Chapter XVIII: Conclusion

And the fruits of these wanderings abroad are--what?

For two hours I sat in the old-world garden of an English manor house pondering the answer to that question. Old-fashioned and variegated flowers in every colour of the rainbow massed themselves around the moss-covered rocks, climbed the walls, and peeped out of the crevices and corners, throwing out strong, sweet scents of the wallflower and the jasmine. The shadow on the sundial crept slowly round its withered face. Tall elm trees sheltered the noisy crows. A bold cuckoo competed with the lark for our attention and regard. A typical English scene, suggestive of peace and plenty; so entirely different from any scene in the torn and stricken lands of Europe.

The twofold character of my work abroad has been told in these pages. The physical relief of suffering goes on through the American Relief agencies, the Society of Friends and the Save the Children Fund. The utmost that can be done is but a drop in the bucket of Europe’s overwhelming needs. It is only the first dressing of wounds, which cannot be cured except by probing to the cause and clearing away the poison. This is not the business of philanthropy when the cause is political. An exaggerated sympathy, which is the very essence of charitable enterprise, could even hinder the work of political and economic recovery by an uninformed emphasis of the patient’s suffering and a forgetfulness of his guilt. A stable internationalism can be built only upon a universal recognition of partnership in the guilt which has laid the world so low. But in such internationalism lies the hope of the future.

I returned from my travels reinforced a thousand-fold in the conviction of the necessity of internationalism if the world is to be saved; with this in addition, that the present problem for mankind is not to persuade the world to internationalism. It is rather to teach it the right kind of internationalism. Internationalism of one sort or another is as inevitable as the rising of the sun. The League of Nations is the second embodiment of an idea which held great masses of men and women before even the first, the Workers’ International, was born. This idea can be safely trusted to persist and grow in spite of every menace, because it is in the direct line of political and economic evolution. It is the next inevitable step in the march of ordered progress.

In the realms of art, science, invention, commerce, industry, economics and finance nationalism is languishing towards its inevitable decay--if it is not already dead. Political internationalism is destined to crown the structure of the world society of the future as surely as the night follows the day.

But what kind of political internationalism is it to be? That is the question. Heaven forbid that it should be the anti-nationalism of Lenin, wrongly called internationalism, which will prevail over the earth. That would be to menace too alarmingly the truly valuable differences amongst men. The characteristic differences of nations should be, with very great reluctance and only for sufficient reason, sought to be obliterated. The variety in dress, manners, customs, speech of the various races and nations is the very spice of the world’s life which gives it all its flavours. Difficulties of language, so fruitful of the misunderstandings which create wars, should be overcome by the provision of larger educational opportunities rather than by the establishment of one universal tongue. Esperanto is a wise and simple device to facilitate discussion between men and nations; but the compulsory study of French, German and English in the elementary schools would be of greater value to mankind than a knowledge of the most useful of languages manufactured for a purpose, and not born of a living nation’s intellectual and spiritual growth. A knowledge of languages would add a richness and beauty to life which might well give place to the boasted utilitarianism of most British curricula.

But although Lenin’s anti-nationalism is to be avoided like the plague, the militarist internationalism of a capitalist order of society should be shunned like the pestilence. The new “Balance of Power” would then be the balance of classes, the possessors in every country leagued against the possessed in every land. Victory would go to that side which controlled the fighting material. All the disorders of the old system would afflict the new, with the added terror which increased efficiency would produce.

To save the new international organization, the League of Nations, from such an evolution, is enlightened Labour’s best reason for giving its support to the League. It is Labour’s business to see that the organization of the League is on thoroughly democratic lines; that it admits at no distant date every country within its fold, and that the broad matters of its discussions be not conducted in secrecy nor its broad lines of policy be adopted without the knowledge and consent of the peoples of the world themselves.

And for the Workers’ International, I know of no line of policy which they could adopt more advantageous to themselves than that of educating the public opinions of the various countries included therein to compel their respective Governments to disarm. The rationality of total disarmament has always been seriously questioned by those who have passed for wise. But _total disarmament by all the nations_ is the only rational solution of the problems of peace and war. Such action may have to be gradual; it must certainly be taken in concert. But if the responsible statesmen of all lands would together lead the van and, scorning vested and professional interests, would declare for the ploughshare and the pruning-hook instead of the sword and the spear, the hosts of mankind would joyfully follow them in such a holy crusade.

It may be that men and women will have to wade through oceans of suffering before they recognize modern warfare for the organized filthiness it is. There was a certain personal dignity in physical strife when men met with bare hands, or with a stick or even a single sword, the human foe equally equipped. But the modern machine-gun, the tank, the poison gas, the fighting aeroplane--all the resources of science used against the innocent and guilty alike--women, old folks and babes--what single element of dignity or decency in such a conflict; honour, democracy, freedom, the pledged word setting the monstrous machine in motion, since men are too good in the mass to fight for anything less than these; and lurking in the shadow, anxious but safe, that insatiable dragon of greed, which for oil-wells and mining interests and timber concessions and goldfields will see millions of men welter in blood and millions of children and their mothers succumb to famine and disease.

Which brings me to my final word. That for the evils which afflict mankind there is no remedy save the elimination of selfishness, which is “the whole of the law and the prophets.” Selfishness in the individual, selfishness in the State. When it is universally recognized that every child born is entitled to the “development of all the perfection of which it is capable”; when the equal rights of nations, great and small, are admitted by all the States in Council; when the power of law and not the rule of force is the governing factor in the relations of men and nations, then begins the new era.

On such a foundation only can the true International Order be securely built.

INDEX

Addams, Miss Jane, at International Conference of Women at the Hague,
13, 76
at Kingsway Hall, 78
author and, 77
peace mission of, 78, 79
personality of, 77

Adler, Friedrich, and Bolshevism, 33, 35, 182
at Berne Conference, 31
fidelity to principles of, 32
murderer of Count Sturgh, 31, 32
pardoned by Emperor Charles, 31
sent to quell riot, 33
trial of, 32, 33

Adlon, Hôtel, Berlin, 169

Ador, President, and Second International Conference, 4

Agoston, Professor, imprisonment of, 117

“Alfred and Omega” (Lord Northcliffe), 172

American Peace Delegation, at Hôtel Crillon, 7, 8, 38

American Relief Commission, work of, in Vienna, 114

Andrassy, Count Geza, 72
author and, 73

Angell, Norman, at Berne, 36, 52

Anti-Semitism, fallacies of, 182-4

Antwerp, author at, 173

Arco, Count, 85

Armenia, 149
Bolsheviks and, 225, 231
cruelties in, 150

Armistice, hard conditions of, 27

Ashton, Councillor Margaret, 75

Asquith, Mr., Germans and speeches of, 168

Astor, Lady, 167

Augspurg, Dr. Anita, at Zurich, 83

Austerlitz, Dr., 119

Austria, author’s tour through, 103 _et seq._
Christian Socialism in, 122
currency depreciation in, 111
“dying,” 103 _et seq._
evil of embargoes on, 25
fear of France in, 117
menace of union with Germany, 117
pro-German feeling in, 120
proposed union with Bavaria and, 120
Social Democratic Party of, and union with Germany, 118
Socialist Government of, 28
Union with Germany movement in, 119, 120

Austrian Government and Socialists, 32

Austrian Socialists, and union with Germany, 118
at Berne, 22
denounce the war, 32

Azerbaijan, Bolsheviks and, 149, 213, 225

Baku, Bolsheviks and, 149

Balabanova, Angelica, 3, 140, 181

“Balance of Power,” the new, 273

Baltic, minefields in, 155

Barbusse, M., and Clarté group, 129

Barnes, Mr., and Berne Conference, 4

Batoum, author at, 203, 228
capture of, by Bolsheviks, 226
Greek refugees at, 229

Bauer, Dr., and Austro-German union, 118
and Peace Treaty, 119
author and, 118, 119
on problems of Town _v._ Country, 121
personality of, 118, 119
the “Kreuzlbauer,” 133
writes in _National Zeitung_, 133

Bavaria, under Communism, 63, 83, 84

Beek en Donk, Dr. de Jong van, 54, 132

Beesly, Professor, founder of First International, 130

Belgarde, Passport and Customs examination at, 13

Belgian Socialists and Berne Conference, 11
and the war, 193
at Geneva, 12

Belgrade, author in, 234

Belle Vue Hotel, Berne, author at, 57, 58, 79, 132
secretariat of Second International at, 17

Berlin, author’s visit to, 159, 161-172
Communists of, 162
Hôtel Adlon at, 169
post-war condition of, 168

Berne, author on, 51, 132
League of Nations Conference at, 54 _et seq._
political agents (spies) at, 18 _et seq._
Second International Conference at, 1 _et seq._
arrival of delegates to, 14
delegates journey to, 4 _et seq._
Wiener Café at, 51, 52, 133, 134

Bernstein, Edouard, 29, 30
at Lucerne, 97
personality and views of, 97
refused admission to England, 98

“Biology of War,” by Professor Nicolai, 68

“Black and Tans,” 255, 265

Blockade of Germany, continuance of, after Armistice, 25

Bolshevism, author on, 139 _et seq._
fear of, in Border Republics, 155
fear of, in Central Europe, 181
Kautsky and, 25
Second International and, 35, 36
Third International and, 130

Bolshevik Government, and Kemalists, 149, 201
Armenia and, 149, 150, 213, 231
Azerbaijan and, 149, 213, 225
Baku and, 149
Caucasus and, 225
causes of long life of, 144
Georgia and, 149, 150, 212, 225, 226
Jews and, 182
Poland and, 178
propaganda of, 149

Bondfield, Margaret, and Berne Conference, 3
in Paris, 8

Börjom, author at, 221

Bornemiza, Baron, 137

Boulogne, post-war scenes at, 5

Bourgeois, Socialist interpretation of, 59

Bramley, Fred, 7

Branting, M., at Berne, 30
author and, 159, 160, 161
pro-Ally, 32

Breitschied, Herr, 166

Brentano, Professor, author and, 63

Brest-Litovsk, Peace of, Trotsky and, _xi_, 143
Allies and, 142
Lenin and, 142

“Briefe einer Deutsch-Franzosin,” by Annette Kolb, 67

Bristol Hotel, Vienna, author’s experiences in, 111, 112

British Delegation to Berne, harmony of, 23
meeting of, with German delegates, 24

British Military Mission, at Berlin, 161
at Constantinople, 229
at Vienna, 114
in Esthonia, 156
popularity of, 114

British Military Permit, 56

Buchs, author at, 105, 106

Budapest, Conference of National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies
at, 70

Bullitt, William, at Berlin, 170
at Berne, 38

Bunning, Mr. Stuart, at Berne, 23

Burns, John, and Miss Jane Addams, 77

Buxton, Mrs. Chas. Roden, author and, 135
delegate to League of Nations Conference, 60
Relief efforts for Viennese children, 61
“Save the Children Fund,” and, 61

Buxton, Mr. Charles Roden, 26

Capitalism, failure of, _xii_
replacement of, by Collectivist Internationalism, 143

Carmi, Maria, 172

Casement, Roger, 33, 266

Catt, Mrs. C. Chapman, 42

Caucasian Republics, Federation of, 213

Caucasus, Imperialist policy in, 149

Central Europe, post-war conditions in, 109, 110

Charles, ex-Emperor, Adler and, 31
attempts to recover throne, 33
Bohemian delegate and, 20
Count Teleki and, 69
Prince Windischgraetz and, 71

Charles, Prince of Sweden, and relief for Russia, 157, 158

Charlottenburg, Children’s Clinic at, 170-1

Child relief, International organization for, 60

Children, Austrian, sufferings of, 26, 61, 73, 74, 125
German, sufferings of, 25, 26, 164, 170
Polish, sufferings of, 180

Christian Socialism in Austria, 122

Claparéde René and Clarté group, 129
edits newspaper in Geneva, 139

Clarté Socialist group, 129

Clemenceau, story of, on Peace, 123

Cohn, Oscar, 166

Cologne, author at, 172-3

Communism, and spirit of hate, _xii_

Communists and Kautsky, 25
German, 162, 164, 165
Russian programme of, 144

“Comrade,” author’s protest at misuse of, 15, 16

Connolly, execution of, 246

Constantinople, author at, 200, 201, 229
Socialist movement in, 233

Cork, author in, 262-4

Courtney, Lord, 46

Crown Princess of Sweden, death of, 158

Cunninghame, Lieut.-Colonel Sir Thomas, author and, 114
Hungarian aristocracy and, 115

Czapsritski, K., 175

Czecho-Slovak Delegates, at Lucerne, 98

Czecho-Slovakia, opposition to economic union with Austria in, 120

_Daily Herald_, as representative of organized Labour, 17

Danubian federation suggested, 120

De Brouckere, M. Louis, delegate to Georgia, 189, 191

de Jong, Dr., _see_ Beek en Donk

De Kay, John, at Berne, 38, 39, 40, 41
at Lucerne, 133

Dernburg, Herr, author and, 167

De Valera, 182, 184

Despard, Mrs., and Lord French, 94
at Zurich, 93
in Berne, 138
in Ireland, 263
personality of, 93, 94

Dictatorship of the Proletariat, fallacy of, in Russia, 141

Disarmament, necessity for, 273

Dittmann, Herr, 166

Dobrenszky, Countess, 186

Drexel, Mr., 170

Dublin, author’s visit to, 241, 265

Dvarzaladze, M. and Mme., 195

Ebert, President, author and, 165
personality of, 165

Ehrlich, Professor, 187

Einam, Baroness von, and starving Austrian children, 73, 74

Einstein, Prof., 187

Eisner, Kurt, and Dr. Förster, 65, 66
and free speech, 118
author and, 86
incompetent as President, 63
murder of, 15, 86
personality of, 83, 84, 85, 165
welcomes British delegates at Berne, 15, 30, 85

Ellis, Miss Edith, 263

England, and Turkey, 230, 232
great Jews of, 187

“Entente husband,” 134

Esperanto, a wise device, 272

Esthonia, poverty in, 156

Extraordinary Commission, in Russia, 144

Fehrenbach, Herr, 161

“Fight the Famine” conference, 136

Finland, fear of Russia in, 155

First International, foundation and dissolution of, 130

Fitzgerald, Desmond, 252

Ford, Henry, and Jews, 182
Peace mission of, 47
Peace ship, 47, 48

Ford, Isabella, at Zurich, 82
author and, 82

Förster, Professor A. W., and Kurt Eisner, 66
as Minister to Switzerland, 65
as Pacifist, 65, 69
delegate to League of Nations Conference, 64

Fourteen Points, Wilson’s, 170
a German opinion of, 89, 90

France, Anatole, 129

France, and German coal, 171

Free Trade and Austrian Christian Socialists, 122

French, Lord, and Mrs. Despard, 94

French Military Permit, 56

French Socialists at Berne, 22

French Socialist Congress, Strasburg, author at, 129, 131, 132
differences at, 131
votes for Third International, 133

Freundlich, Frau, and Austrian Socialist policy, 118

Fried, and Clarté Group, 129

Frutigen, camp of Austrian children at, 73, 74

Fry, Miss Joan, delegate to League of Nations Conference, 60

Gallipoli, author sees, 199

Gavronsky, M., 177, 178

Geneva, author in, 135
Berne delegates at, 13, 14
Conference at, Belgian Socialists and, 12
Passport and Customs examination at, 13
“Save the Children Fund” Conference at, 131
Second International Conference at, 136

George, Mr. Lloyd, Germans and speeches of, 168
on Peace objects, _xi._, 89, 92

Georgia, and Bolshevism, 150, 223, 225
author’s visit to, 175, 189 _et seq._
Bolshevik Government and, 149, 150, 212, 213
Dance song of, 217
Foreign policy of, 211
National Anthem of, 226
Parliament of, 208
Radek on Bolshevization of, 150
Second International and, 175
Socialist Government of, 208
Steklov on, 150
Toast song of, 206

German Majority Socialists, at Berne, 22, 28, 29
Belgian Socialists and, 11
restraint and moderation of, 29

German Minority Socialists, at Berne, 22, 28

Germany, Alien Tax in, 159
an opinion of effect of Peace in, 91, 92
Communism and, 162, 164
disarmament default of, 162
export of coal from, 171
false reports concerning, 173-4
Independent Socialists of, 166
Nationalists of, 162-3
Socialist newspapers in, 17
sufferings of children in, from blockade, 25
thrift habits in, 167, 168

Gilles, Lieut., 19

Gobat, Mlle., at Zurich, 86

Golden, Mr., 136

Greece, attitude of, to Turkey, 230

Green, Mrs. A. Stopford, 251

Grockney, Otto, 124

Grumbach, Herr, Alsatian delegate to Berne, 128

Guest, Dr. Haden, 155

Guttmann, Dr., at Berne, 36

Haase, German delegate to Berne, 30
murder of, 30

Hague, The, International Conference of Women at, 12, 76

Hall, Captain, 7

_Hans in Schnakenloch_, by René Schickele, 129

Harden, Maximilian, 187

Hardie, Keir, 97

Haupt, Baron, author and, 103, 104

Hedin, Sven, author and, 158, 159

Henderson, Mr. Arthur, M.P., and author’s visit to Ireland, 239
and Berne Conference, 3, 4, 30
and spy’s report, 20
and Stockholm Socialist Conference, 1, 2
as member of War Cabinet, 32
work of, for Labour Party, 7

Henderson, Will, 7

Hennet, Baron, 118

Herzka, Frau, at Zurich, 86

Hobhouse, Miss, and foreign agent, 96

Hohenlohe, Prince Alexander, at Zurich, 92, 93
author and, 93

Horthy, Admiral, offensive cartoons of, 137

Hôtel Crillon, as headquarters of American Peace Delegation, 7, 8

House, Colonel, 7, 81

Hull House, Chicago, Miss Jane Addams and, 77, 78

Humperdinck, Egbert, 172

Hungarian Peace Treaty, 117

Hungarian Red Cross, author and petition from, to President Wilson, 81
members of, and Bolshevism, 135

Hungary, anti-democratic policy of White Government of, 117
aristocrats of, 115
Bolshevik Revolution in, 49
Count Teleki, Prime Minister of, 69
counter-revolution in, 95
Entente officials and counter-revolution of, 117
poverty in, 116
Red Terror in, 175
Socialist policy in, 72
White Terror in, 70, 116, 137, 184

Huysmans, M. Camille, at Berne Conference, 3, 4, 11, 30
at Second International Conference, Geneva, 137
author and, 189
delegate to Georgia, 189
personality of, 189, 190

Huysmans, Mme., 189, 195

Huysmans, Mlle. Sara, 191

Hyman, Fraulein L. G., at Zurich, 83

Imperialism, mischief of, _xii._

Independent Socialists, German, 160

India, Bolshevik propaganda and, 149

Inge, Dean, and democracy, 88

Inghels, M., delegate to Georgia, 189, 196

“Intelligence” man, in Cork, 263

International Conferences, method of conducting, 21, 22

International Council, Conference of, at Lucerne, 95 _et seq._
author as Press representative at, 95 _et seq._

“International, The,” sung at Batoum, 203

International Woman Suffrage Alliance, Conference of, 42

Internationalism, capitalists and, 130
collectivist, 143
difficulties of, 95
inevitability of, 272

Ireland, author visits, 237 _et seq._
Catholic _v._ Protestant in, 254
G. W. Russell on, 242 _et seq._
murder of soldiers in, 265
rebellion of 1916, 267
two Governments of, 268
“tyranny of the minority” in, 141

Jaurès, scandal of acquittal of murderer of, 9, 10
portrait of, in Chamber of Deputies, 10
scene of murder of, 9

Jebb, Miss Eglantyne, 61, 135

Jews, celebrated, 187
of Central Europe, 181 _et seq._
Socialist, 187
Vienna Press and, 187

Joachim, Prince at Hôtel Adlon, 115

Jordania, M., 208, 210
letter from, 224

Journalists, Continental and British, compared, 36, 37

Jugo-Slavia, prosperity of, 235

Kaiserhof, The, author at, 166

Karolyi, Count, and Frau Schwimmer, 42
author and, 42
Princess von Liechtenstein on policy of, 72

Kasbec, author’s visit to, 215 _et seq._

Kautsky, Herr, as Marxist and anti-Bolshevik, 25
author’s meeting with, 24, 25, 166
delegate to Georgia, 189, 229
hatred of, by Communists, 25
personality of, 25

Kellner, Professor Léon, 124, 187

Kemal Pasha, and Bolsheviks, 149, 201
at Trebizond, 201
France and Italy and, 230

Kerensky, M., personality and policy of, 212

Kilmarnock, Lord, 161

Kleist, Major von, author and daughter of, 80

Knock-out blow, evils of policy of, _xi_

Kolb, Annette, author and, 129
“Briefe einer Deutsch-Franzosin,” by, 67
personality of, 66, 67

Kommer, Rudolf, at Berne, 36, 52, 71, 72
in Berlin, 132

Koutäis, author’s visit to, 220

Kuenzer, Herr, 166

Kun, Bela, 69, 70, 117
a Jew, 181, 182

Labour Party, British, and Second International, 130
Anti-war demonstration of, 28
delegation to Ireland from, 239
delegation to Poland from, 176
devoted work of officials of, 7
“Jim” Middleton and, 6
lack of Press organization by, 17

Labour Temples, Continental, 17

Lansbury, George, at Berne, 38

Latzko, Andreas, author and, 67, 68
“Men in Battle,” by, 67
personality of, 67

Law, Bonar, Germans and speeches of, 169

Lawrence, Mrs. Pethick, at Zurich, 86

League of Nations, _xi_, 81
Armenia and, 231
Georgia and, 214
Internationalism and, 272
Labour and, 273
Labour Department, Miss Sophie Sanger and, 3
Vienna as centre for, 136

League of Nations Commission, of the Second International, author as
member of, 22

League of Nations Conference, author as delegate to, 54 _et seq._
first meeting with Women’s International League, 79
purpose of, 62
recommendations of, 63
types of delegates at, 59

Lenin, and bourgeois ideal of liberty, 59
and Brest-Litovsk manifesto, 142
anti-nationalism of, 273
as “only happy Socialist Minister,” 28
at Wiener Café, 53
author’s estimate of, 145, 146
changed views of, 99, 147, 148
differences of, with Trotsky, 148
difficulties of, 85
Georgia and, 226
Kerensky’s policy and, 212
moderate policy of, 144
Second International on, 35
speech of, at Russian Communist Conference, 146
World-Communism and World-revolution ideas of, 145

Leslie, Mr., Consul at Reval, 156

Liebknecht, 182

Liechtenstein, Prince Johan von, 73

Liechtenstein, Princess Maritza von, on Count Karolyi’s policy, 72
personality of, 72, 73

“Little Gillies,” 6

Longuet, M. Jean, and Bolshevism, 35
and British delegates to Berne, 9
at Strasburg Conference, 130, 131
personality of, 10

Lord, Mrs., 132

Lucerne, American millionaire socialist at, 100
Conference of International Council at, 95 _et seq._

Ludendorff, Gen., 165

MacArthur, Mary, 176

McBride, Major, execution of, 263

McBride, Mme., 263

Macdonald, Mr. J. Ramsay, and M. Gavronsky, 179
and M. Longuet, 9
at Batoum, 203, 204, 228
at Berne, 38, 52
delegate to Georgia, 189, 196
delegation to Georgia and, 175
in Geneva, 14
woman spy and, 96

Macmillan, Miss Crystal, 86

Malcolm, General, 161

Marquet, M., at Batoum, 229
at Strasburg conference, 130
delegate to Georgia, 189, 196, 218
in Belgrade, 234

Marshall, Miss Katharine, 102

Marx, Karl, founds First International, 130
Jean Longuet, grandson of, 9
Kautsky, as exponent of principles of, 25

Meinl, Mr. Julius, on decontrol of food, 122

Melan, Mlle., at Zurich, 86

“Men in Battle,” by Andreas Latzko, 67

Meyer, Herr Edouard, 164

Middleton, Jim, as secretary to delegates to Berne, 6

Militarism, _x._
Bolsheviks and, 141
failure of, _xii._

Miners, British, and “Save the Children Fund,” 171

Mölkenbuhr at Berne, 29, 30

Montgelas, Count Max, at League of Nations Conference, 60

_Morning Post_, author and, 183

Müller (ex-Chancellor), at Berne, 23, 29
author and, 165
supporter of Germany, 32

Munich, strange story of delegate from, 6
revolutionary scenes in, 84

Nansen, Dr., 81

National Council for Civil Liberties, 151

National Peace Council, author as representative of, 60

National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, Conference of, at
Budapest, 70
Peace efforts of, 75

Nationalists, German, author and, 162-165

Nazarov, 196

Nemec, Dr., at Berne, 98
at Lucerne, 98

Nicolai, Professor, “Biology of War,” by, 68
escape to Denmark of, 69
personality of, 68

Nicolaivich, Grand Duke, author and palace of, 192, 221

Northcliffe, Lord, German Radicals and, 172

Ochme, Herr, 166

Ogenheim, Baron, 135

Pacifist, author as, 19

Pallenberg, Max, 172

Paris, delegates to Berne in, 7, 8
dirty condition of, after Armistice, 8, 9

Parliamentary Committee of the Trade Union Congress, delegates of, at
Berne, 3

Passports, difficulties of obtaining, 55, 56, 96
examination of, 5, 13, 106, 107

Peabody, George Foster, author and, 50

Peace, views on, _xi._

Peace Conference, Paris as “ill-chosen seat of,” 8

Peace ship, Henry Ford’s, 47
Miss Addams and, 79

Peasant _v._ Town worker, problem of, in Central Europe, 121

Peasant-proprietorship in Georgia, 209

Persia, Bolsheviks and, 149

Plunkett, Sir Horace, 244

Poland, Bolsheviks and, 177-9
children’s sufferings in, 180
Jews in, 185-6
Labour party and, 176, 177
plight of, 179-80

Political agents at Berne, 18 _et seq._

Poti, author’s visit to, 221

Prague, split among Socialists of, 99

Price, Phillips, and Germany’s disarmament, 162

Radek, 25
a Jew, 181
and bourgeois institutions, 59
and Treaty of Sèvres, 149
on Bolshevization of Georgia, 150

Reading, Lord, 187

Redlich, Dr., Christian Socialist leader, 122

Redmond, John, 267

Red Terror, in Hungary, 175
in Russia, 35

Reichstag, and Peace Resolution, _xi_
author’s visit to, 162
women members of, 166

Reinhardt, Max, 187

Renaudel, M., at Berne, 15, 23
at Strasburg Conference, 130, 131
delegate to Georgia, 189, 196, 218

Renner, Dr., 104

Reprisals in Ireland, 243

Reval, author at, 155

Rhine, The, author and, 173

Rome, author in, 197, 198

Royden, Miss Maude, 75

Rusiecka, Dr. Marie de, 133
and League of Nations Conference, 138
and Serbian retreat, 137
at Zurich, 138
personality of, 138

Russell, G. W., author and, 242

Russell, Hon. Bertrand, 65, 70

Russia, author’s views on, 139 _et seq._
democratic programme of, 147
Red Terror in, 35

Russian Revolution and Third International, 130

Russo-Georgian Treaty, 225

Russo-Polish Treaty, 148

Samuel, Sir Herbert, 187

Sanger, Miss Sophie, 3

Sapieha, Princess, 180

Savery, Mr., 133

“Save the Children” Fund, author as member of executive of, 155
conference at Geneva, 131
foundation and work of, 61
organization of, 136
relief work of, 271
work of, in Vienna, 114

Schickele, René, 128, 129
_Hans in Schnakenloch_, by, 129

Schönbrunn Palace, children’s hospital in, 125

Schwartz-Hillen, Dr., and Galician Jewish refugees, 118

Schwimmer, Rosika, and Henry Ford, 47, 48
and President Wilson, 44, 45
appointed Minister to Switzerland, 42
author and, 42, 43, 48, 49
personality of, 49

Second International, Adler’s reception by, 31, 32
author at conference of, 18
Belgian Socialists and, 11
British delegates, 23
British Labour Party decides for, 130
conference of, at Berne, 1 _et seq._
conference of, at Geneva, 136
countries represented at Berne, 30
delegation to Georgia from, 175, 189 _et seq._
Executive Committee at Berne, 30
foundation of, 130
German delegates at Berne, 24, 28
League of Nations commission of, 22
main achievement of Berne Conference, 34
newspaper men at conference of, 36
on Bolshevism, 35
Socialist differences with, 130, 166

Secret diplomacy, 118

Seitz, President, at Berne, 26
author and, 111, 124
personality of, 124, 165

Selfishness, elimination of, 274

Semmering, author at, 124

Serbia, prosperity of, 235

Sèvres, Treaty of Radek and, 149

Shaw, Dr. Anna, 77

Shaw, Tom, M.P., 176
delegate to Georgia, 189, 196

Shinwell, 182

Siberian prisoners, sufferings of, 80

Sinn Fein, causes of political rise of, 268

Skobeloff, Mme., 195

Smeral, Dr., at Lucerne, 98
personality of, 99

Social Democracy, Kautsky and, 25

Socialist Conference, International, at Stockholm, 2

Socialist Government of Georgia, 208

Socialist Governments, European, difficulties of, 27

_Société des Amis_, good work of, 62

Society of Friends, and Continental distress, 62
in Cork, 263
relief work of, 114, 271
Russians’ trust in, 158

Spy, political, author and, 18, 19, 96
fear of, at Berne, 18,
at Lucerne, 97

Steklov on Georgia, 150

Stinnes, Hugo, 169

Stockholm, author in, 157
proposed Socialist conference at, 2

Strasburg, author at French Socialist Congress at, 129

Strunsky, Simeon, at Berne, 36

Sturgh, Count, murder of, 31

Swanwick, Mrs., and Zurich Conference, 79
personality of, 81, 82

Swedish Red Cross and relief expedition to Russia, 157

Swiss Government, and Second International Conference, 4
efforts at neutrality of, 133

Szamuely, atrocities of, 184
“pervert and madman,” 115

Szilassy, Baron, 81, 133

Taranto, author at, 198

Tchicherine, and Georgians, 213
and Swedish relief expedition, 158
personality of, 151

Teleki, Count, and ex-Emperor Charles, 69
author and, 69, 70

“The 2¹⁄₂ International,” 34

Third International, Bolsheviks and, 130
efforts of, to absorb Second, 130
establishment of, 35, 36
influence of, 166
Strasburg Conference and, 133

Thomas, Albert M., at Berne, 23
French “patriot,” 32

Thomas, Mr. J. H., and Second International Conference, 4

“Through Bolshevik Russia,” by Mrs. Philip Snowden, 139, 181

Tiflis, author at, 208
Bolsheviks at, 225

Tipperary, destruction at, 256

Toller, author and, 64

Tracey, Herbert, 7

Trebizond, author at, 201, 229

Trotsky, a Jew, 181, 182
and Peace of Brest-Litovsk, _xi_, 143
and Poland, 177
as Russian Napoleon, 148
at Wiener Café, 53
differences between Lenin and, 148
in Vienna, 123
Kerensky’s policy and, 212
on Armenia and Georgia, 225
Second International on, 35
story of, 124

Tseretelli, M., 175, 197

Turco-Russian Treaty, 236

Turk, virtues and vices of, 230, 231

Turkey, position of, 232-3

Turkish Nationalists, and Bolsheviks, 149

Union of Democratic Control, author as delegate from, 54
similarity of policy with Clarté group, 129

Vaillant-Couturier, at Strasburg Conference, 131

Vandervelde, Emil, delegate to Georgia, 189, 191, 192
speech of, at Geneva Conference, 12

Vandervelde, Mme., 194

Versailles, Treaty of, and German coal, 171
author’s condemnation of, at Zurich, 87
at Berne, 138
Branting and, 160
German Socialists and, 166
German view of, 88-92
injustice of, 26, 27
Women’s International Conference and, 87

Vienna, as centre for League of Nations, 136
author’s distressing journey to, 105 _et seq._
Bristol Hotel at, 111, 112
British Military Mission at, 114
children’s holiday camps in, 125
food profiteering in, 109
hotel charges in, 111
Jews and Press in, 187
poverty in, 112, 113, 126
Schönbrunn Palace, children’s hospital at, 125
terrible condition of children in, 60
“The 2¹⁄₂ International” Conference at, 34, 60
unemployment in, 113

Villard, Oswald G., and President Wilson, 49, 50
at Berne Conference, 36
author and, 50, 51
personality of, 49, 50
views on war and peace, 50

Volkshaus, Berne, Second International Conference in, 17

Vollmoeller, Karl, author and, 171-2

“Voltaire of Würternberg,” the, 171

Wake, E. P., 7

Warfare, modern, “filthiness” of, 274

Warsaw, and Bolshevik attack, 179

Washington, author at, 44, 45, 46

Weardale, Lord, and “Save the Children” Fund, 61

Webb, Mr. Sidney, and Gavronsky, 179

Wels, M., at Berne, 23

“White Terror,” in Hungary, 70, 116, 184
Admiral Horthy and, 137

Wied, Prince, 159

Wiener Café, Berne, 51, 52, 53, 133, 134
Lenin and Trotsky at, 53

Wiesbaden, saluting French flag at, 115

Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Countess, 157, 169

Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Professor, author and, 163

Wilson, Mr. Hugh, in Berlin, 170

Wilson, President, author and, 43, 44
failure of, 34
“Fourteen Points” of, 87, 89, 90, 170
League of Nations Conference and, 63
O. G. Villard and, 49, 50
on rights of small nations, _xi_
petition to, from Hungarian Red Cross, 81

Windischgraetz, Prince Ludwig, 53
author and, 70
ex-Emperor Charles and, 71
in Paris, 132
personality of, 70, 71

Windischgraetz, Princess Maria, author and, 72
in Prague, 132
personality of, 71

Winter, Dr. Max, author and, 125

Wise, Rabbi, 80

Women, International Conference of, at the Hague, 12
at Zurich, 18

Women spies at Berne, 20, 96

Women’s International League for Permanent Peace, British delegates
to, 76
differences in, 75
first conference of, at the Hague, 76
foundation of, 75
Swiss branch of, and League of Nations Conference, 79
Treaty of Versailles, 87

Women’s Peace Crusade, and petition for negotiated peace, 2

Workers’ International, Berne Conference and, 30
policy for, 273

Zalewski, M., author and, 133

Zelkin, Clara, 3

Zinoviev, 25
a Jew, 181

Zuckerkandl, Mdme., author and, 118, 122, 123

Zurich, author on, 79
Women’s Conference at, 18, 75 _et seq._

PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.4

Transcriber’s Notes

Minor errors in punctuation have been corrected.

Page 97: “less of mankind then” changed to “less of mankind than”

Page 172: “Egelbert Humperdinck” changed to “Engelbert Humperdinck”