Chapter II: Part IV: , is devoted to miscellaneous subjects, and contains chapters on

the Bones; Joints; Tumors; Effects of Poisons; Medico-Legal Autopsies; On Embalming the Dead; and On the Preservation of Morbid Specimen.

A few illustrative cases have been introduced, and occasional reference made to morbid specimens in the Museum of the Hahnemann College.

The following works have been consulted in the preparation of the book, and as few references have been made, this general credit is felt to be due the several sources of information: Rokitansky’s, Craigie’s, Jones and Sievecking’s, and Green’s Pathological Anatomy; Rindfleish’s Pathological Histology; Paget’s Surgical Histology; Raue’s Pathology; Murchison, on the Liver; Hope, on the Heart; Brinton, on the Stomach; Stewart, on the Kidney; Gross’ Surgery; Christison on Poisons; Casper and Taylor’s Medical Jurisprudence.

Acknowledgment should here be made of the valuable assistance rendered by Drs. W. H. Bigler and John N. Mitchell, in carrying the work through the press; and of the kindness of Mr. J. H. Gemrig, in the loan of the electrotype plates which embellish the preliminary chapter.

Conscious that the work is not without defects, it is still presented to the profession, with the hope that it may be found to answer the purpose for which it was designed.

A. R. THOMAS,
_937 Spruce Street_.

MARCH, 1873.

CONTENTS.

PAGE. PREFACE, 15 INTRODUCTION, 17 PRELIMINARY CHAPTER. Instruments and General Directions, 21

PART I.
THE HEAD AND SPINE.

CHAPTER I.

THE OPERATION.
On the Head and Spine, 27

CHAPTER II.

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.
SECTION I.—OF THE SKULL, 34
Fracture; Caries; Thinning; Increased Thickness, 35
SECTION II.—THE MEMBRANES OF THE BRAIN.
1. _The Dura Mater_, 36
Inflammation; Thickening; Fibrinous Clots, 37
Tubercular Deposits; Tumors, 38
2. _Arachnoid and Pia Mater._
Pacchionian Bodies; Inflammation; Serous Effusions;
Sanguineous Effusions, 38
SECTION III.—OF THE BRAIN.
What to notice; Inflammation; Softening; Abscess;
Hardening; Hypertrophy; Atrophy; Tumors of the Brain;
Adenoid Tumors; Scrofulous Tumors; Adipose Tumors;
Cholesteroma; Cartilaginous Tumors; Calcareous Deposits;
Encysted Tumors; Blood Cysts; Cancer; Melanosis;
Syphilitic Tumors; Obstruction of Arteries; Degeneration
and Calcification of Arteries, 47
SECTION IV.—OF THE SPINAL CORD.
1. _The Membranes._
Inflammation; Tubercular Deposits; Serous Effusion, 60
2. _Spinal Marrow._
Inflammation; Softening; Hardening; Atrophy; Morbid
Growths, 62

PART II.
THE NECK AND CHEST.

CHAPTER I.

OPERATION ON THE NECK AND CHEST.

CHAPTER II.

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ORGANS.
SECTION I.—OF THE TONGUE.
Cancer; Syphilitic Ulcer; Tumors; Ranula; Hypertrophy, 68
SECTION II.—OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA.
Inflammation; Ulceration; Œdema; Necrosis of Cartilages;
Abscess; Tumors; False Membranes, 69
SECTION III.—OF THE PHARYNX AND ŒSOPHAGUS.
Inflammation; Ulceration; Stricture; Dilatation; Tumors, 72
SECTION IV.—OF THE PERICARDIUM.
Inflammation; Adhesions; Effusions; Morbid Growths, 73
SECTION V.—OF THE HEART.
1. _Inflammatory Affection._
Pericarditis; Endocarditis, 76
2. _Valvular Affection._
Thickening; Calcification; Atrophy, 77
3. _Changes Affecting Size._
Hypertrophy; Dilatation; Atrophy, 79
4. _Morbid Condition of the Walls._
Fatty Degeneration, 82
5. _Morbid Growths._
Tumors; Cancer; Melanosis; Hydatids; Ossification of
Coronary Arteries; Abscess; Malformations; Aneurism;
Rupture, 84
6. _Displacements._
Ectopia Cordis; Transposition, 87
7. _Contents of Cavities._
Heart Clots, 88
SECTION VI.—THE AORTA AND ARTERIES GENERALLY.
Inflammation; Fatty Degeneration; Ossification; Aneurism;
Rupture, 98
SECTION VII.—OF THE PLEURA.
Inflammation; Plastic Effusion; Adhesions; Serous
Effusion; Sero-Purulent Effusions; Pneumothorax, 103
SECTION VIII.—OF THE LUNGS AND BRONCHIAL TUBES.
Pneumonia; Congestion; Red Hepatization; Gray
Hepatization; Suppuration and Abscess; Metastatic
Abscess; Gangrene; Pulmonary Hæmorrhage; Pulmonary
Apoplexy; Emphysema, 106
_Tubercular Disease of the Lungs_, 117
_Post-mortem Appearances in_, 118
_Morbid Growths._
Cancer; Melanosis; Hydatids, 120
_The Bronchial Tubes._
Bronchitis; Narrowing of; Dilatation of, 123
_The Mediastinum._
Inflammation; Abscess; Tumors, 126

PART III.
THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS.

CHAPTER I.

THE OPERATION, 127

CHAPTER II.

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE PERITONEUM AND ALIMENTARY TRACT.
SECTION I.—OF THE PERITONEUM.
Congestion; Inflammation; Fibrinous Exudations;
Suppuration; Gangrene; Ascites; Morbid Growths, 133
SECTION II.—OF THE STOMACH.
Post-mortem Changes; Gastritis; Effects of Poisons;
Gastric Ulcer; Hæmorrhagic Erosion; Softening;
Cirrhosis; Atrophy; Dilatation; Morbid Growths, 137
SECTION III.—THE INTESTINES.
Malformations; Inflammation; Ulceration; Dilatation;
Contraction; Displacements; Incarceration; Volvulus;
Intussusception; Rupture; Ulcer and Fissure of the Anus;
Fistulæ; Hæmorrhoids; Morbid Growths; Parasites, 149
SECTION IV.—THE PANCREAS.
Anomalies; Hypertrophy and Atrophy; Inflammation; Fatty
Degeneration; Dilatation of Ducts; Cancer, 160
SECTION V.—THE SPLEEN.
Congenital Anomalies; Hypertrophy and Atrophy;
Displacements; Rupture; Inflammation; Thickening of
Capsule; Degeneration; Morbid Growths, 162
SECTION VI.—OF THE LIVER.
Normal state of; Congestion; Hæmorrhagic Effusion;
Perihepatitis; Scar-like Marks; Hepatitis; Secondary,
Pyæmic or Metastatic Abscess; Degenerations of the
Liver; Waxy, Lardaceous or Amyloid Liver; Atrophy;
Simple Atrophy; Acute or Yellow Atrophy; Chronic
Atrophy; Cirrhosis, or Hob-nail Liver; Hypertrophy;
Morbid Growths; Parasites, 165
_Affections of the Gall-Bladder and Ducts._
Inflammation; Dilatation; Morbid Growths; Biliary Calculi, 189

CHAPTER II.

THE URINARY APPARATUS.
SECTION I.—THE KIDNEYS.
Congenital Anomalies; Congestion; Hæmorrhage; Nephritis;
Pyelitis; Abscesses; Inflammation of Capsule; Morbus
Brightii; Fatty Degeneration; Dislocated Kidney; Morbid
Growths; Parasites, 193
_The Ureters._
Dilatation; Inflammation; Morbid Growths, 205
_The Suprarenal Capsules._
Inflammation and Degeneration; Hæmorrhage; Morbid Growths, 207
SECTION II.—THE URINARY BLADDER.
Malformations; Dilatation; Hypertrophy; Contraction;
Inflammation; Morbid Growths; Parasites, 208
_Of the Urethra._
Malformations; Inflammation; Dilatation and Contraction;
Stricture; Rupture; Morbid Growths; Urinary Calculi, 212

CHAPTER III.

THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
SECTION I.—THE PENIS.
Congenital Anomalies; Hypertrophy and Atrophy; Fracture;
Paraphymosis; Balanitis; Herpes; Chancres; Morbid
Growths, 215
SECTION II.—OF THE SCROTUM.
Hypertrophy; Inflammatory Œdema; Morbid Growths, 218
SECTION III.—OF THE TESTICLES.
Congenital Anomalies; Hypertrophy and Atrophy;
Inflammation; Hydrocele; Hæmotocele; Varicocele; Morbid
Growths, 219
SECTION IV.—THE SEMINAL VESICLES AND PROSTATE.
Congenital Anomalies; Inflammation; Tubercular Deposits, 226
_The Prostate Gland._
Anomalies; Hypertrophy and Atrophy; Inflammation; Abscess;
Morbid Growths, 226

CHAPTER IV.

THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
SECTION I.—THE PUDENDA AND VAGINA.
1. _The Pudenda._
Congenital Anomalies; Hypertrophy; Inflammation; Morbid
Growths, 230
2. _The Vagina._
Anomalies; Occlusion; Dilatation; Laceration and Rupture;
Inflammation; Morbid Growths, 230
SECTION II.—THE UTERUS.
Anomalies; Hypertrophy and Atrophy; Hydrometra;
Malpositions; Hæmorrhages; Peri- or Retro-Uterine
Hæmotocele; Inflammation; Ulceration; Morbid Growths, 235
_Morbid Conditions following Parturition._
Rupture; Puerperal Inflammation, 241
_Extra-Uterine Pregnancy_, 244
SECTION III.—THE OVARIES AND FALLOPIAN TUBES.
1. _The Ovaries._
Malformations; Inflammation; Abscess; Morbid Growths, 247
2. _The Fallopian Tubes._
Anomalies; Inflammation; Morbid Growths, 251
SECTION IV.—THE MAMMÆ.
Anomalies; Hypertrophy; Atrophy; Inflammation and Abscess;
Morbid Growths, 252
_The Male Mammæ_, 257

PART IV.
MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.

CHAPTER I.

OF THE PERIOSTEUM AND BONES.
SECTION I.—OF THE PERIOSTEUM.
Inflammation; Ulceration; Malignant Disease, 258
SECTION II.—OF THE BONES.
Inflammation and Abscess; Caries; Necrosis; Rachitis;
Mollities Ossium; Morbid Growths, 259
_The Medulla_, 267

CHAPTER II.

DISEASES OF THE JOINTS.
Malformations; Morbid Condition of Synovial Membranes;
Morbid Condition of Bursæ; Morbid Condition of
Cartilage; Ulceration of Cartilage; Chronic Rheumatic
Arthritis; Scrofulous Arthritis, 268
_Diseases of the Spinal Column_, 272

CHAPTER III.

OF TUMORS.
1. _Benign or Non-Malignant Tumors_, 274
2. _Malignant Tumors_, 286

CHAPTER IV.

POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES IN DEATH FROM UNNATURAL CAUSES.
1. _Death from Poisoning_, 294
2. _Death from Suffocation_, 300
3. _Death from Hanging or Strangling_, 301
4. _Death from Drowning_, 302

CHAPTER V.

MEDICO-LEGAL QUESTIONS.
1. _Method of Conducting a Medico-Legal Autopsy_, 304
2. _Questions Relating to New-Born Children_, 307
3. _Supposed Period of Death_, 312
4. _The Probable Cause of Death_, 317

CHAPTER VI.

ON EMBALMING THE DEAD, 320

CHAPTER VII.

PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS OF MORBID ANATOMY, 326