Chapter II: Appendix: List of Exports of Domestic Merchandise, year ending

June 30, 1885. Exported from the seven Customs Districts
of the Pacific, 39--List of Imports of Merchandise, year
ending June 30, 1885. Imported into the seven Customs
Districts of the Pacific 41

APPROXIMATE POPULATION IN THE YEAR 1887 OF THE WORLD 42

TOPOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY 43

Puget Sound, 44--Lake Washington, 44--West Washington and
East Washington, 45--Coeur d'Alene Mountains, 46--The
Great Plateau, 47--Coulées, 47--Columbia and Snake Rivers,
48.

ALTITUDES IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY 49

CLIMATE 49

The climate of Washington Territory, 49--Mild and equable,
51--Rainfall, 51--No blizzards or cyclones,
53--Differences between East and West Washington,
53--Chinook wind, 55.

SOILS 55

Soils all fertile, 55.

TABLE SHOWING THE MEANS OF THE DAILY MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 56

TABLE SHOWING THE AVERAGE PRECIPITATION AT STATIONS OF THE
SIGNAL SERVICE 57

A remarkable soil, 60.

NATURAL VEGETATION 61

Vast vegetation, 61--Deciduous trees, 62--Larch,
62--Extraordinary evergreen forests, 63--Douglas fir, or
Oregon pine, 63--The best of ship timber, 64--White cedar,
65--Beautiful house lumber, 65--Hemlock spruce,
65--Tanners wanted, 66--White pine, 66--Balsam fir,
66--Large supply of Canada Balsam, 67--The yew, 67--The
superior timber of Snoqualmie Valley, 67--Range for horses
and cattle, 69.

LUMBERING 69

Magnitude of the lumber business, 70--Vast extent of the
lumber market, 70--The great saw-mills, 71--Profits and
prices, 73.

AGRICULTURE 73

Clearing the land, 73--Demand for agricultural products,
74--Large crops, 74--Hop-growing on a large scale, 74--The
changed agricultural conditions of East Washington,
75--Irrigation in the Yakima Valley, 75--Varied crops,
77--The Great Plain, 77--Boundaries, 78--Early history,
78--Area and population, 79--Amazing wheat crops:
surpassing all other States, 79--Railroads overwhelmed
with freight, 80--Price of wheat and cost of production,
81--Also barley and oats, 83--The soil a natural
fertilizer, 84--Quality of the wheat, 84--The market in
England, China, and other Asiatic ports, 85--Astonishing
growth of vegetables, 85--Crops without rain, 86--West
(not East) Washington to be the great cattle country,
86--Tree-planting, 87.

LABOR 88

Good supply of labor, but more wanted, 88--Wages, 88.

THE GEOLOGY OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY 90

HISTORICAL AND STRUCTURAL 90

The Western Coast regions younger than the Rocky Mountains
and Appalachians, 91--An outlying Continent, 91--The rise
of the West Coast, 92--The rocks and minerals of the
Cascade Mountains, 93--The metamorphic rocks of doubtful
origin, 93--The coal beds, 94--The volcanic mountains and
their great activity, 95--The wonderful cañon of the
Columbia River, 96--The great sheets of basalt, 96--Origin
of the rich soil of East Washington, 97--The volcanoes not
wholly extinct, 98--Glacial drift, 98.

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 99

I. Coal 99

Thickness of the Coal Measures, 99--Fifteen workable
seams, 100--Different kinds of coal described, 100--The
chemical changes in coal beds, 101--Deficient
nomenclature, 102--Lignite an unsuitable name for the
coals of Washington Territory, 103--The coking quality not
general in these coals, but found in some, 104--Analyses
of Washington Territory coals, 106.

THE COLLIERIES 106

Authorities, 106.

ANALYSES OF REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY
COALS AND LIGNITES 107

The different mines, 108.

_a._ Carbon River Group 108

Anthracite, coking and gas coals, 108.

_b._ The Green River Group 110
The Common Point, equidistant between Tacoma and Seattle,
111--Franklin and Black Diamond mines, 112--The Kirke or
Moss Bay Company (English) mines, 112.

_c._ The Cedar River Group 117

Cedar River mines, 117--Talbot and Renton mines,
118--Newcastle Mine, 118--Cost of mining, 119--Large
production, 119--Misrepresentation, 120--Correction by Mr.
Whitworth, 122.

_d._ The Squak Creek, Raging River, and Snoqualmie Group 125

Gilman Mines, 125--Structure of Squak Mountain,
125--Peculiar advantages for mining possessed by the
Gilman Mines, 127--Seattle Coal and Iron Company,
127--Seven seams, 128--Details, 128--Good coal,
128--Another good coal seam, 128--And another, 129--Large
body of valuable coal, 131--Washington Mines, 132--Raging
River coals, 132--Details, 134--Snoqualmie Mountain Coal
Group, 136--Details, 136--Good coking coal, 136--Also good
coking coal, 138--Large and valuable bed, 138--Another
good bed, 139--Geological relations, 139--This the bottom
group, 140.

_e._ The Yakima and Wenatchie Group 140

Yakima or Roslyn coal field, 140--Coal on the Wenatchie,
141--Coal under the Great Bend country, 142.

_f._ Bellingham Bay, Skagit River, and other Coal Fields 142

The first mining on Bellingham Bay, 142--Coal on Skagit
River, 142--Coal south of Puget Sound, 144--Total
shipments of coal from Washington Territory, 144.

_g._ Coal Seams in British Columbia 145

Coal on Vancouver's Island, 145.

II. Iron Ore 146

The iron ores, 146--The great magnetic ore beds of Cascade
Mountains, 147--Resembles the Cranberry ore deposits,
147--Guye Mine on Mount Logan, 148--Denny Mine,
149--Chair Peak, or Kelly Mine, 149--Middle Fork Mines,
150--All easily reached from Seattle, Lake Shore and
Eastern Railway, 150--Cle-ellum ore beds, 150--Burch's ore
bed, 152--Dudley ore bed, 153--Undoubtedly large beds of
steel ores, 153--Of superior quality, 153.

ANALYSES OF SNOQUALMIE IRON ORES 154

Proved by analysis to be unsurpassed, if equaled, 155.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF STEEL ORES 155

Improved processes, 156.

III. Granite, Limestone and Marble 157

Granite, 157--Marble and Limestone, 158.

IV. The Precious and Base Metals 159

Precious metals on Cascade Mountains, 159--On Cle-ellum
River, 160--Large copper vein in Stevens County,
161--Precious metals on Methow River, 161--The rich mines
of Okanogan, 162--The mines in the Colville region,
164--The Old Dominion Mine, 165--The Daisy Mine,
165--Young America Company, 166--The Little Dalles,
166--Coeur d'Alene Mines, 167--The large tonnage from
and to the mines, 169.

SPECIAL REMARKS ON THE COUNTRY AND ITS RESOURCES ALONG THE LINE OF THE SEATTLE, LAKE SHORE AND EASTERN RAILWAY 171

SEATTLE 171

Commercial and manufacturing advantages, 171--Good
climate, 171--Good population, 172--High civilization,
172--Railroad lines, 173--The chief ship-building centre,
174--Seattle better located than San Francisco, 174.

THE TERMINAL PROPERTY OF THE SEATTLE, LAKE SHORE
AND EASTERN RAILWAY 175

Unrivalled terminal property, 175.

SUBURBAN INTERESTS 175

But two entrances by land, 175--Superiority of the
northern suburbs, 175--Factories of the future, 176--Ship
canal, 176.

TIMBER 176

Superiority of the timber on the Seattle, Lake Shore and
Eastern Railway, 177--The forests described, 178--Forests
of Raging River, 178--Forests near Hop Ranch,
179--Superior to the Long Leaf forests of the Southern
States and of the Mississippi Bottom, 180--Trees ten feet
in diameter, 180--Average nearly five feet in diameter and
250 feet high, 181--Lumber product per acre, 181.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 183

Agricultural freights, 183--Produce of Hop Ranch,
183--Farming, fruit and grazing lands, 185--Hops, barley
and beer, 186--The two great railroads, 187--The Great
Bend country, 187--Douglas County, 188--Lincoln County,
189--Spokane County, 189--Price of farming lands,
189--Tonnage, 190.

COAL 191

The Seattle railway passes five coal fields, 191--Largest
shipments from the Gilman Mines, 192--Superior mining
advantages of the Gilman Mines, 193--Mr. Whitworth's
testimony, 193--Cost of mining coal, 196--Cost at Gilman
Mines, 197--Prices of coal, 197.

IRON ORE 199

Handling the iron ores, 199--Furnace sites, 199--Salal
Prairie, 200--Charcoal cheaply produced, 200--Quantity of
charcoal to the ton of iron, 201--Bessemer ores commonly
distant from fuel, 202--High cost of Lake Superior ores,
203--Cost of producing ore in Pennsylvania, 203--Cost of
Bessemer-pig in Snoqualmie Valley, 203--Large market for
steel rails, 204.

THE OTHER MINERALS 204

Limestone, 204--Marble, granite, sandstones, slates,
204--Precious and base metals, 205--Okanogan, Colville and
Kootenai, 205--Coeur d'Alene, 206--Transportation lines
to the mining regions, 206.

CITIES AND TOWNS 209

The only competition is between Tacoma and Seattle,
209--Advantages of Seattle, 210--Towns of East Washington,
210--Spokane Falls and its fine prospects, 211--Mr. Paul
F. Mohr's article, 211--Sprague, Colfax, and Lewiston,
215--Notes on the Colfax country, 216--Lewiston,
217--Walla Walla, 217.

BRANCHES AND ROUTES FOR THE SEATTLE, LAKE SHORE
AND EASTERN RAILWAY 218

Railroad branches, 218--The Palouse country,
219--Arguments for the Palouse branch, 220--Manitoba
railroad, 220.

SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER, GIVING LATEST INFORMATION 222

Rapid growth of Seattle and Spokane Falls, 222--Change in
the location of the railroad, 222.

REPORT FROM F. H. WHITWORTH, ESQ., CIVIL AND MINING ENGINEER
ON SEATTLE, ETC. 223

Population of Seattle, 224--New manufacturing
establishments, 224--New steamers, 224--The iron company
at work, 225--Coking coals, 225--New discoveries of iron
ore, 227--Lumber business growing, 228--Population and
freights increasing, 228--Labor strike at Gilman Mine,
228--Gilman coal seams, 229--Progress of the West Coast
Railroad, 229--Resources of the country along the new line
across Cady's Pass, 230--Progress in building the road,
231--Cable Railway in Seattle, 231--Southern Pacific
Railroad supposed to be coming to Seattle Harbor, 231.

REPORT FROM E. A. ROUTHE, ESQ., CONCERNING SPOKANE
FALLS, ETC. 232

Growth of Spokane Falls, 232--Prodigious development of
the mining interest, 233.

REPORT FROM PAUL F. MOHR, ESQ., CONCERNING THE
CADY'S PASS AND WENATCHIE ROUTE 234

I. ENGINEERING FEATURES 234

Engineering details of the new route, 234.

II. RESOURCES 236

Mr. Mohr's account of the resources of the new route, 236