Chapter XV: Experimental Work in Physiology (2)

Hemorrhage (Gr. αἷμα, blood, and ῥήγνυμι, to burst). Bleeding, or the loss of blood.

Hepatic (Gr. ἧπαρ, the liver). Pertaining to the liver.

Herbivorous (Lat. _herba_, an herb, and _voro_, to devour). Applied to animals that subsist upon vegetable food.

Heredity. The predisposition or tendency derived from one’s ancestors to definite physiological actions.

Hiccough. A convulsive motion of some of the muscles used in breathing, accompanied by a shutting of the glottis.

Hilum, sometimes written Hilus. A small fissure, notch, or depression. A term applied to the concave part of the kidney.

Homogeneous (Gr. ὁμός, the same, and γένος, kind). Of the _same kind_ or quality throughout; uniform in nature,—the reverse of heterogeneous.

Humor. The transparent contents of the eyeball.

Hyaline (Gr. ὕαλος, glass). Glass-like, resembling glass in transparency.

Hydrogen. An elementary gaseous substance, which, in combination with oxygen, produces water.

Hydrophobia (Gr. ὕδωρ, water, and φοβέομαι, to fear). A disease caused by the bite of a rabid dog or other animal.

Hygiene (Gr. ὑγἰεια health). The art of preserving health and preventing disease.

Hyoid (Gr. letter υ, and εἰδος, form, resemblance). The bone at the root of the tongue, shaped like the Greek letter υ.

Hypermetropia (Gr. ὑπέρ over, beyond, μέτρον, measure, and ώ̓ψ, the eye). Far-sightedness.

Hypertrophy (Gr. ὑπέρ, over, and τροφή, nourishment). Excessive growth; thickening or enlargement of any part or organ.

Incisor (Lat. _incido_, to cut). Applied to the four front teeth of both jaws, which have sharp, cutting edges.

Incus. An anvil; the name of one of the bones of the middle ear.

Indian Hemp. The common name of _Cannabis Indica_, an intoxicating drug known as _hasheesh_ and by other names in Eastern countries.

Inferior Vena Cava. The chief vein of the lower part of the body.

Inflammation (Lat. prefix _in_ and _flammo_, to flame). A redness or swelling of any part of the body with heat and pain.

Insalivation (Lat. _in_ and _saliva_, the fluid of the mouth). The mingling of the saliva with the food during the act of chewing.

Inspiration (Lat. _inspiro, spiratum_, to breathe in). The act of drawing in the breath.

Intestine (Lat. _intus_, within). The part of the alimentary canal which is continuous with the lower end of the stomach; also called the bowels.

Iris (Lat. _iris_, the rainbow). The thin, muscular ring which lies between the cornea and crystalline lens, giving the eye its special color.

Jaundice (Fr. _jaunisse_, yellow). A disorder in which the skin and eyes assume a yellowish tint.

Katabolism (Gr. καταβάλλω, to throw down). The process by means of which the more complex elements are rendered more simple and less complex. The opposite of _anabolism_.

Labyrinth. The internal ear, so named from its many windings.

Lacrymal Apparatus (Lat. _lacryma_, a tear). The organs for forming and carrying away the tears.

Lacteals (Lat. _lac, lactis_, milk). The absorbent vessels of the small intestines.

Laryngoscope (Gr. λάρυγξ, larynx, and σκοπέω, to behold). An instrument consisting of a mirror held in the throat, and a reflector to throw light on it, by which the interior of the larynx is brought into view.

Larynx. The cartilaginous tube situated at the top of the windpipe.

Lens. Literally, a lentil; a piece of transparent glass or other substance so shaped as either to converge or disperse the rays of light.

Ligament (Lat. _ligo_, to bind). A strong, fibrous material binding bones or other solid parts together.

Ligature (Lat. _ligo_, to bind). A thread of some material used in tying a cut or injured artery.

Lobe. A round, projecting part of an organ, as of the liver, lungs, or brain.

Lymph (Lat. _lympha_, pure water). The watery fluid conveyed by the lymphatic vessels.

Lymphatic Vessels. A system of absorbent vessels.

Malleus. Literally, the mallet; one of the small bones of the middle ear.

Marrow. The soft, fatty substance contained in the cavities of bones.

Mastication (Lat. _mastico_, to chew). The act of cutting and grinding the food to pieces by means of the teeth.

Meatus (Lat. _meo_, _meatum_, to pass). A _passage_ or canal.

Medulla Oblongata. The “oblong marrow”; that portion of the brain which lies upon the basilar process of the occipital bone.

Meibomian. A term applied to the small glands between the conjunctiva and tarsal cartilages, discovered by _Meibomius_.

Membrana Tympani. Literally, the membrane of the drum; a delicate partition separating the outer from the middle ear; it is sometimes popularly called “the drum of the ear.”

Membrane. A thin layer of tissue serving to cover some part of the body.

Mesentery (Gr. μέσος, middle, and ἔντερον, the intestine). A duplicature of the peritoneum covering the small _intestine_, which occupies the _middle_ or center of the abdominal cavity.

Metabolism (Gr. μεταβολή, change). The _changes_ taking place in cells, whereby they become more complex and contain more force, or less complex and contain less force. The former is constructive metabolism, or _anabolism_; the latter, destructive metabolism, or _katabolism_.

Microbe (Gr. μικρός, little, and βίος, life). A microscopic organism, particularly applied to bacteria.

Microscope (Gr. μικρός, small, and σκοπέω, to look at). An optical instrument which assists in the examination of minute objects.

Molar (Lat. _mola_, a mill). The name applied to the three back teeth at each side of the jaw; the grinders, or mill-like teeth.

Molecule (dim. of Lat. _moles_, a mass). The smallest quantity into which the mass of any substance can physically be divided. A molecule may be chemically separated into two or more atoms.

Morphology (Gr. μόρφη, form, and λόγος, discourse). The study of the laws of form or structure in living beings.

Motor (Lat. _moveo_, _motum_, to move). The name of the nerves which conduct to the muscles the stimulus which causes them to contract.

Mucous Membrane. The thin layer of tissue which covers those internal cavities or passages which communicate with the external air.

Mucus. The glairy fluid secreted by mucous membranes.

Myopia (Gr. μύω, to shut, and ὤψ, the eye). A defect of vision dependent upon an eyeball that is too long, rendering distant objects indistinct; _near sight_.

Myosin (Gr. μῶς, muscle). Chief proteid substance of muscle.

Narcotic (Gr. ναρκάω, to benumb). A medicine which, in poisonous doses, produces stupor, convulsions, and sometimes death.

Nerve Cell. A minute round and ashen-gray cell found in the brain and other nervous centers.

Nerve Fiber. An exceedingly slender thread of nervous tissue.

Nicotine. The poisonous and stupefying oil extracted from tobacco.

Nostril (Anglo-Saxon _nosu_, nose, and _thyrl_, a hole). One of the two outer openings of the nose.

Nucleolus (dim. of _nucleus_). A little nucleus.

Nucleus (Lat. _nux_, a nut). A central part of any body, or that about which matter is collected. In anatomy, a cell within a cell.

Nutrition (Lat. _nutrio_, to nourish). The processes by which the nourishment of the body is accomplished.

Odontoid (Gr. ὀδούς, a tooth, εἶδσ, shape). The name of the bony peg of the second vertebra, around which the first turns.

Œsophagus. Literally, that which carries food. The tube leading from the throat to the stomach; the gullet.

Olecranon (Gr. ὠλένη, the elbow, and κρανίον, the top of the head). A curved eminence at the upper and back part of the ulna.

Olfactory (Lat. _olfacio_, to smell). Pertaining to the sense of smell.

Optic (Gr. ὀπτεύω, to see). Pertaining to the sense of sight.

Orbit (Lat. _orbis_, a circle). The bony socket or cavity in which the eyeball is situated.

Organ (Lat. _organum_, an instrument or implement). A portion of the body having some special function or duty.

Osmosis (Gr. ὠσμός, impulsion). Diffusion of liquids through membranes.

Ossa Innominata, pl. of Os Innominatum (Lat.). “Unnamed bones.” The irregular bones of the pelvis, unnamed on account of their non-resemblance to any known object.

Otoconia (Gr. οὖς, an ear, and κονία, dust). Minute crystals of lime in the vestibule of the ear; also known as _otoliths_.

Palate (Lat. _palatum_, the palate). The roof of the mouth, consisting of the hard and soft palate.

Palpitation (Lat. _palpitatio_, a frequent or throbbing motion). A violent and irregular beating of the heart.

Papilla. The small elevations found on the skin and mucous membranes.

Paralysis (Gr. παραλύω, to loosen; also, to disable). Loss of function, especially of motion or feeling. Palsy.

Parasite. A plant or animal that grows or lives on another.

Pelvis. Literally, a basin. The bony cavity at the lower part of the trunk.

Pepsin (Gr. πέπτω, to digest). The active principle of the gastric juice.

Pericardium (Gr. περί, about, and καρδία, heart). The sac enclosing the heart.

Periosteum (Gr. περί, around, ὀστέον, a bone). A delicate fibrous membrane which invests the bones.

Peristaltic Movements (Gr. περί, round, and στέλλω, to send). The slow, wave-like movements of the stomach and intestines.

Peritoneum (Gr. περιτείνω, to stretch around). The investing membrane of the stomach, intestines, and other abdominal organs.

Perspiration (Lat. _perspiro_, to breathe through). The sweat.

Petrous (Gr. πέτρα, a rock). The name of the hard portion of the temporal bone, in which are situated the drum of the ear and labyrinth.

Phalanges (Gr. φάλαγξ, a body of soldiers closely arranged in ranks and files). The bones of the fingers and toes.

Pharynx (Gr. φάρμγξ, the throat). The cavity between the back of the mouth and the gullet.

Physiology (Gr. φύσις, nature, and λόγος, a discourse). The science of the functions of living, organized beings.

Pia Mater (Lat.). Literally, the tender mother; the innermost of the three coverings of the brain. It is thin and delicate; hence the name.

Pinna (Lat. a feather or wing). External cartilaginous flap of the ear.

Plasma (Gr. πλάσσω, to mould). Anything formed or moulded. The liquid part of the blood.

Pleura (Gr. πλευρά, the side, also a rib). A membrane covering the lung, and lining the chest.

Pleurisy. An inflammation affecting the pleura.

Pneumogastric (Gr. πνεύμων, the lungs, and γαστήρ, the stomach). The chief nerve of respiration; also called the _vagus_, or wandering nerve.

Pneumonia. An inflammation affecting the air cells of the lungs.

Poison (Fr. _poison_). Any substance, which, when applied externally, or taken into the stomach or the blood, works such a change in the animal economy as to produce disease or death.

Pons Varolii. Bridge of Varolius. The white fibers which form a _bridge_ connecting the different parts of the brain, first described by _Varolius_.

Popliteal (Lat. _poples_, _poplitis_, the ham, the back part of the knee). The space _behind the knee joint_ is called the _popliteal_ space.

Portal Vein (Lat. _porta_, a gate). The venous trunk formed by the veins coming from the intestines. It carries the blood to the liver.

Presbyopia (Gr. πρέσβυς, old, and ὤψ, the eye). A defect of the accommodation of the eye, caused by the hardening of the crystalline lens; the “far sight” of adults and aged persons.

Process (Lat. _procedo_, _processus_, to proceed, to go forth). Any projection from a surface; also, a method of performance; a procedure.

Pronation (Lat. _pronus_, inclined forwards). The turning of the hand with the palm downwards.

Pronator. The group of muscles which turn the hand palm downwards.

Proteids (Gr. πρῶτος, first, and εἶδος, form). A general term for the albuminoid constitutents of the body.

Protoplasm (Gr. πρῶτος, first, and πλάσσω, to form). A _first-formed_ organized substance; primitive organic cell matter.

Pterygoid (Gr. πτέρων, a wing, and εἶδος, form, resemblance). Wing-like.

Ptomaine (Gr. πτῶμα, a dead body). One of a class of animal bases or alkaloids formed in the putrefaction of various kinds of albuminous matter.

Ptyalin (Gr. σίαλον, saliva). A ferment principle in _saliva_, having power to convert starch into sugar.

Pulse (Lat. _pello, pulsum_, to beat). The throbbing of an artery against the finger, occasioned by the contraction of the heart. Commonly felt at the _wrist_.

Pupil (Lat. _pupilla_). The central, round opening in the iris, through which light passes into the interior of the eye.

Pylorus (Gr. πυλουρός, a gatekeeper). The lower opening of the stomach, at the beginning of the small intestine.

Reflex (Lat. _reflexus_, turned back). The name given to involuntary movements produced by an excitation traveling along a sensory nerve to a center, where it is turned back or reflected along motor nerves.

Renal (Lat. _ren_, _renis_, the kidney). Pertaining to the _kidneys_.

Respiration (Lat. _respiro_, to breathe frequently). The function of breathing, comprising two acts,—_inspiration_, or breathing in, and _expiration_, or breathing out.

Retina (Lat. _rete_, a net). The innermost of the three tunics, or coats, of the eyeball, being an expansion of the optic nerve.

Rima Glottidis (Lat. _rima_, a chink or cleft). The _opening_ of the glottis.

Saccharine (Lat. _saccharum_, sugar). The group of food substances which embraces the different varieties of sugar, starch, and gum.

Saliva. The moisture, or fluids, of the mouth, secreted by the salivary glands; the spittle.

Sarcolemma (Gr. σάρξ, flesh, and λέμμα, a husk). The membrane which surrounds the contractile substance of a striped muscular fiber.

Sclerotic (Gr. σκληρός, hard). The tough, fibrous, outer coat of the eyeball.

Scurvy. Scorbutus,—a disease of the general system, having prominent skin symptoms.

Sebaceous (Lat. _sebum_, fat). Resembling fat; the name of the oily secretion by which the skin is kept flexible and soft.

Secretion (Lat. _secerno_, _secretum_, to separate). The process of separating from the blood some essential, important fluid; which fluid is also called a _secretion_.

Semicircular Canals. Three canals in the internal ear.

Sensation. The perception of an external impression by the nervous system.

Serum. The clear, watery fluid which separates from the clot of the blood.

Spasm (Gr. σπασμός, convulsion). A sudden, violent, and involuntary contraction of one or more muscles.

Special Sense. A sense by which we receive particular sensations, such as those of sight, hearing, taste, and smell.

Sputum, pi. Sputa (Lat. _spuo_, _sputum_, to _spit_). The matter which is coughed up from the air passages.

Stapes. Literally, a stirrup; one of the small bones of the middle ear.

Stimulant (Lat. _stimulo_, to prick or goad on). An agent which causes an increase of vital activity in the body or in any of its parts.

Striated (Lat. _strio_, to furnish with channels). Marked with fine lines.

Styptics (Gr. στυπτικός astringent). Substances used to produce a contraction or shrinking of living tissues.

Subclavian Vein (Lat. _sub_, under, and _clavis_, a key). The great vein bringing back the blood from the arm and side of the head; so called because it is situated underneath the _clavicle_, or collar bone.

Superior Vena Cava (Lat., upper hollow vein). The great vein of the upper part of the body.

Suture (Lat. _sutura_, a seam). The union of certain bones of the skull by the interlocking of jagged edges.

Sympathetic System of Nerves. A double chain of nervous ganglia, situated chiefly in front of, and on each side of, the spinal column.

Symptom (Gr. σύν, with, and πίπτω, to fall). A sign or token of disease.

Synovial (Gr. σύν, with, and ὠόν, an egg). The liquid which lubricates the joints; joint-oil. It resembles the white of a raw egg.

System. A number of different organs, of similar structures, distributed throughout the body and performing similar functions.

Systemic. Belonging to the system, or body, as a whole.

Systole (Gr. συστέλλω, to contract). The contraction of the heart, by which the blood is expelled from that organ.

Tactile (Lat. _tactus_, touch). Relating to the sense of touch.

Tartar. A hard crust which forms on the teeth, and is composed of salivary mucus, animal matter, and a compound of lime.

Temporal (Lat. _tempus_, time, and _tempora_, the temples). Pertaining to the temples; so called because the hair begins to turn white with age in that portion of the scalp.

Tendon (Lat. _tendo_, to stretch). The white, fibrous cord, or band, by which a muscle is attached to a bone; a sinew.

Tetanus (Gr. τείνω, to stretch). A disease marked by persistent contractions of all or some of the voluntary muscles; those of the jaw are sometimes solely affected; the disorder is then termed lockjaw.

Thorax (Gr. θώραξ, a breast-plate). The upper cavity of the trunk of the body, containing the lungs, heart, etc.; the chest.

Thyroid (Gr. εἶδος, a shield, and εἶ̓δος, form). The largest of the cartilages of the larynx: its projection in front is called “Adam’s Apple.”

Tissue. Any substance or texture in the body formed of various elements, such as cells, fibers, blood-vessels, etc., interwoven with each other.

Tobacco (Indian _tabaco_, the tube, or pipe, in which the Indians smoked the plant). A plant used for smoking and chewing, and in snuff.

Trachea (Gr. τραχύς, rough). The windpipe.

Tragus (Gr. τράγος, a goat). The eminence in front of the opening of the ear; sometimes hairy, like a goat’s beard.

Transfusion (Lat. _transfundo_, to pour from one vessel to another). The operation of injecting blood taken from one person into the veins of another.

Trichina Spiralis. (A twisted hair). A minute species of parasite, or worm, which infests the flesh of the hog: may be introduced into the human system by eating pork not thoroughly cooked.

Trochanter (Gr. τροχάω, to turn, to revolve). Name given to two projections on the upper extremities of the femur, which give attachment to the _rotator_ muscles of the thigh.

Trypsin. The ferment principle in pancreatic juice, which converts proteid material into peptones.

Tubercle (Lat. _tuber_, a bunch). A pimple, swelling, or tumor. A morbid product occurring in certain lung diseases.

Tuberosity (Lat. _tuber, tuberis_, a swelling). A protuberance.

Turbinated (Lat. _turbinatus_, from _turbo, turbinis_, a top). Formed like a _top_; a name given to the bones in the outer wall of the nasal fossæ.

Tympanum (Gr. τύμπανον, a drum). The cavity of the middle ear, resembling a drum in being closed by two membranes.

Umbilicus (Lat., the navel.) A round cicatrix or scar in the median line of the abdomen.

Urea (Lat. _urina_, urine). Chief solid constitutent of _urine_. Nitrogenous product of tissue decomposition.

Ureter (Gr. οὐρέω, to pass urine). The tube through which the _urine_ is conveyed from the kidneys to the bladder.

Uvula (Lat. _uva_, a grape). The small, pendulous body attached to the back part of the palate.

Vaccine Virus (Lat. _vacca_, a cow, and _virus_, poison). The material derived from heifers for the purpose of vaccination,—the great preventive of smallpox.

Valvulae Conniventes. A name given to transverse folds of the mucous membrane in the small intestine.

Varicose (Lat. _varix_, a dilated vein). A distended or enlarged vein.

Vascular (Lat. _vasculum_, a little vessel). Pertaining to or possessing blood or lymph vessels.

Vaso-motor (Lat. _vas_, a vessel, and _moveo, motum_, to move). Causing _motion_ to the _vessels_. Vaso-motor nerves cause contraction and relaxation of the blood-vessels.

Venæ Cavæ, pl. of Vena Cava. “Hollow veins.” A name given to the two great veins of the body which meet at the right auricle of the heart

Venous (Lat. _vena_, a vein). Pertaining to, or contained within, a vein. Ventilation. The introduction of fresh air into a room or building in such a manner as to keep the air within it in a pure condition.

Ventral (Lat. _venter, ventris_, the belly). Belonging to the abdominal or belly cavity.

Ventricles of the Heart. The two largest cavities of the heart.

Vermiform (Lat. _vermis_, a worm, and _forma_, form). Worm-shaped.

Vertebral Column (Lat. _vertebra_, a joint). The backbone; also called the spinal column and spine.

Vestibule. A portion of the internal ear, communicating with the semicircular canals and the cochlea, so called from its fancied resemblance to the vestibule, or porch, of a house.

Villi (Lat. _villus_, shaggy hair). Minute, thread-like projections upon the internal surface of the small intestine, giving it a velvety appearance.

Virus (Lat., poison). Foul matter of an ulcer; poison.

Vital Knot. A part of the medulla oblongata, the destruction of which causes instant death.

Vitreous (Lat. _vitrum_, glass). Having the appearance of glass; applied to the humor occupying the largest part of the cavity of the eyeball.

Vivisection (Lat. _vivus_, alive, and _seco_, to cut). The practice of operating upon living animals, for the purpose of studying some physiological process.

Vocal Cords. Two elastic bands or ridges situated in the larynx; the essential parts of the organ of voice.

Zygoma (Gr. ζυγώς, a yoke). The arch formed by the malar bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.

Index.

Absorption
from mouth and stomach
by the intestines
Accident and emergencies
Achilles, Tendon of
Air, made impure by breathing
Foul, effect of, on health
Alcohol, Effect of, on bones
Effect of, on muscles
Effect of, on muscular tissue
Effect of, on physical culture
Nature of
Effects of, on human system
and digestion
Effect of, on the stomach
and the gastric juice
Final results on digestion
Effects of, on the liver
Fatty degeneration due to
Effect of, on the circulation
Effect of, on the heart
Effect of, on the blood-vessels
Effect of, on the lungs
Other results of, on lungs
Effect of, on disease
Effect of, on kidneys
Alcohol
as cause of Bright’s disease
and the brain
How, injures the brain
Why brain suffers from
the enemy of brain work
Other physical results of
Diseases produced by
Mental and moral ruin by
Evil results of, inherited
Effect of, on taste
Effect of, on the eye
Effect of, on throat and voice
Alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic fermentation and Bacteria
Anabolism defined
Anatomy defined
Antidotes for poisons
Antiseptics
Apparatus, Question of
Arm, Upper
Arteries
Astigmatism
Asphyxia
Atlas and axis
Atmosphere, how made impure

Bacteria, Nature of
Bacteria, Struggle for existence of
Importance of, in Nature
Action of
Battle against
Baths and bathing
Bathing, Rules and precautions
Bicycling
Bile
Biology defined
Bladder
Bleeding, from stomach
from lungs
from nose
How to stop
Blood, Circulation of
Physical properties of
corpuscles
Coagulation of
General plan of circulation
Blood-vessels, Nervous control of
connected with heart
Effect of alcohol on
Injuries to
Bodies, living, Characters of
Body, General plan of
Bone, Chemical composition of
Physical properties of
Microscopic structure of
Bones, uses of, The
Kinds of
in infancy and childhood
positions at school
in after life
Broken
broken, Treatment for
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Breathing, Movements of
Breathing, Mechanism of
Varieties of
Nervous control of
change in the air
Air, made impure by
Brain, as a whole
Membranes of
as a reflex center
Effects of alcohol on
Brain center, Functions of, in perception of impressions
Bright’s disease caused by alcohol
Bronchial tubes
Burns or scalds

Capillaries Carbohydrates Carpus Cartilage Hyaline White fibro- Yellow fibro- Thyroid Arytenoid Cricoid Cells and the human organism Kinds of Vital properties of Epithelial Nerve Cerebrum Cerebellum Chemical compounds in the body Chloral Chyle Chyme Cilia of air passages Circulation General plan of Portal Pulmonic Systemic Effect of alcohol on Clavicle Cleanliness, Necessity for Clothing, Use of Material used for Suggestions for use of Effects of tight-fitting Miscellaneous hints on use of Catching, on fire Coagulation of blood Cocaine, ether, and chloroform Cochlea of ear Cocoa Coffee Colon Color-blindness Complemental air Compounds, Chemical Organic Condiments Conjunctiva Connective tissue Consonants Contagious diseases Contraction, Object of Contusions and bruises Convulsions Cooking Coughing Cornea Corpuscles, Blood Red Colorless Corti, Organ of Cranial Nerves Cranium, Bones of Crying Crystalline lens Cuticle Cutis vera, or true skin

Degeneration, Fatty, due to alcohol
Deglutition, or swallowing
Deodorants
Diet, Important articles of
Effect of occupation on
Too generous
Effect of climate on
Digestion, Purpose of
General plan of
in small intestines
in large intestines
Effect of alcohol on
Disease, Effect of alcoholics upon
Diseases, infectious and contagious, Management of
Care of
Hints on nursing
Disinfectants
Air and water as
How to use
Dislocations
Dogs, mad, Bites of
Drowning, Apparent
Methods of treating
Sylvester method
Marshall Hall method
Duct, Hepatic
Cystic
Common bile
Thoracic
Nasal
Duodenum
Dura mater

Ear, External
Middle
Bones of the
Internal
Practical hints on care of
Foreign bodies in
Eating, Practical points about
Eggs as food
Elements, Chemical, in the body
Epidermis, or cuticle
Epiglottis
Epithelium
Squamous
Columnar
Glandular
Ciliated
Epithelial tissues, Functions of
Erect position
Ethmoid bone
Eustachian tube
Excretion
Exercise, Physical
Importance of
Effect of, on muscles
Effect of, on important organs
Effect of, on personal appearance
Effect of excessive
Amount of, required
Time for
Physical, in school
Practical points about
Effect of alcohol and tobacco on
Experiments, Limitations of
Value of
Eye
Inner structure of
Compared to camera
Refractive media of
Movements of
Foreign bodies in
Practical hints on care of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Eyeball, Coats of
Eyelids and eyebrows
Eyesight in schools

Face Bones of the Fainting Fats and oils Femur Fibrin Fibula Fish as food Food and drink Food, why we need it Absorption of, by the blood Quantity of, as affected by age Kinds of, required Foods, Classification of Nitrogenous Proteid Saline or mineral Vegetable Proteid vegetable Non-proteid vegetable Non-proteid animal Table of Food materials, Table of Composition of Foot Foul air, Effect of, on health Frontal bone Frost bites Fruits as food

Gall bladder
Garden vegetables
Gastric glands
Gastric juice, Effect of alcohol on
Glands
Mesenteric
Lymphatic
Ductless
Thyroid
Thymus
Suprarenal
Lacrymal
Glottis

Hair Structure of Hair and nails, Care of Hall, Marshall, method for apparent drowning Hand Haversian canals Head and spine, how joined Head, Bones of Hearing, Sense of Mechanism of Effect of tobacco on Heart Valves of General plan of blood-vessels connected with Rhythmic action of Impulse and sounds of Nervous control of Effect of alcohol on Effect of tobacco on Heat, Animal Sources of Hiccough Hip bones Histology defined Humerus Hygiene defined Hyoid bone Hypermetropia

Ileum Injured, Prompt aid to Insalivation Intestine, Small Coats of small Large Intoxicants, Physical results of Iris of the eye

Jejunum
Joints
Imperfect
Perfect
Hinge
Ball-and-socket
Pivot

Katabolism defined
Kidneys
Structure of
Function of
Action if, how modified
Effect of alcohol on
Kidneys and skin

Lacrymal apparatus gland Lacteals Landmarks, Bony Muscular heart arteries Larynx Laughing Lens, Crystalline Levers in the body Life, The process of Ligaments Limbs, Upper Lower Liver Minute structure of Blood supply of Functions of Effect of alcohol on Lungs Minute structure of Capacity of Effect of alcohol on Bleeding from Lymph Lymphatics

Mad dogs, Bites of Malar bone Mastication Maxillary, Superior Inferior Meals, Hints about Meats as food Medulla oblongata Membrane, Synovial Serous Arachnoid Membranes, Brain Mesentery Metabolism defined Metacarpal bones Metatarsal bones Microscope, Use of Milk Mineral foods Morphology defined Motion in animals Mouth Movement, Mechanism of Muscles, Kinds of voluntary, Structure of involuntary, Structure of Arrangement of Important Effect of alcohol on Effect of tobacco on Review analysis of Rest for Muscular tissue, Effect of alcohol on Changes in Properties of activity contraction fatigue sense Myopia

Nails
Care of
Nasal bones
Nerve cells
fibers
cells and fibers, Function of
Nerves, Cranial
Spinal
Motor
Sensory
spinal, Functions of
Nervous system, General view of
compared to telegraph system
Divisions of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Nitrogenous foods.
Non-proteid vegetable foods
animal foods
Nose, Bleeding from
Foreign bodies in

Occipital bone Œsophagus Opium Poisonous effects of In patent medicines Victim of the, habit Organic compounds Outdoor games Oxidation

Pain, Sense of Palate bones Pancreas Pancreatic juice Parietal bones Patella Pepsin Pericardium Periosteum Peritoneum Phalanges Pharynx and œsophagus Physical exercise Physical education in school Physical exercises in school Physiology defined Study of what it should teach Main problems of, briefly stated. Physiological knowledge, Value of Pia mater Pneumogastric nerve Poisons Poisons, Table of Antidotes for Practical points about Poisoning, Treatment of Portal circulation Portal vein Presbyopia Pressure, Where to apply Proteids Proteid vegetable foods Protoplasm Pulmonary artery veins Pulmonary infection Pulse Pupil of the eye

Radius
Receptaculum chyli
Rectum
Reflex centers
in the brain
Reflex action, Importance of
Renal secretion
Residual air
Respiration, Nature and object of
Nervous control of
Effect of, on the blood
Effect of, on the air
Modified movements of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
artificial, Methods of
Rest, for the muscles
Need of
Benefits of
The Sabbath, a day of
of mind and body
Retina
Ribs and sternum

Saline or mineral foods Saliva Salt as food Salts, Inorganic, in the body Scalds or burns Scapula School, Physical education in Positions at School and physical education Secretion Semicircular canals Sensations, General Sensation, Conditions of Sense, Organs of Sense organ, The essentials of Serous membranes Sick-room, Arrangement of Ventilation of Hints for Rules for Sighing Sight, Sense of Skating, swimming, and rowing Skeleton Review analysis of Skeleton and manikin, Use of Skin, The regulating temperature Action of, how modified Absorbent powers of and the kidneys Skull Sutures of Sleep, a periodical rest Effect of, on bodily functions Amount of, required Practical rules about Smell Sense of Sneezing Snoring Sobbing Special senses Speech Sphenoid bone Spinal column Spinal cord Structure of Functions of conductor of impulses as a reflex center Spinal nerves Functions of Spleen Sprains and dislocations Stammering Starches and sugars Sternum Stomach Coats of Digestion in Effect of alcohol on Bleeding from Strabismus Stuttering Sunstroke Supplemental air Suprarenal capsules Sutures of skull Sweat glands Sweat, Nature of Sylvester method for apparent drowning Sympathetic system Functions of Synovial membrane sheaths and sacs

Taste, Organ of
Sense of
Taste, Physiological conditions of
Modifications of the sense
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Tea
Tear gland and tear passages
Tears
Technical terms defined
Teeth
Development of
Structure of
Proper care of
Hints about saving
Temperature, Regulation of bodily
Skin as a regulator of
Voluntary regulation of
Sense of
Temporal bones
Tendon of Achilles
Tendons
Thigh
Thoracic duct
Throat
Care of
Effect of alcohol on
Effect of tobacco on
Foreign bodies in
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland
Tibia
Tidal air
Tissue, White fibrous
Connective
Yellow elastic
Areolar
Adipose
Adenoid
Muscular
Tissues, Epithelial
Tissues, epithelial, Varieties of
Functions of
Connective
Tobacco, Effect of, on bones
Effect of, on muscles
Effect of, on physical culture
Effect of, on digestion
Effect of, on the heart
Effect of, on the lungs
Effect of, on the nervous system
Effect of, on the mind
Effect of, on the character
Effect of, on taste
Effect of, on hearing
Effect of, on throat and voice
Touch, Organ of
Sense of
Trachea
Trunk, Bones of
Tympanum, Cavity of

Ulna Urine

Valve, Mitral Valves of the heart Valves, Tricuspid Semilunar Vegetable foods Veins Ventilation Conditions of efficient of sick-room Vestibule of ear Vermiform appendix Vision, Common defects of Effect of tobacco on Vivisection and dissection Vocal cords Voice, Mechanism of Factors in the production of Care of Effect of alcohol on Effect of tobacco on Vowel sounds

Walking, jumping, and running Waste and repair Waste material, Nature of Waste products, Elimination of Water as food Whispering Wounds, Incised and lacerated

Yawning

Footnotes

[1] The Value of Physiological Knowledge. “If any one doubts the importance of an acquaintance with the fundamental principles of physiology as a means to complete living, let him look around and see how many men and women he can find in middle life, or later, who are thoroughly well. Occasionally only do we meet with an example of vigorous health continued to old age; hourly do we meet with examples of acute disorder, chronic ailment, general debility, premature decrepitude. Scarcely is there one to whom you put the question, who has not, in the course of his life, brought upon himself illness from which a little knowledge would have saved him. Here is a case of heart disease consequent on a rheumatic fever that followed a reckless exposure. There is a case of eyes spoiled for life by overstudy. “Not to dwell on the natural pain, the gloom, and the waste of time and money thus entailed, only consider how greatly ill health hinders the discharge of all duties,—makes business often impossible, and always more difficult; produces irritability fatal to the right management of children, puts the functions of citizenship out of the question, and makes amusement a bore. Is it not clear that the physical sins—partly our ancestors’ and partly our own—which produce this ill health deduct more from complete living than anything else, and to a great extent make life a failure and a burden, instead of a benefaction and a pleasure?”—Herbert Spencer.

[2] The word protoplasm must not be misunderstood to mean a substance of a definite chemical nature, or of an invariable morphological structure; it is applied to any part of a cell which shows the properties of life, and is therefore only a convenient abbreviation for the phrase “mass of living matter.”

[3] “Did we possess some optic aid which should overcome the grossness of our vision, so that we might watch the dance of atoms in the double process of making and unmaking in the living body, we should see the commonplace, lifeless things which are brought by the blood, and which we call food, caught up into and made part of the molecular whorls of the living muscle, linked together for a while in the intricate figures of the dance of life, giving and taking energy as they dance, and then we should see how, loosing hands, they slipped back into the blood as dead, inert, used-up matter.”—Michael Foster, Professor of Physiology in the University of Cambridge, England.

[4] “Our material frame is composed of innumerable atoms, and each separate and individual atom has its birth, life, and death, and then its removal from the ‘place of the living.’ Thus there is going on a continuous process of decay and death among the individual atoms which make up each tissue. Each tissue preserves its vitality for a limited space only, is then separated from the tissue of which it has formed a part, and is resolved into its inorganic elements, to be in due course eliminated from the body by the organs of excretion.”—Maclaren’s _Physical Education_.

[5] The periosteum is often of great practical importance to the surgeon. Instances are on record where bones have been removed, leaving the periosteum, within which the entire bone has grown again. The importance of this remarkable tissue is still farther illustrated by experiments upon the transplantation of this membrane in the different tissues of living animals, which has been followed by the formation of bone in these situations. Some years ago a famous surgeon in New York removed the whole lower jawbone from a young woman, leaving the periosteum and even retaining in position the teeth by a special apparatus. The entire jawbone grew again, and the teeth resumed their original places as it grew.

[6] The mechanism of this remarkable effect is clearly shown by an experiment which the late Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes used to take delight in performing in his anatomical lectures at the Harvard Medical College. He had a strong iron bar made into a ring of some eight inches in diameter, with a space left between the ends just large enough to be filled by an English walnut. The ring was then dropped to the floor so as to strike on the convexity just opposite to the walnut, which invariably was broken to pieces.

[7] For the treatment of accidents and emergencies which may occur with reference to the bones, see Chapter XIII.

[8] “Besides the danger connected with the use of alcoholic drinks which is common to them with other narcotic poisons, alcohol retards the growth of young cells and prevents their proper development. Now, the bodies of all animals are made up largely of cells, ... and the cells being the living part of the animal, it is especially important that they should not be injured or badly nourished while they are growing. So that alcohol in all its forms is particularly injurious to young persons, as it retards their growth, and stunts both body and mind. This is the theory of Dr. Lionel S. Beale, a celebrated microscopist and thinker, and is quite generally accepted.”—Dr. Roger S. Tracy, of the New York Board of Health.

[9] “In its action on the system nicotine is one of the most powerful poisons known. A drop of it in a concentrated form was found sufficient to kill a dog, and small birds perished at the approach of a tube containing it.”—Wood’s _Materia Medica_. “Tobacco appears to chiefly affect the heart and brain, and I have therefore placed it among cerebral and cardiac poisons.”—Taylor’s _Treatise on Poisons_.

[10] “Certain events occur in the brain; these give rise to other events, to changes which travel along certain bundles of fibers called nerves, and so reach certain muscles. Arrived at the muscles, these changes in the nerves, which physiologists call nervous impulses, induce changes in the muscles, by virtue of which these shorten contract, bring their ends together, and so, working upon bony levers, bend the arm or hand, or lift the weight.”—Professor Michael Foster.

[11] The synovial membranes are almost identical in structure with serous membranes (page 176), but the secretion is thicker and more like the white of egg.

[12] “Smoking among students or men training for contests is a mistake. It not only affects the wind, but relaxes the nerves in a way to make them less vigorous for the coming contest. It shows its results at once, and when the athlete is trying to do his best to win he will do well to avoid it.” Joseph Hamblen Sears, Harvard Coach, and Ex-Captain of the Harvard Football Team, Article in _In Sickness and in Health_.

[13] “There is no profession, there is no calling or occupation in which men can be engaged, there is no position in life, no state in which a man can be placed, in which a fairly developed frame will not be valuable to him; there are many of these, even the most purely and highly intellectual, in which it is essential to success—essential simply as a means, material, but none the less imperative, to enable the mind to do its work. Year by year, almost day by day, we see men (and women) falter and fail in the midst of their labors; ... and all for want of a little bodily stamina—a little bodily power and bodily capacity for the endurance of fatigue, or protracted unrest, or anxiety, or grief.”—Maclaren’s _Physical Education_.

[14] “One half the struggle of physical training has been won when a boy can be induced to take a genuine interest in his bodily condition,—to want to remedy its defects, and to pride himself on the purity of his skin, the firmness of his muscles, and the uprightness of his figure. Whether the young man chooses afterwards to use the gymnasium, to run, to row, to play ball, or to saw wood, for the purpose of improving his physical condition, matters little, provided he accomplishes that object.”—Dr. D. A. Sargent, Director of the Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard University.

[15] “It is _health_ rather than _strength_ that is the great requirement of modern men at modern occupations; it is not the power to travel great distances, carry great burdens, lift great weights, or overcome great material obstructions; it is simply that condition of body, and that amount of vital capacity, which shall enable each man in his place to pursue his calling, and work on in his working life, with the greatest amount of comfort to himself and usefulness to his fellowmen.”—Maclaren’s _Physical Education_.

[16] To this classification may be added what are called albuminoids, a group of bodies resembling proteids, but having in some respects a different nutritive value. Gelatine, such as is found in soups or table gelatine is a familiar example of the albuminoids. They are not found to any important extent in our raw foods, and do not therefore usually appear in the analyses of the composition of foods. The albuminoids closely resemble the proteids, but cannot be used like them to build up protoplasm.

[17] The amount of water in various tissues of the body is given by the following table in parts of 1000:

Solids. Liquids.
Enamel, 2 Blood, 791 Dentine, 100 Bile, 864
Bone, 486 Blood plasma, 901
Fat, 299 Chyle, 928
Cartilage, 550 Lymph, 958
Liver, 693 Serum, 959 Skin, 720 Gastric
juice, 973 Brain, 750 Tears, 982
Muscle, 757 Saliva, 995
Spleen, 758 Sweat, 995 Kidney, 827 Vitreous
humor, 987

[18] The work of some kinds of moulds may be apparent to the eye, as in the growths that form on old leather and stale bread and cheese. That of others goes on unseen, as when acids are formed in stewed fruits. Concerning the work of the different kinds of moulds. Troussart says: “_Mucor mucedo_ devours our preserves; _Ascophora mucedo_ turns our bread mouldy; _Molinia_ is nourished at the expense of our fruits; _Mucor herbarium_ destroys the herbarium of the botanist; and _Choetonium chartatum_ develops itself on paper, on the insides of books and on their bindings, when they come in contact with a damp wall.”—Troussart’s _Microbes, Ferments, and Moulds_.

[19] “The physiological wear of the organism is constantly being repaired by the blood; but in order to keep the great nutritive fluid from becoming impoverished, the matters which it is constantly losing must be supplied from some source out of the body, and this necessitates the ingestion of articles which are known as food.”—Flint’s _Text-book of Human Physiology_.

[20] Glands. Glands are organs of various shapes and sizes, whose special work it is to separate materials from the blood for further use in the body, the products being known as secretion and excretion. The means by which secretion and excretion are effected are, however, identical. The essential parts of a gland consist of a basement membrane, on one side of which are found actively growing cells, on the other is the blood current, flowing in exceedingly thin-walled vessels known as the capillaries. The cells are able to select from the blood whatever material they require and which they elaborate into the particular secretion. In Fig. 47 is illustrated, diagrammatically, the structure of a few typical secreting glands. The continuous line represents the basement membrane. The dotted line represents the position of the cells on one side of the basement membrane. The irregular lines show the position of the blood-vessels.

[21] Tablets and other material for Fehling and additional tests for sugar can be purchased at a drug store. The practical details of these and other tests which assume some knowledge of chemistry, should be learned from some manual on the subject.

[22] The Peritoneum. The intestines do not lie in a loose mass in the abdominal cavity. Lining the walls of this cavity, just as in a general way, a paper lines the walls of a room, is a delicate serous membrane, called the peritoneum. It envelops, in a greater or less degree, all the viscera in the cavity and forms folds by which they are connected with each other, or are attached to the posterior wall. Its arrangement is therefore very complicated. When the peritoneum comes in contact with the large intestine, it passes over it just as the paper of a room would pass over a gas pipe which ran along the surface of the wall, and in passing over it binds it down to the wall of the cavity. The small intestines are suspended from the back wall of the cavity by a double fold of the peritoneum, called the mesentery. The bowels are also protected from external cold by several folds of this membrane loaded with fat. This is known as the _great omentum_. The peritoneum, when in health, secretes only enough fluid to keep its surface lubricated so that the bowels may move freely and smoothly on each other and on the other viscera. In disease this fluid may increase in amount, and the abdominal cavity may become greatly distended. This is known as _ascites_ or dropsy.

[23] The human bile when fresh is generally of a bright golden red, sometimes of a greenish yellow color. It becomes quite green when kept, and is alkaline in reaction. When it has been omited it is distinctly yellow, because of its action on the gastric juice. The bile contains a great deal of coloring matter, and its chief ingiedients are two salts of soda, sodium taurocholate and glycocholate.

[24] Nansen emphasizes this point in his recently published work, _Farthest North_.

[25] We should make it a point not to omit a meal unless forced to do so. Children, and even adults, often have the habit of going to school or to work in a hurry, without eating any breakfast. There is almost sure to be a fainting, or “all-gone” feeling at the stomach before another mealtime. This habit is injurious, and sure to produce pernicious results.

[26] The teeth of children should be often examined by the dentist, especially from the beginning of the second dentition, at about the sixth year, until growth is completed. In infancy the mother should make it a part of her daily care of the child to secure perfect cleanliness of the teeth. The child thus trained will not, when old enough to rinse the mouth properly or to use the brush, feel comfortable after a meal until the teeth have been cleansed. The habit thus formed is almost sure to be continued through life.

[27] “If the amount of alcohol be increased, or the repetition become frequent, some part of it undergoes acid fermentation in the stomach, and acid eructations or vomitings occur. With these phenomena are associated catarrh of the stomach and liver with its characteristic symptoms,—loss of appetite, feeble digestion, sallowness, mental depression, and headache.”—James C. Wilson, Professor in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. “Man has recourse to alcohol, not for the minute quantity of energy which may be supplied by itself, but for its powerful influence on the distribution of the energy furnished by other things. That influence is a very complex one.”—Professor Michael Foster.

[28] “When constantly irritated by the direct action of alcoholic
drinks, the stomach gradually undergoes lasting structural changes.
Its vessels remain dilated and congested, its connective tissue
becomes excessive, its power of secreting gastric juice diminishes,
and its mucous secretions abnormally abundant.”—H. Newell Martin, late
Professor of Physiology in Johns Hopkins University.
“Chemical experiments have demonstrated that the action of alcohol
on the digestive fluids is to destroy its active principle, the
pepsin, thus confirming the observations of physiologists that its
use gives ride to the most serious disorders of the stomach and the
most malignant aberrations of the entire economy.”—Professor E. C.
Youmans, author of standard scientific works.
“The structural changes induced by habitual use of alcohol and the
action of this agent on the pepsin, seriously impair the digestive
power. Hence it is, that those who are habitual consumers of
alcoholic fluids suffer from disorders o digestion.”—Robert
Bartholow, recently Professor of Materia Medica in the University
of Pennsylvania.
“Alcohol in any appreciable quantity diminishes the solvent power
of the gastric fluid so as to interfere with the process of
digestion instead of aiding it.”—Professor W. B. Carpenter, the
eminent English physiologist.

[29] “Cirrhosis of the liver is notoriously frequent among drunkards, and is in fact almost, though not absolutely, confined to them.”—Robert T. Edes, formerly Professor of Materia Medica in Harvard Medical College. “Alcohol acts on the liver by producing enlargement of that organ, and a fat deposit, or ‘hob-nailed’ liver mentioned by the English writers.”—Professor W. B. Carpenter.

[30] Preparation of Artificial Gastric Juice. _(a)_ Take part of the
cardiac end of the pig’s stomach, which has been previously opened and
washed rapidly in cold water, and spread it, mucous surface upwards,
on the convex surface of an inverted capsule. Scrape the mucous
surface firmly with the back of a knife blade, and rub up the
scrapings in a mortar with fine sand. Add water, and rub up the whole
vigorously for some time, and filter. The filtrate is an artificial
gastric juice.
_(b)_ From the cardiac end of a pig’s stomach detach the mucous
membrane in shreds, dry them between folds of blotting-paper, place
them in a bottle, and cover them with strong glycerine for several
days. The glycerine dissolves the pepsin, and on filtering, a
glycerine extract with high digestive properties is obtained.
These artificial juices, when added to hydrochloric acid of the
proper strength, have high digestive powers.
Instead of _(a)_ or _(b)_ use the artificial pepsin prepared for
the market by the wholesale manufacturers of such goods.

[31] The cause of the clotting of blood is not yet fully understood. Although the process has been thoroughly investigated we have not yet a satisfactory explanation why the circulating blood does not clot in healthy blood-vessels. The ablest physiologists of our day do not, as formerly, regard the process as a so-called vital, but a purely chemical one.

[32] Serous Membranes.—The serous membranes form shut sacs, of which one portion is applied to the walls of the cavity which it lines; the other is reflected over the surface of the organ or organs contained in the cavity. The sac is completely closed, so that no communication exists between the serous cavity and the parts in its neighborhood. The various serous membranes are the _pleura_ which envelops the lungs; the _pericardium_ which surrounds the heart; the _peritoneum_ which invests the viscera of the abdomen, and the _arachnoid_ in the spinal canal and cranial cavity. In health the serous membranes secrete only sufficient fluid to lubricate and keep soft and smooth the opposing surfaces.

[33] A correct idea may be formed of the arrangement of the pericardium around the heart by recalling how a boy puts on and wears his toboggan cap. The pericardium encloses the heart exactly as this cap covers the boy’s head.

[34] “Alcohol taken in small and single doses, acts almost exclusively on the brain and the blood-vessels of the brain, whereas taken in large and repeated doses its chief effects are always nervous effects. The first effects of alcohol on the function of inhibition are to paralyze the controlling nerves, so that the blood-centers are dilated, and more blood is let into the brain. In consequence of this flushing of the brain, its nerve centers are asked to do more work.”—Dr. T. S. Clouston, Medical Superintendent of the Royal Asylum, Edinburgh. “Alcoholic drinks prevent the natural changes going on in the blood, and obstruct the nutritive and reparative functions.”—Professor E. L. Youmans, well-known scientist and author of _Class Book of Chemistry_.

[35] The word “cell” is not used in this connection in its technical signification of a histological unit of the body (sec. 12), but merely in its primary sense of a small cavity.

[36] “The student must guard himself against the idea that arterial blood contains no carbonic acid, and venous blood no oxygen. In passing through the lungs venous blood loses only a part of its carbonic acid; and arterial blood, in passing through the tissues, loses only a part of its oxygen. In blood, however venous, there is in health always some oxygen; and in even the brightest arterial blood there is actually more carbonic acid than oxygen.”—T. H. Huxley.

[37] “Consumption is a disease which can be taken from others, and is not simply caused by colds. A cold may make it easier to take the disease. It is usually caused by germs which enter the body with the air breathed. The matter which consumptives cough or spit up contains these germs in great numbers—frequently millions are discharged in a single day. This matter spit upon the floor, wall, or elsewhere is apt to dry, become pulverized, and float in the air as dust. The dust contains the germs, and thus they enter the body with the air breathed. The breath of a consumptive does not contain the germs and will not produce the disease. A well person catches the disease from a consumptive only by in some way taking in the matter coughed up by the consumptive.”—Extract from a circular issued by the Board of Health of New York City.

[38] “The lungs from the congested state of their vessels produced by alcohol are more subject to the influence of cold, the result being frequent attacks of bronchitis. It has been recognized of late years that there is a peculiar form of consumption of the lungs which is very rapidly fatal and found only in alcohol drinkers.”—Professor H. Newell Martin.

[39] “The relation to Bright’s Disease is not so clearly made out as is assumed by some writers, though I must confess to myself sharing the popular belief that alcohol is one among its most important factors.”—Robert T. Edes, M.D.

[40] Thus the fibers which pass out from the sacral plexus in the loins, and extend by means of the great sciatic nerve and its branches to the ends of the toes, may be more than a yard long.

[41] Remarkable instances are cited to illustrate the imperative demand for sleep. Gunner boys have been known to fall asleep during the height of a naval battle, owing to the fatigue occasioned by the arduous labor in carrying ammunition for the gunner. A case is reported of a captain of a British frigate who fell asleep and remained so for two hours beside one of the largest guns of his vessel, the gun being served vigorously all the time. Whole companies of men have been known to sleep while on the march during an arduous campaign. Cavalrymen and frontiersmen have slept soundly in the saddle during the exhausting campaigns against the Indians.