Chapter XV (3)

During the winter in Edinburgh the gayeties gave fresh offence. Knox declared that "the Queen had danced excessively till after midnight." And then he preached a sermon {287} on the "Vices of Princes," which was an open attack upon her uncles, the Guises in France. Mary sent for the preacher, and reproved him for disrespect in trying to make her an object of contempt and hatred to her people, adding, "I know that my uncles and ye are not of one religion, and therefore I do not blame you, albeit you have no good opinion of them." The General Assembly passed resolutions recommending that it be enacted by Parliament that "all papistical idolatry should be suppressed in the realm, not alone among the subjects, but in the Queen's own person." Mary, with her accustomed tact, replied, that she "was not yet persuaded in the Protestant religion, nor of the impiety in the Mass. But although she would not leave the religion wherein she had been nourished and brought up, neither would she press the conscience of any, and, on their part, they should not press her conscience."

We cannot wonder that Mary was revolted by the harshness of John Knox; nor can we wonder that he was alarmed. A fascinating queen, with a rare talent for diplomacy, and in personal touch with all the Catholic centres in Europe, was a {288} formidable menace to the Reformed Church in Scotland, and would in all probability have temporarily overthrown it, had not the course of events been unexpectedly arrested. Every Court in Europe was scheming for Mary's marriage. Proposals from Spain, France, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, and the Earl of Leicester in England were all considered. Mary's preference was for Don Carlos of Spain; but when this proved impossible, she made, suddenly, an unfortunate choice. Henry Stewart, who was Lord Darnley, the son of the Earl of Lennox, was, like herself, the great grandchild of Henry VII. That was a great point in eligibility, but the only one. He was a Catholic, three years younger than herself, good-looking, weak and vicious. The marriage was celebrated at Holyrood in 1565, and Mary bestowed upon her consort the title of king. This did not satisfy him. He demanded that the crown should be secured to him for life; and that if Mary died childless, his heirs should succeed. With such violence and insolence did Darnley press these demands, and so open were his debaucheries, that Mary was revolted and disgusted. Her chief {289} minister was an Italian named Rizzio, a man of insignificant, mean exterior, but astute and accomplished. There seems no reason to believe that Darnley was ever jealous of the Italian, but he believed that he was an obstacle to his ambitious designs and was using his influence with Mary to defeat them. He determined to remove him. While Rizzio and the Queen were in conversation in her cabinet, Darnley entered, seized and held Mary in his grasp, while his assassins dragged Rizzio into an adjoining room and stabbed him to death. Who can wonder that she left him, saying, "I shall be your wife no longer!" But after the birth of her infant, three months later, her feelings seem to have softened, and it looked like heroic devotion when she went to his bedside while he was recovering from small-pox, and had him tenderly removed to a house near Edinburgh, where she could visit him daily.

It will never be known whether Mary was cognizant of or, even worse, accessory to Darnley's murder, which occurred at midnight a few hours after she had left him, February 9, 1567.

{290}

Suspicion pointed at once to the Earl of Bothwell. The Court acquitted him, but public opinion did not. And it was Mary's marriage with this man which was her undoing. Innocent or guilty, the world will never forgive her for having married, three months after her husband's death, the man believed to be his murderer! Even her friends deserted her. A prisoner at Lochleven Castle, she was compelled to sign an act of abdication in favor of her son. A few of the Queen's adherents, the Hamiltons, Argyles, Setons, Livingstons, Flemings, and others gathered a small army in her support and aided her escape, which was quickly followed by a defeat in an engagement near Glasgow. Mary then resolved upon the step which led her by a long, dark, and dreary pathway to the scaffold. She crossed into England and threw herself upon the mercy of her cousin, Elizabeth.

Immediately upon the Queen's abdication her son, thirteen months old, was crowned James VI. of Scotland. There was a powerful minority which disapproved of all these proceedings; so now there was a Queen's party, a King's party, the latter, under the {291} regency of Moray, having the support of the Reformed clergy. These conditions promised a bitter and prolonged contest, which promise was fully realized; and not until 1573 was the party of the Queen subdued. During the minority of the King a new element had entered into the conflict. The Reformation in Scotland had, as we have seen, under the vigorous leadership of John Knox, assumed the Calvinistic type. In England, during the reign of Elizabeth, a more modified form had been adopted--an episcopacy, with a house of bishops, a liturgy, and a ritual. To the Scotch Reformers this was a compromise with the Church of Rome, no less abhorrent to them than papacy. The struggle resolved itself into one between the advocates of these rival forms of Protestantism, each striving to obtain ascendancy in the kingdom, and control of the King. Some of the most moderate of the Protestants approved of restoring the ecclesiastical estate which had disappeared from Parliament with the Reformation, and having a body of Protestant clergy to sit with the Lords and Commons. These questions, of such vital moment to the consciences of many, were to others merely a cloak for {292} personal ambitions and political intrigues. When James was seventeen years old, the method already so familiar in Scotland, was resorted to. In order to separate him from one set of villanous plotters, he was entrapped by another by an invitation to visit Ruthven Castle, where he found himself a prisoner, and when the plot failed, the Reformed clergy did its best to shield the perpetrators, who had acted with their knowledge and consent.

But James had already made his choice between the two forms of Protestantism, and the basis of his choice was the sacredness of the royal prerogative. A theology which conflicted with that, was not the one for his kingdom. He would have no religion in which presbyters and synods and laymen were asserting authority. The King, God's anointed, was the natural head of the Church, and should determine its policy. Such was the theory which even at this early time had become firmly lodged in the acute and narrow mind of the precocious youth, and which throughout his entire reign was the inspiration of his policy. In the proceedings following the "Ruthven Raid," as it is {293} called, he openly manifested his determination to introduce episcopacy into his kingdom.

So the conflict was now between the clergy and the Crown. The latter gained the first victory. Parliament, in 1584, affirmed the supreme authority of the King in all matters civil and religious. The act placed unprecedented powers in his hands, saying, "These powers by the gift of Heaven belong to his Majesty and to his successors." And so it was that in 1584 the current started which, after running its ruinous course, was to terminate in 1649 in the tragedy at Whitehall. There was a reaction from the first triumph of divine right, and in 1592 the Act of Royal Supremacy was repealed, and the General Assembly succeeded in obtaining parliamentary sanction for the authority of the presbytery.

The Roman Catholic Church, although no longer conspicuous in the arena of politics, was by no means extinguished in Scotland. Its stronghold was in the North, among the Highlands, where it is estimated that out of the 14,000 Catholics in the kingdom, 12,000 were still clinging with unabated ardor to the {294} old religion. It was this minority, with many powerful chiefs for its leaders, which looked to Mary as the possible restorer of the faith; and this was the nursery and the hatching-ground for all the plots with France or Spain which for twenty years were leading Mary step by step toward Fotheringay. Whether the copies of the compromising letters which convicted her of complicity in these plots would have stood the test of an impartial investigation to-day we cannot say; but we know that Mary's tarnished name was restored almost to lustre by the fortitude and dignity with which she bore her long captivity, and met the moment of her tragic release (1587). There is something in this story which has touched the universal heart, and the world still weeps over it. But we do not hear that it ever cost her son one pang. James was twenty years old when Elizabeth signed the fatal paper, and if he ever made an effort to save his mother or shed a single tear over her fate, history does not mention it. Perhaps it was in recognition of this, or it may have been in reward for his championship of episcopacy, that Elizabeth made James her heir and successor. Whatever {295} was the impelling motive, the protracted struggle between the two nations came to a strange ending; not the supremacy of an English king in Scotland, as had been so often attempted, but the reign of a Scottish king in England. Elizabeth died in 1603, leaving to the son of Mary her crown, and a few days later James arrived in London, was greeted by the shouts of his English subjects, and crowned James I., King of England, upon the Stone of Destiny.

The limits of this sketch do not permit more than the briefest mention of the period between the union of the crowns, and the legislative union, a century later, when the two kingdoms became actually one. Its chief features were the resistance to encroachments upon the polity and organization of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, the cruelty and oppressions used by Charles I. to enforce the use of the liturgy of the Church of England, the formation of the "National Covenant," a sacred bond by which the Covenanters solemnly pledged an eternal fidelity to their Church, the alliance between the Scotch Covenanters and English Puritans, and the consequences to Scotland {296} of the overthrow of the monarchy by Cromwell. Still later (1689) came the rising of the Highland chiefs and clans, the Jacobites, as the adherents of the Stuarts are called, an attempt by the Catholics in the North to bring about the restoration of the exiled King or his son, the Pretender.

Statesmen in England, and some in Scotland, believed there would be no peace until the two countries were organically joined. In the face of great opposition a treaty of union was ratified by the Scottish Parliament in 1707. The country was given a representation of forty-five members in the English House of Commons, and sixteen peers in the House of Lords, and it was provided that the Presbyterian Church should remain unchanged in worship, doctrine, and government "to the people of the land in all succeeding generations." With this final Act the Scottish Parliament passed out of existence.

The wisdom of this measure has been abundantly justified by the results--a growth in all that makes for material prosperity, a richer intellectual life, and peace. After centuries of anarchy and misrule and {297} aimless upheavals, Scotland had reached a haven. Her triumph has been a moral and an intellectual triumph, not political. In intellectual splendor her people may challenge the world, and in moral elevation and in righteousness they will find few peers. But candor compels the admission that Scotland has no more than Ireland proved herself capable of maintaining a separate nationality. Without the excuse of her sister island, never the victim of a foreign conquest, left to herself, with her own kings and government for nearly a thousand years, what do we see? A brave, spirited, warlike race with a passion for liberty dominated and actually effaced by vicious kings, intriguing regents, and a corrupt nobility; only once, under Wallace and Bruce, rising to heroic proportions, and then to throw off a foreign yoke and under leaders who were both of Norman extraction.

Never once were her native oppressors checked or awed; never once did an outraged people unite under a great political leader; and only one sovereign after Bruce (James I.) can be said to have had great kingly qualities. What are we to conclude? {298} Are we not compelled to believe that Scotland reached her highest destiny when she was joined to England, and when she bestowed her leaven of righteousness and her moral strength and the genius of her sons, and received in exchange the political protection of her great neighbor?

{299}

SOVEREIGNS AND RULERS OF ENGLAND.

ANGLO-SAXON LINE Reign began
A.D.

Egbert ........................................... 800
Ethelwulf ........................................ 836
Ethelbald ........................................ 857
Ethelbert ........................................ 860
Ethelred ......................................... 866
Alfred ........................................... 871
Edward the Elder ................................. 901
Athelstan ........................................ 925
Edmund ........................................... 940
Edred ............................................ 946
Edwy ............................................. 955
Edgar ............................................ 957
Edward the Martyr ................................ 975
Ethelred the Unready ............................. 978
Edmund Ironside .................................. 1016

DANISH LINE

Canute ........................................... 1017
Harold I ......................................... 1030
Hardi Canute ..................................... 1039

SAXON LINE

Edward the Confessor ............................. 1041
Harold II ........................................ 1066

{300}

NORMAN LINE

William I ........................................ 1066
William II ....................................... 1087
Henry I .......................................... 1100
Stephen .......................................... 1135

PLANTAGENET LINE

Henry II ......................................... 1154
Richard I ........................................ 1189
John ............................................. 1199
Henry III ........................................ 1216
Edward I ......................................... 1272
Edward II ........................................ 1307
Edward III ....................................... 1327
Richard II ....................................... 1377

HOUSE OF LANCASTER

Henry IV ......................................... 1399
Henry V .......................................... 1413
Henry VI ......................................... 1422

HOUSE OF YORK

Edward IV ........................................ 1461
Edward V ......................................... 1483
Richard III ...................................... 1483

HOUSE OF TUDOR

Henry VII ........................................ 1485
Henry VIII ....................................... 1509
Edward VI ........................................ 1547
Mary ............................................. 1553
Elizabeth ........................................ 1558

STUART LINE

James I .......................................... 1603
Charles I ........................................ 1625

THE COMMONWEALTH

1649-1660

{301}

STUART LINE

Charles II ....................................... 1660
James II ......................................... 1685

HOUSE OF ORANGE

William and Mary ................................. 1688

STUART LINE

Anne ............................................. 1702

BRUNSWICK LINE

George I ......................................... 1714
George II ........................................ 1727
George III ....................................... 1760
George IV ........................................ 1820
William IV ....................................... 1830
Victoria ......................................... 1837
Edward VII ....................................... 1901

BEGINNING OF SCOTTISH KINGDOM UNDER KENNETH MACALPINE,
AFTER UNION OF PICTS AND SCOTS

Began to Reign
A.D.

Kenneth II ....................................... 836
Union with the Picts ............................. 843
Donald V ......................................... 854
Constantine II ................................... 858
Ethus ............................................ 874
Gregory .......................................... 875
Donald VI ........................................ 892
Constantine III .................................. 903
Malcolm I ........................................ 943
Indulfus ......................................... 952
Duff ............................................. 961

{302}

Culenus .......................................... 966
Kenneth III ...................................... 970
Constantine IV ................................... 994
Grimus ........................................... 996
Malcolm II ....................................... 1004
Duncan I ......................................... 1034
Macbeth .......................................... 1040
Malcolm III ...................................... 1057
Donald VII ....................................... 1093
Duncan II ........................................ 1094
Edgar ............................................ 1098
Alexander I ...................................... 1107
David I .......................................... 1124
Malcolm IV ....................................... 1153
William .......................................... 1165
Alexander II ..................................... 1214
Alexander III .................................... 1249

INTERREGNUM

John Baliol ...................................... 1293
Robert I (Bruce) ................................. 1306
David II ......................................... 1330
Edward Baliol .................................... 1332
Robert II ........................................ 1370
Robert III ....................................... 1390

INTERREGNUM

HOUSE OF STUART

James I .......................................... 1424
James II ......................................... 1437
James III ........................................ 1460
James IV ......................................... 1489
James V .......................................... 1514
Mary Stuart ...................................... 1544
Mary and }
Henry Stuart } jointly .......................... 1565
James VI ......................................... 1567

{303}

INDEX.

ENGLAND

Abelard, 53
Act of Supremacy, 84
Addison, 135
Agincourt, 65
Agricola, 13
Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg, 159, 171
Alfred, King, 27, 40
Anglo-Saxons, 15-20, 22, 39
Anne Boleyn, 75, 77
Anne, of Cleves, 78
Anne, Queen of England, 131, 135
Anselm, 38
Antoninus, 14
Aquitaine, 65
Army Plot, 116
Arthur, King, 16
Arthur, Prince 48
Atlantic Cable, 169

Bacon, Francis, 95, 100
Bacon, Roger, 53
Baeda, 27
Balaklava, Battle of, 163
Bank of England, 130
Bannockburn, Battle of, 56
Basques, 10
Bayeux Tapestry, 33
Bedford, Duke of, 65
Bible, 101
Bill of Rights, 127
Black Death, 58
Black Prince, 58
Blenheim, Battle of, 133
Boadicea, 11
Bosworth, Battle of, 71
Bothwell, 93
Boyne, Battle of, 127
Bright, John, 160, 171
British Association, 27
Britons, 10, 14, 20
Bruce, Robert, 56
Bruno, 86
Buddha, 193
Buller, General, 185
Bunker Hill, 148
Bunyan, 124
Burke, 145, 149
Burney, Frances, 153
Burns, 153
Byron, 154

Cade, Jack, 66
Caedmon, 26
Caesar, 11
Calais, 81
Calcutta, Black Hole of, 140
Calvin, 84
Canada, 140, 143
Canning, 149
Canterbury, 25, 45
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 44
Canute, 31
Cape of Good Hope, 172
Caroline, of Brunswick, 156
Caroline, Queen, 138
Catharine de Medici, 91
Catholicism, Roman Church, 25, 63, 74-79, 83, 99, 123
Cavaliers, 123, 137
Cawnpore, Massacre at, 166
Caxton, 71
Cerdic, 19-22
Charles I, 102, 118
Charles II, 121, 123
Charles V, 74
Charles VII, 65
Charlotte, Princess, 156
Chaucer, 60
Christianity, 18, 23, 26
Chronicle, 149
Church of England, 76, 83
Churchill, John, 132
Circuits, 45
Clarence, Duke, 62
Claudius, 11
Clive, 140
Cobden, Richard, 160
Coleridge, 149, 153
Colonies, The Thirteen, 145
Commonwealth, 119
Conservatives, 137, 157
Constance, of Brittany, 48
Cook, Captain, 143
Cornwallis, Lord, 148
Court of Appeals, 45
Cowper, 153
Crecy, Battle of, 57
Crimean War, 162
Cromlechs, 9
Cromwell, Oliver, 117, 119
Cromwell, Thomas, 77
Cronje, General, 185-191
Crusades, 42, 47
Culloden Moor, 139

Daguerre, 169
Danes, 30
Darnley, Lord, 93
Defoe, 135
De Wet, 189
Dickens, 170
Disraeli (Lord Beaconsfield), 160, 171
Domesday Book, 36
Drake, Sir Francis, 94
Dufferin, 187
Duncan, 31
Dutch East India Co., 172

East India Co., 89, 140, 149, 173
Edict of Nantes, 173
Education Bill, 195
Edward "the Confessor," 32
Edward I, 54
Edward II, 56
Edward III, 56, 62, 66
Edward IV, 68
Edward V, 70
Edward VI, 78, 79
Edward VII, 191
Edward, of York, 67
Edward, Prince of Wales, 68
Edwin, 26
Egbert, 23
Elizabeth, 80, 82
Erasmus, 71
Escurial, 86
Exeter, Duke of, 69
Exposition, 169

Fawkes, Guy, 99
Feudalism, 34, 66, 69
Fielding, 135
Flodden Field, 91
Florida, Cession of, 141
Fox, 145, 148, 149
Franchise, 184
Francis I, 74
Frith-Gilds, 40
Fulton, 154

Gage, General, 147
Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 43
Geoffrey, Prince, 48
George I, Elector of Hanover, 135, 138
George II, 138
George III, 143, 146, 151
George IV, 155
George, Prince of Denmark, 134
Gilds, 40
Gladstone, 171
Godwin, 32
Goldsmith, 153
Grand Alliance, 131, 132
Grand Lama, 193
Great Britain, 101
Great Trek, 175
Gregory, Pope, 24
Grey, Lady Jane, 79
Guise, House of, 92, 102, 123
Guise, Mary, 91
Gunpowder Plot, 99

Habeas Corpus, 123, 124
Hadrian, 14
Hampden, John, 106, 112, 116
Hanover, House of, 135
Harold, 32, 33, 38
Hastings (Senlac), Battle of, 33
Hastings, Warren, 149
Havelock, General, 167
Hengest, 22
Henrietta, of France, 103
Henry I, 42
Henry II, 44
Henry III, 51
Henry IV, 63
Henry V, 64
Henry VI, 68
Henry VII, 71
Henry VIII, 73-79
Henry Tudor, 71
High Commission Court, 115
Hinterland, 176
Horsa, 22
House of Commons, 54, 63, 87, 119, 156
Howard, John, 153
Howard, Katharine, 78
Huguenots, 89, 173, 186
Hundred Years' War, 65

Iberians, 10
India, 140, 143, 164, 168
India, Viceroy of, 192-193
Ireland, 154, 159, 194

Jackson, General Andrew, 151
James I, of England, 96, 99, 102
James II, 123, 125
James IV, of Scotland, 90
James V, of Scotland, 91
James VI, of Scotland, 94
Jameson Raid, 182, 183
Jamestown, Virginia, 99
Jeffries, Chief Justice, 124
Jew, 36, 51, 53, 55
Joan of Arc, 65
John, Prince, 46
John of Gaunt, 62
Johnson, 153
Joubert, General, 185
Jutes, 22

Kaffir, 188
Katharine, Princess of Aragon, 73
Katharine, Princess, 65
Kelt, 20
Keltic-Aryans, 9
Keltic-Britons, 13, 55
Keltic-Gauls, 13
King's Court, 42, 45
Knox, John, 94
Kruger, Paul Stephanus, 177

Lancaster, Duke of, 62
Lancaster, House of, 62, 67, 71
Laud, Archbishop, 103, 111, 115
Leicester, Earl of, 95
Lexington, Battle of, 148
Lhassa, 193
Liberals, 137, 157
Lionel of York, 67
Lollards, 64
London, 11, 12, 35
Long Parliament, 114-120
Louis XIV, 126
Loyalists, 114
Luther, 74

Magna Charta, 49
Margaret, Princess, 90
Marlborough, Lord, 132
Mary Stuart, 81, 89, 96
Mary Tudor, 80
Massachusetts Charter, 107, 147
Massacre of St. Bartholomew's, 89
Matilda, 43
Mayflower, 98
Merchant Co., 89, 140
Metabeli, 178
Methodism, 141
Milner, Sir Alfred, 184
Milton, 124
Monopolies, 112
Montcalm, 140
More, Sir Thomas, 73, 95
Mortimer, 56
Motley, John, 186

Napoleon Bonaparte, 150
Naseby, Battle of, 117
Natal, 178
Netherlands, 186
New England, 98
Newton, 124
Nightingale, Florence, 164
Nonconformists, 195
Normandy, 42
North, Lord, 148
Northmen, 30

O'Connell, Daniel, 155
Opus Maius, 53
Orange Free State, 175, 179
Orleans, Battle of, 65
Ouck, Kingdom of, 165
Oxford, 52, 54, 59, 71

Parliament, 54, 62, 69, 88, 105
Parr, Katharine, 78
Peel, Sir Robert, 155
Petition of Right, 106, 127
Philip II, of Spain, 80, 85
Picts, 13, 14, 23
Pitt, William, 142, 145
Plantagenet, 44, 58
Plymouth, 99
Popular Sovereignty, 196
Presbyterianism, 114
Pretender, 131, 137
Pretender, the Young, 139
Protectorate, 119
Protestantism, 76, 83, 103, 121
Puritans, 84, 98, 104, 124
Pym, 104, 114, 116

Quebec, Battle of, 144

Railway, 154
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 89, 101
Reform Act, 156
Reformation, 75, 83
Rhodes, Cecil, 183
Richard I, "Coeur de Lion," 47
Richard II, 58
Richard, Duke of York, 62, 67, 70
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, 70
Robert, Prince, 42
Roberts, General, 185
Robsart, Amy, 95
Romans, 11-16
Roundheads, 123, 137
Royalists, 113
Royal Society, 27
Russia, 160

Salisbury Plain, 10, 37
Scotland, 55, 90, 114
Scots, 13, 14
Scott, 153
Sepoy Rebellion, 165
Seven Years' War, 139
Severus, 14
Seymour, Jane, 78
Shelley, 154
Sheridan, 149, 153
Ship Money, 112, 146
Sidney, Sir Philip, 86
Simon de Montfort, 54
Solway Moss, 91
South Sea Bubble, 138
Southey, 153
Spanish Armada, 94
Spectator, 135
Spenser, 86
Stamp Act, 145
Star Chamber, 110, 115, 120
Statute of Heresy, 63
St. Bartholomew's Eve, 89
Steane, 135
Steele, 135
Stephen, King, 43
Stephenson, George, 154
Stonehenge, 10, 35
Strafford, Earl, 110, 114
Stuart, Charles Edward, 139
Stuart, House of, 91, 97, 123, 125, 139
Suez Canal, 171
Supremacy, Oath of, 155
Suzerainty, 180, 184
Sweyn, 31
Swift, 135
Sydenham Palace, 169

Tax on Tea, 146
Tennyson, 169
Thackeray, 169
Thomas a Becket, 44
Three Years' War, 189
Tibet, 192
Times, 149
Tory, 125, 132, 136, 146
Transvaal Republic, 178, 179, 180, 182
Tudor, House of, 71
Tyler, Wat, 58

Uitlanders, 182
United States, 149, 150

Victor, Prince, 187
Victoria, Accession of, 159
Virginia, Colonization of, 89

Wales, 55
Wales, Prince of, 55
Walpole, Horace, 153
Walpole, Robert, 136, 138
War of 1812 with United States, 150
Wars of the Roses, 62, 67
Warwick, Earl of, 66, 67
Washington, George, 148
Waterloo, 150
Watt, James, 150
Wellington, Duke of, 150, 154
Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 110
Wesley, John, 141
Westminster Abbey, 55
Whig, 125, 132, 136
White Ship, 43
Wickliffe, 59, 64
Wilberforce, 158
William the Conqueror, 32
William, Prince of Orange, 125, 128, 130, 137
William Rufus, 41
William IV, 156, 159
Witenagemot, 29
Wolfe, 140
Wolsey, Chancellor, 74

Yangtse Valley, 194
York, House of, 68
York, Princess Elizabeth of, 71

SCOTLAND

Aberdeen, University of, 297
Act of Royal Supremacy, 293
Agricola, 249
Albany, Duke of, 273, 274, 280
Alexander III, 258
Angles, 251
Annandale, Earl of, 264
Argyle, 251
Assembly, General, The, 287
Ayr, 268

Baliol, 258, 259, 262
Bannockburn, 268
Beaton, Cardinal, 283
Beaufort, Lady Jane, 276
Berwick, 268, 269
Birnam, 254
Boece, 252, 279
Bothwell, Earl of, 290
Boyds, 278
Bruce, 258, 262-271, 276, 296
Bruce, Marjory, 272
Bruis, Robert de, 261

Canmore, 254
Catholic Church, 267, 287, 293, 296
Comyn, 266
Covenanters, 295
Crichtons, 277, 278
Cromwell, 296

Danes, 251
Darnley, 288
David I, King, 258, 264
David II, 271
Donegal, 250
Douglas, Earl of, 273, 278, 280
Duncan, 251, 254
Dundee, 262
Dunsinnane, 254

Edgar the Atheling, 255
Edward I of England, 258, 261
Edward III of England, 271
Elizabeth, Queen, 285, 290, 295

Falkirk, 262
Fergus, 250, 252
Flodden, 287

Glasgow, 262, 279, 290
Grampians, 260
Guise, Mary of, 282, 284

Henry II of England, 257
Henry IV, 273, 274
Henry V, 277
Henry VII, 280
Henry VIII, 280, 282
Henryson, 279
Holyrood, 280, 288

Iona, Monastery at, 250

Jacobites, 297
James, Prince, 273, 274
James I, 276, 277
James II, 278
James III, 278, 280
James IV, 280
James V, 282
James VI, 290
James I of England, 295
John I, 259-261

Knox, John, 284, 286

Lamberton, Bishop of, 266
Lennox, Earl of, 288
Lionel, Prince, 272
Livingston, 278, 284
Lochleven Castle, 290
Lothian, 251
Luther, 282

Macbeth, 252, 254
Maid of Norway, 258
Malcolm II, 251
Malcolm III, 254, 256
M'Alpin, Kenneth, 251
Margaret, 255
Margaret, Princess, 280
Mary, Princess, 282
Moray, 291

National Covenanters, 295
Normans, 256, 296

Parliament, Scottish, 260, 269, 279, 283, 291, 296
Pembroke, Earl of, 268
Picts, 249, 251
Presbyterian Church, 293, 296
Pretender, The, 296
Protestantism, 286
Puritans, 295

Reformation, 282, 291
Reformed Church, 281, 285, 288, 291
Richard I, 257
Rizzio, 289
Robert II, 272
Robert III, 273
Rothesay, 273, 274
Ruthven Raid, 292

Scone, 251, 254, 259, 274
Scots, 249
Solway Moss, 283
St. Andrew's University, 279
St. Columba, 250
St. Nimian, 250
Steward, High, of Scotland, 272
Stewart, Robert, 272
Stirling, 262, 268, 275
Stone of Destiny, 250, 261, 295
Stuart, Mary, 283, 286, 288, 295
Stuarts, 272, 276, 296

Tay, River, 251
Tweed, 251, 281

William the Lion, 257
William Wallace, 261, 265, 296
Wishart, 284

IRELAND

Act of Settlement, 221
Act of Uniformity, 210
Act of Union, 238, 241
Ard Reagh, 201
Armagh, 214

Bard, 202
Bowes, Lord Chancellor, 226
Boyne, Battle of, 223
Brefny, Lord of, 204
Brehon Law, 202, 205
Brehons, 202
Brian Boru, 204

Caesair, Lady, 199
Catholic Church, 210, 221-227, 233, 239-241, 244
Cavendish, Lord Frederick, 245
Celts, 201
Charles I, 213, 215
Charles II, 216, 218-221, 228
Christianity, 202-203
Church of England, 213
Clan, 201
Connaught, 201, 212, 216
Crecy, 208
Cromlechs, 201
Cromwell, 216
Crosby, Sir Francis, 212
Curran, Sarah, 239

Danes, 204, 205
Declaration of Rights, 234
Dermot, 204
Desmond, House of, 207, 211, 212
Desmond Rebellion, 211
Dillon, 242
Dublin, 205, 209

Edward III, 208
Elizabeth, Queen, 210
Emmet, Robert, 239
Enniskillen, 222
Eric, 202
Erin, 200

Famine in Ireland, 241
Fenians, 244
Fenius, 200
Fitzgerald, 237
Flood, Henry, 232, 237

Gael, 199
Gaelic, 200
Geraldines, 207, 209, 237
Geraldine League, 211
Ginkel, 223
Gladstone, 244, 245
Godfrey, Sir Edward Bery, 219
Grattan, Henry, 232, 237
Great Rebellion, The, of 1690, 224

Heber, 199, 200
Henry II, 204-206
Henry VII, 209
Henry VIII, 209
Heremon, 200
Hibernia, 200
Home Rule, 244
Home Rule Act, 245

Irish Parliament, 209, 213, 221, 234, 235, 238

James II, 221-222

Kildare, Earl of, 210
Kildare, House of, 207, 212
Kilkenny, Statutes of, 208, 210, 232

Laud, Archbishop, 213, 215
Leinster, 201, 204
Liberals, 244
Limerick, 223
Limerick, Articles of, 223
Locke, 230
London, 210
Londonderry, 222
Long Parliament, 214
Louis XIV, 222

Meagher, 242, 247
Meath, 201, 227
Milesius, 199
Mitchell, 242
Molyneux, William, 230, 234
Mountjoy, 213
Mullaghmast, 212
Munster, 201, 212

National Land League, 244
Nemehd, 199
New Land Act, 246
Normans, 206, 209

Oates, Titus, 219
O'Brien, 204, 206
O'Brien, Smith, 242
O'Connell, Daniel, 240
O'Connells, 206
O'Moore, Clan of, 212
O'Neill, Shane the Proud, 211
O'Neills, 206, 209, 210
Ormond, House of, 207, 219, 221

Palatines, 206
Pale, Lords of the, 207, 209, 214
Parnell, Charles, 244
Penal Code, 225
Picts, 200
Pitt, 237
Plunkett, Dr., 220
Popish Plot, 221
Poyning, Sir Edward, 209
Poynings Act, 209, 210, 221, 224, 235
Presbyterians, 214
Protestantism, 210, 214, 215, 219-227, 232

Reformation, 210
Rinucini, 216
Robinson, Chief-Justice, 226
Roman Christianity, 203
Rome, 202
Rory O'Moore, 212

Saarsfield, 223
Scota, 199
Scots, 200
Sept, 201
Shinar, 199
Society of United Irishmen, 236
St. Patrick, 202, 203
Strafford, 213, 215
Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, 204
Swift, Dean, 231

Tanistry, Law of, 202, 211
Tara in Meath, 201, 204
Thomond, 226
Tone, Wolfe, 236
Tyrone, Earl of, 210, 213, 214

Ulster, 201, 210, 212, 213

Viking, 204

White Boys, 236
William of Orange, 222-225
Wolsey, 209

Young Ireland, 241