified. Scutum and rudimentary carina
correct.

6. _Scalpellum Peronii_, one and a half the natural size.

(_a._) Rostrum a little more enlarged, front view of.

7. _Scalpellum rostratum_, magnified six times.

(_a._) Rostrum, front view of.

8. _Scalpellum villosum_, magnified one and a half the natural
size.

8_a_, _b._ _Scalpellum villosum_

(_a._) Internal view of rostrum.

(_b._) Internal view of sub-rostrum.

TAB. VII.

Fig.

1. _Pollicipes cornucopia_, (one and a half nat. size.)

1_a._ _Pollicipes cornucopia_, internal view of valves.

2. _Pollicipes polymerus_, (one and a half nat. size.)

2_a._ _Pollicipes polymerus_, internal view of valves.

3. _Pollicipes mitella_, nat. size.

3_a´._ _Pollicipes mitella_, nat. size, internal views of

(_a._) Scutum, and of

(_b._) Tergum, showing articular fold.

3_b´._ _Pollicipes mitella_, Internal view of other valves, in a
small specimen, showing the manner in which the valves of
the lower whorl overlap each other.

(_a._) Upper latera.

(_b._) Carina,

(_c._) Sub-carina, both viewed a little obliquely.

(_d._) Rostrum,

(_e._) Sub-rostrum, both viewed a little obliquely.

4. _Pollicipes spinosus_, one and a half nat. size.

5. _Pollicipes sertus_, one and a half nat. size.

TAB. VIII.

Fig.

1. A piece of rock bored in two directions by _Lithotrya
dorsalis_, with the calcareous basal discs in the upper
cavity, serving as a bridge for crossing an old cavity.
About twice natural size.

1_a´._ _Lithotrya dorsalis_, (nearly twice nat. size), with the
basal calcareous cup adherent; (_a_), rostrum on same scale,
seen externally.

1_b´._ _Lithotrya dorsalis_, rostrum and the rostral corners of
the two scuta, together with a small portion of the
subjacent membrane of the peduncle, with its calcareous
scales; viewed externally, greatly magnified, showing the
inferior crenated edges of the scales.

1_c´._ _Lithotrya dorsalis_, basal calcareous cup, one and a half
the natural size; this is the largest specimen which I have
seen.

2. _Lithotrya Nicobarica_, (magnified nearly twice;) attached to
the rock, copied from Reinhardt; (_a_), rostrum on the same
scale, with the other valves, seen externally; (_b_),
section of the row of discs; (_c_), extreme point of the
peduncle, extending beneath the row of discs.

2_a´._ Rock bored by _Lithotrya Nicobarica_, showing the row of
calcareous discs, copied from Reinhardt.

3. _Lithotrya cauta_, magnified between seven and eight times;
(_a_), scutum; (_b_), tergum.

3_c._ _Lithotrya cauta_, latus, greatly magnified.

3_d._ _Lithotrya cauta_, uppermost scales of the peduncle, greatly
magnified.

3_e._ _Lithotrya cauta_, star-shaped discs of hard chitine,
supported on a peduncle of the same substance, taken from
the lower exterior surface of the peduncle, very greatly
magnified.

4. _Lithotrya Rhodiopus_, (magnified five times,) internal views
of; (_a_), scutum; (_b_), tergum; (_c_), latus; (_d_),
carina.

5. _Lithotrya Valentiana_, (magnified between three and four
times;) (_a_), internal view of scutum and tergum, locked
together; (_b_), capitulum seen from vertically above;
(_c_), internal view of carina; (_d_), section across the
middle of the carina.

TAB. IX.

Fig.

1. _Lithotrya truncata_, (magnified four times.)

1_a´._ _Lithotrya truncata_, capitulum seen from vertically above,
not so distinctly represented as in fig. 5 _b_, Pl. VIII.

1_b´._ _Lithotrya truncata_, internal views of valves; (_a_),
rostrum, with a few subjacent scales of the peduncle; (_b_),
scutum; (_c_), tergum; (_d_), carina.

2. A portion (about 1/10th of an inch square) of the surface of
attachment of the peduncle of _Pollicipes polymerus_, seen
from the outside, greatly magnified, showing the small
circular (_bb_) patches of cement, poured out from the
cement-ducts (_aa_) which lie within the peduncle.

2_a´._ A portion of a section, still more magnified, through the
basal membrane of the peduncle, through one of the loops of
the cement-ducts (_aa_), and through one of the circular
patches (_b_) of cement.

3. Cement gland, duct, and ovarian tubes of _Conchoderma aurita_;
(_aa_), ovarian tubes, with ova in process of formation;
(_b_), cement-gland; (_c_), cement-duct.

4. _Conchoderma virgata_, enlarged, with one side of the capitulum
and of the peduncle removed, to show the form and position
of the body.

(_a._) tergum, edge of.

(_b._) mouth, with one of the palpi seen on the inner, upper
corner.

(_c._) adductor scutorum muscle.

(_d._) orifice of acoustic (?) sack.

(_e._) scutum, occludent margin of.

(_f._) branching ovarian tubes within the peduncle.

(_g._) filamentary appendage on the prosoma.

(_h._) ditto, close to basal articulation of the first
cirrus.

(_i._) ditto, on the pedicel of the first cirrus.

(_j._) ditto, on the pedicel of the third cirrus.

(_k._) ditto, on the pedicel of the fourth cirrus.

(_l._) ditto, on the pedicel of the fifth cirrus.

(_m._) edge of the carina.

(_n._) prosoma.

5. Apex of one of the filamentary appendages of _Conchoderma
aurita_, greatly magnified, exhibiting the included
branching testes.

6. Acoustic (?) sack of _Conchoderma virgata_, taken out of the
acoustic meatus, with the diaphragm from the summit removed;
greatly magnified.

7. Terminal part (magnified seven times), of the peduncle of an
elongated specimen of _Scalpellum vulgare_, slit open, with
the corium removed, showing the two cement-ducts (_aa_), and
a row of circular patches (_bb_) of cement, by which the
peduncle, along its rostral edge, is attached to the thin
horny branches of the coralline. The larval antennæ are seen
at the terminal point, and the two cement-ducts can be
traced into them.

TAB. X.

_Figures all greatly magnified._

Fig.

1. Mandibles of _Pollicipes mitella_: exhibiting the upper (_a_)
and lower (_b_) articulations, and the three principal
muscles; the short upper cut off muscle runs to its
attachment at the base of the palpus.

2. Mandibles of _Lithotrya dorsalis_, exhibiting four (_aa_)
roughened, thin, ligamentous apodemes for the attachment of
the muscles.

3. Mandibles of _Scalpellum Peronii_.

4. Mandibles of _Ibla Cumingii_.

5. Mandibles of _Lepas anatifera_.

6. Palpus of _Lepas anatifera_.

7. Palpus of _Pollicipes mitella_.

8. Palpus of _Alepas cornuta_.

9. Maxilla of _Lepas anatifera_.

10. Maxilla of _Lithotrya dorsalis_, exhibiting the horny, rigid
apodeme (_a_) buried in muscles, together with the two other
principal bundles of muscles.

11. Maxilla of _Ibla Cumingii_.

12. Maxilla of _Lithotrya Rhodiopus_.

13. Maxilla of _Pollicipes polymerus_.

14. Maxilla of _Pollicipes mitella_.

15. Maxilla of _Poecilasma eburnea_.

16. Outer maxilla of _Conchoderma virgata_; (_a_), orifice of the
olfactory cavity, the inner delicate chitine membrane of
which is seen within, the specimen having been treated with
caustic potash.

17. Outer maxilla of _Pollicipes mitella,_ showing the two
principal muscles, and the prominent, tubular, (_b_)
olfactory orifices.

18. Caudal appendages, and basal segments of the sixth pair of
cirri, of _Lepas anatifera_; (_a_), anus; (_b_), caudal
appendages; (_c_), lower segment of pedicel of sixth cirrus;
(_d_), upper segment of ditto; (_e_), basal segments of the
two rami.

19. Caudal appendage (right-hand side) of _Pollicipes sertus_.

20. Caudal appendage (right-hand side) of _Scalpellum Peronii_.

21. Caudal appendage (right-hand side) of _Scalpellum vulgare_.

22. Caudal appendage (right-hand side) of _Pollicipes cornucopia_.

23. Caudal appendage (left-hand) _Lithotrya dorsalis_; (_a_),
caudal appendage; (_c_), lower segment of pedicel of sixth
cirrus; (_d_), upper segment of ditto; (_e_), segments of
one of the rami.

24. Portion of caudal appendage of _Lithotrya dorsalis_, highly
magnified.

25. _Pollicipes polymerus_; anterior ramus of the second cirrus.

26. _Lepas anatifera_; a segment of the sixth cirrus, showing the
arrangement of the spines; (_a_), main anterior spines, of
which there is a corresponding row on the opposite side;
(_c_), dorsal tuft.

27. _Pollicipes polymerus_; a segment of the sixth cirrus, showing
the arrangement of the spines; (_a_), main anterior spines,
of which there is a corresponding row on the opposite side;
(_b b_), calcareous shields on the dorsal surfaces, with
tufts of fine spines near their upper edges.

28. _Alepas cornuta_; sixth cirrus of; (_a_) basal portion of one
ramus, consisting of numerous segments; (_k_), the other and
almost rudimentary ramus.

29. _Poecilasma fissa_; segments of the sixth cirrus, showing the
arrangement of the spines; (_a_), anterior spines; (_c_),
dorsal tufts.

INDEX.

Synonyms and doubtful species are printed in italics.

Abortion, extreme, in the male of Ibla, 202.

_Absia_, 332.

Acari, development of, 18.

Acoustic (?) organs, general description of, 53.

Adductor scutorum muscle, 39.

Affinities of the Lepadidæ, 64.

Alepas, Genus, 156.
cornuta, 165.
minuta, 160.
parasita, 163.
_squalicola_, 170.
tubulosa, 169.

Allman, Professor, on Cyclops, 38.

_Anatifa_ vel _Anatifera_, Genus, 67, 99, 215.
_crassa_, 107.
_dentata_, 73.
_elongata_, 374.
_engonata_, 73.
_hirsuta_, 203.
_lævis_, 73, 77.
_oceanica_, 92.
_obliqua_, 264.
_parasita_, 163.
_quadrivalvis_, 203.
_sessilis_, 81.
_spinosa_, 324.
_striata_, 81, 86.
_substriata_, 77.
_sulcata_, 86.
_tricolor_, 77.
_truncata_, 361.
_univalvis_, 163.
_villosa_, 367.
_vitrea_, 92.

Anelasma, Genus, 169.

Antennæ, larval, 33.
in the Lepadidæ, table of measurements, 286.
of Ibla Cumingii, 191.
of Lepas australis, 15.
of Scalpellum vulgare, 237.

Appendages, caudal, 43.
in larva, 19.
filamentary, 38.

Asplanchna, male of, 292.

Attachment of Cirripedes, 33.
of Scalpellum vulgare, 226.
of Pollicipes polymerus, 310.

Balanidæ, affinities of, 64.

Bate, Mr. C. S., on the metamorphoses of Cirripedes, 9-16.

Bopyrus, parasite allied to, 55.

_Branta_, 137.
_aurita_, 141.
_virgatum_, 146.

Brightwell, Mr., on the Asplanchna, 292.

_Brisnæus_, 332.
_Rhodiopus_, 363.

Brugière, date of work of, 67.

Buoyancy, means of, in Lepas fascicularis, 95.

Burmeister, Professor, on the metamorphoses of Cirripedes, 9, 13.

Burrowing powers of, in Lithotrya, 337.

_Calentica_, 215.
_Homii_, 274.

Capitulum, general description of, 28.

_Capitulum_, Genus, 293.
_mitella_, 316.

Carapace of the larva, 15.

Caudal appendages, 43.
in larva, 19.

Cement-discs,
in a straight row, in Scalpellum vulgare, 226.
in Pollicipes polymerus, 310.

Cement-ducts, 34.
in the larva, 20.

Cement-glands, incipient in larva, 24, 34.

Cement, nature of, 36.

Cement-tissue, modified as a float in Lepas fascicularis, 95.

Chitine, chemical nature of, 30.

Chthamalinæ, 2, 65.

_Cineras_, Genus, 137, 156.
_bicolor_, 146.
_Cranchii_, 146.
_chelonophilus_, 146, 151.
_megalepas_, 146.
_membranacea_, 146.
_Montagui_, 146.
_Olfersii_, 146, 152.
_Rissoanus_, 146.
_vittatus_, 146.

Circulation, 46.

Cirri, general description of, 42.
of young Cirripede, 22.

Cirripede, immature whilst within the larva, 20.

Cirripedes, sessile, affinities of, 64.
sub-families of, 2.
useful as food, 66.

_Clyptra_, 374.

Coates, Dr., on Lepas fascicularis, 96.

Conchoderma, Genus, 136.
aurita, 141.
Hunteri, 153.
_leporinum_, 141.
_virgata_, 146.

_Conchotrya_, 332.
_Valentiana_, 371.

Cuming, Mr., obligations to, 181, 189.
on the Cirripedes of the Philippine Archipelago, 65.
on Balanus psittacus, 66.

Cup, basal calcareous, in Lithotrya, 338.

Dana, Mr. J. D., on the ovaria in certain Crustacea, 26.
on the antennæ of larval Cirripedes, 15, 26.

Dichelaspis, Genus, 115.
Grayii, 123.
Lowei, 128.
orthogonia, 130.
pellucida, 125.
Warwickii, 120.

Distribution, geographical, 65.

_Dosima_, 67.
_fascicularis_, 92.

Dujardin, on the larvæ of Acari, 18.

Encyclopédie Method., date of, 67

Entozoons, sexes of, 201.

Epidermis of valves, 31.

Exuviation, 61, 63.
of the larval eyes, 24.
of the larval integuments, 20.
of the membrane of peduncle in Lithotrya, 336.

Eyes, in the Lepadidæ, 49.
of the larva, first stage, 10.
last stage, 16, 24.

Families of Cirripedes, 2.

Farre, Dr., on the acoustic organs in Crustacea, 54.

Female organs of generation in the Lepadidæ, 56.

Filaments, 38.

Forbes, Prof. E., on the homology of the peduncle, 26.

Fræna, ovigerous, 59.

Ganglia, ophthalmic, 49.

Generation, organs of, in the Lepadidæ, 55.

Glands, supposed salivary, 57.
on the ovigerous lamellæ, 60.

Goodsir, Mr., on the metamorphosis of Cirripedes, 9, 16.
on the supposed male of Balanus, 55.

Gray, Mr. J. E., on the genus Dosima, 99.
on the metamorphosis of Cirripedes, 9.
on the inequality of the valves in Pæcilasma, 101, 103.
on an unknown 7-valved Lepas, 374.
on the genus Scalpellum, 216.

Growth, rate of, 63.

_Gymnolepas_, 137.
_Cranchii_, 146.
_Cuvierii_, 141.

Habitats, 65.

Hancock, Mr., on the burrowing of Cirripedes, 346.
on the larva of Lepas, 11.

Hectocotyle, 200.

_Heptalasmis_, 115.

Hermaphroditism, peculiar kind of, 201.

Heteroura androphora, 201.

Homologies of the Cirripedia, 25-28.

Ibla, Genus, 180.
Cumingii (female), 183.
(male), 189.
_Cuvieriana_, 203.
quadrivalvis (hermaphrodite), 203.
(complemental male), 207.
general summary on its sexual relations, 281.

Impregnation of the females and hermaphrodites in Ibla and Scalpellum,
290.

King, Captain, on a new Scalpellum, 375.

Kölliker, on the males of Cephalopoda, 200.

Labrum, general description of, 40.

Lamellæ, ovigerous, 58.

Larvæ, general description of, 8.

Larva of Ibla quadrivalvis, 210.

Leidy, Professor, on the eyes of Cirripedes, 2, 49.

Lepas, Genus, 67.
anatifera, 73.
anserifera, 81, 86.
australis, 89.
australis, metamorphosis of, 14.
_coriacea_, 146.
_cornuta_, 141.
_cygnea_, 92.
_dilata_, 92.
_dorsalis_, 351.
fascicularis, 92.
fascicularis, peduncle, remarkable structure of, 95.
_Gallorum_, 298.
Hillii, 77.
_leporina_, 141.
_membranacea_, 146.
_mitella_, 316.
_muricata_, 85.
_nauta_, 81.
pectinata, 85.
_pollicipes_, 298.
_scalpellum_, 222.
_sulcata_, 86.
_virgata_, 146.

Lerneidæ, males of, 200.

Leucifer, 28.

_Litholepas_, 332.
_de Mont Serrat_, 351.

Lithotrya, Genus, 332.
cauta, 356.
dorsalis, 351.
Nicobarica, 354.
Rhodiopus, 363.
truncata, 366.
Valentiana, 371.
powers of burrowing, 337.

Lovèn, Dr., on the habits of the _Alepas squalicola_, 178.
on the homologies of Cirripedes, 26.

Lowe, Rev. R. T., on the fishes of Madeira and Japan, 106.
on the Cirripedes of Madeira, 65.

Macgillivray, Prof., on Conchoderma, 140.
on Lepas anserifera, 81.

_Malacotta_, 137.
_bivalvis_, 141.

Male Cirripedes, discussion on, 281.
of Ibla Cumingii, 189.
” quadrivalvis, 207.
of Scalpellum ornatum, 248.
Peronii, 270.
rostratum, 262.
villosum, 278.
vulgare, 231.
organs of generation in the Lepadidæ, 55.

Mandibles, general description of, 41.

Martin St. Ange, on the affinities of Cirripedes, 1.
on a closed tube within the stomach, 45.
on the generative organs, 55.

Maxillæ, general description of, 41.

Membrane covering valves, 30.

Metamorphoses, first stage, 9.
second stage, 13.
last stage, 14.

_Mitella_, Genus, 293.

Mouth, general description of, 39.
of young Cirripede, 22.
of the larva, first stage, 11.
last stage, 17.

Muscles, 39.
without striæ in Anelasma, and in embryonic Cirripedes, 172.

Nerves, general system of, 46.
of Ibla Cumingii, 188.

Nomenclature of the parts of Cirripedes, 3.
Rules of, 293.

_Octolasmis_, 115.
_Warwickii_, 120.

OEsophagus, general description of, 44.

Orders of Cirripedes, 2.

Organs acoustic (?) general description of, 53.
of the larva of Lepas, 15.
female, of generation, in the Lepadidæ, 56.
male, of generation, in the Lepadidæ, 55.
olfactory, general description of, 52.

_Otion_, 137.
_auritus_, 141.
_Bellianus_, 141.
_Blainvillianus_, 141.
_Cuvieranus_, 141.
_depressa_, 141.
_Dumerillianus_, 141.
_Rissoanus_, 141.
_saccutifera_, 141.

Ova, 58.

Ovaria, incipient in the larva, 20, 24.
in the Lepadidæ, 57.

Oviducts (supposed), 59.

Owen, Professor, on certain Entozoic Worms, 201.
on the Conchoderma Hunteri, 154.

Oxynaspis, Genus, 133.
celata, 134.

_Pamina_, 137.
_trilineata_, 146.

Peach, Mr., obligations to, 240.
on the movements of pedunculated Cirripedes, 33.

Peduncle, general description of, 31.
origin and homologies of, 21.

Penis, general description of, 56.
of Ibla quadrivalvis, 206.

_Pentalasmis_, vel _Pentalepas_, 67.
_anseriferus_, 81.
_dentatus_, 73.
_dilatata_, 81.
_Donovani_, 92.
_fascicularis_, 92.
_Hillii_, 77.
_inversus_, 86.
_lævis_, 73, 77.
_radula_, 86.
_spirulæ_, 86.
_spirulicola_, 92.
_sulcata_, 86.

_Pentalepas vitrea_, 92.

Poecilasma, Genus, 99.
aurantia, 105.
crassa, 107.
eburnea, 112.
fissa, 109.
Kæmpferi, 102.

Pollicipes, 293.
cornucopia, 298.
elegans, 304.
mitella, 316.
_Mortoni_, 307.
_obliqua_, 264.
polymerus, 307.
_ruber_, 304.
_scalpellum_, 222.
sertus, 327.
_sinensis_, 375.
_Smythii_, 298.
spinosus, 324.
_tomentosus_, 274.
_villosus_, 274.

_Polylepas_, 215, 293.
_mitella_, 316.
_sinensis_, 375.
_vulgare_, 222.

Primordial valves, 22.

Prosoma, shape of, 39.

Proteolepas, 3, 26.

Pupa, locomotive or last larval state, in Cirripedes, 18.

_Ramphidiona_, 293.

Range, geographical, 65.

Rate of growth, 63.

Reinhardt on the burrowing of Lithotrya, 346.

Reproduction, organs of, in the Lepadidæ, 55.

Rotifera, sexes of, 292.

Rules of nomenclature, 293.

Sack, description of, 31.
origin of, 15, 23.

Scalpellum, genus, 215.
_lævis_, 376.
_læve_, 222.
_Sicilice_, 222.
ornatum, (female,) 244.
(male,) 248.
_papillosum_, 375.
Peronii, 264.
(male,) 270.
rostratum, 259.
(male,) 262.
rutilum, 253.
(male,) 258.
villosum, 274.
(male,) 278.
vulgare, 222.
larva of, 9.
(complemental male,) 231.
general summary on sexual relations, 281.

Schmidt, Dr., on chitine, 30.
on the muscles in young crustacea, 172.

_Senoclita_, 137.
_fasciata_, 146.

Sexes, discussion on, in Ibla and Scalpellum, 281.

Siebold, Dr. C. Von, 201.

_Smilium_, 215.
_Peronii_, 264.

Spermatozoa in Scalpellum vulgare, 236.

Sprengel, Ch. K., on compositous flowers, 203.

Steenstrup, Prof., on the homology of the peduncle, 26.
on the non-hermaphroditism of Cirripedes, 55.

Stomach of larva, 19.
general description of, 44.

Stroem on a seven-valved Lepas, 374.

Syngamus trachealis, 201.

Testes in the Lepadidæ, 55.

_Tetralasmis_, 180.
_hirsutus_, 203.

_Thaliella_, 215.
_ornata_, 244.

Thompson, Mr. W., on Lepas anatifera, (var.) 74.
on the exuviations of sessile Cirripedes, 63.
obligations to, 240.
Mr. Vaughan, on the metamorphoses of Cirripedes, 9, 10.

_Trilasmis_, genus, 99.
_eburnea_, 112.

_Triton_, genus, 156.
_fasciculatus_, 163.

Upopi, or young acari, 18.

Vesiculæ seminales, 56.

Valves, general description of, 28.

Valves, chemical nature of, 30.
horny, colour changed by pressure, 184.
primordial, 22.

Wagner, R., on the male organs of generation, 55.

_Xiphidium_, 215.

LEPAS.

_George Sowerby._]

POECILASMA: DICHELASPIS.

_George Sowerby_]

OXYNASPIS: CONCHODERMA: ALEFAS

_George Sowerby_]

ANELASMA: IBLA.

_George Sowerby_]

IBLA: SCALPELLUM.

_George Sowerby_]

SCALPELLUM.

_George Sowerby_]

POLLICIPES

_George Sowerby_]

LITHOTRYA.

_George Sowerby_]

LITHOTRYA. &c.

_George Sowerby_]

MANDIBLES, PALPI, MAXILLÆ, OUTER MAXILLÆ, CIRRI, & CAUDAL APPENDAGES.

_George Sowerby_]

Transcriber’s Notes:

Throughout

Ditto is often represented by ---- or . . . . or ”.

Page ix

Enclycopædia of Anatomy and Physiology

‘Enclycopædia’ changed to ‘Encyclopædia’.

Page xii

CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA.

These changes were not added, due to the general nature of most of the comments.

Page xii

Pæcilasma is used throughout (et passim) most of the text.

It should read Poecilasma.

No change from the original.

Page 27

pedunculum mutatæ et invoucrum

‘invoucrum’ changed to ‘involucrum’.

Page 57

touch the cæca were such exist

‘were’ changed to ‘where’.

Page 75

References to Mouth parts read Pl. IX, where I believe that Pl. X was meant. No change except for inserted links that refer to plate X.

Page 136

Magaz. der Gesellsch. Natuforsch.

‘Natuforsch’ may be ‘Naturforsch’.

Page 222

Bold T used to represent a dagger here.

Page 238

Length of whole organ, to the inner margin of
the oblique basal articulation } 1/6000

The number here was not legible, as printed. I think it may be 19/6000 from the table of comparative measurements later in this book.

Page 259

Bold TT used to represent double daggers.

Page 299

Frith of Forth

‘Frith’ may be ‘Firth’.

Page 397

Lepas

membrancea, 146

‘membrancea’ changed to ‘membranacea’.

Inconsistent accents were verified and follow the original.

Hyphen variability

multiarticulate multi-articulate
uniarticulate uni-articulate