Chapter III: Part 3

Runway systems and burrows are used by groups of voles rather than by individuals. Most of the activity of voles is confined to these runways and an exposed individual is seldom seen. A home range may include several runway systems, and the ranges of individuals overlap extensively. Both home ranges and patterns of runway systems change constantly. Runways seem to be primarily feeding trails, and are extended or abandoned as the voles change their feeding habits. Groups of adult voles using a system of runways seem to have no special relationship. Juveniles tend to stay near their mothers, but as they mature, they shift their ranges and are replaced by other individuals. Males wander more than females, and shift their ranges more often. No intolerance of other voles exists and, in laboratory cages, groups of voles lived together peaceably from the time they are placed together. Crowding does not seem to be harmful directly, therefore, and high densities will develop if food and cover resources permit.

As a prey item, the prairie vole proved to be an important part of the biota of the Reservation. It was eaten frequently by almost all of the larger vertebrate predators on the Reservation and was, seemingly, the most important food item of the long-eared owl. The ability of the prairie vole to maintain high levels of population over relatively broad areas enhances its value as a prey species.

LITERATURE CITED

ALBERTSON, F. W.

1937. Ecology of a mixed prairie in west-central Kansas. Ecol.
Monog., 7:481-547.

BAILEY, V.

1902. Synopsis of the North American species of _Sigmodon_. Proc.
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1924. Breeding, feeding and other life habits of meadow mice. Jour.
Agric. Res., 27:523-536.

BAKER, J. R., and R. M. RANSOM.

1932a. Factors affecting the breeding of the field mouse (_Microtus
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110:313-322.

1932b. Factors affecting the breeding of the field mouse (_Microtus
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112:39-46.

BLACK, T. D.

1937. Mammals of Kansas. Kansas State Board Agric., 13th Biennial
Rep., 1935-36:116-217.

BLAIR, W. F.

1939. Some observed effects of stream valley flooding on small
mammal populations in eastern Oklahoma. Jour. Mamm., 20:304-306.

1940. Home ranges and populations of the meadow vole in southern
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1941. Techniques for the study of small mammal populations. Jour.
Mamm., 22:148-157.

1948. Population density, life span and mortality rates of small
mammals in the bluegrass meadow and bluegrass field associations of
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BODENHEIMER, F. S., and F. SULMAN.

1946. The estrous cycle of _Microtus guentheri_ D. and A. and its
ecological implications. Ecol., 27:255-256.

BOLE, B. P., JR.

1939. The quadrat method of studying small mammal populations.
Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Publ., 5:1-77.

BROWN, H. L.

1946. Rodent activity in a mixed prairie near Hays, Kansas. Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci., 48:448-458.

BRUMWELL, M.

1951. An ecological survey of the Fort Leavenworth Military
Reservation. Amer. Midland Nat., 45:187-231.

BURT, W. H.

1943. Territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals.
Jour. Mamm., 24:346-352.

CALHOUN, J. B.

1945. Diel activity rhythms of the rodents _Microtus ochrogaster_
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CHITTY, D., and D. A. KEMPSON.

1949. Prebaiting of small mammals and a new design of a live trap.
Ecol., 30:536-542.

COCKRUM, E. L.

1947. Effectiveness of live traps vs. snap traps. Jour. Mamm.,
28:186.

1948. Distribution of the hispid cotton rat in Kansas. Trans.
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1952. Mammals of Kansas. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ.,
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DAVIS, D. H. S.

1933. Rhythmic activity in the short-tailed vole, _Microtus_. Jour.
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DICE, L. R.

1922. Some factors affecting the distribution of the prairie vole,
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EADIE, W. R.

1944. The short-tailed shrew and field mouse predation. Jour.
Mamm., 25:359-362.

1948. Shrew-mouse predation during low mouse abundance. Jour.
Mamm., 29:35-37.

1952. Shrew predation and vole populations on a limited area. Jour.
Mamm., 33:185-189.

1953. Response of _Microtus_ to vegetative cover. Jour. Mamm.,
34:262-264.

ELTON, C.

1949. Population interspersion. An essay in animal community
patterns. Jour. Ecol., 37:1-23.

ERRINGTON, P. R.

1935. Food habits of midwestern foxes. Jour. Mamm., 16:192-200.

1936. What is the meaning of predation? Smithsonian Inst. Rep.,
1936:243-252.

1943. An analysis of mink predation upon muskrat in north central
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1946. Predation and vertebrate populations. Quart. Rev. Biol.,
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ERRINGTON, P. L., F. HAMERSTROM, and F. N. HAMERSTROM, JR.

1940. The great horned owl and its prey in north central United
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Bull., 277:759-831.

FISHER, H. J.

1945. Notes on the voles in central Missouri. Jour. Mamm.,
26:435-437.

FITCH, H. S.

1948. A study of coyote relationships on cattle range. Jour.
Wildlife Mgmt., 12:73-78.

1950. A new style live trap for small mammals. Jour. Mamm.,
31:364-365.

1952. The University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. Univ.
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1954. Seasonal acceptance of bait by small mammals. Jour. Mamm.,
35:39-47.

FITCH, H. S., F. SWENSON, and D. F. TILLOTSON.

1946. Behavior and food habits of the red-tailed hawk. Condor,
48:205-237.

GOODPASTOR, W. W., and D. F. HOFFMEISTER.

1952. Notes on the mammals of eastern Tennessee. Jour. Mamm.,
33:362-371.

GUNDERSON, H. L.

1950. A study of some small mammal populations at Cedar Creek
Forest, Asoka County, Minnesota. Univ. Minnesota Mus. Nat. Hist.,
4:1-49.

HALL, E. R.

1926. Changes during growth in the skull of the rodent
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HALL, E. R., and E. L. COCKRUM.

1953. A synopsis of North American microtine rodents. Univ. Kansas,
Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., 5:373-498.

HAMILTON, W. J., JR.

1937a. Growth and life span of the field mouse. Amer. Nat.,
71:500-507.

1937b. The biology of microtine cycles. Jour. Agric. Res.,
54:779-790.

1937c. Activity and home range of the field mouse. Ecol.,
18:255-263.

1940. Life and habits of the field mouse. Sci. Monthly, 50:425-434.

1941. The reproduction of the field mouse, _Microtus
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1949. The reproductive rates of some small mammals. Jour. Mamm.,
30:257-260.

HATFIELD, D. M.

1935. A natural history of _Microtus californicus_. Jour. Mamm.,
16:261-271.

HATT, R. T.

1930. The biology of the voles of New York. Roosevelt Wildlife
Bull., 5:513-623.

HAYNE, D. M.

1949a. Two methods of estimating populations from trapping records.
Jour. Mamm., 30:399-411.

1949b. Calculation of the size of home range. Jour. Mamm., 30:1-18.

1950. Apparent home range of _Microtus_ in relation to distance
between traps. Jour. Mamm., 31:26-39.

HINTON, M. A. C.

1926. Monograph of the voles and lemmings (Microtinae) living and
extinct. British Museum of Nat. Hist., London, xvi + 488 pp. 15
pls.

HOPKINS, H. H., F. W. ALBERTSON, and D. A. RIEGEL.

1952. Ecology of grassland utilization in a mixed prairie. Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci., 55:395-418.

HOWARD, W. E.

1951. Relation between low temperature and available food to
survival of small rodents. Jour. Mamm., 32:300-312.

HOWELL, A. B.

1924. Individual and age variation in _Microtus montanus yosemite_.
Jour. Agric. Res., 28:977-1015.

JAMESON, E. W.

1947. Natural history of the prairie vole. Univ. Kansas, Mus. Nat.
Hist. Publ., 1:125-151.

1950. Determining fecundity in male small mammals. Jour. Mamm.,
31:433-436.

JOHNSON, M. S.

1926. Activity and distribution of certain wild mice in relation to
the biotic community. Jour. Mamm., 7:245-277.

KORSCHGEN, L. J.

1952. A general summary of the food of Missouri predatory and game
animals. Conserv. Comm., Div. Fish and Game, State of Missouri.
July, 1952. 61 pp.

LANTZ, D. E.

1907. An economic survey of the field mice (genus _Microtus_). USDA
Biol. Surv. Bull, 31:1-64.

LESLIE, P. H., and R. M. RANSOM.

1940. The mortality, fertility and rate of natural increase of the
vole (_Microtus agrestis_) as observed in the laboratory. Jour.
Animal Ecol., 9:27-52.

LLEWELLYN, L. M.

1950. Reduction of mortality in live-trapping mice. Jour. Wildlife
Mgmt., 14:84-85.

MCATEE, W. L.

1935. Food habits of common hawks. USDA Circ., 370:1-36.

MEYER, B. J., and R. K. MEYER.

1944. Growth and reproduction of the cotton rat, _Sigmodon hispidus
hispidus_, under laboratory conditions. Jour. Mamm., 25:107-129.

MOHR, C. O.

1943. A comparison of North American small mammal censuses. Amer.
Midland Nat., 29:545-587.

1947. Table of equivalent populations of North American small
mammals. Amer. Midland Nat., 37:223-249.

PHILLIPS, P.

1936. The distribution of rodents in overgrazed and normal
grassland in central Oklahoma. Ecol., 17:673-679.

POILEY, S. M.

1949. Raising captive meadow voles (_Microtus p. pennsylvanicus_).
Jour. Mamm., 30:317.

RINKER, G. C.

1942a. Litter records of some mammals of Meade County, Kansas.
Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 45:376-378.

1942b. An extension of the range of the Texas cotton rat in Kansas.
Jour. Mamm., 23:439.

SANDIDGE, L. L.

1953. Food and dens of the opossum (_Didelphis virginiana_) in
northeastern Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 56:97-106.

SELLE, R. M.

1928. _Microtus californicus_ in captivity. Jour. Mamm., 9:93-98.

SHAPIRO, J.

1950. Notes on the population dynamics of _Microtus_ and _Blarina_
with a record of albinism in _Blarina_. Jour. Wildlife Mgmt,
14:359-360.

STICKEL, L. F.

1946. Experimental analysis of methods of measuring small mammal
populations. Jour. Wildlife Mgmt., 10:150-159.

1948. The trap line as a measure of small mammal populations. Jour.
Wildlife Mgmt., 12:153-161.

STRECKER, J. K.

1929. Notes on the Texas cotton and Atwater wood rats. Jour. Mamm.,
10:216-220.

SUMMERHAYES, V. S.

1941. The effects of voles (_Microtus agrestis_) on vegetation.
Jour. Ecol., 29:14-48.

SVIHLA, A.

1929. Life history notes on _Sigmodon hispidus hispidus_. Jour.
Mamm., 10:352-353.

TOWNSEND, M. T.

1935. Studies on some small mammals of central New York. Roosevelt
Wildlife Annals, 4:1-120.

UHLER, F. M., C. COTTAM, and T. E. CLARKE.

1939. Food of the snakes of George Washington National Forest,
Virginia. Trans. 4th N. A. Wildlife Conf., 605-622.

WOOSTER, L. D.

1935. Notes on the effects of drought on animal populations in
western Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 38:351-352.

1936. The contents of owl pellets as indicators of habitat
preferences of small mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 39:395-397.

1939. An ecological evaluation of predatees on a mixed prairie area
in western Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 42:515-517.

_Transmitted May 19, 1955._

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History which meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing.

* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows:

Vol. 1.

Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.

Index. Pp. 605-638.

*Vol. 2.

(Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444,
140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.

Vol. 3.

*1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and
distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text.
June 12, 1951.

*2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By
George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29,
1951.

3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey.
Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.

4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery,
Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2
tables. October 10, 1951.

Index. Pp. 651-681.

*Vol. 4.

(Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41
plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.

Vol. 5.

1. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the Angels Peak
area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in text.
February 24, 1951.

2. Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas. By Rollin
H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951.

3. Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. By E. Raymond
Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32. February 28, 1951.

4. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier beach of
Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in
text. October 1, 1951.

5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some
North American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp.
49-58. October 1, 1951.

6. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico and
Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure in text. October
1, 1951.

7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and comments
on Microtus canicaudus Miller. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R.
Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951.

8. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from eastern Colorado. By
E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, 1951.

9. Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp.
87-117, 1 figure in text. November 28, 1951.

*10. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E. Raymond
Hall. Pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text. December 15, 1951.

11. A new pocket mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas. By E.
Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. December 15, 1951.

12. Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp.
207-218. December 15, 1951.

13. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from Wyoming and Colorado.
By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222. December 15, 1951.

14. A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp.
223-226. December 15, 1951.

15. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus Rhogeessa. By E.
Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, 1952.

16. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some
North American woodrats (Genus Neotoma). By Keith R. Kelson. Pp.
233-242. April 10, 1952.

17. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, Sciurus
aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250, 1 figure in text.
April 10, 1952.

18. Geographic range of Peromyscus melanophrys, with description of
new subspecies. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 251-258, 1 figure in text.
May 10, 1952.

19. A new chipmunk (Genus Eutamias) from the Black Hills. By John
A. White. Pp. 259-262. April 10, 1952.

20. A new pinon mouse (Peromyscus truei) from Durango, Mexico. By
Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 263-267. May 23, 1952.

21. An annotated checklist of Nebraskan bats. By Olin L. Webb and
J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 269-279. May 31, 1952.

22. Geographic variation in red-backed mice (Genus Clethrionomys)
of the southern Rocky Mountain region. By E. Lendell Cockrum and
Kenneth L. Fitch. Pp. 281-292, 1 figure in text. November 15, 1952.

23. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of North
American microtines. By E. Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp.
293-312. November 17, 1952.

24. The subspecific status of two Central American sloths. By E.
Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 313-317. November 21, 1952.

25. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some
North American marsupials, insectivores, and carnivores. By E.
Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 319-341. December 5, 1952.

26. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some
North American rodents. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp.
343-371. December 15, 1952.

27. A synopsis of the North American microtine rodents. By E.
Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 373-498, 149 figures in
text. January 15, 1953.

28. The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Coahuila, Mexico. By
Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 499-514, 1 figure in text. June 1, 1953.

29. Geographic distribution of the pocket mouse, Perognathus
fasciatus. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 515-526, 7 figures in text.
August 1, 1953.

30. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma mexicana) from Colorado.
By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 527-534, 2 figures in text. August 15,
1953.

31. Four new pocket gophers of the genus Cratogeomys from Jalisco,
Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 535-542. October 15, 1953.

32. Genera and subgenera of chipmunks. By John A. White. Pp.
543-561, 12 figures in text. December 1, 1953.

33. Taxonomy of the chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias
umbrinus. By John A. White. Pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text.
December 1, 1953.

34. Geographic distribution and taxonomy of the chipmunks of
Wyoming. By John A. White. Pp. 584-610, 3 figures in text. December
1, 1953.

35. The baculum of the chipmunks of western North America. By John
A. White. Pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text. December 1, 1953.

36. Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon,
Mexico. By James S. Findley. Pp. 633-639. December 1, 1953.

37. Seventeen species of bats recorded from Barro Colorado Island,
Panama Canal Zone. By E. Raymond Hall and William B. Jackson. Pp.
641-646. December 1, 1953.

Index. Pp. 647-676.

*Vol. 6.

(Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_. By Stephen
D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10,
1952.

Vol. 7.

*1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73 figures
in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.

2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas.
By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in
text. August 24, 1953.

3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin
H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954.

4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H.
Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21,
1954.

5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James
S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.

6. Distribution of some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr.
Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954.

7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus montanus, in
Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in
text. July 23, 1954.

8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern
California and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughn. Pp. 507-512. July 23,
1954.

9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By Terry A.
Vaughn. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15,
1954.

10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico. By
Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.

11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond
Hall. Pp. 587-590. November 15, 1954.

12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys
castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H.
Baker. Pp. 591-608. March 15, 1955.

13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from northeastern
Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955.

14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S.
Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.

15. Distribution and systematic position of the pigmy woodrat,
Neotoma goldmani. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. Pp.
619-624, 2 figs. in text. June 10, 1955.

Index. Pp. 625-651.

Vol. 8.

1. Life history and ecology of the five-lined skink, Eumeces
fasciatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-156, 2 pls., 26 figs. in text,
17 tables. September 1, 1954.

2. Myology and serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae, a
taxonomic study. By William B. Stallcup. Pp. 157-211, 23 figures in
text, 4 tables. November 15, 1954.

3. An ecological study of the collared lizard (Crotaphytus
collaris). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 213-274, 10 figures in text.
February 10, 1956.

4. A field study of the Kansas ant-eating frog, Gastrophryne
olivacea. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 275-306, 9 figures in text.
February 10, 1956.

5. Check-list of the birds of Kansas. By Harrison B. Tordoff. Pp.
307-359, 1 figure in text. March 10, 1956.

6. A population study of the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) in
Northeastern Kansas. By Edwin P. Martin. Pp. 361-416, 19 figures in
text. April 2, 1956.

More numbers will appear in volume 8.

Vol. 9.

1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp.
1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.

2. Additional records and extensions of ranges of mammals from
Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen.
Pp. 69-80. December 10, 1955.

3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern
Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84.
December 10, 1955.

More numbers will appear in volume 9.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

A Table of Contents has been added to this ebook for the reader's convenience.

Some words in this text are found in both hyphenated and non-hyphenated form (for instance: Condylo-basilar/condylobasilar, mid-winter/midwinter). These variations match the text of the original document. A few obvious punctuation errors have been repaired. Spelling has been retained as it appears in the original publication, except as follows:

p. 372, in "A more homogeneous vegetation would tend to pass" homogenous
has been changed to homogeneous.

p. 415, "1953. Foods, and dens of the opossum ..." has been changed to
"1953. Food and dens of the opossum ..."

In Fig. 11 the bottommost y-axis label in the scale of gms. is probably an error: 45 should be 35.

Some illustrations have been moved from their original locations to paragraph breaks, so as to be nearer to their corresponding text, and for ease of document navigation. References to scale in illustration captions are those of the original publication, and therefore do not correspond to the scale of the images in the HTML version of this ebook.

The list of University of Kansas Publications from the front of the original document has been joined to its mate at the end of this text.

Because the cover of the original document contained text exactly duplicated on the title page, this cover information has been omitted.