Chapter I: WILL suppose that he describes a large Circle with his Fore-feet;

the Action of his outward Shoulder ought consequently to be free, and the Shoulder much advanced, in order to make the outward Leg pass over and cross at every Step the inner Leg, that he may more easily embrace his Volte, without quitting the Line of the Circle, and without disordering his Hinder-leg; which ought likewise to be subject to the same Laws as the Fore-legs, and cross the outward Leg over the inner, but not so much as the Fore-legs, because they have less Ground to go over, and should only keep the Proportion.--In working upon Voltes of two Lines, the Horse should make as many Steps with his Hinder as with his Fore-feet; because those Horses whose Haunches go before the Shoulders, and who cut and shorten the exact Line of the Volte, are apt to keep their Hinder-feet in one Place, and make at the same time one or two Steps with their Fore-feet, and by this means falsify and avoid filling up the Circle in the Proportion they begun it. The same Fault is to be found with Horses who hang back at the End of a Change, and throwing out their Croupe, arrive at the Wall with their Shoulders, and consequently fail to close their Change justly.

FURTHER, in working upon this Lesson, it is indispensably necessary that at every Step the Horse takes, he should make his outward Leg cross and come over the inner, because this will prevent a Horse that is too quick of Feeling, or one, that is _ramingue_, from becoming _entier_, or to bend himself, or lean in his Voltes, Vices that are occasion'd from having the Haunches or Hinder-legs too much constrain'd. There are Horses likewise who have their Croupe so light and uncertain, that from the Moment they have begun the Volte, they lean and widen their Hinder-legs, and throw them out of the Volte.

TO remedy this, aid with the outward Leg, carrying your Bridle-hand to the same Side, and not _in_, because it is by the Means of the outward Leg and inner Rein, that you will be enabled to adjust and bring in the Croupe upon the Line which it ought to keep.

IF it happens that the Horse don't keep up to the Line of his Volte, or throws his Croupe out, press him forward, letting him go strait on two or three Steps, keeping him firm in the Hand, and in a slow and just Time, and use the Aids which I have just now directed.--This Lesson is equally useful in case your Horse is naturally inclin'd to carry his Haunches too much in, and where he is _ramingue_, or in danger of becoming so; but then the Aids must be given on the Side to which he leans, and presses, in order to widen his Hinder-parts, and to push the Croupe out.

ABOVE all you should remember, that whatever tends to bend or turn the Head on one side, will always drive the Croupe on the other; when the Horse's Croupe don't follow his Shoulders equally, the Fault may proceed either from a Disobedience to the Hand, or from his not answering the Heels as he ought. If you would remedy this, keep him low before; that is to say, keep your Bridle-hand very low, and while you make him advance upon two Treads, aid him firmly with the Calfs of the Legs; for as the outward Leg will confine and keep his Croupe _in_, the inner Leg, operating with the outward, will make him go forward.

IF you find that your Horse disobeys the Heel, and throws his Croupe out in spite of that Aid, in this Case make use of your inner Rein, carrying your Hand out with your Nails turned upwards; this will infallibly operate upon the Croupe, and restrain it. Use the same Remedy, if in the Passage your Horse carries his Head out of the Volte, and you will bring it in; but you must remember, in both Cases, to replace your Hand immediately after having carried it out, in order to make the outward Rein work, which will facilitate and enable the outward Legs to cross over the inner.

IF the Horse breaks the Line, and flings his Croupe upon the Right-heel, work him to that Side with your Left; if he would go sideways to the Left, make him go to the Right; if he flings his Croupe _out_, put it quietly _in_; in short, if all at once he brings it _in_, put it quietly _out_; and, in a word, teach him by the Practice of good Lessons to acquire a Facility and Habit of executing whatever you demand of him.

_The_ Consequence of all the different Rules and Principles, which I have here laid down, and which may be applied equally to the Changes, large and narrow, to Changes upon the Voltes, and Half-voltes; the Consequence of these Instructions I say will be, if practised judiciously, a most implicit and exact Obedience on the Part of the Horse, who from that Moment, will resign his own Will and Inclination, and make it subservient to that of the Rider, which he must teach him to know by making him acquainted with the Hand and Heel.

CHAP. XIII.

_Of the Aids of the Body._

THE Perfection of all the Aids consists, as I have already proved, in their mutual Harmony and Correspondence, for without this Agreement, they must be always ineffectual; because the Horse can never work with Exactness and Delicacy, and keep the Proportion and Measure which is inseparable to all Airs, when justly and beautifully executed.

THIS Maxim being laid down, we shall undertake to demonstrate, that the Aids of the Body contribute, and are even capable of themselves, from the Principles of Geometry, to make us acquire the Union of the Aids of the Hand and Leg; and if so, we shall be obliged to own the Conclusion, that they are to be prefer'd to all the rest.

THE Justness of the Aids of the Body depends upon the Seat of the Horseman.--Till he is arrived at the Point of being able to sit down close and firm in his Saddle, so as to be immoveable in it, it would be vain to expect he should be able to manage a Horse; because, besides that he would be incapable of feeling his Motions, he would not be possessed of that Equilibre and Firmness of Seat, which is the Characteristic of a Horseman. I would define the Equilibre to be, when the Horseman sits upon his Twist, directly down and close upon the Saddle, and so firm that nothing can loosen or disturb his Seat; and by Firmness, I express that Grasp or Hold with which he keeps himself on the Horse, without employing any Strength, but trusting entirely to his Ballance, to humour and accompany all the Motions of the Horse.

NOTHING but Exercise and Practice can give this Equilibre, and consequently this Hold upon the Horse. In the Beginning, the Fear which almost every Scholar feels, and the Constraint which all his Limbs are under, make him apt to press the Saddle very close with his Thighs and Knees, as he imagines he shall by this Method acquire a firmer Seat; but the very Efforts that he makes to resist the Motions of the Horse, stiffen his Body, and lift him out of the Saddle, so that any rude Motion, or unexpected Shock, would be likely to unhorse him; for from the Moment that he ceases to sit down and quite close to the Saddle, every sudden Jirk and Motion of the Horse attacking him under his Twist, must shove him out of the Saddle.

WE will suppose then a Person, the Position of whose Body is just and regular, and who, by being able to sit down perpendicular and full in his Saddle, can feel and unite himself to his Horse so as to accompany all his Motions; let us see then how this Person, from the Motions of his own Body, will be able to accord and unite the Aids or Times of the Hands and Legs.

IN order to make your Horse take or go into the Corner of the Manage, you must begin by _opening_ it.

TO open a Corner, is to turn the Shoulder before you come to it, in order to make it cover the Ground; and then the Croupe which is turn'd _in_ will not follow the Line of the Shoulders, till they are turn'd and brought upon a strait Line in order to come out of the Corner.--In order to turn the Shoulder to open the Corner, you must carry your Hand to the Right or Left, according to the Hand to which you are to go; and to throw in the Croupe, you must support it with the Leg on that Side to which you carry your Hand.--To make the Shoulders turn and come out of the Corner, you must carry your Hand on the Side opposite to that to which you turned it, in order to go into the Corner; and that the Croupe may pass over the same Ground as the Shoulders, you must support with the Leg on the contrary Side to that with which you aided in order to bring the Haunches in; the Horse never can perform any of these Actions without an entire Agreement of all these Aids, and one single Motion of the Body will be sufficient to unite them all with the utmost Exactness.

IN effect, instead of carrying your Hand out, and seconding that Aid with the Leg, turn your Body but imperceptibly towards the Corner, just as if you intended to go into it yourself; your Body then turning to the Right or Left, your Hand, which is one of its Appurtenances, must necessarily turn likewise, and the Leg of the Side on which you turn, will infallibly press against the Horse, and aid him.--If you would come out of the Corner, turn your Body again, your Hand will follow it, and your other Leg approaching the Horse, will put his Croupe into the Corner, in such a manner, that it will follow the Shoulders, and be upon the same Line.--It is by these means that you will be enabled to time the Aids of the Hand and Legs with greater Exactness, than you could do, were you not to move your Body; for how dextrous and ready soever you may be, yet when you only use your Hand and Legs, without letting their Aids proceed from, and be guided by your Body, they can never operate so effectually, and their Action is infinitely less smooth, and not so measured and proportioned, as when it proceeds only from the Motion of the Body.

THE same Motion of the Body is likewise necessary in turning entirely to the Right or Left, or to make your Horse go sideways on one Line, or in making the Changes.

IF when you make a Change, you perceive the Croupe to be too much _in_, by turning your Body _in_, you will drive it out, and the Hand following the Body, determines the Shoulder by means of the outward Rein, which is shorten'd; if the Croupe is too much _out_, turn your Body _out_, and this Posture carrying the Hand out, shortens the inner Rein, and confines the Croupe, acting in concert with the outward Leg, which works and approaches the Side of the Horse.--This Aid is by so much better, because if executed with Delicacy, it is imperceptible, and never alarms the Horse; I say, if executed as it ought to be, for we are not talking here of turning the Shoulder, and so falsifying the Posture. In order to make the Hand and Leg work together, it is necessary that the Motion should proceed from the Horseman, which in turning carries with it the rest of the Body insensibly; without this, very far from being assisted by the Ballance of your Body in the Saddle, you would lose it entirely, and together with it the Gracefulness of your Seat; and your Ballance being gone, how can you expect to find any Justness in the Motions of your Horse, since all the Justness and Beauty of his Motions must depend upon the Exactness of your own?

THE secret Aids of the Body are such then as serve to prevent, and accompany all the Motions of the Horse. If you will make him go backward, throw back your own Body, your Hand will go with it, and you will make the Horse obey by a single Turn of the Waist.--Would you have him go forward, for this purpose put your Body back, but in a less degree; don't press the Horse's Fore-parts with your Weight, because by leaning a little back you will be able to approach your Legs to his Sides with greater Ease.--If your Horse rises up, bend your Body forward; if he kicks, leaps, or strikes out behind, throw your Body back; if he gallops when he should not, oppose all his Motions, and for this purpose push your Waist forward towards the Pummel of the Saddle, making a Bend or Hollow at the same time in your Loins: In short, do you work your Horse upon great Circles, with the Head _in_ and Croupe _out_? let your Body then be a Part of the Circle, because this Posture bringing your Hand _in_, you bring in the Horse's outward Shoulder, over which the inner Shoulder crosses circularly, and your inner Leg being likewise by this Method near your Horse's Side, you leave his Croupe at liberty. I call it becoming a Part of the Circle yourself, when you incline a little the Balance of your Body towards the Center; and this Balance proceeds entirely from the outward Hip, and turning it _in_.

THE Aids of the Body then are those which conduce to make the Horse work with greater Pleasure, and consequently perform his Business with more Grace; if then they are such, as to be capable alone of constituting the Justness of the Airs; if they unite, and make the Hand and Legs work in concert; if they are so fine and subtle, as to be imperceptible, and occasion no visible Motion in the Rider, but the Horse seems to work of himself; if they comprize at the same time, the most established and certain Principles of the Art; if the Body of the Horseman, which is capable of employing them, is of consequence firm without Constraint or Stiffness, and supple without being weak or loose; if these are the Fruits which we derive from them, we must fairly own, that this is the shortest, the most certain, and plainest Method we can follow, in order to form a Horseman.

CHAP. XIV.

_Of the Gallop._

THE Trot is the Foundation of the Gallop; the Proof of its being so is very clear and natural. The Action of the Trot is crosswise, that of the Gallop is from an equal Motion of the Fore and Hinder-legs; now, if you trot out your Horse briskly and beyond his Pitch, he will be compell'd when his Fore-feet are off the Ground, to put his Hinder-foot down so quick, that it will follow the Fore-foot of the same Side; and it is this which forms the true Gallop: The Trot then is beyond dispute the Foundation of the Gallop.

AS the Perfection of the Trot consists in the Suppleness of the Joints and Limbs, that of the Gallop depends upon the Lightness and Activity of the Shoulders; a good Apuy, and the Vigour and Resolution of the Career, must depend upon the natural Spirit and Courage of the Horse. It should be a Rule, never to make a Horse gallop, till he presents and offers to do it of himself.--Trotting him out boldly and freely, and keeping him in the Hand, so as to raise and support his Fore-parts, will assist him greatly; for when his Limbs are become supple and ready, and he is so far advanced, as to be able to unite and put himself together without Difficulty, he will then go off readily in his Gallop; whereas, if on the contrary he should pull or be heavy, the Gallop would only make him abandon himself upon the Hand, and fling him entirely upon his Shoulders.

TO put a Horse in the Beginning of his Lessons from the Walk to the Gallop, and to work him in it upon Circles, is demanding of him too great a degree of Obedience. In the first place, it is very sure that the Horse can unite himself with greater Ease in going strait forward, than in turning; and, in the next place, the Walk being a slow and distinct Pace, and the Gallop being quick and violent, it is much better to begin with the Trot, which is a quick Action, than with the Walk, which is slow and calm, however raised and supported its Action may be.--Two things are requisite to form the Gallop, _viz._ it ought to be _just_, and it ought to be _even_ or _equal_.--I call that Gallop _just_, in which the Horse leads with the Right-leg before, and I call that the Right-leg which is foremost, and which the Horse puts out beyond the other. For Instance--A Horse gallops and supports himself in his Gallop, upon the outward Fore-foot, the Right Fore-foot clears the Way, the Horse consequently gallops with the Right-foot, and the Gallop is just, because he puts forward and leads with his Right-foot.

THIS Motion of the Right-foot is indispensably necessary, for if the Horse were to put his Left Fore-foot first, his Gallop would be _false_; so that it is to be understood, that whenever you put a Horse to the Gallop, he should always go off with his Right fore-foot, and keep it foremost, or he can never be said to gallop _just_ and _true_.--I understand by an _even_ or _equal_ Gallop, that in which the Hind-parts follow and accompany the Fore-parts; as for Example--If a Horse gallops, or leads with his Right-leg before, the Hind Right-leg ought to follow; for if the Left Hind-leg were to follow, the Horse would then be disunited: The Justness then of the Gallop depends upon the Action of the Fore-feet, as the Union or Evenness of it does on the Hind-feet.

THIS general Rule which fixes the Justness of the Gallop, that is to say, this Principle which obliges the Horse to lead with the Right Fore-foot when he gallops, strict as it is, yet sometimes parts with its Privileges in deference to the Laws of the Manage.--The Design of this School is to make equally supple and active all the Limbs of a Horse.--It is not requisite then that the Horse should lead always with the same Leg, because it is absolutely necessary that he should be equally ready and supple with both his Shoulders, in order to work properly upon the different Airs.--It seems but reasonable that this Rule should be observed likewise out of the Manage; and therefore it has of late obtain'd that Hunting-horses should lead indifferently with both Legs; because it has been found on Trial, that by strictly adhering to the Rule of never suffering a Horse to gallop but with his Right Fore-leg, he has been quite ruin'd and worn out on one Side, when he was quite fresh and sound on the other.--Be that as it will, it is not less certain, that in the Manage a Horse may gallop false, either in going strait forward, or in going round, or upon a Circle; for instance--He is going strait, and to the Right-hand, and sets off with the Left Fore-foot; he then is false, just as he would be, if in going to the Left, he should lead with his Right Fore-foot.

THE Motions of a Horse, when disunited, are so disorder'd and perplex'd, that he runs a risque of falling, because his Action then is the Action of the Trot, and quite opposite to the Nature of the Gallop. It is true, that for the Rider's Sake he had better be false.

IF a Horse in full Gallop changes his Legs from one side to the other alternately, this Action of the Amble in the Midst of his Course, is so different from the Action of the Gallop, that it occasions the Horse to go from the Trot to the Amble, and from the Amble to the Trot.

WHEN a Horse gallops strait forward, however short and confin'd his Gallop is, his Hind-feet always go beyond his Fore feet, even the Foot that leads, as well as the other.--To explain this.--If the inner Fore-foot leads, the inner Hind-foot ought to follow, so that the inner Feet, both that which leads, and that which follows, are prest, the other two at liberty.--The Horse sets off, the outward Fore-foot is on the Ground, and at liberty, this makes one _Time_; immediately the inner Fore-foot which leads and is prest, marks a second, here are two _Times_; then the outward Hind-foot which was on the Ground, and at liberty, marks the third _Time_; lastly, the inner Hind-foot which leads and is prest, comes to the Ground, and marks the fourth; so that when a Horse goes strait forward and gallops just, he performs it in four distinct _Times_, _one_, _two_, _three_, _four_.

IT is very difficult to feel exactly, and perceive these Times of the Gallop; but yet by Observation and Practice it may be done.--The Times of a Horse, who covers and embraces a good deal of Ground, are much more easy to mark than his who covers but little.--The Action of the one is quick and short, and that of the other long, slow, and distinct; but whether the natural Motions and _Beats_ of the Horse are slow or quick, the Horseman absolutely ought to know them, in order to humour and work conformably to them; for should he endeavour to lengthen and prolong the Action of the one, in hopes of making him go forward more readily, and to shorten and confine that of the other, in order to put him more _together_; the Action of both would in this Case not only be forced and disagreeable, but the Horses would resist and defend themselves, because Art is intended only to assist and correct, but not to change Nature.--In working your Horse upon Circles, it is the outward Rein that you must use to guide and make him go forward; for this purpose turn your Hand _in_ from time to time, and aid with your outward Leg.--If the Croupe should be turn'd too much out, you must carry your Hand on the outward Side of your Horse's Neck; and you will confine it, and keep it from quitting its Line.--I would be understood of Circles of two Lines or Treads, where the Haunches are to be attended to.--Before you put your Horse to this, he should be gallop'd upon plain, or Circles of one Line only.--In this Lesson, in order to supple your Horse, make use of your inner Rein to pull his Head towards the Center, and aid with the Leg of the same Side, to push his Croupe out of the Volte; by this means you bend the Ribs of the Horse.

THE Hind-feet certainly describe a much larger Circle than his Fore-feet; indeed they make a second Line: but when a Horse is said to gallop only upon a Circle of one Line or Tread, he always and of necessity makes two; because, were the Hind-feet to make the same Line as the Fore-feet, the Lesson would be of no use, and the Horse would never be made supple; for he only becomes supple in proportion as the Circle made with his Hind-feet is greater than that described by his Fore-feet.

WHEN your Horse is so far advanced, as to be able to gallop lightly and readily upon this sort of Circle, begin then to make frequent Stops with him.--To make them well in the Gallop, with his Head in, and Croupe out, the Rider must use his outward Leg, to bring _in_ the outward Leg of the Horse; otherwise he would never be able to stop upon his Haunches, because the outward Haunch is always out of the Volte.

TO make a Stop in a Gallop strait forwards, you should carefully put your Horse _together_, without altering or disturbing the Apuy, and throw your Body back a little, in order to accompany the Action, and to relieve the Horse's Shoulders.--You should seize the time of making the Stop, keeping your Hand and Body quite still, exactly when you feel the Horse put his Fore-feet to the Ground, in order that by raising them immediately, by the next Motion that he would make, he may be upon his Haunches.--If on the contrary, you were to begin to make the Stop, while the Shoulders of the Horse were advanced, or in the Air, you would run the Risque of hardening his Mouth, and must throw him upon his Shoulders, and even upon the Hand, and occasion him to make some wrong Motions with his Head, being thus surprized at the Time when his Shoulders and Feet are coming to the Ground.

THERE are some Horses who retain themselves, and don't put out their Strength sufficiently; these should be galloped briskly, and then slowly again, remembring to gallop them sometimes fast, and sometimes slow, as you judge necessary.--Let them go a little Way at full Speed, make a half Stop, by putting back your Body, and bring them again to a slow Gallop; by these means they will most certainly be compelled both to obey the Hand and Heel.

IN the slow Gallop, as well as in the Trot, it is necessary sometimes to close your Heels to the Horse's Sides, this is called _pinching_; but you must pinch him in such a manner, as not to make him abandon himself upon the Hand, and take care that he be upon his Haunches, and not upon his Shoulders, and therefore whenever you pinch him, keep him in the Hand.

TO put him well together, and make him bring his Hind-legs under him, close your two Legs upon him, putting them very back; this will oblige him to slide his Legs under him; at the same Instant, raise your Hand a little to support him before, and yield it again immediately. Support him and give him the Rein again from time to time, till you find that he begins to play and bend his Haunches, and that he gallops leaning and sitting down as it were upon them; press him with the Calfs of the Legs, and you will make him quick and sensible to the Touch.

IF your Horse has too fine a Mouth, gallop him upon sloping ground, this will oblige him to lean a little upon the Hand, the better to put himself upon his Haunches; and the Fear that he will be under of hurting his Bars, will prevent his resisting the Operation of the Bitt.

IF Galloping upon a sloping Ground assures and fixes a Mouth that is weak and fickle, make use of the same Ground in making your Horse ascend it, in case he is heavy in the Hand; and his Apuy be too strong, and it will lighten him.

THERE are some Horsemen who mark each Motion of the Horse in his Gallop, by moving their Bodies and Heads; they ought, however, without Stiffness or Constraint to consent and yield to all his Motions, yet with a Smoothness and Pliancy so as not to be perceived, for all great or rude Motions always disturb the Horse.--To do this you must advance or present your Breast, and stretch yourself firm in your Stirrups; this is the only Way to fix and unite yourself entirely to the Animal who carries you.

THE Property of the Gallop is, as may be gathered from all that has been said of it, to give the Horse a good Apuy.

IN reality, in this Action he lifts at every time both his Shoulders and Legs together, in such a manner, that in making this Motion his Fore-part is without Support, till his Fore-feet come to the Ground; so that the Rider, by supporting or bearing him gently in Hand, as he comes down, can consequently give an Apuy to a Mouth that has none.----You must take care, that by retaining your Horse too much in his Gallop, you don't make him become _ramingue_, and weaken the Mouth that is light and unsteady; as the full or extended Gallop is capable on the other Hand, to harden an Apuy which was strong and _full in the Hand_ before.

THE Gallop does not only assure and make steady a weak and delicate Mouth, but it also supples a Horse, and makes him ready and active in his Limbs.--It fixes the Memory and Attention of Horses likewise, who from too much Heat and Impetuosity in their Temper, never attend to the Aids of the Rider, nor the Times of their setting off; it teaches those who retain themselves, to go forward, and to set off ready and with Spirit; and lastly, it takes off all the superfluous Vigour of such Horses as, from too much Gaiety, avail themselves of their Strength and Courage to resist their Riders.--Take care, however, to proportion this Lesson to the Nature, the Strength, and Inclination of the Animal; and remember, that a violent and precipitate Gallop would hurt an impatient and hot Horse, as much as it would be proper and useful to one who retains himself, and is jadish and lazy.

CHAP. XV.

_Of Passades._

THE Passades are the truest Proofs a Horse can give of his Goodness.--By his going off you judge of his Swiftness; by his Stop, you discover the Goodness or Imperfection of his Mouth; and by the Readiness with which he turns, you are enabled to decide upon his Address and Grace; in short, by making him go off a second time you discover his Temper and Vigour.--When your Horse is light and active before, is firm upon his Haunches, and has them supple and free, so as to be able to accompany the Shoulders, is obedient and ready to both Hands, and to the Stop, he is then fit to be work'd upon Passades.

Walk him along the Side of the Wall in a steady even Pace, supporting and keeping him light in the Hand, in order to shew him the Length of the Passade, and the Roundness of the _Volte_ or _Demi-volte_, which he is to make at the End of each Line.--Stop at the End, and when he has finish'd the last Time of the Stop raise him, and let him make two or three Pesades. After this make a Demivolte of two Lines in the Walk; and while he is turning, and the Moment you have clos'd it, demand again of him two or three Pesades, and then let him walk on in order to make as many to the other Hand.

You must take care to confirm him well in this Lesson.--From the Walk you will put him to the Trot upon a strait Line; from the Trot to a slow Gallop, from that to a swifter; being thus led on by degrees, and step by step, he will be able to furnish all sorts of Passades, and to make the Demi-volte in any Air that you have taught him.

YOU should never put your Horse to make a Volte or Demi-volte at the time that he is disunited, pulls, or is heavy in the Hand, or is upon his Shoulders; on the contrary, you should stop him at once, and make him go backward till you perceive that he is regulated and united upon his Haunches, light _before_, and has taken a good and just Apuy.

A PERFECT Passade is made in this Manner.--Your Horse standing strait and true upon all his Feet, you go off with him at once, you stop him upon his Haunches; and in the same _Time_ or _Cadence_ in which he made his Stop, being exactly obedient to the Hand and Heel, he ought to make the Demi-volte, balancing himself upon his Haunches, and so waiting till you give him the Aid to set off again. It is requisite then that the least Motion or Hint of the Rider should be an absolute Command to the Horse.--If you would have him go off at full Speed, yield your Hand, close the Calves of your Legs upon him; if he don't answer to this Aid, give him the Spurs, but you must give them so as not to remove them from the Place where they were, and without opening or advancing your Legs before you strike.

THE high Passades are those which a Horse makes, when being at the End of his Line, he makes his Demi-volte in any Air he has been taught, either in the _Mezair_ or in _Curvets_, which is very beautiful.--Therefore in high Passades let your Horse go off at full Speed; let your Stop be follow'd by three Curvets; let the Demi-volte consist of the same Number, and demand of him three more before he sets off again.--It is usual to make nine Curvets when you work a Horse alone and by himself.

THE furious or violent Passades, are when a Horse gallops at his utmost Speed strait forward, and makes his half Stop, bending and playing his Haunches two or three times, before he begins his Demi-volte, which is made upon one Line, in three Times; for at the third Time he should finish the Demi-volte, and be strait upon the Line of the Passade, in order to go off again and continue it.

THIS sort of Passades was heretofore used in private Combats, and although it may appear that the Time that is employed in making the half Stop is lost, and only hinders you from gaining the Croupe of the Enemy; yet the half Stop is indispensably necessary, for unless a Horse is balanced upon his Haunches, and they bend and play under him, he could never make his Demi-volte, without being in danger of Falling.

CHAP. XVI.

_Of Pesades._

THE Pesade takes its Name from the Motion of the Horse, which, in this Action, leans and lays all the Weight of his Body upon his Haunches.--To be perfect, the Hind-feet which support the whole ought to be fix'd and immoveable, and the Fore-part of the Horse more or less rais'd, according as the Creature will allow, but the Fore-legs, from the Knee to the Feet, must always be extremely bent and brought under him.

THE Property of the Pesade is to dispose and prepare a Horse for all sorts of Manages; for it is the Foundation of all the Airs: Great Caution, however, must be had not to teach your Horse to rise up or stand upon his Haunches, which is making a _Pesade_, if he is not quite exact and obedient to the Hand and Heel; for in this Case you would throw him into great Disorder, spoil his Mouth, and falsify the Apuy, would teach him to make _Points_, as they are called, and even make him become _restive_; inasmuch as the generality of Horses only rise up to resist their Rider, and because they will neither go forward nor turn.

YOUR Horse then being so far advanced as to be fit to be tried and exercised in the Pesade, work him upon the Walk, the Trot, and Gallop; stop him in the Hand, keep him firm and moderately _together_; aid with the Tongue, the Switch, and your Legs; the Moment you perceive he comprehends what it is you would have him to do, though never so little, encourage and caress him.--If in the Beginning of this Lesson you were to use Force or Rigour, he would consider the Strictness of your Hand, and the Aids of the Legs, as a Punishment, and it would discourage him. It is therefore proper to work gently and by degrees; whenever then he makes an Attempt to rise, caress him; make him go forwards, try to make him rise a second time, either more or less, and use him by degrees to rise higher and higher; you will find that he will soon be able to make his Pesades perfect, and to make four, or even more, with Ease and Readiness; sluggish and heavy Horses require in the Beginning stronger and sharper Aids.

THERE are other Horses who are apt to rise of themselves, without being requir'd to do so; drive them forward in order to prevent them.--Some in making the Pesade, don't bend and gather up their Fore-legs, but stretch them out, paw, and cross them one over the other in the Air, resembling the Action of a Person's Hands who plays upon the Spinnet; to these Horses you mush apply the Switch, striking them briskly upon the Shoulders or Knees.--There are others, who in the Instant that you endeavour to make them rise, availing themselves of the Power which they have from being put _together_, in order to perform this Action, throw themselves forward in hopes of freeing themselves from all Subjection; the only Way to correct such Vices, is to make the Horse go backward the same Length of Ground, that he forced and broke through.--There is another kind of Horses, who to avoid being _put together_ in order to make a Pesade, as well as to resist the Rider, will fling their Croupe _in_ and _out_, sometimes to one side, sometimes to the other; in this Case, if you perceive that your Horse is apt to fling his Croupe more to the Left than to the Right, you must put him to the Wall, the Wall being on the Left-hand, and there support and confine him with your Right-leg, and even _pinch_ him if there should be occasion; taking care to carry your Hand to the Right, but imperceptibly, and no more than what will just serve to shorten the left Rein.

IF he throws himself to the Right, you must put him so as to have the Wall on the Right; you must support and pinch him with your Left-leg, and shorten your Right-rein by carrying your Hand to the Left.--I must however repeat it over and over, that in a Lesson of this kind, in which a Horse may find out Methods and Inventions to resist and defend himself; I say, in giving such Lessons, the Rider ought to be Master of the surest Judgment and most consummate Prudence.

MOREOVER, you should take care not to fall into the Mistake of those who imagine that the higher a Horse rises, the more he is upon his Haunches.--In the Pesade, the Croupe is pushed back, and the Horse bends his Haunches; but if he rises too high, he no longer sits upon his Haunches, for from that Moment he becomes stiff, and stands strait upon his Hocks; and instead of throwing his Croupe back, he draws it towards him.

THOSE Sort of Pesades, in which the Horse rises too high, and stiffens his Hocks, are call'd _Goat-Pesades_, as they resemble the Action of that Animal.

THE Aids that are to be given in Pesades are derived from those used to make a Horse go backward.--Place your Hand as if you intended to make your Horse go backward, but close your Legs at the same time, and he will rise.--For this reason nothing is more absurd than the Method which some Horsemen teach their Scholars, who oblige them, in order to make their Horses rise, to use only their Switch; they must certainly not know that the Hand confining the Fore-part, and the Rider's Legs driving the Hinder-parts forward, the Horse is compell'd, whether he will or no, to raise his Shoulders from the Ground, and to throw all the Weight of his Body upon his Haunches.

CHAP. XVII.

_Of the Mezair._

THE Gallop is the Foundation of the _Terre-a-Terre_; for in these two Motions the Principle of the Action is the same, since the _Terre-a-Terre_ is only a shorten'd Gallop, with the Croupe _in_, and the Haunches following in a close and quick Time.

THE Mezair is higher than the Action of _Terre-a-Terre_, and lower than that of _Curvets_; we may therefore conclude, that the _Terre-a-Terre_, is the Foundation of the Mezair, as well as of _Curvets_.--In the _Terre-a-Terre_, the Horse should be more _together_ than in the Gallop, that he may mark his _Time_ or _Cadence_ more distinctly; although in a true _Terre-a-Terre_, there are no Times to be mark'd, for it is rather a gliding of the Haunches, which comes from the natural Springs in the Limbs of the Horse.