Chapter XLI: Appendix: I

Text size

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF POPES AND EMPERORS

----------+--------------------------+--------------------------+----------
Year of | | |Year of
Accession.| Popes. | Emperors. |Accession.
----------+--------------------------+--------------------------+----------
A. D. | | | A. D.
468 |Simplicius |Romulus Augustulus | 475
483 |Felix III |Anastasius I[1] | 491
492 |Gelasius I | |
496 |Anastasius II | |
498 |Symmachus | |
498 |Laurentius (Anti-pope) | |
514 |Hormisdas | |
| |Justin I | 518
523 |John I | |
526 |Felix IV | |
| |JUSTINIAN[2] | 527
530 |Boniface II | |
530 |Dioscorus (Anti-pope) | |
532 |John II | |
535 |Agapetus I | |
536 |Silverius | |
537 |Vigilius | |
555 |Pelagius I | |
560 |John III | |
| |Justin II | 565
574 |Benedict I | |
578 |Pelagius II |Tiberius II | 578
| |Maurice | 582
590 |GREGORY I (THE GREAT)[2] | |
| |Phocas | 602
604 |Sabinianus | |
607 |Boniface III | |
607 |Boniface IV | |
| |HERACLIUS | 610
615 |Deusdedit | |
618 |Boniface V | |
625 |Honorius I | |
638 |Severinus | |
640 |John IV | |
| |Constantine III } |
| |Heracleonas, } | 641
| |Constans II } |
642 |Theodorus I | |
649 |Martin I | |
654 |Eugenius I | |
657 |Vitalianus | |
| |Constantine IV (Pogonatus)| 668
672 |Adeodatus | |
676 |Domnus I | |
678 |Agatho | |
682 |Leo II | |
683? |Benedict II | |
685 |John V |Justinian II | 685
685? |Conon | |
687 |Sergius I | |
687 |Paschal (Anti-pope) | |
687 |Theodorus (Anti-pope) | |
| |Leontius | 694
| |Tiberius Apsimar | 697
701 |John VI | |
705 |John VII |Justinian II restored | 705
708 |Sisinnius | |
708 |Constantine | |
| |Philippicus Bardanes | 711
| |Anastasius II | 713
715 |Gregory II | |
| |Theodosius III | 716
| |LEO III (THE ISAURIAN) | 718
731 |Gregory III | |
741 |Zacharias |Constantine V (Copronymus)| 741
752 |Stephen II | |
752 |Stephen III | |
757 |Paul I | |
768 |Stephen IV | |
772 |Hadrian I | |
| |Leo IV | 775
| |Constantine VI | 780
795 |LEO III |Deposition of |
| | Constantine VI by Irene | 797
| |CHARLEMAGNE }Carlovingian| 800
| | }Line. |
| |Lewis I } |
| | (the Pious)} | 814
816 |Stephen IV | } |
817 |Paschal I | } |
824 |Eugenius | } |
827 |Valentinus | } |
827 |Gregory IV | } |
| |Lothair I } | 840
844 |Sergius II | } |
847 |Leo IV | } |
855 |Benedict III |Lewis II } | 855
855 |Anastasius (Anti-pope) | } |
858 |NICHOLAS I | } |
867 |Hadrian II | } |
872 |John VIII | } |
| |Charles II } |
| | (the Bald) } | 875
| |Charles III } |
| | (the Fat) } | 881
882 |Martin II | |
884 |Hadrian III | |
885 |Stephen V | |
891 |Formosus |Guido }[3] Italians| 891
| |Lambert } | 894
896 |Boniface VI |Arnulf, German | 896
896 |Steven VI | |
897 |Romanus | |
897 |Theodore II | |
898 |John IX | |
900 |Benedict IV | |
| |Lewis III (of Provence) | 901
903 |Leo V | |
903 |Christopher | |
904 |Sergius III | |
911 |Anastasius III | |
913 |Lando | |
914 |John X | |
| |Berengar, Italian | 915
928 |Leo VI | |
929 |Stephen VII | |
931 |John XI | |
936 |Leo VII | |
939 |Stephen VIII | |
941 |Martin III | |
946 |Agapetus II | |
955 |John XII | |
| |OTTO THE GREAT }Saxon | 962
963 |Leo VIII | }Line. |
964 |Benedict V (Anti-pope?) | } |
965 |John XIII | } |
972 |Benedict VI | } |
| |Otto II } | 973
974 |Boniface VII (Anti-pope?) | } |
974 |Domnus II | } |
974 |Benedict VII | } |
983 |John XIV | Otto III } | 983
985 |John XV | |
996 |Gregory V | |
996 |John XVI (Anti-pope) | |
999 |SILVESTER II | |
| |Henry II (of Bavaria) | 1002
1003 |John XVII | |
1003 |John XVIII | |
1009 |Sergius IV | |
1012 |Benedict VIII | |
1024 |John XIX |Conrad II }Franconian | 1024
1033 |Benedict IX | }Line. |
| |HENRY III } | 1039
1044 |Silvester (Anti-pope) | } |
1045? |Gregory VI | } |
1046 |Clement II | } |
1048 |Damasus II | } |
1048 |Leo IX | } |
1054 |Victor II | } |
| |HENRY IV } | 1056
1057 |Stephen IX | } |
1058 |Benedict X | } |
1059 |Nicholas II | } |
1061 |Alexander II | } |
1073 |GREGORY VII (Hildebrand) | } |
1080 |Clement (Anti-pope) | } |
1086 |Victor III | } |
1087 |Urban II | } |
1099 |Paschal II | } |
| |Henry V } | 1106
1118 |Gelasius II | |
1118 |Gregory (Anti-pope) | |
1119 |Calixtus II | |
1121 |Celestine (Anti-pope) | |
1124 |Honorius II | |
| |Lothair II (the Saxon) | 1125
1130 |Innocent II | |
|(Anacletus, Anti-pope) | |
| | Hohenstaufen|
1138 |Victor (Anti-pope) |[Conrad III][4] }Line.| 1138
1143 |Celestine II | } |
1144 |Lucius II | } |
1145 |Eugenius III | } |
| |FREDERICK I } | 1152
| | (BARBAROSSA) } |
1153 |Anastasius IV | } |
1154 |Hadrian IV | } |
1159 |ALEXANDER III | } |
1159 |Victor (Anti-pope) | } |
1164 |Paschal (Anti-pope) | } |
1168 |Calixtus (Anti-pope) | } |
1181 |Lucius III | } |
1185 |Urban III | } |
1187 |Gregory VIII | } |
1187 |Clement III | } |
| |HENRY VI } | 1190
1191 |Celestine III | {[Philip] } | 1198
1198 |INNOCENT III | {Otto IV of Brunswick |
| |Otto IV | 1208
| |FREDERICK II }Hohenstaufen| 1212
1216 |Honorius III | } Line.|
1227 |GREGORY IX | } |
1241 |Celestine IV | } |
1241 |Vacancy | } |
1243 |Innocent IV | } |
| |[Conrad IV]} } | 1250
| |[William] } |
1254 |Alexander IV |Interregnum | 1254
| |[Richard, Earl of } |
| | Cornwall] } |
| |[Alfonso, King of } |
| | Castile] } | 1257
1261 |Urban IV | |
1265 |Clement IV | |
1269 |Vacancy | |
1271 |Gregory X | |
| |[Rudolf I (of Hapsburg)] | 1272
1276 |Innocent V | |
1276 |Hadrian V | |
1276 |John XXI[5] | |
1277 |Nicholas III | |
1281 |Martin IV | |
1285 |Honorius IV | |
1289 |Nicholas IV | |
1292 |Vacancy |[Adolf (of Nassau)] | 1292
1294 |Celestine V | |
1294 |BONIFACE VIII | |
| |[Albert I (of Hapsburg)] | 1298
1303 |Benedict XI | |
1305 |Clement V }Avignon,| |
| }seat of |HENRY VII (of Luxemburg) | 1308
1314 |Vacancy }Papacy. |Lewis IV (of Bavaria) | 1314
1316 |John XXII } | |
1334 |Benedict XII } | |
1342 |Clement VI } | |
1352 |Innocent VI } |Charles IV (House of | 1347
1362 |Urban V } | Luxemburg) |
1370 |Gregory XI } | |
1378 |Urban VI, Clement }Great |[Wenzel (House of | 1378
| VII (Anti-pope) }Schism.| Luxemburg)] |
1389 |Boniface IX } | |
1394 |Benedict } | |
| (Anti-pope) } |[Rupert (Count Palatine)] | 1400
1404 |Innocent VII } | |
1406 |Gregory XII } } | |
1409 |Alexander V } } | |
1410 |John XXIII } } |Sigismund (House of |
| | Luxemburg) | 1410
1417 |Martin V | |
1431 |Eugene IV | |
| |[Albert II (of Hapsburg)][6] 1438
1439 |Felix V (Anti-pope) | |
| |Frederick III | 1440
|Popes of the Renaissance.}| |
1447 |NICHOLAS V }| |
1455 |Calixtus III }| |
1458 |Pius II }| |
1464 |Paul II }| |
1471 |SIXTUS IV }| |
1484 |Innocent VIII }| |
1493 |Alexander VI }|[Maximilian I] | 1493
1503 |Pius III }| |
1503 |JULIUS II }| |
1513 |LEO X }| |
| |CHARLES V | 1519
1522 |Hadrian VI | |
1523 |Clement VII | |
1534 |Paul III } Council | |
1550 |Julius III } of Trent.| |
1555 |Marcellus II } | |
1555 |Paul IV } | |
| } |[Ferdinand I][7] | 1558
1559 |PIUS IV } | |
| |[Maximilian II] | 1564
1566 |Pius V | |
1572 |Gregory XIII | |
| |[Rudolph II] | 1576
1585 |SIXTUS V | |
1590 |Urban VII | |
1590 |Gregory XIV | |
1591 |Innocent IX | |
1592 |Clement VIII | |
1605 |Leo XI | |
1605 |Paul V | |
| |[Matthias] | 1612
| |[Ferdinand II] | 1619
1621 |Gregory XV | |
1623 |Urban VIII | |
| |[Ferdinand III] | 1637
1644 |Innocent X | |
1655 |Alexander VII | |
| |[Leopold I] | 1658
1667 |Clement IX | |
1670 |Clement X | |
1676 |Innocent XI | |
1689 |Alexander VIII | |
1691 |Innocent XII | |
1700 |Clement XI | |
| |[Joseph I] | 1705
| |[Charles VI] | 1711
1720 |Innocent XIII | |
1724 |Benedict XIII | |
1740 |Benedict XIV | |
| |[Charles VII] | 1742
| |[Francis I, husband of |
| | Maria Theresa] | 1745
1758 |Clement XII | |
| |[Joseph II] }House of | 1765
1769 |Clement XIII | }Hapsburg |
1775 |Pius VI | }through |
| |[Leopold II] }Maria | 1790
| |[Francis II] }Theresa. | 1792
1800 |Pius VII | |
| |Abdication of Francis II | 1806
1823 |Leo XII | |
1829 |Pius VIII | |
1831 |Gregory XVI | |
1846 |PIUS IX | |
1878 |LEO XIII | |
1903 |Pius X | |
----------+--------------------------+--------------------------+----------

1 All the Emperors between Romulus Augustulus and Charlemagne reigned at Constantinople.

2 Capitals distinguish the most eminent Popes and Emperors.

3 Two names bracketed together indicate rival claimants.

4 Those in brackets never received the Imperial crown.

5 This Pope skipped No. XX.

6 From 1438 to 1806, with the exception of Francis I of Lorraine, the House of Hapsburg was on the Imperial throne.

7 Ferdinand and his successors took the title Emperor Elect.

GENEALOGY OF THE MEDICI

Giovanni Bicci, d. 1429.
|
+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| |
Cosimo, Pater Patriae, Lorenzo, d. 1440.
d. 1464. |
| Piero Francesco, 1467.
Piero, d. 1469. |
|------------------------------+ |
| | |
Lorenzo the Magnificent, Giuliano, Giovanni, m. Caterina
d. 1492. d. 1478. Sforza, d. 1498.
| | |
+------------------+ | |
| | | |
Piero, d. 1503. Giovanni, Pope Giulio, Pope Clement |
| Leo X, d. 1521. VII, d. 1534. |
| |
Lorenzo, Duke Giovanni, "delle
of Urbino, bande nere,"
d. 1519. d. 1526.
| |
+-----------------+ |
| | |
Alessandro, Caterina, m. Henri II Cosimo I, Grand
d. 1537. of France, d. 1589. Duke, d. 1574.
|
+-------------------------+
| |
Francesco I, d. 1587. Ferdinand I,
m. Joanna of Austria, also d. 1609.
| Bianca Cappello. |
| |
Maria, m. Henri IV Cosimo II, d. 1621.
of France. |
Ferdinand II, d. 1670.
|
Cosimo III, d. 1723.
|
Giovanni Gastone, d. 1737.

III

SKELETON TABLE OF THE KINGS OF THE TWO SICILIES[26]

NAPLES KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES SICILY

NORMAN CONQUEST,

last half of eleventh century.

Roger, d. 1154.
|
+----------------+------------------+
| |
William the Bad, d. 1166. Constance, d. 1198,
| married
William the Good, d. 1189. Henry VI, Emperor, d. 1197.}
| }
+----------------------------------+ }
| }
Frederick II, Emperor, d. 1250. }
| }Hohenstaufen
+----------------------+ }Line.
| | }
Conrad IV, d. 1254. Manfred, d. 1266. }
| }
Conradin, d. 1268. }

FRENCH CONQUEST, 1266.

Charles of Anjou, 1266-1282.

SICILIAN VESPERS, 1282.
House of Anjou, 1266-1442. House of Aragon, 1282-1442.

Alfonso of Aragon,
1442-1448.
|
+-----------------+--------------+
| |
House of Aragon, House of Aragon,
illegitimate, legitimate, which, on
1448-1504. marriage of Ferdinand
of Aragon with Isabella
of Castile, became
House of Spain.
1448-1504.

SPANISH CONQUEST, 1504.

Ferdinand the Catholic, 1504-1516.
|
Charles V, Emperor, 1516-1556.
|
Spanish Crown, 1556-1713.

TREATY OF UTRECHT, 1713.

Austria, 1713-1720. Savoy, 1713-1720.

WILL OF QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE, 1720.

Austria, 1720-1738.

PEACE OF VIENNA, 1738.

Spanish Bourbons, 1738-1798.
[French invasion, 1798-1802.]
Spanish Bourbons, 1802-1805.
Joseph Bonaparte, 1806-1808.
Joachim Murat, 1808-1815.
Spanish Bourbons:
Ferdinand I,1815-1825.
Francis I, 1825-1830.
Ferdinand II, 1830-1859.
Francis II, 1859-1860.

FOOTNOTES:

[26] When the two kingdoms are united the names of the kings are put in the middle column, when separate in the side columns respectively.

LIST OF BOOKS FOR GENERAL READING

_For the Middle Ages_

Italy and her Invaders Thomas Hodgkin.

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon.

History of Latin Christianity Dean Milman.

Rome in the Middle Ages (translated from the German by Mrs. G. W. Hamilon) F. Gregorovius.

Mediaeval Europe Ephraim Emerton.

Italian Chronicles of the Middle Ages Ugo Balzani.

Story of the Byzantine Empire C. W. C. Oman.

History of the Later Roman Empire J. Bury.

The Holy Roman Empire James Bryce.

Historical Documents of the Middle Ages Ernest F. Henderson.

The Papal Monarchy William Barry.

A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages H. C. Lea.

An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church H. C. Lea.

History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church H. C. Lea.

History of Western Europe J. H. Robinson.

First Two Centuries of Florence (translated from the Italian by Linda Villari) Pasquale Villari.

Florence, Mediaeval Towns Series E. C. Gardner.

The History of Venice W. Carew Hazlitt.

A Short History of Venice W. R. Thayer.

Church Building in the Middle Ages Charles Eliot Norton.

The Monks of the West from St. Benedict to St. Bernard (translated from the French) Montalembert.

The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages H. O. Taylor.

Life of St. Francis of Assisi (translated from the French by L. S. Houghton) Paul Sabatier.

_For the Renaissance_

The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (translated from the German by S. G. C. Middlemore) Jakob Burckhardt.

The Cicerone Jakob Burckhardt.

Renaissance in Italy (The Age of the Despots, Revival of Learning, Fine Arts, Literature, Catholic Reaction) John Addington Symonds.

History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages (translated from the French) S. de Sismondi.

History of the Popes of Rome (translated from the German by Sarah Austin) Leopold Ranke.

The Papacy during the Reformation M. Creighton.

The Renaissance Cambridge Mod. History.

History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages (translated from the German) L. Pastor.

The Council of Trent J. A. Froude.

Petrarch, the First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters Robinson & Rolfe.

Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (translated from the Italian by Mrs. Foster) Giorgio Vasari.

Journal of Montaigne's Travels in Italy.

_For the Eighteenth Century_

Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy Vernon Lee.

Goldoni's Memoirs, translated by W. D. Howells.

Memoirs of Carlo Gozzi J. A. Symonds.

_For the Risorgimento_

The Liberation of Italy Evelyn M. Cesaresco.

Italian Characters of the Epoch of Unification Evelyn M. Cesaresco.

The Union of Italy (1815-1895) W. J. Stillman.

Life of Victor Emmanuel II G. S. Godkin.

The Dawn of Italian Independence W. R. Thayer.

Modern Italy, 1748-1898 (translated from the Italian by Alice Vialls) Pietro Orsi.

INDEX

Aachen, 59.

Abyssinians defeat Italians, 415.

Agnello, Father, 71, 72.

Aistulf, 49.

Alaric, 5.

Alberic, 76, 78.

Alberti, Leon Battista, 241.

Albinola, 370.

Albizzi, Maso degli, 230.

Alboin, 27, 29.

Albornoz, Cardinal, 218.

Alessi, Galeazzo, 306.

Alexander VI, Pope (Rodrigo Borgia), and Savonarola, 261;
political course, 272, 273;
private life, 275;
death, 275;
his apartments in Vatican, 288.

Alexander VII, Pope, 346.

Alfieri, Vittorio, 364.

Alfonso, of Aragon, King of Two Sicilies, 223;
interest in humanism, 249;
his death, 262.

Amalfi, 70, 73, 103.

Amati, 359.

Ammanati, 306.

Angelico, Fra, 233.

Antignati, 359.

Apollo Belvedere, 289.

Aragon, King of, swears allegiance to Innocent III, 122.

Arcadia, the, 353, 354.

Arians, 3;
persecuted by Justinian, 18.

Ariosto, 283-285, 354.

Aristotle, 19, 178, 235, 242.

Arnold of Brescia, 109.

Arnolfo di Cambio, 188.

Arnulf, Emperor, 74;
enters Rome, 75.

Arsenal, at Venice, 225.

Aspromonte, 406.

Assisi, heretics in, 125;
description of, 127, 128;
basilica of St. Francis, 132;
taken by Milan temporarily, 227.

Athens, made a Latin fief, 119;
captured by Venice, 338.

Athens, Duke of, see Walter of Brienne.

Attendolo, Muzio, see Sforza Attendolo.

Augustine, in England, 36.

Augustulus, see Romulus Augustulus.

Austria, supreme in Italy, 368;
in Holy Alliance, 370;
triumphant in 1848-49, 389, 390;
war with France and Piedmont, 400, 401;
war with Prussia and Italy, 407.

Avignon, 151;
Petrarch at, 204;
return of Popes to Rome from, 217;
anti-popes of Great Schism at, 219.

Babylonish Captivity, 151;
end of, 217, 218.

Baglioni, in Perugia, 198.

Bandinelli, 308.

Banditti, 325.

Bank scandals, 415.

Barbarians, their character, 1;
their society, 3;
habits, 4;
intercourse with Rome, 5, 6;
dismember Empire, 6;
their problems in Italy, 10;
described by Boethius, 19;
so-called (foreigners), 253, 257.

Barbarossa, see Frederick I, Emperor.

Barberini, see Urban VIII, Pope.

Baroque, the, 307, 308, 350, 351.

Barozzi, Giacomo, see Vignola.

Basel, Council of, 268, 269.

Beccaria, 362.

Belisarius, 21.

Bellini, composer, 358, 378.

Bellini, Gentile, 312.

Bellini, Giovanni, 312.

Bellini, Jacopo, 312.

Bellotto, 352.

Bembo, 282, 283.

Benedetto da Maiano, 244.

Benedict, see St. Benedict.

Benevento, 28.

Bentivoglio, in Bologna, 198.

Berchet, 377.

Bergamo, annexed to Venice, 224.

Bernini, 351.

Bisticci, Vespasiano da, 234.

Black Death, see Plague of 1348.

Boboli garden, 306.

Boccaccio, 185;
his account of Black Death, 209, 210.

Boethius, 19.

Boiardo, Matteo, 283.

Bologna, jurists of, 110;
university of, 177, 178;
poetry in, 184;
Bentivogli in, 198;
subject to Papacy, 218;
seized by Visconti, 227;
recovered by Papacy, 228;
visited by Montaigne, 324;
school of (painting), 351, 352.

Boniface VIII, Pope, 146;
his character, 146;
quarrel with the Colonna, 147;
with Philip the Fair, 148;
his papal theories, 148, 149;
outraged, 150;
death, 151.

Bonifazio, 312.

Bordone, Paris, 312.

Borghese, Camillo, see Paul V, Pope.

Borgia, Caesar, 272-275;
employs Leonardo, 286;
believed to have murdered his brother, 314;
admired by Machiavelli, 314.

Borgia, Lucrezia, 275.

Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, Pope.

Borgia, son to Rodrigo, see Duke of Gandia.

Botticelli, 245-247, 288.

Bourbon, High Constable, 279.

Bourbon, House of, 335, 339.

Bramante, 256, 283, 285;
in Rome, 287;
designs St. Peter's, 289, 290.

Brescia, captured by Henry VII, 157;
annexed by Venice, 224;
gallant defence of, 391.

Brienne, Walter of, Duke of Athens, 229.

Bronzino, 308, 309.

Brunelleschi, 233, 235-237;
and Donatello, anecdote of, 238, 239.

Bruno, Giordano, 349.

Burckhardt, 304;
on Bandinelli, 308.

Burgundy, 78.

Byron, Lord, 372-375.

Byzantine art, 188, 189.

Cacciaguida, 180.

Cambrai, League of, 224, 265, 266.

Cambrai, treaty of, 293.

Camorra, 294, 412.

Campanella, 349.

Canaletto, 352.

Can Grande, see under Scala della.

Canon law, see Church law.

Canossa, 99.

Cappello, Bianca, 327.

Caracci, the, 309, 352.

Caraffa, Cardinal, see Paul IV, Pope.

Caravaggio, 309, 352.

Carbonari, 369, 382.

Cardinals, made papal electors, 91.

Carducci, on Tasso, 310.

Carissimi, 358.

Carlo Alberto, 375, 376, 379, 380, 384, 385;
war with Austria, 388;
resigns his crown, 390.

Carlo Dolci, 352.

Carlo Felice, 375.

Carlovingians, the, 44, 57, 58.

Carlyle, on Mazzini, 382.

Carmagnola, 228.

Carnival, Roman, 330.

Carpaccio, 312.

Cassiodorus, 14.

Castiglione, 281-283.

Castillia, 370.

Castracane, Castruccio, 200.

Cateau-Cambresis, treaty of, 293, 296, 327.

Catholic Reaction, see Catholic Revival.

Catholic Revival, 297-302.

Cavalcanti, 184.

Cavaliere servente, 356.

Cavour, 386, 387;
policy of Church and State, 398;
policy in Piedmont, 398;
as to Crimean War, 398, 399;
and Napoleon III, 399, 400;
resigns, 401;
recalled, 402;
interference in Naples, 404;
death, 406.

Celibacy of clergy, 86.

Cellini, 308, 316, 317.

Certosa, at Pavia, 226, 227, 250.

Cervantes, 297.

Charlemagne, blessed by Pope, 45;
marriage, 50;
Donation of, 50;
European conquests, 51;
titles, 53;
person and character, 53;
judges Pope, 55;
receives gifts from Caliph, 55;
coronation, 56;
his Empire, 57;
crowns his son, 59.

Charles of Anjou, 144, 161, 162;
visits Cimabue's studio, 189.

Charles of Durazzo, 222.

Charles V, Emperor, struggle with Francis I, 257;
policy in Florence, 262, 263;
marries daughter to Alessandro dei Medici, 263;
inherits Two Sicilies, 264;
crowned Emperor, 299;
and Council of Trent, 300.

Charles VIII, King of France, 256, 257, 259.

Charles Martel, 44, 53.

Chigi, see Alexander VII, Pope.

Church, the (see also Papacy), causes of its rise, 8;
orthodoxy, 10;
relations with Empire, 16;
during Lombard dominion, 31;
imperial character, 32;
sources of power, 32, 33.

Church law, 65.

Cicisbeismo, 356.

Cimabue, 189.

Cimarosa, 358.

Cinquecento, the, 304-318.

Ciompi, 229.

Clare, St., see St. Clare.

Classical revival, 201-208.

Clement V, Pope, 151;
dealings with Henry VII, 156.

Clement VII, Pope, 262, 277, 278-280;
crowns Charles V, 299.

Clement IX, Pope, 346.

Clergy, in Carlovingian times, 71.

Cluny, monastic reform of, 85;
its creed, 86;
its effect, 88.

Cola, di Rienzo, 206-208;
dreams for Rome, 206;
letter to Florentines, 207;
his fall and death, 207.

Colleoni, statue of, 247, 311.

Colonia Erithrea, see Colony in Africa.

Colonna, the, 76;
quarrel with Boniface VIII, 146;
Pope Martin V, 220;
custom in their palace, 277, 278.

Colonna, Sciarra, 150.

Colony in Africa, 415.

Columbanus, St., see St. Columbanus.

Commedia dell'Arte, 355.

Commines, Philippe de, on Venice, 265.

Communes, government of, 163-165;
prosperity of, 166 (see also Lombardy).

Company, the Great, 212, 213.

Concordat of Worms, 100.

Condottieri, 212.

Confalonieri, 370.

Conradin, 143, 144.

Consolations of Philosophy, 19.

[Constance], wife of Henry VI, 113, 114, 117.

Constance, Council of, 220, 221, 268.

Constance, Peace of, 112.

Constantine, 45; legend of Donation, 46, 47.

Constantinople, 2, 25;
captured by Crusaders, 118, 119;
by Turks, 242, 243, 264.

Consuls, 165.

Conti, family, 135.

Coronation of Emperors, 80;
last in Italy, 299.

Cosimo dei Medici, see under Medici.

Cosimo I, Grand Duke, see under Medici.

Counter-Reformation, see Catholic Revival.

Courtier, Book of the, 284, 285.

Cremona, 95;
sacked by Henry VII, 157.

Crescimbeni, 353.

Crete, lost by Venice, 338.

Crispi, as a young patriot, 402;
with Garibaldi in Sicily, 403;
his career, 414;
in parliament, 414, 415.

Crown of Lombardy, 80;
assumed by Napoleon I, 365.

Custoza, battle of, 389.

Damian, see St. Peter Damian.

Dante, 19;
on Boniface VIII, 146;
Divine Comedy, 152;
character, 152, 153;
De Monarchia, 153, 154;
views, 154;
hails Henry VII, 155, 156;
letter to Henry VII, 157-159;
follows Thomas Aquinas, 179;
importance in literature, 184;
effect on Tuscan speech, 184;
on the vernacular, 185;
painted by Giotto, 190;
celebrates Can Grande, 195;
invectives against Roman Curia, 274.

D'Azeglio, Massimo, 382, 384.

Decameron, 274.

Decretals, Isidorian, 66.

Depretis, 413, 414.

Desiderius, 29, 49, 50.

Despotisms, 192-200;
evils of, 214.

Despots, see Despotisms.

Di Rudini, 416.

Divine Comedy, 184.

Domenichino, 352.

Donatello, 237-240.

Donation of Charlemagne, 50.

Donation of Constantine, 46-48, 49, 65.

Donation of Pippin, 45, 47, 50.

Donizetti, 358.

Dossi, Dosso, 309.

Ducal palace, Venice, 226.

Duomo, Florence, 237.

Durante, 358.

Election of Emperors, 80.

Election of Popes, 91.

Emanuele Filiberto, 296.

Emo, Angelo, 339.

Empire, the, see the Roman Empire.

Empire, Eastern, 24;
its policy, 25.

England, 36.

Enzio, 141;
capture, 142;
death, 143.

Este, D', Ercole, duke, 250.

Este, House of, 198, 282;
move to Modena, 295.

Estensi, see House of Este.

Eugenius IV, Pope, 288.

Exarchs, 26, 36.

Ezzelino da Romano, 194.

Faliero, Marino, 225.

Farnese, Alessandro, see Paul III, Pope.

Farnese, Giulia, 275, 288.

Farnesi, in Parma, 295;
in Piacenza, 305.

Ferdinand the Catholic, 263;
conquers Naples, 263, 264.

Ferdinand I, of Two Sicilies, 368, 370.

Ferdinand II, of Two Sicilies (Bomba), 389, 390;
death, 402.

Ferrara, 246;
in High Renaissance, 283;
taken by Papacy, 295;
Tasso at, 310;
visited by Montaigne, 324.

Feudalism, 102.

Ficino, Marsilio, 245.

Fiesole, library at, 233, 234, 251.

Fiesole, Mino da, 244.

Filicaia, 353.

Flagellants, 175.

Flemish painters, 243.

Florence, Guelf, 133;
denounced by Dante, 158;
shuts out Henry VII, 159;
her guilds, 164;
wool trade, 166;
bankers, 167;
impediments to trade, 167;
receives back Ghibellines, 176;
in 1283, 182, 183;
democratic, 194;
about 1300, 202;
in Black Death, 210;
takes Pisa, 227;
under Duke of Athens, 229;
revolt of Ciompi, 229;
Salvestro dei Medici, 229;
Michele di Lando, 229;
the oligarchy, 230;
in Early Renaissance, 231-241;
interest in Plato, 243;
under Lorenzo, 250;
1492-1537, 258-263;
under Grand Dukes, 294, 295;
close of Renaissance, 308, 309;
visited by Montaigne, 326, 327.

Foligno, 332.

Foresti, 370.

Formosus, Pope, 68.

Foscari, Francesco, Doge, 224

Foscolo, Ugo, 377.

France, 58;
bows to Innocent III, 122;
vigorous monarchy, 145;
invades Italy, 253, 254, 255;
claims on Italy, 293;
defeated by Spain, 293;
sends army to Rome, 391, 392, 394;
withdraws garrison from Rome, 407;
relations with Italy, 412, 413.

Francesca, Piero della, 249.

Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 326, 327.

Francis I, King of France, 257.

Francis I, King of Two Sicilies, 378.

Francis II, King of Two Sicilies, 402, 404.

Francis, St., see St. Francis.

Franciscan Order, 129, 131-133;
Gray Friars, 134.

Franks, 40;
Kingdom of, 43;
Catholicism of, 43.

Frederick I, Emperor (Barbarossa), 102;
character, 102;
theory of imperial rights, 103;
wars with Lombard cities, 108;
called to Italy, 108, 109;
war with Milan, 109;
diet at Roncaglia, 111;
defeat at Legnano, 112;
his son's marriage, 113;
death, 113.

Frederick II, Emperor, 117;
gratitude to Innocent III, 117;
summons to Germany, 121;
pledge to Innocent III, 121, 122;
King of Germany, 122;
character, 134;
promises, 135;
crowned emperor, 135;
at Brindisi, 136;
denounced by Gregory IX, 136, 137;
excommunicated, 137;
letter to King of England, 138, 139;
recovers Jerusalem, 139;
King of Jerusalem, 140;
his habits, 140, 141;
poetry, 141;
war with Lombard cities, 142;
excommunicated again, 142;
defeat, 142;
death, 143;
times of, 180.

Galileo, 346, 349.

Gamba, Pietro, 373, 374.

Gandia, Duke of (a Borgia), murdered, 312.

Garibaldi, 382;
in Rome, 392, 393;
escapes, 394, 398;
expedition to Two Sicilies, 402-405;
attempt on Rome, 406;
second attempt, Mentana, 407;
death, 413.

Genoa, 70;
prosperity, 105;
war with Pisa, 169, 170;
submits temporarily to Milan, 199;
loss in Black Death, 210;
war with Venice, 224;
still a republic, 295;
palaces in, 306;
becomes Republic of Liguria, 365;
given to Kingdom of Sardinia, 367.

Genseric, 5.

Germany, 58;
its duchies, 77;
part of Holy Roman Empire, 78;
attitude towards its king, 96;
in time of Innocent III, 120, 121.

Gesu, church, 305, 306.

Gesuati, 321.

Ghibellines, 155;
trouble in Milan, 157;
cause lost, 159;
description of, 168, 169;
described by Gregory X, 176;
fictitious revival of, 325.

Ghiberti, 241.

Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 245, 288.

Gioberti, 383, 384.

Giocondo, Fra, 290.

Giorgione, 312.

Giotto, 189, 190.

Giulio Romano, 309.

Gladstone, on conditions in Naples, 395, 396.

Goethe, admires Palladio, 306, 307;
admires I Promessi Sposi, 377.

Goldoni, 353-356.

Gonzaga, the, in Mantua, 198.

Goths, see Ostrogoths.

Gozzoli, Benozzo, 233, 244.

Gravina, 353, 359.

Great Council of Venice, 171, 172.

Greek, study of, 242, 243.

Greek Empire, overthrown by Crusaders, 119.

Gregory I (the Great), Pope, 35-37.

Gregory II, Pope, 42, 53.

Gregory III, Pope, 42, 53.

Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), 89;
character, 90;
aims, 91;
becomes Pope, 91;
creed, 91, 92;
claims, 92;
allies, 92-96;
denunciation of simony and lay investiture, 96;
attempted deposition by Henry IV, 97;
excommunicates Henry IV, 99;
at Canossa, 99;
his death, 100.

Gregory IX, Pope (Ugolino), 135;
anger at Frederick II, 136;
letter on Frederick, 135-137;
excommunicates Frederick, 137.

Gregory X, Pope, describes Ghibellines, 176.

Gregory XI, Pope, ends Babylonish Captivity, 217.

Gregory XIII, Pope, 328, 329.

Gregory XV, Pope, 345.

Gregory XVI, Pope, 383.

Grossi, Tommaso, 382.

Guardi, 352.

Guelfs, accept Henry VII, 156;
trouble in Milan, 157;
description of, 168, 169;
fictitious revival of, 325.

Guercino, 352.

Guerrazzi, F. D., 382.

Guicciardini, on condition of Italy, 253, 254;
modern historian, 281.

Guido Reni, 352, 360.

Guilds, 164.

Guinicelli, 184.

Hapsburg, House of, 335, 338.

Hawkwood, John, 213, 222.

Haynau, 391.

Henry IV, Emperor, 90;
attempts to depose Gregory VII, 97;
his letter to Gregory, 97-99;
at Canossa, 99;
death, 100.

Henry VI, Emperor, his Sicilian marriage, 113;
character, 114;
his acts, 115.

Henry VII, Emperor, 150;
welcomed by Dante, 155, 156;
enters Italy, 156;
becomes Ghibelline chief, 157;
receives letter from Dante, 157-159;
death, 159;
effect of, on fortunes of Can Grande and the Visconti, 198.

Henry IV, King of France (Henry of Navarre), 337, 338, 357.

Heresy, in Southern France, 123;
in Italy, 125;
in England and Bohemia, 220.

Hildebrand, see Gregory VII, Pope.

Hohenstaufens, 102, 113;
their end, 143, 144.

Holy Alliance, 370.

Holy Roman Empire, beginning, 78;
its extent, 79, 80;
its power, 81;
attitude toward Papacy, 84, 85, 89;
concordat with Papacy, 100;
death struggle with Papacy, 133;
real end, 143;
last flicker, 152-160;
a shadow, 161;
its petty bargainings, 217;
extinguished by Napoleon, 365.

Honorius, Pope, 133;
crowns Frederick II, 135;
death, 135.

Humanists, 242, 244, 245.

Humbert of the White Hand, 173.

Humbert, King, 416.

Hungarians, raids of, 77.

Huss, John, 220, 221.

Iconoclasm, 41, 42.

Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 299.

Innocent III, Pope, his education, 115;
doings in Italy, 116;
in Tuscany and Two Sicilies, 117;
at Constantinople, 119;
in Germany, 120;
excommunicates Otto IV, 121;
his doings in Europe, 122;
in England, 122;
Albigensian crusade, 123;
triumph, 123, 124;
recognizes St. Francis, 126, 127;
referred to by Frederick II, 138;
and Dominicans, 299.

Innocent VIII, Pope, 286.

Innocent X, Pope, 346.

Innocent XI, Pope, 346.

Inquisition, 298, 299.

Investiture, lay, 86, 87, 89;
settled between Empire and Papacy, 100.

Italian language, 80;
influenced by Dante, 184;
its dialects, 185.

Italy, condition of, middle of 6th century, 23, 24;
under Byzantine rule, 26;
on fall of Carlovingian Empire, 69;
its divisions, 69;
condition of people, 70;
degradation, 67-78;
condition under mercenary soldiers, 213, 214;
condition prior to 1494, 252;
during Catholic Revival, 302, 303;
divisions of, at close of 16th century, 304;
place for travellers, 319;
as seen by Montaigne, 320-334;
under Napoleon I, 365, 366;
on Napoleon's fall, 366-368;
unity of, 395-408;
difficulties after unity, 411-413;
relations with France, 412, 413;
Triple Alliance, 413.

Isidorian Decretals, see Decretals.

Jerome, St., see St. Jerome.

Jerome of Prague, 220, 221.

Jerusalem, plan for reconquest of, 134;
recovered by Frederick II, 139.

Jesuit style, 351.

Jesus, Order of, 299;
suppressed, 347;
restored in Papal States, 367.

Joan I, Queen of Naples, 222.

Joan II, Queen of Naples, 222.

John of Bologna, 308, 324.

John, Don, of Austria, 295.

John, King of England, 122, 138.

John XII, Pope, 78, 81;
his trial, 82-84;
deposition, 84.

Jommelli, 358.

Jubilee, first, 147.

Julius II, Pope, 270, 275-277, 288.

Justin, Emperor, 16.

Justinian, Emperor, 16-18.

Ladislaus, King of Naples, 222, 230.

Landini, 308.

Lando, Michele di, 229.

Landucci, Luca, diary of, 259-262.

Laocoon, the, discovery of, 291, 292.

Lateran palace, 45.

Legion, Garibaldi's, 393.

Legnano, battle of, 112.

Leo (composer), 358.

Leo, Emperor, the Isaurian, 41.

Leo I, Pope, the Great, 9.

Leo III, Pope, 54, 56.

Leo IV, Pope, 73, 74.

Leo X, Pope (Medici), 250, 251, 262, 276, 277;
excommunicates Luther, 278;
last of papal overlords of Europe, 292.

Leo XIII, Pope, 416-419.

Leonardo, see Vinci, Leonardo da.

Leopardi, Alessandro (sculptor), 311.

Leopardi, Giacomo (poet), 378.

Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 363.

Lippi, Filippino, 244.

Lombard cities, see Lombardy and Milan.

Lombardi (architects and sculptors), 311.

Lombards, the, 23;
character, 27;
conquests, 28;
civilization, 28, 29;
conversion to Catholicism, 29;
political incompetence, 29;
influence, 30;
attempt to conquer all Italy, 43;
defeated by Pippin, 45;
by Charlemagne, 50.

Lombardy, espouses Hildebrand's side, 95;
trade, 106;
represented at diet of Roncaglia, 110;
peace with Barbarossa, 112;
condition prior to 1789, 362;
crown of, assumed by Napoleon, 365;
restored to Austria, 367;
condition in 1820-21, 370, 371;
in 1848, 387;
united to Piedmont, 401.

Lorenzo the Magnificent, see under Medici.

Loreto, 332.

Lorraine, King of, 62.

Lothair, Emperor, 58, 59.

Lotto, Lorenzo, 312.

Louis I, Emperor, the Pious, 58, 59.

Louis II, Emperor, 58, 59, 62, 63.

Louis XII, King of France, 257;
unites with Spain against Naples, 263.

Louis Napoleon, see Napoleon III.

Loyola, Ignatius, 299.

Lucca, 168;
under Castruccio Castracane, 200;
still a republic, 295;
visited by Montaigne, 332;
on Napoleon's fall, 367.

Lucca, Bagni di, 333.

Ludovisi, see Gregory XV, Pope.

Luini, 309.

Luther, Martin, 276, 278, 297.

Lutherans, do not attend Council of Trent, 298.

Lyons, Council of, 142.

Machiavelli, admires Castruccio Castracane, 200;
also Caesar Borgia, 273;
writes, 281;
description of successful Prince, 314, 315;
comedies, 354.

Mafia, 294, 364, 411, 412.

Magenta, battle of, 400.

Malatesta, in Rimini, 198.

Mameli, Goffredo, 393, 394.

Manfred, 141, 143;
defeat and death, 144;
his daughter, 162.

Manin, Daniele, 388, 394.

Mantegna, 288.

Mantua, the Gonzaga in, 198;
duchy, 293;
opera in, 357.

Manzoni, 377.

Marignano, 257.

Maroncelli, 370-372.

Marozia, 75, 76.

Martin V, Pope, 220, 268.

Masaccio, 240, 241.

Mastai-Ferretti, Cardinal, see Pius IX, Pope.

Matilda, Countess, 94;
Donation to Papacy, 94.

Maximilian, Emperor, 265.

Mazzini, 376;
letter to Carlo Alberto, 379-382;
triumvir in Rome, 391-394, 398;
death, 413.

Medici, dei, Alessandro, 263.

Medici, dei, Cosimo, Pater Patriae, 232;
cultivation, 233;
his tastes, 233;
libraries, 233, 234;
death, 235;
anecdote of, with Donatello, 239;
founds Platonic Academy, 243;
and Nicholas V, 251.

Medici, dei, Cosimo I, Grand Duke, 263;
marriage, 291;
rule, 294, 295;
descendants, 295;
his architect, 306.

Medici, dei, Francesco I, Grand Duke, 326, 327.

Medici, dei, Giovanni, see Leo X, Pope.

Medici, dei, Giovanni, Angelo (not of Florentine family), see Pius IV,
Pope.

Medici, dei, Giuliano, see Clement VII, Pope.

Medici, dei, Lorenzo, the Magnificent, 248-250, 286.

Medici, dei, Maria, 357.

Medici, dei, Piero, 244, 249.

Medici, dei, Salvestro, 229.

Mentana, battle of, 407.

Mercenary soldiers, 211-214.

Merovingians, 44.

Metastasio, 359, 360.

Metternich, 367.

Michelangelo, 263;
sonnets, 285;
goes to Rome, 289;
plans dome of St. Peter's, 290;
at discovery of Laocoon, 299;
statues in Florence, 308.

Michelozzo, 233.

Milan, 107;
classes in, 107, 108;
war with Barbarossa, 109;
receives Henry VII, 156;
Visconti in, 198, 199;
acquires Genoa temporarily, 199;
under Gian Galeazzo Visconti, 226;
becomes a dukedom, 226;
cathedral, 226, 227;
loss of dominion on Gian Galeazzo's death, 228;
end of Visconti, 250;
founding of Sforza line, 250;
condition, 1466-1535, 254-258;
captured by French, 257;
by Spanish, 257;
annexed to Spanish crown, 258;
Leonardo there, 286;
Bramante there, 287;
under Spanish governors, 294;
visited by Montaigne, 333;
under Spanish rule, 339, 340;
conveyed to Austria, 341;
Five Days of, 387;
jealous of Turin, 389.

Mille, i, 403.

Minghetti, 413.

Mino, da Fiesole, 244.

Modena, duchy, 293;
seat of House of Este, 293;
transfers, 341;
reform in, 362;
restoration of old order on Napoleon's fall, 367;
in 1848, 388, 389, 397;
united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 402.

Mohammed, 40, 41.

Monasteries, 34, 72.

Montaigne, diary of his travels in Italy, 320-334.

Monte Cassino, 34.

Montefeltri, in Urbino, 198.

Montefeltro, Federigo da, 249, 250.

Monteverdi, 357.

Montfort, 123.

Murat, 365, 366.

Naples, 21, 70, 73;
House of Aragon reigning, 161;
condition, about 1350, 201;
loss in Black Death, 210;
condition, 1350-1450, 222;
conquered by Alfonso of Aragon, 223;
no share in Renaissance, 249;
passes to illegitimate branch of House of Aragon, 263;
conquered by Spaniards, 263;
annexed to Spanish crown, 264;
under Spanish viceroys, 294;
inquisition in, 299;
conveyed to Austria and then to Spanish Bourbons, 341;
condition, prior to 1789, 363;
given to Joseph Bonaparte and Murat, 365;
revolution of 1820, 369, 370;
cruelty of Francis I, 378;
in 1848, 386;
takes part in war against Austria, 388;
persecution of liberals, 391;
persecution described by Gladstone, 395, 396;
united with Kingdom of Italy, 404, 405.

Napoleon I, 365, 366.

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon), interferes in Rome, 391;
plans of, 399;
agreement with Cavour, 400;
war with Austria, 400;
peace, 400, 401.

Narses, 22, 26.

Niccolini, 382.

Nicholas I, Pope, 62-64.

Nicholas V, Pope, 251, 252, 269, 288.

Nogaret, 150.

Normans, in Southern Italy, 92;
in Sicily, 93;
become liegemen to the Popes, 93.

Novara, battle of, 390.

Odescalchi, see Innocent XI, Pope.

Odoacer, 7, 10, 11, 13.

Opera, the, 357, 358.

Oratorio, the, 358.

Order of St. Francis, see Franciscan Order.

Order of Jesus, see Jesus, Order of.

Orlando Furioso, 283, 284.

Orlando Innamorato, 283.

Orsini, the, 76, 150.

Ostrogoths, 12-22.

Otto I, Emperor, the Great, 77;
marriage, 78;
crowned Emperor, 78;
his empire, 79, 80;
tries and deposes Pope John XII, 82-84.

Otto IV, Emperor, 120;
becomes Ghibelline, 120, 121;
excommunicated by Innocent III, 121;
deposition, 122.

Padua, 95;
conquered by Venice, 224;
visited by Montaigne, 322.

Paisiello, 358.

Palazzo Vecchio, 188;
fountain in, 247;
occupied by Grand Duke, 294.

Palermo, rising in, 402.

Palestrina, 357.

Palladio, 306, 307, 311.

Palma Vecchio, 312.

Palmerston, Lord, sends Gladstone's letter to European governments, 396.

Panfili, see Innocent X, Pope.

Paolo Veronese, 312.

Papacy, strengthened by monasticism, 33, 34;
relations with Empire, 38;
with Lombards, 39;
with Franks, 40;
split with Eastern Empire, 42;
Donation of Pippin, 45;
further relations with Franks, 49;
Donation of Charlemagne, 50;
attitude towards Charlemagne, 51;
towards Roman Empire, 52;
local weakness, 52;
supported by Empire, 58;
duel with Empire, 59;
right to crown Emperors, 59, 60;
anomalous nature of, 60;
subjection to Empire, 61;
struggle with Empire, 61, 62;
added prestige, 62;
cosmopolitan ambition, 64;
degradation, 67, 68;
revival of, 79;
character of, in 10th century, 81;
becomes suzerain to Southern Italy, 93;
struggle with Empire over investitures, 89-101;
its triumph, 114-124;
its death grapple with Empire, 133-144;
its decay and fall, 145-151;
Babylonish Captivity, 151;
an absentee, 161;
return to Rome, 217;
and Renaissance, 251;
as head of culture, 252;
its monarchy, 267-280;
in High Renaissance, 288-292;
its revival, 297-302;
a purely Italian institution, 302;
quarrel with Venice, 336, 337;
in 17th and 18th centuries, 343-345;
under Napoleon, 365;
loss of Temporal Power, 407, 408;
attitude towards Italian government, 410, 411;
under Leo XIII, 418.

Papal Curia, see Roman Curia.

Papal States, 69;
really founded by Innocent III, 120;
confusion in, during Babylonish Captivity, 162;
about 1350, 202;
reduced to order, 218;
firmly established, 267, 268;
the Papal monarchy, 267-280;
prior to 1789, 363;
in Napoleon's time, 365;
after Napoleon's fall, 367;
in 1848, 390;
in 1849, 391-394;
invaded by Piedmontese army, 404;
votes to join Kingdom of Italy, 405.

Parentucelli, see Nicholas V, Pope.

Paris, Congress of, 399.

Parma, a duchy, 295;
taken by Farnesi, 295;
conveyed to Spanish Bourbons, 341, 342;
prior to 1789, 362, 363;
on Napoleon's overthrow, 367;
insurrection in, 379;
in 1848, 388, 389, 397, 401;
united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 402.

Parthenon, blown up, 338.

Patarini, 95; heretics, 125.

Paul II, Pope, 288.

Paul III, Pope (Alessandro Farnese), 275;
in Parma, 295;
a reformer, 300.

Paul IV, Pope (Caraffa), 299, 301.

Paul V, Pope, 345.

Pavia, 28, 50, 95, 107;
Ghibelline, 133.

Pavia, battle of, 257, 293.

Peace of Westphalia, 346.

Pecci, see Leo XIII, Pope.

Pedro, of Aragon, King of Sicily, 162.

Pellico Silvio, 370-372.

Peretti, Felice, see Sixtus V, Pope.

Pergolesi, 358.

Perugia, 128;
war with Assisi, 128;
its flagellants, 175;
Baglioni in, 198.

Perugino, 288.

Peruzzi, Baldassare, 290.

Pesaro, 245.

Pesaro, Marchesa di, and Pietro Aretino, 315, 316.

Petrarch, 185;
leader of Classical Revival, 203, 204;
coronation of, 204;
great reputation, 205;
enthusiasm for Cola di Rienzo, 206, 207;
on the Black Death, 210;
on mercenary soldiers, 213, 214;
goes to Milan, 215;
invectives against Roman Curia, 274.

Philip, Imperial claimant, 120.

Philip, the Fair, King of France, quarrel with Boniface VIII, 148-150.

Piacenza, 95;
heretics in, 125;
buildings in, 305;
visited by Montaigne, 333.

Piazza Navona, 351.

Piccinni, 358.

Piccolomini, AEneas Sylvius, see Pius II, Pope.

Pico, della Mirandola, 245.

Piedmont, becomes important part of duchy of Savoy, 296;
visited by Montaigne, 334;
becomes chief part of duchy of Savoy, 343;
prior to 1789, 361;
takes action against France, 365;
on restoration of king, 367;
uprising in, 375, 376;
in 1848, 386;
war with Austria, 388;
defeated, 389;
also at Novara, 390;
left alone to maintain Italian cause, 394;
the hope of Italy, 397;
in Crimean War, 399;
war with Austria, 400.

Pier della Vigna, 141, 143.

Pietro Aretino, 315, 316.

Pilo, Rosalino, 402.

Pinturicchio, 288.

Pippin, King, deposes Merovingians, 44;
crowned by Pope Zacharias, 45;
and the Papacy, 49;
death, 50.

Pippin, Donation of, 45, 50.

Pisa, 70;
prosperity of, 104;
Ghibelline, 133;
loyal to Henry VII, 159;
regulations concerning nobles, 168;
war with Genoa, 169;
crushing defeat by Genoa, 170;
baptistery, 186;
loss in Black Death, 210;
seized by Milan, 227;
by Florence, 228;
Campo Santo, 244.

Pisa, Council of, 219.

Pisani, Vettor (Venetian admiral), 224.

Pisano, Giovanni, 187.

Pisano, Niccolo, 186;
at Siena, 187.

Pitti Palace, designed by Brunelleschi, 236;
occupied by Cosimo I, 294;
picture gallery in, 295;
opera in, 357.

Pius II, Pope, AEneas Sylvius Piccolomini, 288.

Pius IV, Pope (Giovanni Angelo Medici), founder of Modern Papacy, 301,
302.

Pius IX, Pope, 383, 384;
takes part in war against Austria, 388;
his scruples, 389;
army captured, 389;
flees from Rome, 390;
reactionary, 396;
bad government of, 397;
and Temporal Power, 405;
extreme conservatism, 409, 410;
prisoner in Vatican, 410;
refuses subsidy, 411.

Plague of 1348 (Black Death), 209-211.

Plato, 242, 243, 248.

Platonic Academy, 243.

Platonic ideas, 282, 283, 285.

Plutarch, 255.

Podesta, 165.

Poerio, Carlo, 395, 396.

Poetry, in Sicily, 141;
in Bologna and Tuscany, 184.

Poggio a Caiano, 244, 309.

Polenta, da, the, in Ravenna, 198.

Poliziano, 245.

Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 244.

Pontormo, 308, 309.

Pontremoli, 333.

Popes, see Papacy, Papal States, and individual Popes.

Pordenone, Giov. Ant. da, 312.

Portiuncula, 129-131, 306.

Pratolino, 326.

Prigioni, Le Mie (of Silvio Pellico), 370-372, 382.

Prince, The, by Machiavelli, 314, 315.

Promessi, Sposi, I, by Manzoni, 377.

Provence, Albigensian crusade, 123.

Prussia, war with Austria, 407;
with France, 407.

Pulci, 245.

Quadrilateral, the, 388.

Radetzky, Field Marshal, 387-390, 394.

Raphael, 283, 285, 289;
character, 290, 291;
portrait of Julius II, 289;
of Leo X, 292.

Rattazzi, 406.

Ravenna, 14, 21, 45, 71;
Byzantine architecture in, 187;
Malatesta in, 198;
Lord Byron in, 372-375.

Reformation, the, premonitions of, 219-222;
coming of, 297.

Reformation within the Church, see Catholic Revival.

Renaissance, 231-251, 281-292.

Renaissance, Early, 231-241.

Renaissance, High, 281-292; its close, 304.

Revolution, French (of 1789), 361, 364.

Revolution, French (of 1830), 379.

Ribera, 352.

Ricasoli, Bettino, 401, 406.

Riccardi palace, 233, 244.

Rienzi, see Cola di Rienzo.

Robbia, della, Andrea, 244.

Robbia, della, Luca, 241.

Romagna, the, 379.

Roman Curia (papal Curia), denounced by Frederick II, 138, 139;
its venality, 219;
policy, 221;
difficulties and cleverness, 269-270;
object of satire and invective, 274, 275;
and art, 288.

Roman Empire (see also Holy Roman Empire, and Eastern Empire), its
extent, 1;
character, 2;
luxurious life, 4;
unity, 7;
its condition while at Constantinople, 25;
in popular imagination, 51, 52;
relations with Papacy, 59;
its revival by Pope Leo and Charlemagne, 56;
end of Carlovingian revival, 58;
revival by Otto the Great as the Holy Roman Empire, 77, 78.

Roman gentleman, life of, 4.

Roman people, antagonism to Papacy, 60;
local politics of, 67;
savageness, 68.

Rome, its splendour, 2;
fall, 5;
Christian, 9;
Theodoric's visit, 14;
relation to the Empire, 53;
parties in, 133, 134;
no despotism in, 194;
reduced to papal obedience, 268;
sack by Bourbon's army, 279, 280;
in High Renaissance, 288;
visited by Montaigne, 328-331;
compared with Venice as to freedom, 328, 329;
riots in, 390;
Republic declared, 390;
defends itself against French, 391-394;
Roman question, 405;
occupied by Italian troops, 407;
becomes seat of national government, 408.

Romulus Augustulus, 1.

Roncaglia, diet of, 110, 111.

Rospigliosi, see Clement IX, Pope.

Rosselli, 288.

Rossellino, Antonio, 244.

Rossetti, 377.

Rossi, Pellegrino, murdered, 390.

Rossini, 358.

Rovere, della, Francesco, see Sixtus IV, Pope.

Rovere, della, Giuliano, see Julius II, Pope.

Rovere, della, family, dukes of Urbino, 303.

Rovigo, visited by Montaigne, 323.

Rule of St. Benedict, 34.

Rule of St. Francis, 132.

Ruskin on Bronzino, 309.

St. Benedict, 33, 34.

St. Clare, 130.

St. Columbanus, 36, 37.

Sta. Croce, church of, 188.

St. Francis, 125-132.

St. Francis de Sales, 345.

St. Francis Xavier, 345.

St. Jerome on destruction of Rome, 5.

St. John Lateran, church of, in Innocent's dream, 126;
Henry VII crowned in, 159.

Sta. Maria degli Angeli, 129, 306.

Sta. Maria del Carmine, 240, 248.

St. Paul, basilica of, sacked by Saracens, 73;
in Jubilee of 1300, 147, 148.

St. Peter, basilica of, described, 55, 56;
sacked by Saracens, 73;
enclosed in walls, 74;
in Jubilee, 147;
held by the Guelfs, 159;
plan to rebuild, 252;
rebuilt, 289, 290;
dome completed, 344;
colonnade, 351.

St. Peter Damian on lay investiture, 87.

St. Sophia, church of, 38.

St. Theresa, 345.

St. Thomas Aquinas, 178, 179.

St. Zeno, church of, in Verona, 194.

Salerno, 70, 92, 104.

San Gallo, da, Antonio, the younger, 290.

San Gallo, da, Francesco, account of discovery of Laocoon, 291.

San Gallo, da, Giuliano, 244, 289, 290, 291.

Sansovino, Jacopo Tatti, 306, 311.

Saracens, 40;
conquests of, 41;
in Sicily, 73;
in Italy, 73.

Sardinia, conveyed to Savoy, 341;
dukes of Savoy become kings of Sardinia, Kingdom of, see Piedmont.

Sarpi, Paolo, Fra, 337, 338.

Sassoferrato, 352.

Savonarola, 248, 258-262.

Savoy, 172 (see also Piedmont);
its situation and princes, 173;
becomes duchy, 229;
during wars between Francis I and Charles V, 296;
becomes an Italian state, 296;
in 17th and 18th centuries, 343.

Savoy, House of, 173.

Scala, della, House of (the Scaligers), 194-198;
burial place of, 196.

Scala, della, Can Grande, 195, 196;
aided by Henry VII, 198.

Scala, della, Mastino, 196, 197;
his defeat, 197, 198.

Scaligers, see Scala della, House of.

Scarlatti, Alessandro, 358.

Scarlatti, Domenico, 358.

Schism, the Great, 218-220.

Sebastiano del Piombo, 312.

Segnatura, Stanza della, 290.

Sella, Quintino, 413.

Sforza, House of, becomes extinct, 257, 258.

Sforza, Alessandro, lord of Pesaro, 250.

Sforza, Attendolo (Muzio Attendolo), 222.

Sforza, Francesco, 222;
becomes Duke of Milan, 250;
dealings with humanists, 250;
death, 253.

Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, 254, 255.

Sforza, Lodovico, il Moro, 255-257, 281.

Sicilian Vespers, 162.

Sicily (see also Two Sicilies), practically Greek, 42;
Norman conquest, 93;
under Henry VI, 114;
under Frederick II, 141, 142;
under Charles of Anjou, 161, 162;
Sicilian Vespers, 162;
under House of Aragon, 162;
about 1350, 201;
appanage of Aragon, 223;
no share in Renaissance, 249;
under legitimate branch of House of Aragon, 263;
under Spanish viceroys, 294;
conveyed to Savoy, to Austria, to Spanish Bourbons, 341;
prior to 1789, 364;
loses its autonomy, 368;
in 1848, 386, 390;
revolution put down, 391;
expedition of Garibaldi and Mille, 403.

Siena, conquered by Florence, 294;
visited by Montaigne, 327.

Sigismund, Emperor, 220.

Signorelli, 288.

Silvester, Pope, legend of, 45-47.

Simony, movement against, 86.

Sistine Chapel, 288;
Michelangelo's frescoes, 290.

Sixtus IV, Pope, 270, 271, 286.

Sixtus V, Pope, 344.

Sodoma, 309.

Solferino, 400.

Spain, 37;
invasions by, 253, 254;
acquires Milan, 257;
Naples, 263, 264;
predominant in Italy, 276;
secure hold, 293;
government in Milan, 294;
in Naples and Sicily, 294.

Spanish Steps, the, in Rome, 351, 360.

Spielberg prison, 371.

Spoleto, a Lombard duchy, 28, 69;
visited by Montaigne, 331.

Stradivarius, 359.

Strozzi palace, in Florence, 244, 245.

Summa Theologiae, of Thomas Aquinas, 178.

Tasso, Torquato, on the Book of the Courtier, 284;
life, 309, 310;
seen by Montaigne, 324.

Theodora, 75, 76.

Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, 12;
victory over Odoacer, 13;
difficulties, 13;
policy, 14;
visit to Rome, 14;
dealings with Empire, 15;
with Church, 17;
breach with Church, 20;
death, 20.

Thomas Aquinas, see St. Thomas Aquinas.

Tiepolo, 352.

Tintoretto, 312.

Titian, 312.

Totila, 21, 22.

Trade, spirit of, 103;
with North and East, 166, 167;
impediments to, 167, 168.

Trent, Council of, 300-302.

Trevi, fountain of, 351, 360.

Turin, 334, 375.

Turks, capture Constantinople, 264;
conquer parts of Venetian Empire, 297;
wars with Venice, 338, 339.

Tuscany, 69;
a marquisate, 94;
a Grand Duchy, 303;
visited by Montaigne, 325-327;
passes to Austrian dukes on failure of Medicean line, 342;
prior to 1739, 363;
restoration in, after Napoleon's fall, 367;
takes part in war against Austria, 388;
defeated, 389;
Grand Duke runs away, 390;
returns, 391;
subservient to Austria, 397;
runs away again, 401;
united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 401, 402.

Two Sicilies, Kingdom of (see also Sicily and Naples), 93;
under Manfred, 143;
conquered by Charles of Anjou, 144;
absolute monarchy, 193, 194;
united under Alfonso of Aragon, 223;
fall apart on his death, 263;
pass to Charles V, 264;
1494-1516, 263, 264;
unites with Kingdom of Italy, 405.

Uffizi palace, in Florence, 294;
picture gallery, 295.

Ugolino, see Gregory IX, Pope.

Universities, 177;
of Bologna, 177, 178.

Urban VI, Pope, 218.

Urban VIII, Pope, 346.

Urbino, 249;
library at, 251;
society in, 282, 283;
absorbed by Papacy, 295;
visited by Montaigne, 332.

Utrecht, treaty of, 341.

Uzzano, Niccolo da, 230.

Vandals, 5, 21.

Vasari, on Brunelleschi, 235, 236;
on Donatello, 238, 239;
on Masaccio, 240;
on Leonardo, 285, 286;
on Raphael, 290, 291;
himself, 306.

Vatican Council, 410.

Vatican library, 252.

Vatican palace, 252, 287, 288, 290.

Venice, 70;
origin, 105;
character, 105, 106;
trade, 106, 107;
Barbarossa and Alexander III at, 112;
Fourth Crusade, 118, 119;
isolation, 170;
government, 171;
patricians, 171;
wars with Genoa, 172;
Great Council, 172;
oligarchy, 172;
about 1350, 202;
growth, 223;
wars with Genoa, 224;
four stages, 224;
oligarchy in control, 225;
tranquillity, 226;
1453-1508, 264-266;
League of Cambrai, 265, 266;
wars with Turks, 297;
Lepanto, 297;
the Carita, 307;
fine arts, 310-313;
visited by Montaigne, 322, 323;
freedom compared with that in Rome, 328, 329;
1580-1789, 335-339;
quarrel with Papacy, 336, 337;
wars with Turks, 338, 339;
conquers the Morea, 338;
opera in, 357;
music in, 359;
prior to 1789, 362;
extinction of Republic, 365;
given to Austria, 367;
in 1848, a Republic again, 387, 388;
jealous of Piedmont, 389;
surrenders to Austria, 394;
united to Italy, 407.

Verona, emotional peace of, 176, 177;
description of, 194;
under Scaligers, 195-198;
seized by Venice, 224;
temporarily under Milan, 227;
taken by Venice, 228;
claimed by empire, 265;
visited by Montaigne, 320.

Veronese, Paolo, 312.

Verrocchio, 244, 247;
Leonardo's master, 286.

Vicenza, conquered by Can Grande, 195, 196;
buildings in, 306, 307;
visited by Goethe, 307;
by Montaigne, 321.

Vico, 349, 350.

Victor Emmanuel, see Vittorio Emanuele II.

Vienna, Congress of, 366, 367.

Vienna, Peace of, 341.

Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da, 305, 306.

Villa Borghese, 351.

Villa di Papa Giulio, 306.

Villa Medici, 351.

Villani, Giovanni, on Boniface VIII, 146;
on Dante, 152, 153;
on Florence, 182, 183;
death, 211.

Vinci, Leonardo da, 256, 285-287.

Visconti, House of, despots of Milan, 198, 199;
aided by Henry VII, 198;
their ambitions, 199;
about 1350, 202;
their despotism, 215, 216;
end of, 250.

Visconti, Bernabo, 215, 216.

Visconti, Bianca Maria, 229.

Visconti, Filippo Maria, 228; death, 250.

Visconti, Galeazzo II, 216.

Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 216;
career, 226;
buildings, 226;
death, 227.

Visconti, Giovanni (Archbishop), 215.

Visigoths, 5.

Vittorio Emanuele I, 375.

Vittorio Emanuele II, 390;
character, 397, 398;
French alliance and Austrian War, 400, 401;
hailed King of Italy by Garibaldi, 404;
alliance with Prussia, 407;
war with Austria, 407;
enters Venice, 407;
takes possession of Rome, 407, 408;
death, 413.

Vittorio Emanuele III, 416.

Volta, 362.

War of Polish Succession, 340, 341.

War of Spanish Succession, 340, 341.

Werner, duke, 213.

Worms, diet of, 278.

Wyclif, 220.

Young Italy, 381.

Zacharias, Pope, 44.

Zara, captured by Crusaders, 118.

Zeno, Carlo, 224.

End of Project Gutenberg's A Short History of Italy, by Henry Dwight Sedgwick

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A Short History of Italy (476-1900)Chapter XLI: Appendix: I

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