Chapter XXXVIII (1)

Lincoln's Early Environment--Its Effect on his Character--His Attitude toward Slavery and the Slaveholder--His Schooling in Disappointment--His Seeming Failures--His Real Successes--The Final Trial--His Achievements--His Place in History

A child born to an inheritance of want; a boy growing into a narrow world of ignorance; a youth taking up the burden of coarse manual labor; a man entering on the doubtful struggle of a local backwoods career--these were the beginnings of Abraham Lincoln, if we analyze them under the hard practical cynical philosophy which takes for its motto that "nothing succeeds but success." If, however, we adopt a broader philosophy, and apply the more generous and more universal principle that "everything succeeds which attacks favorable opportunity with fitting endeavor," then we see that it was the strong vitality, the active intelligence, and the indefinable psychological law of moral growth that assimilates the good and rejects the bad, which Nature gave this obscure child, that carried him to the service of mankind and to the admiration of the centuries with the same certainty with which the acorn grows to be the oak.

We see how even the limitations of his environment helped the end. Self-reliance, that most vital characteristic of the pioneer, was his by blood and birth and training; and developed through the privations of his lot and the genius that was in him to the mighty strength needed to guide our great country through the titanic struggle of the Civil War.

The sense of equality was his, also by virtue of his pioneer training--a consciousness fostered by life from childhood to manhood in a state of society where there were neither rich to envy nor poor to despise, where the gifts and hardships of the forest were distributed impartially to each, and where men stood indeed equal before the forces of unsubdued nature.

The same great forces taught liberality, modesty, charity, sympathy--in a word, neighborliness. In that hard life, far removed from the artificial aids and comforts of civilization, where all the wealth of Croesus, had a man possessed it, would not have sufficed to purchase relief from danger, or help in time of need, neighborliness became of prime importance. A good neighbor doubled his safety and his resources, a group of good neighbors increased his comfort and his prospects in a ratio that grew like the cube root. Here was opportunity to practise that virtue that Christ declared to be next to the love of God--the fruitful injunction to "love thy neighbor as thyself."

Here, too, in communities far from the customary restraints of organized law, the common native intelligence of the pioneer was brought face to face with primary and practical questions of natural right. These men not only understood but appreciated the American doctrine of self-government. It was this understanding, this feeling, which taught Lincoln to write: "When the white man governs himself, that is self-government; but when he governs himself and also governs another man, that is more than self-government--that is despotism"; and its philosophic corollary: "He who would be no slave must consent to have no slave."

Abraham Lincoln sprang from exceptional conditions--was in truth, in the language of Lowell, a "new birth of our new soil." But this distinction was not due alone to mere environment. The ordinary man, with ordinary natural gifts, found in Western pioneer communities a development essentially the same as he would have found under colonial Virginia or Puritan New England: a commonplace life, varying only with the changing ideas and customs of time and locality. But for the man with extraordinary powers of body and mind; for the individual gifted by nature with the genius which Abraham Lincoln possessed; the pioneer condition, with its severe training in self-denial, patience, and industry, was favorable to a development of character that helped in a preëminent degree to qualify him for the duties and responsibilities of leadership and government. He escaped the formal conventionalities which beget insincerity and dissimulation. He grew up without being warped by erroneous ideas or false principles; without being dwarfed by vanity, or tempted by self-interest.

Some pioneer communities carried with them the institution of slavery; and in the slave State of Kentucky Lincoln was born. He remained there only a short time, and we have every reason to suppose that wherever he might have grown to maturity his very mental and moral fiber would have spurned the doctrine and practice of human slavery. And yet so subtle is the influence of birth and custom, that we can trace one lasting effect of this early and brief environment. Though he ever hated slavery, he never hated the slaveholder. This ineradicable feeling of pardon and sympathy for Kentucky and the South played no insignificant part in his dealings with grave problems of statesmanship. He struck slavery its death-blow with the hand of war, but he tendered the slaveholder a golden equivalent with the hand of friendship and peace.

His advancement in the astonishing career which carried him from obscurity to world-wide fame; from postmaster of New Salem village to President of the United States; from captain of a backwoods volunteer company to commander-in-chief of the army and navy, was neither sudden, nor accidental, nor easy. He was both ambitious and successful, but his ambition was moderate and his success was slow. And because his success was slow, his ambition never outgrew either his judgment or his powers. From the day when he left the paternal roof and launched his canoe on the head waters of the Sangamon River to begin life on his own account, to the day of his first inauguration, there intervened full thirty years of toil, of study, self-denial, patience; often of effort baffled, of hope deferred; sometimes of bitter disappointment. Given the natural gift of great genius, given the condition of favorable environment, it yet required an average lifetime and faithful unrelaxing effort to transform the raw country stripling into a competent ruler for this great nation.

Almost every success was balanced--sometimes overbalanced by a seeming failure. Reversing the usual promotion, he went into the Black Hawk War a captain and, through no fault of his own, came out a private. He rode to the hostile frontier on horseback, and trudged home on foot. His store "winked out." His surveyor's compass and chain, with which he was earning a scanty living, were sold for debt. He was defeated in his first campaign for the legislature; defeated in his first attempt to be nominated for Congress; defeated in his application to be appointed commissioner of the General Land Office; defeated for the Senate in the Illinois legislature of 1854, when he had forty-five votes to begin with, by Trumbull, who had only five votes to begin with; defeated in the legislature of 1858, by an antiquated apportionment, when his joint debates with Douglas had won him a popular plurality of nearly four thousand in a Democratic State; defeated in the nomination for Vice-President on the Frémont ticket in 1856, when a favorable nod from half a dozen wire-workers would have brought him success.

Failures? Not so. Every seeming defeat was a slow success. His was the growth of the oak, and not of Jonah's gourd. Every scaffolding of temporary elevation he pulled down, every ladder of transient expectation which broke under his feet accumulated his strength, and piled up a solid mound which raised him to wider usefulness and clearer vision. He could not become a master workman until he had served a tedious apprenticeship. It was the quarter of a century of reading thinking, speech-making and legislating which qualified him for selection as the chosen champion of the Illinois Republicans in the great Lincoln-Douglas joint debates of 1858. It was the great intellectual victory won in these debates, plus the title "Honest old Abe," won by truth and manhood among his neighbors during a whole generation, that led the people of the United States to confide to his hands the duties and powers of President.

And when, after thirty years of endeavor, success had beaten down defeat; when Lincoln had been nominated elected, and inaugurated, came the crowning trial of his faith and constancy. When the people, by free and lawful choice, had placed honor and power in his hands; when his signature could convene Congress, approve laws, make ministers, cause ships to sail and armies to move; when he could speak with potential voice to other rulers of other lands, there suddenly came upon the government and the nation the symptoms of a fatal paralysis; honor seemed to dwindle and power to vanish. Was he then, after all, not to be President? Was patriotism dead? Was the Constitution waste paper? Was the Union gone?

The indications were, indeed, ominous. Seven States were in rebellion. There was treason in Congress, treason in the Supreme Court, treason in the army and navy. Confusion and discord rent public opinion. To use Lincoln's own forcible simile, sinners were calling the righteous to repentance. Finally, the flag, insulted on the _Star of the West_, trailed in capitulation at Sumter and then came the humiliation of the Baltimore riot, and the President practically for a few days a prisoner in the capital of the nation.

But his apprenticeship had been served, and there was no more failure. With faith and justice and generosity he conducted for four long years a civil war whose frontiers stretched from the Potomac to the Rio Grande; whose soldiers numbered a million men on each side; in which, counting skirmishes and battles small and great, was fought an average of two engagements every day; and during which every twenty-four hours saw an expenditure of two millions of money. The labor, the thought, the responsibility, the strain of intellect and anguish of soul that he gave to this great task, who can measure?

The sincerity of the fathers of the Republic was impugned he justified them. The Declaration of Independence was called a "string of glittering generalities" and a "self-evident lie"; he refuted the aspersion. The Constitution was perverted; he corrected the error. The flag was insulted; he redressed the offense. The government was assailed? he restored its authority. Slavery thrust the sword of civil war at the heart of the nation? he crushed slavery, and cemented the purified Union in new and stronger bonds.

And all the while conciliation was as active as vindication was stern. He reasoned and pleaded with the anger of the South; he gave insurrection time to repent; he forbore to execute retaliation; he offered recompense to slaveholders; he pardoned treason.

What but lifetime schooling in disappointment; what but the pioneer's self-reliance and freedom from prejudice; what but the patient faith, the clear perceptions of natural right, the unwarped sympathy and unbounding charity of this man with spirit so humble and soul so great, could have carried him through the labors he wrought to the victory he attained?

As the territory may be said to be its body, and its material activities its blood, so patriotism may be said to be the vital breath of a nation. When patriotism dies, the nation dies, and its resources as well as its territory go to other peoples with stronger vitality.

Patriotism can in no way be more effectively cultivated than by studying and commemorating the achievements and virtues of our great men--the men who have lived and died for the nation, who have advanced its prosperity, increased its power, added to its glory. In our brief history the United States can boast of many great men, and the achievement by its sons of many great deeds; and if we accord the first rank to Washington as founder, so we must unhesitatingly give to Lincoln the second place as preserver and regenerator of American liberty. So far, however from being opposed or subordinated either to the other, the popular heart has already canonized these two as twin heroes in our national pantheon, as twin stars in the firmament of our national fame.

INDEX

=Able, Mrs.=, sister of Mary Owens, 55, 60

=Adams, Charles Francis=, member of Congress, United States minister
to England, sent to England, 211

=Alabama=, State of, admitted as State, 1819, 19

=Alabama=, the, Confederate cruiser, sunk by the _Kearsarge_, 525

=Albemarle=, the, Confederate ironclad, destruction of,
October 27, 1864, 525

=Albert=, Prince Consort, drafts note to Lord Russell about _Trent_
affair, 247

=Alexander II=, Czar of Russia, emancipates Russian serfs, 101

=Alexandria=, Virginia, occupation of, 214

=American Party=, principles of, 101, 102;
nominates Millard Fillmore for President, 1856, 102

=Anderson, Robert=, brevet major-general United States army,
transfers his command to Fort Sumter, 177, 178;
reports condition of Fort Sumter, 182;
notified of coming relief, 188;
defense and surrender of Fort Sumter, 189, 190;
telegram about Frémont's proclamation, 240;
sends Sherman to Nashville, 254;
turns over command to Sherman, 254;
raises flag over Fort Sumter, 531

=Antietam=, Maryland, battle of, September 17, 1862, 31

=Arkansas=, State of, joins Confederacy, 200, 204;
military governor appointed for, 419;
reconstruction in, 426, 427;
slavery abolished in, 427;
slavery in, throttled by public opinion, 473;
ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 475

=Armies of the United States=,
enlistment in, since beginning of the war, 353, 354;
numbers under Grant's command, March, 1865, 507;
reduction of, to peace footing, 527;
grand review of, 527-529

=Armstrong, Jack=, wrestles with Lincoln, 25

=Arnold, Samuel=, in conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, 534;
imprisoned, 544

=Atlanta=, Georgia, siege of, July 22 to September 1, 1864, 407

=Atzerodt, George=, in conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, 534;
assigned to murder Andrew Johnson, 535;
deposits arms in tavern at Surrattsville, 536;
execution of, 544

=Bailey, Theodorus=, rear-admiral United States navy,
in expedition against New Orleans, 284

=Bailhache, William H.=, prints Lincoln's first inaugural, 168

=Baker, Edward D.=, member of Congress, United States senator,
brevet major-general United States Volunteers, at Springfield,
Illinois, 52;
nominated for Congress, 73;
in Mexican War, 75

=Ball's Bluff=, Virginia, battle of, October, 21, 1861, 262

=Baltimore=, Maryland, Massachusetts Sixth mobbed in, 193;
occupied by General Butler, 199;
threatened by Early, 403;
funeral honors to Lincoln in, 546

=Bancroft, George=, Secretary of the Navy, historian,
minister to Prussia, letter to Lincoln, 321

=Banks, Nathaniel P.=, Speaker of the House of Representatives,
major-general United States Volunteers, in Army of Virginia, 310;
forces under, for defense of Washington, 317;
operations against Port Hudson, 382;
captures Port Hudson, 383, 384;
reply to Lincoln, 425;
causes election of State officers in Louisiana, 425, 426;
opinion of new Louisiana constitution, 426

=Barton, William=, governor of Delaware,
reply to Lincoln's call for volunteers, 193

=Bates, Edward=, member of Congress, Attorney-General,
candidate for presidential nomination, 1860, 144;
vote for, in Chicago convention, 149;
tendered cabinet appointment, 163;
appointed Attorney-General, 182;
signs cabinet protest, 311;
rewrites cabinet protest, 312;
resigns from cabinet, 491

=Beauregard, G.T.=, Confederate general, reduces Fort Sumter, 188-190;
in command at Manassas Junction, 215;
understanding with Johnston, 216;
battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, 226-229;
council with Johnston and Hardee, 267;
succeeds to command at Pittsburg Landing, 273;
losses at Pittsburg Landing, 274;
evacuates Corinth, 275;
united with Hood, 409;
orders Hood to assume offensive, 410;
interview with Davis and Johnston, 520

=Bell, John=, member of Congress, Secretary of War,
United States senator, nominated for President, 1860, 143;
vote for, 160

=Benjamin, Judah P.=, United States senator,
Confederate Secretary of State, suggestions about instructions
to peace commissioners, 482;
last instructions to Slidell, 501, 502

=Berry, William F.=, partner of Lincoln in a store, 35;
death of, 36

=Big Bethel=, Virginia, disaster at, 214

=Blackburn's Ford=, Virginia, engagement at, July 18, 1861, 226

=Black Hawk=, chief of the Sac Indians,
crosses Mississippi into Illinois, 32

=Black, Jeremiah S.=, Attorney-General, Secretary of State,
war of pamphlets with Douglas, 134

=Blair, Francis P.=, Sr., quarrel with Frémont, 236, 487;
asks permission to go South, 478;
interviews with Jefferson Davis, 479-482;
his Mexican project, 479

=Blair, Francis P.=, Jr., member of Congress major-general
United States Volunteers quarrel with Frémont, 236, 487, 488

=Blair, Montgomery=, Postmaster-General,
appointed Postmaster-General, 182;
quarrel with Frémont, 236, 487, 488;
at cabinet meeting, July 22, 1862, 331, 332;
objects to time for issuing emancipation proclamation, 340;
resolution in Republican platform aimed at, 446, 487;
relations with members of the cabinet, 488;
remarks after Early's raid, 488;
retires from cabinet, 489;
works for Lincoln's reëlection, 489, 490;
wishes to be chief justice, 490;
declines foreign mission, 490

=Bogue, Captain Vincent=, navigates Sangamon River in
steamer _Talisman_, 27, 28

=Boonville=, Missouri, battle of, June 17, 1861, 214

=Booth, John Wilkes=, personal description of, 534, 535;
scheme to abduct Lincoln, 535;
creates disturbance at Lincoln's second inauguration, 535;
assigns parts in conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, 535, 536;
final preparations, 536, 537;
shoots the President, 538;
wounds Major Rathbone 538;
escape of, 539;
flight and capture of, 542, 543;
death of, 543;
account at Montreal Bank, 544

=Bragg, Braxton=, Confederate general,
forces Buell back to Louisville, 275, 276;
threatens Louisville, 379;
battle of Perryville, 379;
battle of Murfreesboro, 380;
retreat to Chattanooga, 385;
Chattanooga and Chickamauga, 386-392;
retreats to Dalton, 392;
superseded by Johnston, 395;
his invasion delays reconstruction in Tennessee, 428

=Breckinridge, John C.=, Vice-President, Confederate major-general,
and Secretary of War, nominated for Vice-President, 1856, 104;
desires Douglas's reëlection to United States Senate, 126;
nominated for President, 1860, 143;
vote for, 160;
joins the rebellion, 217;
required by Davis to report on Johnston-Sherman agreement, 523

=Breckinridge, Robert J.=, D.D., LL.D.,
temporary chairman Republican national convention, 1864, 446

=Brown, Albert G.=, member of Congress, United States senator,
questions Douglas, 129;
demands congressional slave code, 141

=Brown, John=, raid at Harper's Ferry, trial and execution of, 134

=Brown, Joseph E.=, governor of Georgia, United States senator,
refuses to obey orders from Richmond, 481

=Browning, Orville H.=, United States senator, Secretary of the Interior
under President Johnson, at Springfield, Illinois, 52;
speech in Chicago convention, 151

=Browning, Mrs. O.H.=, Lincoln's letter to, 58, 59

=Bryant, William Cullen=, presides over Cooper Institute meeting, 138

=Buchanan, Franklin=, captain United States navy, admiral Confederate
navy, resigns from Washington navy-yard and joins the Confederacy, 196

=Buchanan, James=, fifteenth President of the United States,
nominated for President, 1856, 104;
elected President, 105, 108;
announces pro-slavery policy, 114;
appoints Walker governor of Kansas, 114;
reply to Walker's letter, 115;
special message recommending Lecompton Constitution, 115;
permits Scott to be called to Washington, 172;
non-action regarding secession, 176, 177;
reconstruction of his cabinet, 178;
rides with Lincoln in inauguration procession, 180;
non-coercion doctrine of, 210;
signs resolution for constitutional amendment, 476

=Buckner, Simon B.=, Confederate lieutenant-general,
stationed at Bowling Green, 254;
force of, 263;
surrenders Fort Donelson, 267, 268

=Buell, Don Carlos=, major-general United States Volunteers,
succeeds Sherman in Kentucky, 255;
driven back to Louisville, 1862, 258;
instructions about East Tennessee, 258, 259;
reluctance to move into East Tennessee, 260;
reluctance to coöperate with Halleck, 263, 264, 269;
ordered forward to Savannah, 271;
arrives at Pittsburg Landing, 273;
retreats to Louisville, 275, 276;
battle of Perryville, 379;
relieved from command, 380

=Bull Run=, Virginia, battle of, July 21, 1861, 226-229;
second battle of, August 30, 1862, 310, 311

=Burnside, Ambrose E.=, major-general United States Volunteers,
holds Knoxville 1863, 258;
commands force in Roanoke Island expedition, 277, 278;
ordered to reinforce McClellan, 307;
orders arrest of Vallandigham, 358;
appointed to command Army of the Potomac, 363;
previous services, 363, 364;
battle of Fredericksburg, 364, 365;
relieved from command, 366;
ordered to reinforce Rosecrans, 388;
besieged at Knoxville, 391;
repulses Longstreet, 391

=Butler, Benjamin F.=, major-general United States Volunteers,
member of Congress, occupies Baltimore, 199;
orders concerning slaves, 220-222;
instructions to, about slaves, 223;
commands land
force in Farragut's expedition against New Orleans, 283;
in command at New Orleans, 285;
report about negro soldiers, 348, 349;
proclaimed an outlaw by Jefferson Davis, 350;
seizes City Point, 401;
receives votes for Vice-President at Baltimore convention, 448

=Butler, William=, relates incident about Lincoln, 53

=Butterfield, Justin=, appointed Commissioner of General Land Office, 92;
defended by Lincoln from political attack, 92

=Cadwalader, George=, major-general United States Volunteers,
action in Merryman case, 199, 200

=Cairo=, Illinois, military importance of, 209, 210

=Calhoun, John=, appoints Lincoln deputy surveyor, 39, 40;
at Springfield, Illinois, 52

=Cameron, Simon=, United States senator, Secretary of War,
candidate for presidential nomination, 1860, 144;
vote for, in Chicago convention, 149;
tendered cabinet appointment, 163, 164;
appointed Secretary of War, 182;
brings letters of Anderson to Lincoln, 182;
visits Frémont, 242;
interview with Sherman, 255;
appointed minister to Russia, 289;
reference to slavery in report to Congress, 320;
moves renomination of Lincoln and Hamlin by acclamation, 447

=Campbell, John A.=, justice United States Supreme Court; Confederate
commissioner; intermediary of Confederate commissioners, 183;
at Hampton Roads conference, 482-485;
interviews with Lincoln, 519

=Canby, E.R.S.=, brevet major-general United States army,
receives surrender of Taylor, 525;
receives surrender of E. Kirby Smith, 526, 527

=Carpenter, Frank B.=, conversation with Lincoln about
emancipation proclamation, 331, 332

=Carpenter, W.=, defeated for Illinois legislature 1832, 34;
elected in 1834, 43

=Carrick's Ford=, Virginia, battle of, July 13, 1861, 225

=Cartter, David K.=, announces change of vote to Lincoln
in Chicago convention, 151

=Cartwright, Peter=, elected to Illinois legislature in 1832, 34

=Chancellorsville=, Virginia, battle of, May 1-4, 1863, 369

=Charleston=, South Carolina, capture of, February 18, 1865, 415;
burning of, 416

=Chase, Salmon P.=, United States senator, Secretary of the Treasury,
chief justice United States Supreme Court,
candidate for presidential nomination, 1860, 144;
vote for, in Chicago convention, 149;
summoned to Springfield, 163;
appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 182;
questions McClellan at council of war, 289;
signs cabinet protest, 311;
favors emancipation by military commanders, 332;
urges that parts of States be not exempted
in final emancipation proclamation, 343;
submits form of closing paragraph, 344;
presidential aspirations of, 439-441;
letter to Lincoln, 440, 441;
resigns from cabinet, 457;
effect of his resignation on the political situation, 464;
looked upon by radicals as their representative in the cabinet, 487;
hostility to Montgomery Blair, 488;
made chief justice, 490, 491;
note of thanks to Lincoln, 491;
opinion of Lincoln, 491;
administers oath of office to Lincoln at second inauguration, 496;
administers oath of office to President Johnson, 545

=Chattanooga=, Tennessee, battle of, November 23-25, 1863, 389-392

=Chickamauga=, Tennessee, battle of, September 18-20, 1863, 386, 387

=Clary's Grove=, Illinois, settlement of, 24

=Clay, Clement C., Jr.=, United States senator,
Confederate agent in Canada, correspondence with Horace Greeley, 459

=Clay, Henry=, nominated for President, 28

=Clements, Andrew J.=, member of Congress, elected to Congress, 419

=Cleveland=, Ohio, funeral honors to Lincoln in, 547

=Cochrane, John=, member of Congress, brigadier-general United States
Volunteers, nominated for Vice-President, 1864, 442

=Cold Harbor=, Virginia, battle of, June 1-12, 1864, 399

=Colfax, Schuyler=, member of Congress, Vice-President,
letter to, from Lincoln, 132, 133

=Collamer, Jacob=, member of Congress, Postmaster-General,
United States senator, vote for, in Chicago convention, 149

=Columbia=, South Carolina, capture and burning of, 415, 416

=Columbus=, Kentucky, evacuation of, 269

=Confederate States of America=, formed by seceding States, 178, 179;
"corner-stone" theory, 179;
government of, fires on Fort Sumter, 189;
joined by North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, 200;
strength of, 204;
war measures of, 207;
capital removed to Richmond, 207;
strength of, in the West, 263;
outcry of, against emancipation proclamation and arming of
negroes, 350, 351;
efficiency of armies of, in 1863, 370;
proclamation calling on people to resist Sherman's march, 411, 412;
nearly in state of collapse, 481;
doomed from the hour of Lincoln's reëlection, 499;
depreciation of its currency, 499, 500;
conscription laws of, 500;
Confederate Congress makes Lee general-in-chief, 500;
number of soldiers in final struggle, 507;
flight of, from Richmond, 515;
collapse of the rebellion, 524-527;
number of troops surrendered, 527

=Congress of the United States=, passes act organizing
territory of Illinois, 19;
fixes number of stars and stripes in the flag, 19;
admits as States Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri, 19;
nullification debate in, 38;
Lincoln's service in, 75-90;
Missouri Compromise, 94-96;
Democratic majorities chosen in, in 1856, 108;
agitation over Kansas in, 113;
Senator Brown's resolutions, 141;
official count of electoral votes, 160;
appoints compromise committees, 167;
Buchanan's annual message to, December, 1860, 176, 177;
convened in special session by President Lincoln, 192;
Lincoln's message to, May 26, 1862, 195;
legalizes Lincoln's war measures, 206;
meeting and measures of special session of
Thirty-seventh Congress, 217-220;
Southern unionists in, 217;
Lincoln's message to, July 4, 1861, 218-220;
action on slavery, 223;
special session adjourns, 223;
House passes resolution of thanks to Captain Wilkes, 246;
friendly to McClellan, 250;
Lincoln's message of December 3, 1861, 257, 321, 322;
interview of border State delegations with Lincoln, 257, 258, 324, 325;
Lincoln's special message, March 6, 1862, 323, 324;
passes joint resolution favoring compensated emancipation, 325;
passes bill for compensated emancipation in District of
Columbia, 325, 336;
House bill to aid emancipation in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri, 326;
slavery measures of 1862, 329;
President's second interview with border slave State
delegations, 329-331;
President's annual message, December 1, 1862, 341, 342;
passes national conscription law, 354, 355;
act authorizing the President to suspend writ of habeas corpus, 359, 360;
confers rank of lieutenant-general on Grant, 393;
admits representatives and senators from States with
provisional governments, 419;
President's annual message, December 8, 1863, 424;
reverses former action about seating members from "ten-per-cent
States," 424;
bills to aid compensated abolishment in Missouri, 432;
opposition to Lincoln in, 454;
action on bill of Henry Winter Davis, 454;
repeals fugitive-slave law, 457;
confirms Fessenden's nomination, 458;
Lincoln's message of December 5, 1864, 470-472;
joint resolution proposing constitutional amendment to prohibit
slavery throughout United States, 471-476;
the two constitutional amendments submitted to the States during
Lincoln's term, 475, 476;
Senate confirms Chase's nomination as chief justice, 491

=Congress=, the, Union sailing frigate, burned by _Merrimac_, 280

=Constitutional Union Party=, candidates in 1860, 153

=Conventions=: first national convention of Whig party, 28;
President Jackson gives impetus to system of, 52;
Illinois State convention nominates Lincoln for Congress 74, 75;
convention of "Know-Nothing" party, 1856, 102;
Bloomington convention, May, 1856, 103;
first national convention of Republican party, June 17, 1856, 103;
Democratic national convention, June 2, 1856, 104;
Democratic national convention, Charleston, April 23, 1860, 142;
it adjourns to reassemble at Baltimore, June 18, 1860, 143;
Constitutional Union Convention, Baltimore, May 9, 1860, 143;
Republican national convention, Chicago, May 16, 1860, 144, 147-151;
Decatur, Illinois, State convention, 154;
Cleveland convention, May 31, 1864, 441, 442;
meeting in New York to nominate Grant, 442, 443;
New Hampshire State convention, January 6, 1864, 443;
Republican national convention, June 7, 1864, 446-449;
Democratic national convention, 1864, postponed, 463;
Democratic national convention meets, 466-468;
resolution of Baltimore convention hostile to Montgomery Blair, 487

=Cook, B.C.=, member of Congress, nominates Lincoln
in Baltimore convention, 447;
seeks to learn Lincoln's wishes about Vice-Presidency, 448

=Cooper, Samuel=, Confederate adjutant-general, joins the Confederacy, 208

=Corbett, Boston=, sergeant United States army, shoots Booth, 543

=Corinth=, Mississippi, captured by Halleck, 275

=Couch, Darius N.=, major-general United States Volunteers,
militia force under, in Pennsylvania, 372

=Cox, Samuel=, assists Booth and Herold, 542

=Crawford, Andrew=, teacher of President Lincoln, 12

=Crittenden, John J.=, Attorney-General, United States senator,
advocates reëlection of Douglas to United States Senate, 126;
in Thirty-seventh Congress, 217;
presents resolution, 223

=Cumberland=, the, Union frigate, sunk by _Merrimac_, 280

=Curtis, Samuel R.=, member of Congress, major-general
United States Volunteers, sends order of removal to Frémont, 242, 243;
campaign in Missouri, 269;
victory at Pea Ridge, 271

=Cushing, William B.=, commander United States navy,
destruction of the _Albemarle_, 525

=Dahlgren, John A.=, rear-admiral United States navy,
at gathering of officials to discuss fight between _Monitor_
and _Merrimac_, 296

=Davis, Henry Winter=, member of Congress, bill prescribing
method of reconstruction, 454;
signs Wade-Davis manifesto, 456

=Davis, Jefferson=, Secretary of War, United States senator,
Confederate President, orders that
"rebellion must be crushed" in Kansas, 113;
Senate resolutions of, 141;
signs address commending Charleston disruption, 143;
statement in Senate, 143;
elected President of Confederate States of America, 179;
telegram to Governor Letcher, 197;
proclamation offering letters of marque to privateers, 205;
camp of instruction at Harper's Ferry, 209;
proclamation of outlawry, 350;
message on emancipation proclamation, 350, 351;
appoints Hood to succeed Johnston, 407;
visits Hood, and unites commands of Beauregard and Hood, 409;
interview with Jaquess and Gilmore, 462;
interviews with F.P. Blair, Sr., 479-481;
gives Blair a letter to show Lincoln, 481;
appoints peace commission, 482;
instructions to peace commissioners, 482;
reports Hampton Roads conference to rebel Congress, 485;
speech at public meeting, 485, 486;
Confederate Congress shows hostility to, 500, 501;
reappoints J.E. Johnston to resist Sherman, 501;
recommendations concerning slaves in rebel army, 501;
sanctions Lee's letter to Grant, 503;
conference with Lee, 504;
flight from Richmond, 515;
proclamation from Danville, 519, 520;
retreat to Greensboro, North Carolina, 520;
interview with Johnston and Beauregard, 520;
continues southward, 520;
dictates proposition of armistice presented by Johnston to Sherman, 521;
requires report from Breckinridge about Johnston-Sherman agreement, 523;
instructions to Johnston, 524;
attempt to reach E. Kirby Smith, 525, 526;
effort to gain Florida coast, 526;
capture, imprisonment, and release of, 526

=Davis, Mrs. Jefferson=, captured with her husband, 526

=Dawson, John=, defeated for Illinois legislature, 1832, 34;
elected in 1834, 43

=Dayton, William L.=, United States senator minister to France,
nominated for Vice-President, 104;
vote for, in Chicago convention, 149

=Delano, Columbus=, member of Congress, Secretary of the Interior,
in Baltimore convention, 447

=Delaware=, State of, secession feeling in, 201;
rejects compensated abolishment, 322, 323

=Democratic Party=, party of slavery extension, 102;
nominates Buchanan and Breckinridge in 1856, 104;
disturbed by Buchanan's attitude on slavery, 116;
pro-slavery demands of, 140, 141;
national conventions of, 1860, 142-144;
candidates in 1860, 152, 153;
opposition to emancipation measures and conscription law, 354, 355;
adopts McClellan for presidential candidate, 355;
interest in Vallandigham, 358;
attitude on slavery, 437, 438, 472, 473;
convention postponed, 463;
national convention, 1864, 466-468

=Dennison, William=, governor of Ohio, Postmaster-General,
permanent chairman of Republican national convention, 1864, 446;
succeeds Blair as Postmaster-General, 489, 490

=Dickinson, Daniel S.=, United States senator, candidate
for vice-presidential nomination, 1864, 448, 449

=Doherty, E.P.=, lieutenant United States army,
captures Booth and Herold, 543

=Donelson, Andrew J.=, nominated for Vice-President, 102

=Dorsey, Azel W.=, teacher of President Lincoln, 12

=Douglas, Stephen A.=, member of Congress, United States senator,
at Springfield, Illinois, 52;
challenges young Whigs of Springfield to debate, 62;
elected to United States Senate, 75;
champions repeal of Missouri Compromise, 95;
speech at Illinois State fair, 96;
at Peoria, 96;
agreement with Lincoln, 99;
on Dred Scott case, 109, 110;
denounces Lecompton Constitution, 116, 117;
hostility of Buchanan administration toward, 117;
Lincoln-Douglas joint debate, 121-125;
speeches in the South, 128, 129;
answer to Senator Brown, 129;
references to Lincoln, 130;
Ohio speeches, 133;
"Harper's Magazine" essay, 134;
fight over nomination of, for President, 1860, 142-144;
nominated for President, 143;
speeches during campaign of 1860, 156;
vote for, 160

=Douglass, Frederick=, conversation with Lincoln, 352

=Draft=, Congress passes national conscription law, 354;
opposition of Governor Seymour to, 355-357;
riots in New York, 356, 357;
dissatisfaction in other places, 357;
opposition of Vallandigham to, 358

=Dred Scott= case, decision of Supreme Court in, 108, 109;
protest of North against, 109;
Senator Douglas on, 109, 110

=Dresser, Rev. Charles=, marries Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd, 68, 69

=Du-Pont, Samuel F.=, rear-admiral United States navy,
commands fleet in Port Royal expedition, 245

=Durant, Thomas J.=, mentioned in letter of Lincoln's, 334, 335

=Early, Jubal A.=, Confederate lieutenant-general,
threatens Washington, 403;
inflicts damage on Blair's estate, 488

=Eckert, Thomas T.=, brevet brigadier-general United States Volunteers,
sent to meet peace commissioners at Hampton Roads, 482;
refuses to allow peace commissioners to proceed, 483

=Edwards, Cyrus=, desires commissionership of General Land Office, 92

=Edwards, Ninian W.=, one of "Long Nine," 63

=Edwards, Mrs. Ninian W.=, sister of Mrs. Lincoln, 63

=Ellsworth, E.E.=, colonel United States Volunteers, assassination of, 214

=Emancipation=, Lincoln-Stone protest, 47;
Lincoln's bill for, in District of Columbia, 86, 87;
Missouri Compromise, 94, 95;
Frémont's proclamation of, 236-238;
discussed in President's message of December 3, 1861, 321, 322;
Lincoln offers Delaware compensated abolishment, 322, 323;
special message of March 6, 1862, 323, 324;
Congress passes bill for, in District of Columbia, 325, 326;
bill to aid it in border slave States, 326;
Hunter's order of, 327;
measures in Congress relating to, 328, 329;
Lincoln's second interview with delegations from border slave
States, 329-331;
Lincoln's conversation with Carpenter about, 331, 332;
first draft of emancipation proclamation read to cabinet, 331, 332;
President's interview with Chicago clergymen, 337-339;
Lincoln issues preliminary emancipation proclamation, 339-341;
annual message of December 1, 1862, 341, 342;
President issues final emancipation proclamation, 342-346;
President's views on, 346, 347;
arming of negro soldiers, 348, 350;
Lincoln's letters to Banks about emancipation in Louisiana, 423-425;
slavery abolished in Louisiana, 426;
slavery abolished in Arkansas, 427;
slavery abolished in Tennessee, 429;
slavery abolished in Missouri, 432-434;
Maryland refuses offer of compensated abolishment, 434;
slavery abolished in Maryland, 435, 436;
Republican national platform favors Constitutional
amendment abolishing slavery, 446;
Constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery in United States, 471-476;
two Constitutional amendments affecting slavery offered during
Lincoln's term, 475,476;
Lincoln's draft of joint resolution offering the South $400,000,000, 493;
Jefferson Davis recommends employment of negroes in army,
with emancipation to follow, 501.
See _Slavery_

=England=, public opinion in, favorable to the South, 211;
excitement in, over _Trent_ affair, 246;
joint expedition to Mexico, 451;
"neutrality" of, 525

=Ericsson=, John, inventor of the _Monitor_, 279

=Evarts=, William M., Secretary of State, United States senator,
nominates Seward for President, 149;
moves to make Lincoln's nomination unanimous, 151

=Everett=, Edward, member of Congress, minister to England,
Secretary of State, United States senator,
candidate for Vice-President, 1860, 153

=Ewell=, Richard S., Confederate lieutenant-general,
in retreat to Appomattox, 511;
statement about burning of Richmond, 516

=Ewing=, Thomas, Secretary of the Interior defended by Lincoln
against political attack, 92

=Fair Oaks=, Virginia, battle of, 302

=Farragut=, David G., admiral United States navy,
captures New Orleans and ascends the Mississippi, 282-287;
ascends Mississippi a second time, 287;
mentioned 328, 329, 381;
operations against Port Hudson, 382;
Mobile Bay, 468, 525

=Farrand=, Ebenezer, captain Confederate navy, surrender of, 525

=Fessenden=, William P., United States senator,
Secretary of the Treasury, becomes Secretary of the Treasury, 458;
agrees with President against making proffers of peace to Davis, 463;
resigns from cabinet, 491, 492

=Field=, David Dudley, escorts Lincoln to platform at Cooper Institute, 138

=Fillmore=, Millard, thirteenth President of the United States,
nominated by Know-Nothing party for President, 1856, 102

=Five Forks=, Virginia, battle of, April 1, 1865, 507-509

=Floyd=, John B., Secretary of War, Confederate brigadier-general,
escapes from Fort Donelson, 268

=Foote=, Andrew H., rear-admiral United States navy,
capture of Island No. 10, 274;
proceeds to Fort Pillow, 274

=Forrest=, Nathan B., Confederate lieutenant-general,
with Hood's army, 410;
defeat of, 525

=Fort Donelson=, Tennessee, capture of, 266-268

=Fort Fisher=, North Carolina, capture of, 414, 481, 525

=Fort Harrison=, Virginia, capture of, 560

=Fort Henry=, Tennessee, capture of, 266

=Fort Jackson=, Louisiana, capture of, 282-285

=Fort McAllister=, Georgia, stormed by Sherman, 412

=Fort Pillow=, Tennessee, evacuation of, 286;
massacre of negro troops at, 351

=Fort Pulaski=, Georgia, capture of, 278

=Fort Randolph=, Tennessee, evacuation of, 286

=Fort Stedman=, Virginia, assault of, 505, 506

=Fort St. Philip=, Louisiana, capture of, 282-285

=Fort Sumter=, South Carolina, occupied by Anderson, 177, 178;
attempt to reinforce 178;
cabinet consultations about, 182-184;
defense and capture of, 189, 190

=Fortress Monroe=, Virginia, importance of, 209

=Fox=, Gustavus V., Assistant Secretary of the Navy,
ordered to aid Sumter, 184;
sends the President additional news about fight between _Monitor_
and _Merrimac_, 296, 297

=France=, public opinion in, favorable to the South, 211;
joint expedition to Mexico, 451;
"neutrality" of, 525

=Franklin=, Benjamin, on American forests and the spirit
of independence they fostered, 17

=Franklin=, Tennessee, battle of, November 30, 1864, 410

=Franklin=, W.B., brevet major-general United States army,
advises movement on Manassas, 289

=Fredericksburg=, Virginia, battle of, December 13, 1862, 364

=Frémont=, John C., United States senator,
major-general United States army, nominated for President, 1856, 103;
made major-general, 233;
opportunities and limitations of, 233-235;
criticism of, 235;
quarrel with Blair family, 236, 487;
proclamation freeing slaves, 236, 237, 432;
refuses to revoke proclamation, 238;
removed from command of Western Department, 241-243;
commands Mountain Department, 299;
ordered to form junction with McDowell and Shields, 306;
in Army of Virginia, 310;
nominated for President, 1864, 442;
withdraws from the contest, 442

=Fusion=, attempts at, in campaign of 1860, 157, 158

=Gamble, Hamilton R.=, provisional governor of Missouri,
calls State convention together, 433;
death of, 434

=Garnett, Robert S.=, Confederate brigadier-general,
killed at Carrick's Ford, 225

=Gentry, Allen=, makes flatboat trip with Lincoln, 16

=Gentry, James=, enters land at Gentryville, 9;
sends Lincoln to New Orleans, 16

=Gettysburg=, Pennsylvania, battle of, July 1-3, 1863, 372-375;
address of Mr. Lincoln at, 376, 377

=Giddings, Joshua R.=, member of Congress approves
Lincoln's bill abolishing slavery in District of Columbia, 87;
amendment to Chicago platform, 148, 149

=Gillmore, Quincy A.=, brevet major-general United States army,
siege of Fort Pulaski, 278

=Gilmer, John A.=, member of Congress, tendered cabinet appointment, 164

=Gilmore, J.R.=, visits Jefferson Davis with Jaquess, 462

=Gist, William H.=, governor of South Carolina, inaugurates secession, 175

=Goldsborough, L.M.=, rear-admiral United States navy,
commands fleet in Roanoke Island expedition, 277, 278

=Gordon, John B.=, Confederate lieutenant-general,
United States senator, in assault of Fort Stedman, 504, 505;
in defense of Petersburg, 509

=Graham, Mentor=, makes Lincoln election clerk, 23, 24;
advises Lincoln to study grammar, 25;
aids Lincoln to study surveying, 40

=Grant, Ulysses S.=, eighteenth President of the United States,
general, and general-in-chief United States army, early life, 264;
letter offering services to War Department, 264, 265;
commissioned by Governor Yates, 265;
reconnaissance toward Columbus, 265;
urges movement on Fort Henry, 265, 266;
capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, 266-268;
ordered forward to Savannah, 271;
Pittsburg Landing, 272-274;
asks to be relieved, 275;
co-operates with adjutant-general of the army in arming negroes, 350;
repulses rebels at Iuka and Corinth, 380;
Vicksburg campaign, 380-383;
ordered to Chattanooga, 389;
battle of Chattanooga, 390, 391;
pursuit of Bragg, 391, 392;
speech on accepting commission of lieutenant-general, 394;
visits Army of the Potomac and starts west, 394;
placed in command of all the armies, 394;
conference with Sherman, 395;
plan of campaign, 395, 397;
returns to Culpepper, 395;
fear of presidential interference, 395, 396;
letter to Lincoln, 396;
strength and position of his army, 396, 397;
instructions to Meade, 397;
battle of the Wilderness, 398;
Spottsylvania Court House, 398, 399;
report to Washington, 399;
Cold Harbor, 399;
letter to Washington, 399, 400;
siege of Petersburg, 400-402;
sends Wright to Washington, 403;
withholds consent to Sherman's plan, 410;
gives his consent, 411;
orders to Sherman, 413;
adopts Sherman's plan, 414;
attempt to nominate him for President, 1864, 442, 443;
depressing influence on political situation of his heavy fighting, 463;
admits peace commissioners to his headquarters, 483;
despatch to Stanton, 484;
pushing forward, 502;
telegraphs Lee's letter to Washington, 503;
reply to Lee, 504;
orders to General Parke, 505;
issues orders for the final movement of the war, 506;
number of men under his command in final struggle, 507;
his plan, 507;
battle of Five Forks, 507-509;
orders Sheridan to get on Lee's line of retreat, 509, 510;
sends Humphreys to Sheridan's assistance, 509;
telegram to Lincoln, 509;
pursuit of Lee, 510-513;
sends Sheridan's despatch to Lincoln, 511;
correspondence with Lee, 512, 513;
receives Lee's surrender, 513-515;
forbids salute in honor of Lee's surrender, 515;
visit to Lee, 515;
goes to Washington, 515;
learns terms of agreement between Sherman and Johnson, 523;
ordered to Sherman's headquarters, 523;
gives Sherman opportunity to modify his report, 523, 524;
at Lincoln's last cabinet meeting, 531;
invited by Mrs. Lincoln to Ford's Theater, 536

=Grant, Mrs. U.S.=, invited by Mrs. Lincoln to Ford's Theater, 536

=Greeley, Horace=, hears Lincoln's Cooper Institute speech, 138;
"open letter" to Lincoln, 335;
Niagara Falls conference, 458-461;
effect of his mission on political situation, 464

=Halleck, Henry Wager=, major-general and general-in-chief
United States army, succeeds Frémont, 260;
reluctance to coöperate with Buell, 263, 264;
answers to Lincoln, 263, 264;
instructions to Grant, 264;
orders Grant to take Fort Henry, 266;
sends reinforcements to Grant, 267;
asks for command in the West, 269;
plans expedition under Pope, 270;
message to Buell, 270;
telegrams to McClellan, 270;
appeal to McClellan, 271;
commands Department of the Mississippi, 271;
orders Pope to join him, 274;
march on Corinth, 275;
capture of Corinth, 275;
sends Buell to East Tennessee, 275;
ordered to reinforce McClellan, 307;
general-in-chief, 309;
visit to McClellan, 309;
orders Army of Potomac back to Acquia Creek, 309;
letter to McClellan, 309, 310;
orders McClellan to support Pope, 311;
telegram to McClellan, 317;
mentioned, 328, 329;
asks to be relieved, 365;
quarrel with Hooker, 372;
urges Meade to active pursuit of Lee, 375;
plans for Western campaign, 379;
urges Buell to move into East Tennessee, 380;
orders Rosecrans to advance, 385, 386;
at council to consider news of Chattanooga, 388;
President's chief of staff, 394;
conduct during Early's raid, 403;
note to War Department about Blair, 488;
orders to Meade, 523

=Hamlin, Hannibal=, United States senator, Vice-President,
nominated for Vice-President, 151;
Cameron moves his renomination, 447;
candidate for vice-presidential nomination in 1864, 448, 449

=Hanks, John=, tells of Lincoln's frontier labors, 15;
flatboat voyage with Lincoln, 22, 23;
at Decatur convention, 154

=Hanks, Joseph=, teaches Thomas Lincoln carpenter's trade, 5

=Hanks, Nancy=. See _Lincoln, Nancy Hanks_

=Hardee, William J.=, lieutenant-colonel United States army, Confederate
lieutenant-general, council with Johnston and Beauregard, 267;
evacuates Savannah and Charleston, 415;
joins Johnston, 416

=Hardin, John J.=, member of Congress, colonel United States Volunteers,
at Springfield, Illinois, 52;
elected to Congress, 73;
killed in Mexican War, 75

=Harper's Ferry=, Virginia, John Brown raid at, 134;
burning of armory, 209;
captured by Lee, September 15, 1862, 315

=Harris, Miss Clara W.=, attends Ford's Theater with Mrs. Lincoln, 536;
assists Mrs. Lincoln, 539

=Harrison, George M.=, Lincoln's messmate in Black Hawk War, 33

=Hartford=, the, Union cruiser, Farragut's flag-ship, 284, 285

=Hatteras Inlet=, North Carolina, capture of forts at, August 29, 1861, 245

=Hay, John=, assistant private secretary to Lincoln,
brevet colonel and assistant adjutant-general United States Volunteers,
ambassador to England, Secretary of State, accompanies
Mr. Lincoln to Washington, 168;
shows Lincoln letter of inquiry about Vice-Presidency, 448;
mission to Canada, 460;
at Lincoln's death-bed, 540

=Hazel, Caleb=, teacher of President Lincoln, 6

=Herndon, A.G.=, defeated for Illinois legislature, 1832, 34

=Herndon, "Jim" and "Row,"= sell Lincoln and Berry their store, 35

=Herndon, William H.=, Lincoln's law partner, 158;
assumes Lincoln's law business during campaign, 158

=Herold, David E.=, in conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, 534;
chosen to assist Booth, 536;
deposits arms in tavern at Surrattsville, 536;
accompanies Booth in his flight, 542, 543;
capture of, 543;
execution of, 544

=Hicks, Thomas H.=, governor of Maryland, United States senator,
reply to Lincoln's call for volunteers, 193;
speech at mass-meeting, 193;
protest against landing of troops at Annapolis, 198;
calls meeting of Maryland legislature, 198

=Holcomb, James P.=, Confederate agent in Canada,
correspondence with Horace Greeley, 459

=Holt, Joseph=, Postmaster-General, Secretary of War,
judge-advocate general United States army, calls Scott to
Washington, 172;
report on Knights of the Golden Circle, 361;
favored by Swett for Vice-President, 448;
declines attorney-generalship, 491

=Hood, John B.=, Confederate general, succeeds Johnston, 407;
evacuates Atlanta, 407, 468;
truce with Sherman, 408;
placed under command of Beauregard, 409;
moves to Tuscumbia, 410;
Franklin and Nashville, 410;
his movements delay reconstruction in Tennessee, 429

=Hooker, Joseph=, brevet major-general United States army,
succeeds Burnside in command of Army of the Potomac, 366;
submits plan of campaign to Lincoln, 368;
battle of Chancellorsville, 369, 370;
criticism of, 370;
foresees Lee's northward campaign, 370;
proposes quick march to capture Richmond, 371;
follows Lee, 372;
asks to be relieved, 372;
ordered to reinforce Rosecrans, 388;
reaches Chattanooga, 389;
in battle of Chattanooga, 390-391

=Hume, John F.=, moves that Lincoln's nomination be made unanimous, 447

=Humphreys, Andrew A.=, brevet major-general United States army,
in recapture of Fort Stedman, 505, 506;
ordered to assist Sheridan, 509

=Hunt, Randall=, tendered cabinet appointment, 164

=Hunter, David=, brevet major-general, United States army,
asked to assist Frémont, 235, 236;
ordered to relieve Frémont, 243;
order of emancipation, 327;
experiment with negro soldiers, 348;
declared an outlaw by Confederate War Department, 350

=Hunter, R.M.T.=, United States senator, Confederate Secretary of State,
appointed peace commissioner, 482;
at Hampton Roads conference, 482-485

=Iles, Elijah=, captain Illinois Volunteers, commands company in
Black Hawk War, 33

=Illinois=, State of, organized as Territory, 1809, 19;
admitted as State, 1818, 19;
legislative schemes of internal improvement, 44, 45;
capital removed to Springfield, 45;
political struggles over slavery, 45, 46;
Lincoln-Douglas senatorial campaign in, 118-125;
ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 474, 475

=Island No. 10=, Tennessee, fortifications at, 269, 270;
surrender of, 274

=Jackson, Andrew=, seventh President of the United States,
gives impetus to system of party caucuses and conventions, 52

=Jackson, Claiborne F.=, governor of Missouri,
attempts to force Missouri secession, 202-204;
flight to Springfield, Missouri, 234

=Jackson, Thomas Jonathan ("Stonewall")=, Confederate lieutenant-general,
Shenandoah valley campaign, 305, 306;
mentioned, 328;
killed at Chancellorsville, 369

=Jaquess, James F.=, D.D., colonel United States Volunteers,
visits to the South, 461, 462;
interview with Jefferson Davis, 462

=Jewett, William Cornell=, letter to Greeley, 458

=Johnson, Andrew=, seventeenth President of the United States,
in thirty-seventh Congress, 217;
telegram about East Tennessee, 259;
retains seat in Senate, 419;
appointed military governor of Tennessee, 420;
begins work of reconstruction, 428;
nominated for Vice-President, 448, 449;
popular and electoral votes for, 470;
disapproves Sherman's agreement with Johnston, 523;
proclamation of amnesty, 526;
plot to murder, 535;
rejoicing of radicals on his accession to the Presidency, 545;
takes oath of office, 545

=Johnson, Herschel V.=, candidate for Vice-President, 1860, 152

=Johnston, Albert Sidney=, Confederate general,
council with Hardee and Beauregard, 267;
killed at Pittsburg Landing, 273

=Johnston, Joseph E.=, quartermaster-general United States army,
Confederate general, member of Congress, joins Confederacy, 196, 208;
understanding with Beauregard, 215, 216;
joins Beauregard at Bull Run, 228;
opinion of battle of Bull Run, 228;
retrograde movement, 297;
defeats McClellan at Fair Oaks, 302;
succeeds Bragg, 395;
strength of, in spring of 1864, 405;
superseded by Hood, 407;
again placed in command, 416, 501;
interview with Davis, 520;
begins negotiations with Sherman, 520;
meetings with Sherman, 521, 522;
agreement between them, 522;
agreement disapproved at Washington, 523;
surrender of, 524

=Johnston, Sarah Bush=, marries Thomas Lincoln, 10;
improves the condition of his household, 10;
tells of Lincoln's studious habits, 13

=Jones, Thomas=, assists Booth and Herold, 542, 543

=Judd, Norman B.=, minister to Prussia, member of Congress,
nominates Lincoln for President, 1860, 149;
member of Lincoln's suite, 173

=Kansas=, State of, slavery struggle in, 113-115;
Lecompton Bill defeated in Congress, 117

=Kearsarge=, the, Union cruiser, battle with the _Alabama_, 525

=Kelly, Benjamin F.=, brevet major-general United States Volunteers,
dash upon Philippi, 225

=Kentucky=, State of, action concerning secession, 201, 204;
legislature asks Anderson for help, 254;
public opinion in, regarding slavery, 473

=Kilpatrick, Judson=, brevet major-general United States army,
minister to Chili, with Sherman on march to the sea, 411

=Kirkpatrick=, defeated for Illinois legislature 1832, 34

=Knights of Golden Circle=, extensive organization of, 360, 361;
plans and failures of, 360-362;
projected revolution in Northwestern States, 466

=Know-Nothing Party=, principles of, 101, 102;
nominates Millard Fillmore for President, 1856, 102

=Lamon, Ward H.=, accompanies Lincoln on night journey to Washington, 174

=Lane, Joseph=, brevet major-general United States army, governor,
United States senator candidate for Vice-President in 1860, 153;
attempt to arm negroes, 348

=Leavitt, Humphrey H.=, member of Congress,
judge United States Circuit Court,
denies motion for habeas corpus for Vallandigham, 358

=Lecompton Constitution=, adopted in Kansas, 115;
defeated in Congress, 117

=Lee, Robert E.=, colonel United States army,
Confederate general, captures John Brown, 134;
enters service of Confederacy, 196, 197, 208;
concentrates troops at Manassas Junction, 215;
sends troops into West Virginia, 224;
attacks McClellan near Richmond, 302;
campaign into Maryland, 314;
captures Harper's Ferry, 315;
battle of Antietam, 315;
retreats across the Potomac, 316;
battle of Chancellorsville, 369;
resolves on invasion of the North, 370;
crosses the Potomac, 371, 372;
battle of Gettysburg, 372-374;
retreats across the Potomac, 375, 377;
strength and position of his army, 397;
battle of the Wilderness, 398;
Spottsylvania Court House, 398, 399;
Cold Harbor, 399;
defense of Petersburg, 400-402;
sends Early up the Shenandoah valley, 403;
despatch about rations for his army, 481;
made general-in-chief, 500;
assumes command of all the Confederate armies, 502;
attempt to negotiate with Grant, 502, 503;
conference with Davis, 504;
attempt to break through Grant's lines, 504-506;
number of men under his command in final struggle, 507;
takes command in person, 507;
attacks Warren, 507;
battle of Five Forks, 507-509;
makes preparations to evacuate Petersburg and Richmond, 509;
begins retreat, 510;
surrender of Richmond, 510;
reaches Amelia Court House, 510;
starts toward Lynchburg, 511;
reply to generals advising him to surrender, 512;
correspondence with Grant, 512, 513;
surrender of, 513-515;
size of army surrendered by, 524

=Letcher, John=, member of Congress, governor of Virginia,
orders seizure of government property, 194