Chapter VIII: Eighteenth Century Extracts (2)

* * * * *

The rates of labour admit of prodigious variations.... I apprehend that Chance has been the mother of three fourths. Famine before the exportation of corn was encouraged, and extreme high prices locally heightened the prices of labour, as the richer inhabitants were more or less willing to assist the poor. The rates so raised in some places continued after the occasion, in others were reduced.

* * * * *

In some places I was informed of the value of servants’ board, washing and lodging; average £9.

* * * * *

PRICES OF LABOUR IN THE MANUFACTURING TOWNS (SUMMARIZED)

Men: from 15/- or 11/- (colliers) to }
7/6 or 7/1 (textile) } per week

Women: „ 6/6 (potteries) or }
5/4 (textile) to } „ „
3/3 (textile) }

Children: „ 5/- or 4/- (textile) to }
1/8 or 1/- } „ „

Average of poor rates: 1/1.

Poor rates are never nicely proportioned to the prices of provisions and the necessities of the poor, but depend on the temper of individuals, the caprice of parish officers and justices of the peace. They are as often raised by clamour as by real necessity.

INCOME OF THE SOIL OF ENGLAND

Reckoned 32 million acres, half arable, half grass

(A. Young, _Northern Tour_, Letter XLII, p. 493)

The Landlord’s rent was found to be £16,000,000
„ Tenants’ profit £18,237,691
„ Clergy £5,500,000
„ Industrious poor (being the amount of labour) £14,596,937
„ Non-industrious (being the amount of rates) £866,666
„ Interest of money £4,400,000
Total of these several incomes arising from the soil £59,601,294

ROADS

(A. Young, _Northern Tour_, Letter XLIII, p. 573)

[A few examples]

Turnpike: To Stevenage Good
To Wooburn Good

Bad: To Newport
Pagnell Middling

To Bedford A vile narrow cut up lane

To Castle
Howard Infamous. I was near
being swallowed up in a
slough

To Darlington is the great north road and
execrably broke into holes,
like an old pavement, sufficient
to dislocate one’s bones

To Wigan rutts which I actually
measured four feet deep
and floating with mud only
from a wet summer.... I
actually passed three carts
broken down in these
eighteen miles

To Newcastle I was forced to employ two
men at one place to support
my chaise from overthrowing
in turning out for a
cart of goods overthrown
and almost buried

Good: To Choleford
Bridge Excellent. Much indebted
is the country to Sir Walter
Blacket for the many good
roads which lead every way
round him

To Kirkleatham Crossroad. This road is a
rare instance of the public
spirit of the gentlemen of
Cleveland.... They are
doing it by subscription

CHILDREN IN FACTORIES

(John Fielden, _The Curse of the Factory System_)

_Sir R. Peel’s_ evidence before a committee of the House of Commons, 1816:--

“Having other pursuits, it was not often in my power to visit the factories, but whenever such visits were made I was struck with the uniform appearance of bad health, and, in many cases, stunted growth of the children. The hours of labour were regulated by the interests of the overseer, whose remuneration was regulated by the quantity of work done” (p. 9).

_Evidence of John Moss_, overseer of Blackbarrow Mill, near Preston (summarized):--

The children in the mill were almost all apprentices from London parishes. They were worked from five in the morning to eight at night all the year round, with only one hour for the two meals; in making up lost time they frequently worked from five in the morning till ten at night, and invariably they worked from six on the Sunday morning till twelve, in cleaning the machinery for the week!

“Did the children sit or stand “Stand.”
at work?”

“The whole of their time?” “Yes.”

“Were there any seats in the “None.”
Mill?”

“Were they usually much “Yes, some of them
fatigued at night?” were very much
fatigued.”

“Where did they sleep?” “They slept in the
apprentice
house.”

“Did you inspect their beds?” “Yes, every night.”

“For what purpose?” “Because there were
always some of
them missing;
some sometimes
might be run
away. Others
sometimes I
have found
asleep in the
mill.”

“Upon the mill-floor?” “Yes.”

“Did the children frequently lie “I have found them
down upon the mill floor at frequently upon
night when their work was the mill floor
over and fall asleep before after the time
their supper?” they should
have been in
bed” (p. 10).

_Mr. Horner’s statements_ in the House of Commons, 6th June, 1815.

“These children were often sent one, two, or three hundred miles from their place of birth, separated for life from all relations. It had been known that with a bankrupt’s effect a gang ... of these children had been put up to sale and were advertised publicly as a part of the property ... a number of these boys, apprenticed by a parish in London to one manufacturer, had been transferred to another, and had been found by some benevolent persons in a state of absolute famine.... Not many years ago an agreement had been made between a London parish and a Lancashire manufacturer ... that with every twenty sound children, one idiot should be taken!” (p. 11).

_Report of Commissioners, 1833, from Scotland_, p. 41. _Evidence of a Spinner._

“I find it difficult to keep my _piecers_ awake the last hours of a winter evening; have seen them fall asleep and go on performing their work with their hands while they were asleep, after the _billey_ had stopped. When their work was over, I have stopped and looked at them for two minutes, going through the motions of _piecening_ when they were fast asleep, when there was no work to do, and they were doing nothing; children at night are so fatigued that they are asleep often as soon as they sit down, so that it is impossible to wake them to sense enough to wash themselves, or even to eat a bit of supper, being so stupid in sleep” (p. 19).

_Half-overseer’s evidence._

Does not like the long hours; he is very tired and hoarse at night and that some of the young female workers in his, the spinning flat, have so swelled legs, one in particular, from standing so long, about 17 years old, that she can hardly walk; that various of them have their feet bent in and their legs crooked from the same cause (p. 21).

FOOTNOTES:

[30] Denied by Anglicans to-day.

[31] Lays, leys, or leas, is an old name for the common fields about a village.

[32] East India Co. had, in 1757, taken responsibility for the defence of Bengal, and been involved in war with the heir to the Mogul throne, 1759; the Nawab Mir Kasim, 1763; the Mahrattas, 1765; they also sold arms and artillery to natives.

INDEX

Abbey, 26
----, Westminster, 136
Abbot, 29, 32, 39
Acapulce, 116
Acton Burnell, Statue of, 12
Adam of Gloucester, 15, 21
Admiral, 92, 110
Æthelstane, 2, 48
Æthelwald, 10
Albuquerque, 121
Alderman, 10, 19, 27, 57, 60, 61, 69, 72, 123
Aldgate, 60, 129
Alexius, 38
Alfred, King, 10, 15, 21
Alien, 48, 60
Allmund, 10
Alloy, 89
All Souls, 68
Almaine, 63, 66, 122-5, 130
Almond, 93
Alms, 96
Almshouse, 101
Alnwick, 83
Alum, 53
Ambassador, 132, 134, 139
Ambulatory (_cloister_), 34
America, 152, 157, 161, 162, 167, 175
Anabaptist, 155
Anderby, Richard, 98
Angell, Michael, 115, 116
Anne of Bohemia, 126
Anselm, 29
Antiphonary (_book of chants_), 3
Anti-Semite, 73
Approval, 83
Apulia, 38
Arab, 29, 38
Arbalester (_slinger_), 77
Archbishop, 37
Archer, 77
Ardnot of Spalding, 37
Arequipa, 115
Arica, 114
Aristotle, 37
Arkwright, 169
Armourer, 26, 131
Arquebuse (_gun_), 113, 116
Arrow, 33, 94, 113, 130
Articles of Confederation, 167
Artillery, 118, 131, 140
Arundel, Earl of, 148
Assay, 16, 144
Ashwell, 135
Assize, 59, 65
---- of bread, 144
Astronomy, 69
Assumption, 100
Augustine, 1, 100
Averagium (_carrying service_), 14
Award, 63

Bailiff, 17, 18, 19, 22, 53, 68
---- of Husbandry, 88
---- of Cambridge, 103
Bailiwick, 59
Baker, 19, 68
Banner, 22, 26
Barnard, Peres, 76
Baron of Exchequer, 48, 56, 59
Barrel, 18
Bartholomew of Cremona, 42
----, Saint, 54
Baptista, Alon o Rodriguez, 115
Basings, Thomas de, 67
Bassett, Sir Philip, 67
Baptist, Saint John, 25
Battle Abbey, 3
----, Customs of, 12-14, 87
Beaver, 162
Bedeste (_bedstead_), 26
Beech, 30
Bell, 33
----, Great, of St. Paul’s, 63, 114
Bishop, as civil ruler, 7, 9, 32, 57, 100
Bishopsgate, 123
Black Death, 49
---- Sea, 46
Blancher, 56
Blund, Peter, 58
Boc (_book_, _i.e._, _written record_), 9, 29, 87
Bocara, 46
Bolgara, 46
Bondman, 11
Booth, 18
Boroughbridge, 49
Bot (_amends_), 3, 7
Boundary, 2
Brabant, John of, 16
Brass, 33
Bread, 59, 144
Bribe, 66
Briggshott, 156
Bristol, 19, 21
Britain, 28, 121
Bronze, 36
Brotheredyas (_brotherhoods_), 26, 27
Brundisium (_Brindisi_), 38
Buckerel, Stephen, 63
Burel-cloth, 17
Burh (_burg_, _bury_, _borough_, _a fortified place_), 8
Burgess, 19, 96, 132
Butcher, 19, 143
Byfleet, 76
Bynch (_bench_), 25

Cadiz, 107
Callao, 115
Cambaluc, 47
Cambridge, 102
Camel, 40
Campe, 92
Candlemass (_February 2_), 90
Cannibal, 109
Canoe, 109
Canterbury, 8
Captain, 91, 101, 116, 130
Carambaru, 112
Carnatic, 101
Carpini, Friar John de Plano, 29, 40-5
Carucate (_120 acres, 1 hide_), 52
Castle, 84
Castille, 106, 112
Catesby, 100
Cathay (Kythay), 41, 45, 106, 107, 108
Cattle, 4, 5, 11, 12, 40, 43, 83, 159
Ceres (_goddess of corn_), 147
Cecil, Sir Thomas, 147
Ceorl (_freeman_), 4
Challenger, 86
Chancery, 72
Chantry, 97
Chaplain, 27
Chapman (_trader_), 4, 6, 126
Chapter-house, 34, 36
Charles I, II, 16, 150, 153
Chari, 110
Charter (_written grant or licence_), 10, 16, 21, 28, 32, 33, 66, 67, 124
Chattel, 20
Cheese, 18
Chepe, 68
Chichester, 8
Chile, 115
Chimney, 25
Chippenham, 95
Chinghiz Cham, 41
Chirograph, 32, 57, 74
Chubb, Richard, 25
Cinque Ports, 63
Citeaux, Monastery of, 29
City of London, 49, 63, 78, 125
Clerk, Common, 26
---- of the Compters, 27, 33
---- of the Irons, 59
----, Walter, 95, 99
Clerkenwell, 130
Clipping, 48, 56, 75
Clive, 121
Cloister, 29, 33, 35, 96-8
Close, 4, 83
Cloth, 17, 20
----, broad, 24, 54, 79, 82, 93, 134
---- market, 156
Clout, Robin, 103
Coal, 159
Coffer, 19, 24, 26, 94
Cog, 78
Coinage, 48, 50, 75, 82, 89
Colchero, 117
Colechurch Street, 73
Columbus, 106-13
Colworthe, Joan, 98, 99
Commandments, Ten, 5
Common Council, 19
---- Field System, 83, 87, 89
Commonalty (_community_), 17, 21, 56, 73
Commons, 61, 64, 72, 82, 93, 100, 102
Compensation, 1, 2
Compurgators, 99
Compact of Government, 154
Company, Livery, 16, 26, 122, 129, 149
Congress, 166
Constable, 19, 48, 129
---- of Tower, 58, 63, 67
---- Lists, 86
----, Town, 88
Constantinople, 38, 42, 45, 106
Convent, 10, 39, 96, 98
Cope, 27
Copper, 39, 89
Corn, 9, 12, 30, 32, 36, 41, 53, 66, 68, 123
Cornhill, 129
Cornwall, Richard Earl of, 123
Coromandel, 161
Corrody, corrodier (_tenure--tenant by service
of one night’s lodging_), 36, 96
Corporation, 23, 26, 102
Corsair, 119
Council, 19, 27, 53, 67, 74, 147
Court of Common Bench, 15
----, City, 19
---- roll, 10
---- Leet, 49, 52, 122, 140-6
----, Ecclesiastical, 55
----, East India Company, 6
---- of Directors, 121
Courtier, 121, 134, 135
Craft gilds, 15, 19, 62
Crompton, 170
Cromwell, Sir Henry, 147
----, Oliver, 147
----, Robert, 147
Cross bow, 93
---- of St. Paul’s, 60
---- and Pile, 75
Croyland, 27
Crusade, 29, 49
Customary tenants roll, 10, 11, 12, 21, 28, 32, 66, 67, 124

Dantzic, 156
Deane, 152, 167
Defoe, Daniel, 151
Despencer, Hugh le, 61-3
----, Madame le, 76
Diego, Columbus, 112
----, Mandez, 106
Dissent, 153-5
Dormitory, 34, 36, 39, 100
Dooms, 3
Doomsday, 31
Dover, 61
Drake, Sir Francis, 106, 113-9
Drawback, 166
Duke, 27, 41
Dupleix, 121
Durgis (_dirges_), 25
Dutch (_Deutsch_ = _German_), 43, 93, 121, 124
Dytton, 102

Easterling (sterling) (_man or coin from
Eastern Europe_), 82, 120, 124, 165
East India Company, 120, 132, 163
Eclaf, 10
Education, 9
Edward I, Sir, 26, 49, 52, 64, 69, 77
---- the Confessor, 32
---- II, 49, 75
---- III, 27
---- IV, 25, 27, 125
---- de Westminster, 56
Edwardes, Sir Clement, 148
Elizabeth, 28, 82, 118, 120, 147, 153
Ell, 54
Elsin of Pyncebek, 37
Emperor, 29, 41, 47
Enclosure, 83, 100-5, 177
Engineer, 77
Engraver, 50
Engrosser, ingrosser, 17, 143
Enriquez, Don Martin, 116
Envoy, 46
Earl (_jarl, Danish title of district ruler_), 7
Espanola, 109
Essex, 101, 147
Estate, 32
Ethelbald, 10, 30
Ethelbert, 3
Ethelred, 9
Ethiopian, 109
European, 28
Exchange, 51, 54
Exchequer, 51, 95
Exeter, Excete, Mint at, 8
----, Gild at, 23, 24
Exploration, 106, 122

Factory, 181
Fair of St. Botolph, 54
---- of Westminster, 62
Falcheon, 117
Falstaffe, Sir John, 93
Famine, 49, 66, 178
Fanne, 102
Farm (_ferme_), 31, 83
---- fee, 18, 21
Farmers-general, 173
Farthing, 51
Fealty, 31, 63
Feast, 22
---- of All Saints, 50
Fee, 18, 31
Felaschipe (_fellowship_), 24, 92
Fens, 30, 147-150
Ferdinand of Spain, 107
Feudal, 28, 29
Fine, 19, 26, 54, 59
Fire of London, 125
Fishmonger, 73, 145
Fitzalan, Peter, 55
Fitzthomas, Thomas, 61, 64
Fitzwilliams, Sir William, 147
Flagon, 28
Flanders, 92, 138
Fleece, 5
Fleet, 82
---- Prison, 96, 167
Fleming, 16
Flesh, 4, 5, 74
Floods, 28
Folkmote, 49, 60
Folkright, 7
Fontenelle, 29, 39
Foreigner (_person from another district_), 7, 58
Forestaller, 143
Forest, 32
Forfeiture, 53, 93
Forstage (_forecastle_), 90
France, 28, 36, 39
----, King of, 63, 77, 92, 157, 161
Franchise, 17, 20, 56, 96, 123
Franklin, 152, 161, 167
Frankpledge, 15, 122
Frater, 96, 98
Fraternity, 15, 26, 27
Frederick II, 29
Freeholder, 17
Freeman, 3, 11, 17, 21, 123
----, Robert, 134
French, 77, 78
Friar, 40
---- Minorite, 40
---- Ascelline, 40
---- Bartholomew, 42
----, Black, 102, 107
Frieze, 93
Froissart, 82
Fulmar, Lord Monk, 35
Furme (_form_), 25

Galley, 78, 116
Games, 130, 131
Gates, 18
----, Aldgate, Bridgegate, Ludgate, Newgate, 59, 60, 123
Gemot, 6, 10
Geneat (_mounted servant_), 10
Genoa, 29
Genoese, 38, 45, 82
Gerbert, 39
German, 29, 38, 122, 158
Gihald, 20, 21
Gild, 15-26, 120
----, Great, 15
----, Merchant, 15
Gildfeast, 22
Gildhall, 15, 19, 64, 65, 68
---- Great sale, 18
Glaive, 86, 94
Glastonbury, 27
Gloucester, 9, 21
Gold, 41, 44, 47
---- penny, 51
----, sheet, 51, 66, 110, 117
Goset, 42
Goths, 12
Gown, 24, 26, 27
Gradal, 34
Greeks, 29
Gregory de Rokesle, 51
Gresham, 94
Guernsey, 92
Guest house, 96
Gule (_August 1_), 75
Guthlac, St., 30

Habit, 27
Haco of Multon, 37
Halesley, Agnes, 100
Halifax, 156-8
Hall, 34-6, 47
----, Great, 57
----, King’s, 72
----, Road, 123
Hamburg, 156
Hansa League, 82, 92, 120, 122-5
Hardel, Ralph, 59
Hargreaves, 169
Harness, 85, 129
Hastings, 8
Hastings, Warren, 121
Haunsard, William, 78
Hawes, Nathaniel, 134
Hawkins, John, 113, 118
Haytime, 13, 14
Helmet, 32, 84-7
Hemp, 124, 126
Henry I, 48
---- II, 26, 28
---- III, 59, 66, 122
---- IV, 49, 82, 83, 120
---- V, 27
---- VI, 27
---- VII, 82, 83
---- VIII, 29, 82, 147, 153
---- de Ba, 57, 65
Herald, 85, 86
Herbert, Sir William, 101
Hereford Iter, 16, 21
Hervi, Herevy, Walter de, 72
Holinshed, 83
Holland, 92, 156
Holy Land, 57
Homage, 28, 31
Horn, 3, 4, 32
Hostel, 52, 53
Hundred, 31, 122
Hungerford, Robert, 93-5
Hunting, 131, 195
Huntingdon, 149
Husbandry, 87, 88
Hutton, Mrs. Thomas, 101

Ides, 64
Incendiary, 127
Independent, 155
Independence, 167
Indian, 109
Indies, 106, 112
----, West, 164
Ingulf, 29-40
Infirmary, 34, 36, 96-8
Innocent IV, Pope, 40
Inquest, 19
Ireland, 163
Iron, 18, 86, 87
Isabella of Spain, 106
Italian, 29, 52, 118
Ivory, 133

Jack, 93, 94
Jake of the North, 103
James I, 120, 153
Java, 46
Jehanghir, 120, 132
Jerusalem, 39
Jesus Lane, 101
Jew, 48, 57, 72, 73
John at Well, 25
---- de Gatesdene, 57
---- de Gyteorz, 59
Joinville, 82
Joppa, 38
Juana (_North Caico_), 108
Juliana of Weston, 37
Justice, 6
---- of the Peace, 82, 89
---- , Chief, 147

Karakoram, 46
Kelaat (_a robe of honour_), 121
Kent, 3
----, John, 24, 101
Kertell (_kirtle_), 24
Khan, 41
----, Great, 46
----, Kublai, 46
King, 1, 21
---- John, 66, 87
----, E. I. Co.’s relations with, 121
King’s beam, 130
---- income, 48
King’s mint, 48
Knight, 28, 32, 63, 64
Korsova, 42
Kymbalde, 102
Kyngeston, Sir Will de, 76
Kythay (_China_), 41, 45

Labourer, 82
Lake village, 27
Lambes, Andrew, 102
Lammas, 102
Lancaster, Thomas Earl of, 49, 78, 81, 174
Landless man, 7
Latins, 38, 46
Latten, 36
Law, 1, 2, 3-9
---- merchant, 16, 21
---- day, 19
Lead, 29, 33
Leather, 18
Leech (_doctor_), 5
Leeds, 155-8
Leet Court, 139
Leicester, Earl of, 64
Leiburne, Sir Roger de, 64
Lepers, 74
Letters Patent (_charters_), 16, 26
Levant, 46, 106
Level, 122, 147-50
Lewes, 8
Leys, 102
Libel of English Policy, 82
Library, 29, 35
Lime-burner, 97
Lincoln, 16, 22, 96
Lincolnshire, 101
Lincolnshire’s Inn, 125
Linen-armourers, 26
Lists, 86
Livery Companies, 16, 75, 130
Lollard, 153
Lombard, 48
London, 8, 31, 37, 48, 54, 124-9
Longbow, 93, 130
Longridge, 10
Lord, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 27, 83
Lord’s Anointed, 155
Los Reys, 115
Lot, 26
Lübeck, 92
Ludgate, 60, 75
Lycia, 38
Lynch John, 25
Lynne, King’s, 150

Madeira, 163
Magalanus, Strait of, 114
Malay, 121
Malluccos, 114
Man, 2, 3, 10, 132
Manchester, 175
Manor, 10
---- of Alsistum, 12, 63
---- of Gresham, 93
Mansion, 94, 126
Manumission, 11
Market, 7, 8, 67, 142, 145
----, Cloth, 156
Marle, 174
Mars, 36
Marshal, 63
---- of the Lists, 86
Martinmas, 90
Mary, Queen, 153
Mass, 32
Mass-priest, 7, 9
Massacre, 112
Mast (_nuts_), 4, 10
Master, 19, 20, 23
---- of Exchange, 51
---- worker, 50
Mastresse, 26, 29, 88
Mattheu, John, 25
Maundy Thursday, 80
Mayor, 15, 17, 19, 25, 27, 48, 55, 72, 123
Measure, 69, 73, 145
Melter, 50
Mendez, Diego, 106
Mentz (_Mainz_), 38
Merchant Adventurers, 16
---- Gild, 15, 48, 49, 122
Merchants, 17, 19, 25, 27, 48, 55, 72, 82, 120, 122, 123, 124, 149, 161
Mercia, 9
Mercury, 36
Meston, Walter de, 72
Michaelmas, 14, 17, 19
Middlesex, 48, 56
Midlent, 57
Mill, 18, 63
Mint, 2, 49
Misdoer, 18
Moal (_Mogul_), 40, 44, 120, 133
Molyns, 93-5
Monk, 29-40, 83, 96-8, 147
Montague, Sir Edward, 147
Moot, gemot, 6, 10, 49

Nabob, 161
Nadir, 36
Narva, 157
Naval, 82, 90, 107
Nave, 29
Nene, 148
Nets, 58, 68, 145
New England, 157, 164
Newgate, 59
New Weir, 67
Nicaragua, 116
Nicolas, 42
Noble, gold, 109
Nomad, 28, 42-5
Nombre de Dios, 118
Non-importation, 162
Norman, 28, 29-40, 54
Northampton, 150
North Caico, 108
North Sea, 119
Novice, 29

Oak, 30
Oath, 2, 7, 9, 19
---- of loyalty, 49, 61, 63, 123
Oferhyrnes (_fine_), 8
Oies (_hear!_), 87
Oratory, 30
Ore (_Danish coin_), 7
Orders, 83
Osed (_cloth_), 24
Otter, 104
Ox, 2, 5, 13, 42-5
Oxford, 37
----, Statues of, 60, 62, 63

Paganism, 2
Paita, 115
Palace, 47
Palm Sunday, 74
Panama, 115
Pannage (_right to feed swine_; _rent for same_), 4, 10
Papacy, 29
Paper, 44
Parish, 10, 132, 146, 179
Park, 101
Parliament, 49, 83, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 153
Partney, 97
Paston Letters, 83, 93
Patriarch, 38
Pawn, 99
Pease porridge, 136
Peeke, William, 25
Peer, 58
Pembroke, Earl of, 49
Penhale, Thomas, 25
Penticost, 57, 59, 60
Penzance, 99
Pepper, 53
Persia, 46
Persian, 134
---- Gulf, 121
Peru, 116
Pesage, 53
Pestilence, 127
Peterborough, 150
Petersburgh, 156
Petition, 89, 94, 164
Pewter, 24
Pezo (_peso_, _Spanish coin_, 3_s._ 11_d._); 114, 115
Philip and Mary, 124
Phillippinas (_Phillipines_), 116
Pickering, 81
Pilgrim, 22
Pilgrimage, 38
Pillory, 68
Pirate, 92
Piwelesdone, Thomas, 63
Plaintiff, 21
Plancher, 93, 138
Plea of the Crown, 65
Plumber, 33
Police, 101, 122, 140-6
Pollard, 52
Pollaxe, 93
Polo, Maffeo, 45
----, Marco, 29, 45-7
----, Nicolas, 45
Pomerania, 156
Pope Innocent IV., 40, 48, 75, 162
Popham, Chief Justice Sir John, 147
Populace, 60, 61, 72
Port (_town with market_), 7, 8
Portingall (_Portuguese_), 114, 118, 121, 132, 161
Portland, 92
Potell, 24
Pound, 142
Powte (_a young bird_), 147
Praedicante, 40
Precept, 59
Presbyterian, 155
Press, 91
Price, 49, 78, 79
Prior, 54
----, 7, 55-98
Prisage, 67
Prison, 45, 54, 98
Privilege, 83, 96, 123, 131, 137
Proclamation, 52, 53, 100, 108
Proctector, Lord, 100
Protestant, 153
Provence, 53
Prussia, 92
Psalm, 98
Public-house, 131
Pudding Lane, 126
Puritan, 153
Purpresture, 62, 141
Purveyance, 90
Pyramid, 44
Pyrse Plowman, 105

Quaker, 155
Quarrel, 92
Quarter, 36, 69
Queen, 61
---- Hithe, 54, 118
Quercy, 53, 62
Quibian, 112
Quilt, 17
Quire, 99

Raid, 28
Rank, 3, 22, 49
Rannie, Captain, 121, 132, 159
Raymond, Thomas, 121, 134-9
Rebel, 101
Reeve, 3
----, King’s, 6
----, Port, 7
Refectory, 24, 36, 39
Reformation, 153
Regrator, 17, 143
Remigius, 36
Rent, 5, 11, 31
----, Barley, 4
Rhetoric, 37
Rhubarb, 110
Richard I, 49
---- II, 27, 124, 126
----, Earl, 54, 59
---- de Rulos, 36
Riga, 156
Rising, 60-4, 83
Road, 173, 180
Robber, 92, 94, 114-9
Rochester, 8
Roe, Sir Thomas, 120, 132
Rogation Days, 8
Roger de Turkelby, 57
Roll, 10, 11, 96
----, Plea, 17, 29
----, King’s, 31
----, Winchester, 31
Roman, 1
---- road, 173
---- wall, 174
Roof, 29
----, palace, 47
Rood (_measure of land_), 32
---- (_sacred element_), 33
Roots, 83
Rose, John, 97
Rotation of crops, 83
Rowter, John, 24
Rubruquis, 29, 43-5
Russia, 42-5
Russian Company, 124
Rusticiano of Pisa, 45
Rutland, 102
Rydon, Robert, 24

Saint Bartholomew, 54
---- Botolph, 54
---- Edmund, Archbishop, 59
---- Edward, 56, 58
---- Giles, 54
---- Guthlac, 30, 37
---- John the Baptist, 25, 26
---- Margaret, 61
---- Martin, 55
---- Mary, 56
---- Michael, 22
---- Paul, 60
---- Sophia, 38
---- Stephen, 52
---- Thomas, 16
---- Valentine, 60
---- Valery, 39
Saints, All, 50
San Salvador, 108
Sanchez, Lord Raphael, 106, 107
Sanctuary, 28, 38
Sara, 46
Sartach, 42
Saxon 1-10, 28, 35, 48
Scavage (_right to display_), 58
Scot (_householders’ payment_), 26
Scraper, 31
Seal, seyelle, 19, 23, 26, 76
Sealy (_poor_), 103
Seam (_a measure of grain_), 12
Seford (_village near Battle_), 1
Seigneurage, 90
Seizin (_seisin_, _possession_), 72
Seld, 56, 65
Seres, 45
Serjeant, 17
----, Mayor’s, 27, 61, 64
Servant, 21, 26, 33, 42, 85
----, East India Company’s, 133, 178
Service, 5-11
----, Great, 76
Setsayne, 24
Seville, 111
Shaftesbury, 8
Sheep, 83, 99
Sheepshearing, 5, 14
Sheriff (_king’s officer over shire_), 19, 31
---- of London, 48, 54
---- wick, 58, 59, 60
Shiremoot, 15, 31
Shongavel (_tax on leather_), 19
Shops, 15, 56, 65, 129
Silk, 41
Silva, Amadis de, 114
Sister, 98
Six good men, 17
Skacha, John, 24
Skandleby, 97
Skinners, 27
---- Well, 120, 130
Sluys, 49, 77
Smer, smear, 18;
smergavel (_tax on smear_), 18
Smethefield (_Smithfield_), 58
Smiter of Irons, 50
Soc (_soke_), 17
---- men, 30
Soho, 128
Soldaia, Sudak (_a Crimean port_), 42, 46
Sophronius, 38
Soulcandle, 22
South Sea, 114
Steward, 12
Stiles, Captain, 134
Stock, Joint, 134
Stocks, 25, 139
Stone Age, 107
Stow, 16, 49, 78, 122-31
Stranger, 3, 6
Stremer (_streamer_), 26
Sturton, Lord, 101
Styrbrydge, 102
Suburb, 129
Sugar, 93
---- cane, 110, 126
Suit (_duty to attend court_), 12
---- (_petition_), 19
Sunday, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 56
Surat, 13
Surplice, 27
Surveyor of the Melting, 50
Sussex, 12
Swally Roads, 133
Sweden, 106
Swine, 1
Sword, 32, 75, 85, 86, 130, 132
Sylwes (_shelves_), 26
Sylver (_silver_), 26, 36, 37, 44, 47, 50, 66, 118
Symbol, 28
Synod of Greatanlea, 8
Syrians, 29, 38

Tabell (_table_), 25
Tabernacle, 40
Tailors’ Gild, 16, 23, 26
---- Hall, 25
Tallage (_tax on towns_), 72
Tally (_account stick_), 16, 21
Tartar, 40-5
Tavern, 97
Tailboys, 97
Temple, New, 27
Tenants, Customary, 10, 11, 12
Tent, 40, 130
Teredo worm, 113
Testament, 5, 41
Thames, 59, 67, 127
Thomas, Anthony, 148
---- of Canterbury, 16
Thomas of Winchelsea, 78
Tierce, 78
Tiffany (_Epiphany_), 75
Tigris, 46
Tithing, 31
Toll, 18
---- booth, 21, 72
Tom of Trumpington, 104
Tomlynson, 102
Tonnage and Poundage, 92
Torch, 22, 26, 27, 38, 130
Torres, Lycentiat, 114
Tourney (_tournament_), 82
Tovy, Michael, 50
Tower of London, 49, 54
----, Constable of the, 58, 61, 65, 67, 74
----, pound weight of the, 89, 127
Town, 28, 102
Trade, 1, 2, 4, 6
---- Union, 15
---- of gilds, 16-26
---- with the East, 38-47, 75, 121
---- Hansa, 122, 132, 161-6, 175-7
Transept, 29, 36
Treasure, 107
---- trove, 146
Treasurer, 48
Trebizond, 46
Tree, 4, 6
Tregaso, John, 25
Trestelle (_trestle_), 25
Trinity, 94
---- College, 102
Tron, 53, 54
Truce, 92
Tully, 37
Tun (_township or village_), 3
Turgemannus, 42
Tuthill Fields, 12

Undern (_9 a.m._), 19
Undertaker, 148
Upland, 30

Vacation, 126
Valiano, 116
Vane, Sir Harry, 135
Vannes, 92
Varnish, 47
Venus (_goddess of beauty_), 36
Veragua, 112
Verde, Cape, 114
Vermuden, Cornelius, 150
Vespers, 73
Vestiary (_vestry_), 35
Vestment, 35, 37
Viceroy, 115
Victual, 17, 44, 98, 142
View of frank pledge, 15
Vigil, 52, 54
Vill, 30, 33
Villein, 30
Vines, 4
Vineyard, 39
Vintner, 65
Viol, 118
Virgate (_60 acres_), 12
Virginia, 156, 161
Visitation, 83, 98
Vyel, Margery, 55

Wages, 82, 91
----, sea, 178
Wales, Henry, 123
Walsche, John, 24
Walton, 76
War, Civil, 150
---- of the Roses, 49, 83
----, Thirty Years’, 122
---- supplies, 124
Ward, 19, 60, 61, 129
Warden, 23, 24, 25, 26, 48, 49
---- of the Bridge, 58
---- of the Gates, 59, 65
Wareham, 8
Wash, 122
Watch, 120, 129
Wavere, Isobel, 98
Wax, 19, 22, 27, 32, 53, 78
Waynflete, John, 96
Wear (_weir_), 58, 67
Wed (_pledge_), 4
Weighhouse, 130
Welland, 148
Wer (_value_), 6
Werferth, 10
Wessex, 28, 31
Westchepe, 54, 58, 68
West Riding, 158
Westminster, 37, 54
----, Fair of, 56, 61, 67, 125
Whigs, 154
Whirlicotes, 126
Whitehall, 136
Wicker, 40
Wicket, 93
Wilferth, Bishop of Winchester, 10
William, Conqueror, 11, 29-31, 57
---- de Haverille, 56, 57
---- of Lincoln, 96
---- Spicer, 24
---- the Treasurer, 58
Wilts, 95
Winchester, 6, 8
----, Gild of, 15, 19, 28
Windac, 93
Windgoose Alley, 124
Wine, Prisage of, 65, 67
----, Assize of, 78
Wisbech, 148
Witan, 6
Witch, 5
Wite (_fine_), 3, 6, 7
Witness, 4, 7, 32
Woad, 18
Wolmer, 76
Woodchester, 10
Woodland, 1, 2, 10
Wool, 82
Worcester, 10
Wrestling, 130
Wudestoke (_Woodstock_), 56
Wulfhere, 10
Wycliffean, 153
Wyndlesore (_Windsor_), 57, 64
Wyrhta (_a measure of land_), 4
Wynwode, Master Secretary, 134
Wynyngton, Robert, 92, 120

Ya (_yes_), 61
Yantlet creek, 67
Yard, yardland (_30 acres_), 4
Yearbook, 21
Yeve and yeld, 26
Young, Arthur, 83
Ystleworth (_Isleworth_), 6

Zarate, Don Francisco de, 106, 116
Zealand, 92

Printed in Great Britain by Jarrold & Sons, Ltd., Norwich_

* * * * *

Transcriber’s note

All original spellings and hyphenations, including variations, were retained except in the cases of the following apparent typographical errors.

Page 38, “Christain” changed to “Christian.” (after the Christian merchants had)

Page 58, “destroyd” changed to “destroyed.” (caused all wears to be destroyed)

Page 84, “childen” changed to “children.” (enable children to grasp these social changes)

Page 90, “peny” changed to “penny.” (grote, halfgrote, penny, halfpenny)

Page 115, “Pezes” changed to “Pezos.” (eighteen thousand Pezos of gold and silver)

Page 142, “Henrouse” changed to “Henhouse.” (Ponds or Waters, Hennes from Henhouse)

Page 153, “stablished” changed to “established.” ( was the established National Church)

Page 167, “accomodation” changed to “accommodation.” (ending the war by an accommodation)

In footnote 27, “Surburbs” changed to “Suburbs.” (Suburbs of Cambridge, Trumpington above)

In the Index, the following entries were missing page numbers, which have been added by the transcriber:

Russian Company
Basings, Thomas de
Saint Sophia

The following presumed errors in the original were not altered in this text:

The heading “A.D. 1262” is repeated on pages 60 and 61.

The entry following “Prior” in the Index shows page numbers but no text.