Chapter IV: Part II: Association in Insane Subjects (2)

Stem--growth.......... Lamp--burn............ Dream--restlessness... Yellow--color......... Bread--eat............ Justice--right........ Boy--young............ Light--see............ Health--well.......... Bible--religion....... Memory--thoughtful.... Sheep--animal......... Bath--wash............ Cottage--house........ Swift--fast........... Blue--color........... Hungry--appetite...... Priest--Christian.....17 Ocean--large.......... Head--trunk........... Stove--fire........... Long--distance........ Religion--Christianity Whiskey--drinkable.... Child--young.......... Bitter--bad........... Hammer--knock......... Thirsty--dry.......... City--government...... Square--block......... Butter--eat........... Doctor--cure.......... Loud--noisy........... Thief--steal.......... Lion--animal.......... Joy--pleasant......... Bed--laying........... Heavy--weighty........ Tobacco--smoking...... Baby--new-born........ Moon--planet.......... Scissors--cutting..... Quiet--easy........... Green--color.......... Salt--preservative.... Street--lane.......... King--monarch......... Cheese--eatable....... Blossom--budding...... Afraid--fear..........

CASE No. 5803.--D.E.D. Slight tendency to give sound reactions.

Table--tree...........19 Dark--bright.......... Music--song........... Sickness--health...... Man--woman............ 1 Deep--shallow......... Soft--hard............ Eating--digesting..... Mountain--hill........ House--horse..........10 Black--red............ Mutton--tallow........ Comfort--wealth....... Hand--arm............. Short--long........... Fruit--plate..........17 Butterfly--net........ Smooth--surface....... Command--obey......... Chair--table.......... Sweet--sour........... Whistle--call......... Woman--lady........... Cold--lukewarm........19 Slow--not.............12 Wish--receive......... River--lake........... White--black.......... Beautiful--graceful... Window--door.......... Rough--smooth......... Citizen--city......... Foot--leg............. Spider--soap..........10 Needle--pin........... Red--yellow........... Sleep--slumber........ Anger--amiable........ Carpet--mat........... Girl--boy............. High--hill............ Working--playing...... Sour--sweet........... Earth--land........... Trouble--tranquillity.10 Soldier--boy.......... Cabbage--plant........ Hard--easy............ Eagle--bird........... Stomach--bowels....... Stem--head............ Lamp--chimney......... Dream--myth...........17 Yellow--blue.......... Bread--biscuit........ Justice--balance......17 Boy--girl............. Light--gray...........17 Health--wealth........ Bible--prayerbook..... Memory--understanding. Sheep--lamb........... Bath--swim............ Cottage--house........ Swift--slow........... Blue--yellow.......... Hungry--eat........... Priest--bishop........ Ocean--river.......... Head--neck............ Stove--covers......... Long--short........... Religion--optional.... Whiskey--wine......... Child--baby........... Bitter--sweet......... Hammer--gimlet........ Thirsty--drink........ City--town............ Square--compass....... Butter--butterfly..... Doctor--lawyer........ Loud--lord............ Thief--beggar......... Lion--lioness......... Joy--sorrow........... Bed--couch............ Heavy--light.......... Tobacco--cigarette.... Baby--child........... Moon--stars........... Scissors--knife....... Quiet--quilt.......... Green--envy........... Salt--sewing.......... Street--lane.......... King--queen........... Cheese--cracker....... Blossom--flower....... Afraid--courageous....

CASE No. 2133.--M.F. Unclassified reactions, mostly "far fetched" or incoherent; perseveration.

Table--eat............ Dark--night........... Music--sing........... Sickness--sadness..... Man--home............. Deep--light........... Soft--sleep...........13 Eating--drink......... Mountain--hills....... House--home........... Black--stove..........17 Mutton--lamb.......... Comfort--pleasure..... 1 Hand--write........... Short--short-cake.....10 Fruit--grapes......... Butterfly--butter..... Smooth--ironing....... Command--correct......19 Chair--see............19 Sweet--apples......... Whistle--happiness.... 1 Woman--girl........... Cold--warm............ Slow--fast............ Wish--like............ River--water.......... White--blue........... Beautiful--red........13 Window--light......... Rough--easy........... Citizen--spring.......19 Foot--run............. Spider--fly........... Needle--Carrie........19 Red--pink............. Sleep--awake.......... Anger--jolly..........19 Carpet--curtains...... Girl--yellow..........19 High--green...........14 Working--bed..........19 Sour--dishes..........19 Earth--grapes.........13 Trouble--work......... 1 Soldier--sing.........15 Cabbage--potatoes..... Hard--sewing..........17 Eagle--daisy..........19 Stomach--flowers......18 Stem--vine............ Lamp--flatiron........19 Dream--sleep.......... Yellow--awake.........13 Bread--children....... Justice--dresses......14 Boy--mother........... Light--dark........... Health--wealth........ Bible--commands....... 2 Memory--black.........13 Sheep--chickens.......17 Bath--carpet..........19 Cottage--worsted......14 Swift--silk...........18 Blue--cotton..........18 Hungry--chair.........19 Priest--church........ Ocean--spring.........15 Head--canary..........19 Stove--board.......... Long--dishes..........18 Religion--piano.......19 Whiskey--home.........15 Child--baby........... Bitter--shoes.........19 Hammer--tacks......... Thirsty--longing...... City--Flushing........17 Square--store.........10 Butter--butcher.......10 Doctor--hat...........19 Loud--chair...........15 Thief--picture........19 Lion--house...........13 Joy--gladness......... Bed--sleep............ Heavy--sick........... 2 Tobacco--album........19 Baby--basket..........17 Moon--stars........... Scissors--knife....... Quiet--spoon..........18 Green--scar...........19 Salt--pepper.......... Street--sugar.........18 King--blacking........19 Cheese--meat.......... Blossom--flowers...... Afraid--red...........18

CASE No. 4569.--L.K. Marked stereotypy; unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent.

Table--fruit..........17 Dark--light........... Music--pleasure....... 1 Sickness--illness..... Man--parent........... 6 Deep--verse...........19 Soft--fruit........... Eating--illness.......15 Mountain--parent...... 6 House--privilege......19 Black--colors......... 2 Mutton--parent........ 6 Comfort--family.......18 Hand--comfort......... 7 Short--parent......... 6 Fruit--parent......... 5 Butterfly--insect..... Smooth--surface....... Command--privilege....15 Chair--house.......... Sweet--dairy..........19 Whistle--nature.......19 Woman--parent......... 6 Cold--house........... 6 Slow--light...........15 Wish--desire.......... River--house.......... 6 White--suspicion......19 Beautiful--house...... 6 Window--light......... Rough--surface........ Citizen--parent....... 6 Foot--house........... Spider--insect........ Needle--house......... 6 Red--colors........... Sleep--God............ 6 Anger--God............ 5 Carpet--house......... Girl--God............. 6 High--house........... Working--parent....... 6 Sour--desire..........15 Earth--God............ 6 Trouble--God.......... 5 Soldier--house........ 6 Cabbage--desire.......15 Hard--vegetable....... Eagle--animal......... Stomach--doctor....... Stem--growth.......... Lamp--house........... Dream--God............ 6 Yellow--color......... Bread--God............ 6 Justice--fright.......19 Boy--parent........... 6 Light--God............ 6 Health--God........... 5 Bible--teachings...... Memory--teaching...... 2 Sheep--God............ 6 Bath--cleanness....... Cottage--home......... Swift--fear...........19 Blue--color........... Hungry--appetite...... Priest--servant....... Ocean--God............ 6 Head--servant......... 6 Stove--house.......... Long--God............. 6 Religion--servant..... 6 Whiskey--doctor.......15 Child--house.......... 6 Bitter--taste......... Hammer--household.....19 Thirsty--drink........ City--God............. 6 Square--touch.........19 Butter--taste......... Doctor--servant....... 6 Loud--thought......... 9 Thief--slave..........19 Lion--animal.......... Joy--pleasure......... 1 Bed--household........15 Heavy--weight......... Tobacco--doctor.......15 Baby--care............ Moon--heavens......... Scissors--household...15 Quiet--nerve..........19 Green--substance......19 Salt--taste........... Street--heavens.......15 King--servant......... 6 Cheese--taste......... Blossom--sight........ Afraid--fear..........

CASE No. 6164.--L.E. Remarkably persistent tendency to give sound reactions; numerous sound neologisms; no reactions given in response to some of the stimulus words on the ground that she had "no word to match."

Table--witchhazel.....10 Dark--frog............19 Music--lessons........ 2 Sickness--badness..... 2 Man--wife............. Deep--seef............ 4 Soft--shoft........... 3 Eating--feeding....... Mountain--sounding....10 House--shmouse........ 3 Black--fake...........19 Mutton--shutton....... 3 Comfort--somfort...... 3 Hand--land............10 Short--court..........10 Fruit--shrewd.........10 Butterfly--shuddergy.. 3 Smooth--slude......... 3 Command--noman........ 3 Chair--sash...........19 Sweet--leaf...........19 Whistle--noshissel.... 3 Woman--lemon..........19 Cold--shoal...........10 Slow--snow............10 Wish--dish............ River--liberty........10 White--size...........10 Beautiful--........... Window--Hilda.........19 Rough--shoff.......... 3 Citizen--shiffizen.... 3 Foot--shoot...........10 Spider--shider........ 3 Needle--dreedle....... 3 Red--shred............10 Sleep--seef........... 3 Anger--............... Carpet--shloppet...... 3 Girl--shirl........... 3 High--fie.............10 Working--shlirking.... 3 Sour--bower...........10 Earth--world.......... Trouble--shuttle......19 Soldier--polster...... 3 Cabbage--sheffies..... 4 Hard--shward.......... 3 Eagle--............... Stomach--............. Stem--lamp............19 Lamp--sant............ 4 Dream--leam........... 3 Yellow--cherry........19 Bread--dread..........10 Justice--chestnuts....10 Boy--................. Light--shwife......... 3 Health--felt.......... 2 Bible--............... Memory--.............. Sheep--sheet..........10 Bath--scab............19 Cottage--foppach...... 3 Swift--shift..........10 Blue--shoe............10 Hungry--angry......... Priest--sheaf.........19 Ocean--notion.........10 Head--shred...........10 Stove--shove.......... 3 Long--song............10 Religion--switching...19 Whiskey--chiston...... 4 Child--kile........... 3 Bitter--shitter....... 3 Hammer--lemon.........13 Thirsty--flrsten...... 3 City--................ Square--birds.........19 Butter--shudder.......10 Doctor--shoctor....... 3 Loud--souse...........10 Thief--sheaf..........10 Lion--Zion............10 Joy--bloy............. 3 Bed--wading...........19 Heavy--shleavy........ 3 Tobacco--confecker.... 4 Baby--savey........... 3 Moon--shoon........... 3 Scissors--............ Quiet--shiet.......... 3 Green--sheel.......... 4 Salt--shawlt.......... 3 Street--freet......... 3 King--sing............10 Cheese--seefs......... 4 Blossom--pleasant..... 9 Afraid--shraid........ 3

CASE No. 3606.--F.W. Neologisms; some particles; many unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent.

Table--pleasure....... 9 Dark--air.............19 Music--walking........19 Sickness--gloves......19 Man--fields...........19 Deep--courtesy........19 Soft--spoons..........19 Eating--oranges....... Mountain--ice.........17 House--paintings...... 2 Black--blue........... Mutton--hemisphere....19 Comfort--flowers......19 Hand--sawdust.........19 Short--peanuts........19 Fruit--autoharp.......19 Butterfly--disease....19 Smooth--ice........... Command--botheration..19 Chair--tea............19 Sweet--arrangement....19 Whistle--steadfast....19 Woman--flowers........15 Cold--grandeur........19 Slow--present.........19 Wish--mania...........19 River--courtesy.......15 White--ink............17 Beautiful--flowers.... Window--air........... Rough--enjoyment......19 Citizen--queer........19 Foot--hatred..........19 Spider--carousy....... 4 Needle--pleasant...... 9 Red--permit...........19 Sleep--indeed.........12 Anger--benevolence....19 Carpet--disorder......19 Girl--caterer.........19 High--aside...........10 Working--among........12 Sour--destroy.........19 Earth--confusion......19 Trouble--frivolous....19 Soldier--air..........15 Cabbage--temptation...19 Hard--among...........12 Eagle--quality........19 Stomach--debasteaur... 4 Stem--counteract......19 Lamp--testament.......19 Dream--connexus....... 4 Yellow--division......19 Bread--atherey........ 4 Justice--anger........19 Boy--quality..........15 Light--among..........12 Health--frivolous.....15 Bible--permit.........15 Memory--usual.........19 Sheep--astray......... Bath--conscientious...19 Cottage--texalous..... 4 Swift--patience.......19 Blue--community.......19 Hungry--confusion.....15 Priest--second........19 Ocean--apology........19 Head--trinity.........19 Stove--compartment....19 Long--terminal........19 Religion--abundant....19 Whiskey--approvement.. 4 Child--anger..........15 Bitter--courageous....19 Hammer--correction....19 Thirsty--afterwards...12 City--cataract........19 Square--plenty........19 Butter--accost........19 Doctor--southern......19 Loud--triangular......19 Thief--cannery........19 Lion--practice........19 Joy--summons..........19 Bed--avron............ 4 Heavy--olenthegolis... 4 Tobacco--abundant.....15 Baby--parenthus....... 4 Moon--otherwise.......12 Scissors--cartridge...19 Quiet--outside........12 Green--abounty........ 4 Salt--calonry......... 4 Street--abyss.........19 King--cavenry......... 4 Cheese--perplex.......19 Blossom--cartridge....15 Afraid--stubborn......19

EPILEPSY.

Most of the cases of epilepsy in our collection show advanced dementia and in some the clinical history would indicate also original mental inferiority, that is to say, imbecility or feeble-mindedness.

In these cases the dominant characteristic, so far as shown in the test records, seems to be a narrowing of the mental horizon manifested firstly by a tendency to repeat many times one or another word, and secondly by an abnormally pronounced tendency to make use of non-specific reactions or particles of speech. Occasionally other abnormalities are noted, such as perseveration or distraction.

We submit here copies of some test records.

CASE No. 5410.--W.T.K. Repetition of words previously given; nonspecific reactions.

Table--article........ 1 Dark--light........... Music--tone........... Sickness--ill......... Man--person........... 1 Deep--distant......... 2 Soft--condition....... 6 Eating--chew.......... Mountain--high........ House--abode.......... Black--color.......... Mutton--meat.......... Comfort--peace........ Hand--limb............ Short--distance....... Fruit--result......... Butterfly--animal..... Smooth--plain......... Command--order........ Chair--seat........... Sweet--pleasant....... 1 Whistle--sound........ Woman--female......... Cold--chilly.......... Slow--pace............ Wish--desire.......... River--body........... White--clear.......... Beautiful--grand...... Window--place.........13 Rough--unsmooth....... 4 Citizen--member....... Foot--member.......... Spider--animal........ Needle--article....... 1 Bed--color............ Sleep--rest........... Anger--condition...... 6 Carpet--covering...... Girl--female.......... High--distance........ Working--occupation... Sour--condition....... 6 Earth--planet......... Trouble--condition.... 6 Soldier--member....... 6 Cabbage--vegetable.... Hard--condition....... 6 Eagle--animal......... Stomach--member....... Stem--branch.......... Lamp--article......... 1 Dream--thinking....... 1 Yellow--shade......... Bread--article........ 6 Justice--position.....19 Boy--male............. Light--clear.......... Health--condition..... Bible--book........... Memory--condition..... 6 Sheep--animal......... Bath--position........15 Cottage--house........ Swift--fast........... Blue--color........... Hungry--condition..... 6 Priest--office........ Ocean--body........... Head--member.......... Stove--article........ 1 Long--distance........ Religion--profession.. Whiskey--liquid....... Child--person......... 1 Bitter--condition..... 6 Hammer--article....... 1 Thirsty--condition.... 6 City--place........... Square--honest........ Butter--article....... 6 Doctor--profession.... Loud--sound........... Thief--position.......15 Lion--animal.......... Joy--pleasant......... 1 Bed--article.......... 6 Heavy--weight......... Tobacco--plant........ Baby--person.......... 1 Moon--planet.......... Scissors--article..... 1 Quiet--peaceful....... Green--shade.......... Salt--article......... 1 Street--place......... King--ruler........... Cheese--article....... 6 Blossom--plant........ Afraid--fear..........

CASE No. 2208.--J.A. Repetition of words previously given; non-specific reactions.

Table--wood........... Dark--chairs..........13 Music--wood...........14 Sickness--dropsy......17 Man--body............. Deep--well............ Soft--lady............19 Eating--man........... 6 Mountain--hills....... House--barns.......... 2 Black--horse.......... Mutton--sheep......... Comfort--poison.......19 Hand--man............. 1 Short--people......... 1 Fruit--trees.......... Butterfly--tree....... Smooth--people........ 6 Command--general...... Chair--hands..........16 Sweet--fruit.......... Whistle--man.......... 1 Woman--people......... 1 Cold--ice............. Slow--people.......... 6 Wish--dead............19 River--lakes.......... White--foam...........17 Beautiful--man........ 1 Window--glass......... Rough--people......... 6 Citizen--man.......... 1 Foot--people.......... 6 Spider--barn..........15 Needle--clothes....... Red--blood............ Sleep--bed............ Anger--angry.......... Carpet--stores........19 Girl--ladies.......... 2 High--mountain........ Working--people....... 6 Sour--fruit........... Earth--clay........... Trouble--bad.......... 1 Soldier--man.......... 1 Cabbage--field........ Hard--case............19 Eagle--bird........... Stomach--man.......... 1 Stem--pipe............ Lamp--fire............ Dream--bad............ 1 Yellow--chair.........15 Bread--rye............ Justice--right........ Boy--bad.............. 1 Light--ship...........19 Health--pig...........19 Bible--man............ 6 Memory--mind.......... Sheep--mutton......... Bath--water........... Cottage--house........ Swift--ship...........15 Blue--lines...........17 Hungry--people........ 6 Priest--man........... 1 Ocean--deep........... Head--bad............. 9 Stove--wood........... Long--trees........... 2 Religion--form........19 Whiskey--apples.......17 Child--people......... 1 Bitter--apples........ Hammer--axe........... Thirsty--drink........ City--towns...........

Square--measurement... Butter--cows.......... Doctor--person........ 1 Loud--people.......... 1 Thief--person......... 1 Lion--animal.......... Joy--person........... 9 Bed--man.............. 6 Heavy--mountain....... Tobacco--growing...... Baby--person.......... 1 Moon--people.......... 6 Scissors--cutting..... Quiet--mind........... Green--cloud..........19 Salt--planting........13 Street--walk.......... King--human...........19 Cheese--milk.......... Blossom--flowers...... Afraid--human.........15

CASE No. 01218.--E.M. Repetition of words previously given; non-specific reactions.

Table--tablecloth..... Dark--dog............. Music--figure.........17 Sickness--drink.......17 Man--people........... 1 Deep--pull............19 Soft--light........... Eating--think......... 1 Mountain--well........13 House--plumber........17 Black--horse.......... Mutton--park..........19 Comfort--nice......... 1 Hand--use............. 1 Short--long........... Fruit--figs........... Butterfly--cloth......19 Smooth--nice.......... 1 Command--pleasant..... 6 Chair--wash...........19 Sweet--sour........... Whistle--mug..........19 Woman--pear...........19 Cold--warm............ Slow--quickness....... Wish--nice............ 1 River--pleasant....... 1 White--use............ 6 Beautiful--comfort....19 Window--looks......... 2 Rough--pleasant....... 6 Citizen--comfort......15 Foot--help............ Spider--wake..........19 Needle--use........... 1 Red--look.............15 Sleep--good........... 1 Anger--no.............12 Carpet--make..........19 Girl--happy........... 9 High--nice............ 6 Working--pleasant..... 1 Sour--bag.............19 Earth--ground......... Trouble--good......... 6 Soldier--clothes...... Cabbage--eat.......... Hard--good............ 1 Eagle--pleasant....... 6 Stomach--hurt......... Stem--use............. 1 Lamp--lighted......... Dream--pleasant....... 1 Yellow--wake..........15 Bread--making......... Justice--help......... Boy--pleasant......... 6 Light--big............19 Health--nice.......... 6 Bible--use............ 1 Memory--no............12 Sheep--pleasant....... 1 Bath--good............ 6 Cottage--useful....... Swift--quick.......... Blue--good............ 1 Hungry--sour..........15 Priest--good.......... 1 Ocean--useful......... 6 Head--nice............ 6 Stove--lighted........ 2 Long--lake............19 Religion--pleasant.... 6 Whiskey--use.......... 6 Child--help........... 6 Bitter--sour.......... Hammer--stick.........19 Thirsty--drink........ City--handy...........19 Square--pleasant...... 6 Butter--useful........ 1 Doctor--help.......... Loud--make............15 Thief--punish......... 2 Lion--bad............. 9 Joy--happy............ 1 Bed--pleasant......... 1 Heavy--light.......... Tobacco--pleasant..... 1 Baby--help............ 6 Moon--sun............. Scissors--pleasant.... 6 Quiet--sleep.......... Green--beans..........10 Salt--handy...........15 Street--make..........15 King--nice............ 6 Cheese--good.......... 1 Blossom--pleasant..... 1 Afraid--will..........19

CASE No. 4989.--C.H. Repetition of words previously given; non-specific reactions; particles.

Table--work........... 1 Dark--true............19 Music--pleasant....... 1 Sickness--well........ Man--absent...........19 Deep--together........12 Soft--plenty.......... 6 Eating--good.......... 1 Mountain--together....12 House--one............12 Black--America........19 Mutton--vegetable..... 2 Comfort--sleep........ Hand--nothing.........19 Short--never..........12 Fruit--vegetable...... Butterfly--bird....... Smooth--large......... 9 Command--willing...... Chair--good........... 6 Sweet--always......... 6 Whistle--music........ Woman--one............12 Cold--medium.......... 6 Slow--quick........... Wish--hope............ River--lake........... White--always......... 6 Beautiful--medium..... 6 Window--open.......... Rough--smooth......... Citizen--American..... Foot--two............. Spider--butterfly..... Needle--steel......... Red--color............ Sleep--plenty......... Anger--never.......... Carpet--floor......... Girl--five............12 High--medium.......... Working--always....... Sour--never........... 6 Earth--cultivate......17 Trouble--none......... Soldier--willing......15 Cabbage--vegetable.... Hard--seldom..........12 Eagle--American....... Stomach--no...........12 Stem--one.............12 Lamp--burning......... Dream--always......... 6 Yellow--sometimes.....12 Bread--soft........... Justice--always....... Boy--two..............12 Light--plenty......... Health--plenty........ Bible--Catholic.......17 Memory--good.......... 1 Sheep--wool........... Bath--good............ 1 Cottage--plenty....... 6 Swift--medium......... 6 Blue--never........... 6 Hungry--seldom........ 6 Priest--good.......... 1 Ocean--three..........12 Head--good............ 1 Stove--burning........ Long--medium.......... Religion--willing.....15 Whiskey--some.........19 Child--good........... 1 Bitter--never......... 6 Hammer--tool.......... Thirsty--seldom....... 6 City--New York........ Square--always........ 6 Better--good.......... 1 Doctor--good.......... 1 Loud--medium.......... 6 Thief--none........... Lion--animal.......... Joy--plenty........... 6 Bed--good............. 1 Heavy--medium......... 6 Tobacco--yes..........12 Baby--more............19 Moon--bright.......... Scissors--sharp....... Quiet--plenty......... 6 Green--good........... 6 Salt--little..........19 Street--lots..........18 King--none............ Cheese--seldom........ 6 Blossom--always....... 6 Afraid--sometimes.....15

CASE No. 4847.--C.C. Distraction

Table--eat............ Dark--lock............10 Music--fiddle......... Sickness--doctors..... 2 Man--woman............ 1 Deep--water........... Soft--snow............ Eating--oats..........17 Mountain--spray.......19 House--building....... Black--red............15 Mutton--meat.......... 9 Comfort--red..........15 Hand--people.......... 9 Short--world..........19 Fruit--age............18 Butterfly--bird....... Smooth--eggs..........18 Command--cake.........19 Chair--world..........15 Sweet--cherries....... Whistle--peaches......18 Woman--children....... Cold--summer..........17 Slow--brother.........19 Wish--pear............19 River--orange.........18 White--black.......... Beautiful--red........13 Window--door.......... Rough--table.......... Citizen--couch........19 Foot--arm............. Spider--fly........... Needle--scissors......17 Red--blue............. Sleep--pink...........13 Anger--box............19 Carpet--rug........... Girl--boy............. High--play............ Working--cup..........19 Sour--bread...........17 Earth--picture........19 Trouble--soap.........19 Soldier--towel........18 Cabbage--turnip....... Hard--tree............ Eagle--clock..........19 Stomach--eat.......... Stem--soap............15 Lamp--oil............. Dream--glass..........13

Yellow--bottle........18 Bread--soap...........15 Justice--pencil.......19 Boy--picture..........15 Light--darkness....... Health--washstand.....19 Bible--book........... Memory--saucer........19 Sheep--chair..........19 Bath--bureau..........14

Cottage--pan..........19 Swift--towel..........15 Blue--wash............ 2 Hungry--eat........... Priest--church........ Ocean--beans..........19 Head--prunes..........18 Stove--cook........... Long--fig.............19 Religion--church...... Whiskey--tea..........17 Child--people......... 1 Bitter--stomach.......19 Hammer--tack.......... Thirsty--peach........15 City--box.............15 Square--soap..........15 Butter--lard.......... Doctor--sick.......... Loud--head............19 Thief--cup............15 Lion--bottle..........15 Joy--pitcher..........19 Bed--sheet............ Heavy--blanket........13 Tobacco--mustard......19 Baby--pepper..........18 Moon--heater..........19 Scissors--string...... Quiet--lace...........19 Green--red............ Salt--soda............17 Street--soldier.......19 King--box.............15 Cheese--cake.......... Blossom--shell........19 Afraid--blotter.......19

CASE No. 3597.--L.T. Some neologisms, all possessing obvious meaning.

Table--stand.......... Dark--light........... Music--instrument..... Sickness--health...... Man--female........... Deep--detableness..... 4 Soft--hard............ Eating--starving...... Mountain--isthmus.....17 House--building....... Black--white.......... Mutton--beef.......... Comfort--patient...... Hand--leg............. Short--long........... Fruit--vegetable...... Butterfly--spider..... Smooth--coarse........ Command--thought...... 1 Chair--utensil........19 Sweet--sour........... Whistle--trumpet...... Woman--man............ 1 Cold--warm............ Slow--quick........... Wish--command......... River--lake........... White--black.......... Beautiful--pretty..... 1 Window--door.......... Rough--straight....... Citizen--tramp........19 Foot--arm............. Spider--fly........... Needle--pin........... Red--blue............. Sleep--awake.......... Anger--patient........ 2 Carpet--rug........... Girl--servant......... High--low............. Working--laziness..... Sour--sweet........... Earth--hemisphere..... Trouble--goodness..... 9 Soldier--merchant.....17 Cabbage--pumpkin......17 Hard--tight........... Eagle--hawk........... Stomach--abdomen...... Stem--leaf............ Lamp--lantern......... Dream--nightmare...... Yellow--lavender......17 Bread--pastry......... Justice--badness...... 2 Boy--child............ Light--darkness....... Health--sickness...... Bible--testament...... Memory--remember...... Sheep--lamb........... Bath--dirtiness....... 2 Cottage--building..... Swift--quickly........ Blue--redness......... 2 Hungry--starving...... Priest--minister...... Ocean--sea............ Head--topness......... 4 Stove--cooking........ Long--shorter......... 2 Religion--wickedness.. Whiskey--medicine..... Child--daughter....... Bitter--sweetness..... 2 Hammer--pickaxe.......17 Thirsty--drinkness.... 4 City--village......... Square--strightness... 2 Butter--syrup.........17 Doctor--queen.........19 Loud--low............. Thief--burglar........ Lion--tiger........... Joy--enjoyable........ 2 Bed--bedstead......... Heavy--lightness...... Tobacco--sweetness.... 2 Baby--infant.......... Moon--sun............. Scissors--shears...... Quite--noiseness...... 4 Green--greenbill...... 3 Salt--sugar........... Street--island........19 King--nephew..........19 Cheese--curdness...... 4 Blossom--bud.......... Afraid--knowledgeable. 4

GENERAL PARESIS.

Cases presenting no considerable dementia or confusion and cases in a state of remission are apt to give normal test records. As we proceed from the records of such cases to those of cases showing mental deterioration we observe a gradual reduction in the values of reactions, contraction of the mental horizon,[1] and the appearance of the phenomenon of perseveration. We submit the following test records for illustration:

[Footnote 1: What we mean by contraction of the mental horizon has already been described in connection with epilepsy, page 47.]

CASE No. 4047.--C.A.F. Almost complete remission of all mental symptoms. Normal record.

Table--dish........... Dark--light........... Music--sound.......... Sickness--disease..... Man--woman............ 1 Deep--fathomless...... Soft--sweet........... Eating--food.......... Mountain--high........ House--barn........... Black--color.......... Mutton--meat.......... Comfort--ease......... Hand--foot............ Short--long........... Fruit--sweet.......... Butterfly--moth....... Smooth--rough......... Command--order........ Chair--leg............ Sweet--pleasant....... 1 Whistle--sound........ Woman--female......... Cold--ice............. Slow--languid.........17 Wish--desire.......... River--long........... White--color.......... Beautiful--fair....... Window--glass......... Rough--smooth......... Citizen--voter........ Foot--toe............. Spider--fly........... Needle--sharp......... Red--color............ Sleep--slumber........ Anger--rage........... Carpet--sweep......... Girl--maiden.......... High--lofty........... Working--toiling...... Sour--distasteful..... Earth--ground......... Trouble--sorrow....... Soldier--fighter...... Cabbage--leaf......... Hard--easy............ Eagle--fly............ Stomach--food......... Stem--petal........... Lamp--light........... Dream--slumber........ Yellow--color......... Bread--eat............ Justice--judgment..... Boy--youth............ Light--lamp........... Health--nature........17 Bible--holy........... Memory--remember...... Sheep--lamb........... Bath--water........... Cottage--house........ Swift--fast........... Blue--color........... Hungry--famished...... Priest--holy.......... Ocean--sea............ Head--top............. Stove--fire........... Long--short........... Religion--holy........ Whiskey--drink........ Child--infant......... Bitter--sour.......... Hammer--knock......... Thirsty--drink........ City--town............ Square--round......... Butter--eat........... Doctor--physician..... Loud--knock........... Thief--steal.......... Lion--tiger........... Joy--happiness........ 1 Bed--sleep............ Heavy--weigh.......... Tobacco--smoke........ Baby--child........... Moon--stars........... Scissors--cut......... Quiet--soft........... Green--color.......... Salt--food............ Street--lane.......... King--queen........... Cheese--eat........... Blossom--flower....... Afraid--fear..........

CASE No. 6660.--F.F. Repetition of words previously given; non-specific reactions; unclassified reactions some of which are "circumstantial" (see page 25).

Table--bureau.........19 Dark--boats........... 2 Music--piano.......... Sickness--doctor...... Man--sober............19 Deep--cellar.......... Soft--easy............ Eating--chewing....... Mountain--climb....... House--tenants........ 2 Black--color.......... Mutton--meat.......... Comfort--easy......... Hand--use............. 1 Short--stump.......... 2 Fruit--nice........... 1 Butterfly--like....... 6 Smooth--clean......... Command--faithful.....17 Chair--easy........... Sweet--like........... 6 Whistle--good......... 6 Woman--like........... 6 Cold--medicine........ Slow--I...............12 Wish--like............ River--boats.......... White--sheet.......... Beautiful--flowers.... Window--red...........14 Rough--streets........ 2 Citizen--honest....... Foot--walking......... Spider--kill..........10 Needle--sew........... Red--nice............. 6 Sleep--rest........... Anger--cross.......... Carpet--good.......... 6 Girl--nice............ 1 High--good............ 1 Working--well.........19 Sour--bitter.......... Earth--property.......19 Trouble--fighting..... Soldier--good......... 1 Cabbage--eat.......... Hard--sorry...........19 Eagle--good........... 6 Stomach--good......... 1 Stem--fair............19 Lamp--use............. 1 Dream--now............12 Yellow--color......... Bread--good........... 1 Justice--fine......... 1 Boy--good............. 1 Light--good........... 1 Health--right.........19 Bible--home........... Memory--good.......... 1 Sheep--like........... 6 Bath--good............ 1 Cottage--fine......... 1 Swift--go............. Blue--nice............ 6 Hungry--bad........... 1 Priest--Father........ Ocean--boats.......... Head--brains.......... Stove--heat........... Long--streets......... Religion--Catholic.... Whiskey--bad.......... 1 Child--good........... 1 Bitter--sorrow........ Hammer--use........... 1 Thirsty--drink........ City--Brooklyn........ Squares--park......... 2 Butter--ice...........19 Doctor--cure.......... Loud--holler.......... Thief--no............. 2 Lion--no.............. 6 Joy--hope............. Bed--rest............. Heavy--loud........... Tobacco--good......... 1 Baby--good............ 1 Moon--light........... Scissors--use......... 1 Quiet--good........... 1 Green--nice........... 6 Salt--use............. 1 Street--nice.......... 1 King--right...........19 Cheese--nice.......... 1 Blossom--grow......... Afraid--no............

CASE No. 618.--R.N. Numerous particles of speech; some unclassified reaction, chiefly "circumstantial" (see page 25).

Table--eat............ Dark--cloudy.......... Music--fond...........19 Sickness--well........ Man--human............ Deep--ocean........... Soft--fine............ 1 Eating--yes........... 6 Mountain--yes......... 5 House--yes............ 5 Black--yes............ 5 Mutton--yes........... 5 Comfort--yes.......... 5 Hand--finger.......... Short--yes............ 6 Fruit--yes............ 5 Butterfly--yes........ 5 Smooth--even.......... Command--obey......... Chair--settle.........17 Sweet--bitter......... Whistle--can't........19 Woman--lady........... Cold--ice............. Slow--fast............ Wish--give............ River--enjoyment......19 White--black.......... Beautiful--yes........ 6 Window--pane.......... Rough--smooth......... Citizen--yes.......... 6 Foot--one.............12 Spider--yes........... 6 Needle--sewing........ Red--blue............. Sleep--nap............17 Anger--willing........19 Carpet--yes........... 6 Girl--nature..........19 High--low............. Working--artist.......17 Sour--sweet........... Earth--world.......... Trouble--peaceful.....

Soldier--no...........12 Cabbage--vegetable.... Hard--soft............ Eagle--American....... Stomach--condition.... Stem--post............17 Lamp--light........... Dream--thinking....... 1 Yellow--green......... Bread--loaf........... Justice--yes.......... Boy--human............ Light--heaven......... Health--wealth........ Bible--yes............ 6 Memory--yes........... 5 Sheep--animal......... Bath--yes............. 6 Cottage--yes.......... 5 Swift--fast........... Blue--gray............ Hungry--no............ Priest--yes........... 6 Ocean--water.......... Head--human........... Stove--coal........... Long--short........... Religion--yes......... 6 Whiskey--no...........12 Child--baby........... Bitter--sweet......... Hammer--pincher.......17 Thirsty--drinking..... City--population...... Square--circle........ Butter--lard.......... Doctor--physician..... Loud--low............. Thief--penalty........17 Lion--liar............10 Joy--welcome..........17 Bed--sleep............ Heavy--light.......... Tobacco--yes.......... 6 Baby--human........... Moon--natural.........15 Scissors--no..........12 Quiet--yes............ 6 Green--shade.......... Salt--eat............. Street--town.......... King--ruler........... Cheese--eat........... Blossom--blooming..... Afraid--scared........

CASE No. 6518.--C.Z. Perseveration shown by numerous instances of association to preceding reaction.

Table--horse..........19 Dark--wren............10 Music--lark...........18 Sickness--cold........ Man--woman............ 1 Deep--sea............. Soft--hard............ Eating--drinking...... Mountain--fountain.... House--barn........... Black--stable.........13 Mutton--cow........... Comfort--horse........18 Hand--lamb............ Short--calf........... Fruit--apples......... Butterfly--oranges.... 2 Smooth--peaches.......18 Command--plums........18 Chair--bench.......... sweet--sugar.......... Whistle--drum.........17 Woman--man............ 1 Cold--hot............. Slow--fast............ Wish--who.............12 River--water.......... White--blue........... Beautiful--splendid... Window--sashes........ 2 Rough--ready.......... Citizen--Brooklyn..... Foot--shoe............ Spider--web........... Needle--pin........... Red--blue............. Sleep--awake.......... Anger--bad............ 1 Carpet--sweeper....... Girl--boy............. High--low............. Working--playing...... Sour--sweet........... Earth--ground......... Trouble--wheelbarrow..19 Soldier--Mexican......17 Cabbage--potatoes..... Hard--beets...........18 Eagle--carrots........18 Stomach--peas.........18 Stem--peas............ 5 Lamp--burning......... Dream--happy.......... 1 Yellow--blue.......... Bread--green..........12 Justice--freedom...... Boy--girl............. Light--burning........ Health--strength...... Bible--prayerbook..... Memory--thoughts...... 1 Sheep--lamb........... Bath--water........... Cottage--house........ Swift--whist..........10 Blue--red............. Hungry--eating........ Priest--Father........ Ocean--mother.........18 Head--brother.........18 Stove--sister.........18 Long--freedom.........15 Religion--smart.......19 Whiskey--wine......... Child--lamb...........19 Bitter--goat..........18 Hammer--nails......... Thirsty--dry.......... City--talking.........19 Square--inches........ Butter--cheese........ Doctor--bread.........13 Loud--oranges.........15 Thief--almonds........18 Lion--apples..........18 Joy--grapes...........18 Bed--peaches..........18 Heavy--cranberries....18 Tobacco--grapes.......18 Baby--watermelon......18 Moon--muskmelons......18 Scissors--citrons.....10 Quiet--squashes.......18 Green--pumpkins.......18 Salt--cucumbers.......18 Street--tomatoes......18 Kings--pears..........18 Cheese--apples........18 Blossom--cherries..... Afraid--gooseberries..18

CASE No. 5329.--B.W. Perseveration; record almost entirely made up of instances of association to preceding reaction.

Table--San Francisco...19 Dark--comprehensible...19 Music--sinking......... Sickness--Brooklyn.....19 Man--woman............. 1 Deep--amazing..........19 Soft--pleasant......... 9 Eating--digesting...... Mountain--gulf.........17 House--peninsula.......18 Black--Constantinople..18 Mutton--Bermuda........18 Comfort--Los Angeles...18 Hand--Cuba.............18 Short--cities..........18 Fruit--Iowa............18 Butterfly--England.....18 Smooth--Russia.........18 Command--Turkey........18 Chair--Manila..........18 Sweet--Porto Rico......18 Whistle--Washington....18 Woman--Cincinnati......18 Cold--Pittsburg........18 Slow--Philadelphia..... Wish--Milwaukee........18 River--St. Louis.......18 White--Japan...........18 Beautiful--China.......18 Window--Berlin.........18 Rough--Glasgow.........18 Citizen--London........18 Foot--Dublin...........18 Spider--Sacramento.....18 Needle--Texas..........18 Red--North Carolina....18 Sleep--Florida.........18 Anger--Seattle.........18 Carpet--Nevada.........18 Girl--Iowa.............15 High--Virginia.........18 Working--Louisiana.....18 Sour--Hawaii...........18 Earth--Connecticut.....18 Trouble--Rhode Island..18 Soldier--Vermont.......18 Cabbage--Massachusetts.18 Hard--Hudson...........18 Eagle--East River......18 Stomach--Staten Island.18 Stem--Kings Park.......18 Lamp--Fort Lee.........18 Dream--Long Island.....18 Yellow--Greenport......18 Bread--Southold........18 Justice--Northport.....18 Boy--New Jersey........18 Light--Rome............18 Health--Italy..........18 Bible--Episcopal.......17 Memory--Methodist......18 Sheep--Congregational..18 Bath--Baptist..........18 Cottage--minister......18 Swift--physician.......18 Blue--horse............18 Hungry--cow............18 Priest--Catholics....... Ocean--lake............. Head--bay...............13 Stove--sound............18 Long--Island............ Religion--Boston........18 Whiskey--Harvard........18 Child--Yale.............18 Bitter--Columbia........18 Hammer--library.........18 Thirsty--Carnegie.......18 City--Rockefeller.......18 Square--Harriman........18 Butter--Leggitt.........18 Doctor--Lincoln.........18 Loud--Roosevelt.........18 Thief--Taft.............18 Lion--Gaynor............18 Joy--Slocum.............18 Bed--Grant..............18 Heavy--McClellan........18 Tobacco--Spain..........19 Baby--New London........18 Moon--Newburgh..........18 Scissors--Troy..........18 Quiet--Schenectady......18 Green--Lake George......18 Salt--Vienna............18 Street--Alsace Lorraine.18 King--Garfield..........17 Cheese--McKinley........18 Blossom--Bryan..........18 Afraid--Blaine..........18

MANIC-DEPRESSIVE INSANITY.

In this disorder the departures from the normal seem to be less pronounced than in the psychoses considered above. The number of individual reactions is in most cases not greatly above the normal average; and, so far as their character is concerned, we find that many of them are classed as normal, in accordance with the appendix to the frequency tables; among the unclassified reactions, which are quite frequent here, we find mostly either obviously normal ones, or some of the type to which we have already referred as "far-fetched," while others among them are "circumstantial" (see p. 25); further we find that most of the remaining individual reactions fall into the general group of partial dissociation: non-specific reactions, sound reactions, word complements, and particles.

In some cases the only abnormality that is found is that of an undue tendency to respond by non-specific reactions, most of them being common and there being no excessive number of individual reactions. It would seem legitimate to assume that this tendency is here to be regarded as a manifestation of the phenomenon which is clinically described as _dearth of ideas_. It is significant that this tendency is observed not only in depressive phases of the psychosis, but also in manic phases and even in the normal intervals of recurrent cases or after apparent recovery in acute cases; this will be seen from some of the test records which are here reproduced.

Occasionally cases are met with which give a large number of unclassified reactions, seemingly incoherent. There can be no doubt that at least some of these cases are clinically perfectly typical ones of manic-depressive insanity, yet the test records strongly resemble, in some respects, those of dementia præcox.

Since clinically the distinction between typical cases of these psychoses can be so clearly made on the basis of the disorders of the flow of thought respectively characterizing them, it could hardly be assumed that the associational disturbances in these two groups of cases are truly related, although there may be an apparent resemblance; it must be acknowledged that we are here confronted with one of the most serious shortcomings of the association test, or at least of the present method of applying it.

CASE No. 5236.--M.B. Depressive attack. Normal record.

Table--eat............ Dark--night........... Music--play........... Sickness--death....... Man--health...........13 Deep--depth........... Soft--hard............ Eating--chewing....... Mountain--high........ House--living......... Black--color.......... Mutton--sheep......... Comfort--kind......... 2 Hand--body............ Short--small.......... 1 Fruit--garden......... Butterfly--spring..... Smooth--rough......... Command--obey......... Chair--sit............ Sweet--apple.......... Whistle--music........ Woman--land........... Cold--chilly.......... Slow--easy............ Wish--want............ River--water.......... White--color.......... Beautiful--grand...... Window--light......... Rough--smooth......... Citizen--man.......... 1 Foot--body............ Spider--animal........ Needle--sew........... Red--color............ Sleep--rest........... Anger--badness........ 2 Carpet--floor......... Girl--young........... High--low............. Working--busy......... Sour--sweet........... Earth--live........... Trouble--grief........ Soldier--army......... Cabbage--garden....... Hard--stone........... Eagle--bird........... Stomach--body......... Stem--plant........... Lamp--light........... Dream--sleep.......... Yellow--color......... Bread--eat............ Justice--kind......... 2 Boy--young............ Light--day............ Health--strength...... Bible--Christ......... Memory--think......... 1 Sheep--mutton......... Bath--clean........... Cottage--live......... Swift--run............ Blue--color........... Hungry--food.......... Priest--clergy........ Ocean--water.......... Head--body............ Stove--fire........... Long--tall............ Religion--teaching.... Whiskey--drink........ Child--young.......... Bitter--sweet......... Hammer--nail.......... Thirsty--drink........ City--town............ Square--four.......... Butter--eat........... Doctor--medicine...... Loud--noise........... Thief--steal.......... Lion--beast........... Joy--kind............. 6 Bed--sleep............ Heavy--weight......... Tobacco--smoke........ Baby--mother.......... Moon--light........... Scissors--cut......... Quiet--kind........... 6 Green--grass.......... Salt--table........... Street--walk.......... King--government...... Cheese--eat........... Blossom--tree......... Afraid--coward........

CASE No. 6120.--M.L. Maniacal attack. Fifteen individual reactions, of which 11 are classed as normal in accordance with the appendix to the frequency tables.

Table--chair............ Dark--light............. Music--chorus...........17 Sickness--health........ Man--woman.............. 1 Deep--around............ Soft--light............. Eating--food............ Mountain--valley........ House--flat.............17 Black--white............ Mutton--beef............ Comfort--disease........ Hand--legs.............. Short--tall............. Fruit--grapes........... Butterfly--birds........ Smooth--rough...........

Command--president......17 Chair--assemblyman......18 Sweet--bitter........... Whistle--birds.......... Woman--man.............. 1 Cold--warm.............. Slow--fast.............. Wish--well.............. River--mountain......... White--red.............. Beautiful--heaven....... Window--door............ Rough--smooth........... Citizen--naturalization. Foot--hand.............. Spider--bug............. Needle--doctor..........19 Red--white.............. Sleep--well............. Anger--passion.......... Carpet--cloth........... Girl--boy............... High--low............... Working--pleasure....... 1 Sour--sweet............. Earth--heaven........... Trouble--anger.......... Soldier--mine...........12 Cabbage--steak..........17

Hard--soft.............. Eagle--parrot........... Stomach--pelvis.........17 Stem--flowers........... Lamp--light............. Dream--empty............17 Yellow--black........... Bread--brown............ Justice--done........... Boy--baby............... Light--heaven........... Health--wealth.......... Bible--love............. Memory--remembrance..... Sheep--goat............. Bath--water............. Cottage--house.......... Swift--slow............. Blue--green............. Hungry--I............... Priest--minister........ Ocean--sea.............. Head--neck.............. Stove--electricity......17 Long--broad............. Religion--Presbyterian.. Whiskey--medicinal...... 2 Child--boy.............. Bitter--sweet........... Hammer--saw............. Thirsty--water.......... City--Middletown........17 Square--Madison......... Butter--bread........... Doctor--love............15 Loud--soft.............. Thief--burglar.......... Lion--animal............ Joy--ecstasy............ Bed--couch.............. Heavy--lead............. Tobacco--smoke.......... Baby--boy............... Moon--stars............. Scissors--cotton........17 Quiet--noisy............ Green--yellow........... Salt--pepper............ Street--Dean............17 King--God...............17 Cheese--Roquefort....... Blossom--apple.......... Afraid--never...........

CASE No. 6367.--J.N. Depressive attack. Only two individual reactions, both classed as normal; undue tendency to give non-specific reactions.

Table--cup............17 Dark--light........... Music--song........... Sickness--pain........ Man--child............ Deep--high............ Soft--hard............ Eating--tasting....... Mountain--valley...... House--room........... Black--white.......... Mutton--lamb.......... Comfort--peace........ Hand--foot............ Short--long........... Fruit--apple.......... Butterfly--moth....... Smooth--rough......... Command--obey......... Chair--table.......... Sweet--sour........... Whistle--song......... Woman--love........... Cold--warm............ Slow--fast............ Wish--well............ River--water.......... White--black.......... Beautiful--grand...... Window--glass......... Rough--smooth......... Citizen--man.......... 1 Foot--hand............ Spider--fly........... Needle--thread........ Red--blue............. Sleep--rest........... Anger--passion........ Carpet--rug........... Girl--child........... High--low............. Working--labor........ Sour--sweet........... Earth--ground......... Trouble--overcome.....17 Soldier--brave........ Cabbage--lettuce...... Hard--soft............ Eagle--bird........... Stomach--heart........ Stem--tree............ Lamp--light........... Dream--sleep.......... Yellow--red........... Bread--roll........... Justice--peace........ Boy--child............ Light--sun............ Health--wealth........ Bible--good........... 1 Memory--good.......... 1 Sheep--lamb........... Bath--water........... Cottage--house........ Swift--fast........... Blue--white........... Hungry--eat........... Priest--man........... 1 Ocean--water.......... Head--arm............. Stove--warm........... Long--short........... Religion--good........ 1 Whiskey--none......... Child--good........... 1 Bitter--sour.......... Hammer--noise......... Thirsty--water........ City--country......... Square--round......... Butter--salt.......... Doctor--good.......... 1 Loud--noise........... Thief--man............ 1 Lion--beast........... Joy--good............. 1 Bed--good............. 1 Heavy--weight......... Tobacco--smoke........ Baby--child........... Moon--sun............. Scissors--knife....... Quiet--rest........... Green--red............ Salt--water........... Street--city.......... King--man............. 1 Cheese--butter........ Blossom--flower....... Afraid--fear..........

CASE No. 5162.--W.H. Recurrent attacks, mixed in character; at time of test patient was in a normal interval. 5 individual reactions, of which 1 is classed as normal, 1 as a derivative, 2 as non-specific, and 1 as a sound reaction; undue tendency to give non-specific (common) reactions.

Table--comfort........ Dark--darknew......... 8 Music--pleasure....... 1 Sickness--sorrow...... Map--manners..........10 Deep--thought......... 1 Soft--comfort......... Eating--pleasure...... 1 Mountain--height...... House--comfort........ Black--darkness....... Mutton--eating........ Comfort--pleasure..... 1 Hand--useful.......... 1 Short--stumpy......... Fruit--eating......... Butterfly--handsome... Smooth--plane......... Command--ordering..... Chair--easy........... Sweet--candy.......... Whistle--noise........ Woman--love........... Cold--freezing........ Slow--laziness........ Wish--good............ 1 River--water.......... White--clearness...... 2 Beautiful--handsome... Window--scene......... Rough--harshness...... Citizen--voting....... Foot--stepping........ Spider--poison........ Needle--sharpness..... Red--blood............ Sleep--comfort........ Anger--passion........ Carpet--walking....... Girl--lovely.......... High--height.......... Working--business..... Sour--tart............ Earth--planting....... Trouble--Sorrow....... Soldier--fighting..... Cabbage--eating....... Hard--harshness....... 2 Eagle--flying......... Stomach--eating....... Stem--vine............ Lamp--lighting........ 2 Dream--pleasure....... 1 Yellow--color......... Bread--eating......... Justice--suing........17 Boy--children......... Light--seeing......... Health--pleasure...... 1 Bible--thinking....... 9 Memory--recollections. Sheep--wool........... Bath--pleasure........ 1 Cottage--living....... Swift--quickness...... Blue--sky.............

Hungry--pleasure...... 9 Priest--holiness...... Ocean--sailing........ Head--thinking........ 1 Stove--warmth......... Long--length.......... Religion--holiness.... Whiskey--badness...... 2 Child--pleasure....... 1 Bitter--sourness...... Hammer--pounding...... Thirsty--drinking..... City--town............ Square--measure....... Butter--greasy........ Doctor--medicine...... Loud--hearing......... 2 Thief--stealing....... Lion--fierceness...... Joy--pleasure......... 1 Bed--sleeping......... Heavy--solid.......... Tobacco--pleasure..... 1 Baby--loveliness...... Moon--bright.......... Scissors--sharpness.... Quiet--pleasure....... 1 Green--color.......... Salt--taste........... Street--walking....... King--majestic......... Cheese--eating........ Blossom--handsome..... Afraid--fear..........

CASE No. 6279.--A.F. Maniacal attack; at time of test patient had improved, though not recovered. Non-specific reactions; particles. (Patient does not speak English with perfect fluency.)

Table--board.......... Dark--night........... Music--piano.......... Sickness--appendicitis Man--husband.......... Deep--hole............ Soft--hard............ Eating--vegetable..... Mountain--country..... House--comfort........ Black--cotton.........17 Mutton--lamb.......... Comfort--rest......... Hand--arm............. Short--Journey........ Fruit--apples......... Butterfly--love.......13 Smooth--nice.......... 1 Command--order........ Chair--down...........12 Sweet--sugar.......... Whistle--blow......... Woman--good........... 1 Cold--ice............. Slow--lazy............ Wish--home............ River--boat........... White--milk........... Beautiful--flowers.... Window--corner........ Rough--man............ 1 Citizen--not..........12 Foot--short........... Spider--don't.........12 Needle--steel......... Red--rose............. Sleep--well........... Anger--not............ Carpet--beauty........ 1 Girl--love............ High--reason..........19 Working--dress........19 Sour--vinegar......... Earth--ground......... Trouble--much......... Soldier--blue......... Cabbage--sour......... Hard--no..............12 Eagle--paper.......... Stomach--well.........17 Stem--flower.......... Lamp--light........... Dream--awful..........19 Yellow--flower........ Bread--rye............ Justice--court........ Boy--little........... Light--room........... Health--love..........15 Bible--no............. Memory--good.......... 1 Sheep--lot............19 Bath--cold............ Cottage--little....... swift--kick...........17 Blue--no..............12 Hungry--no............ Priest--love..........15 Ocean--Grove.......... Head--black........... Stove--shine..........19 Long--square.......... Religion--no.......... Whiskey--champagne....17 Child--my............. 2 Bitter--pepper........ Hammer--knock......... Thirsty--no...........12 City--New York........ Square--table......... Butter--good.......... 1 Doctor--S.............17 Loud--talk............ Thief--night.......... Lion--yes.............12 Joy--good............. 1 Bed--comfort.......... Heavy--Iron........... Tobacco--strong....... Baby--love............ Moon--shine........... Scissors--cut........ Quiet--well........... Green--bow............17 Salt--hitter.......... Street--Hinsdale......17 King--Franz Joseph....17 Cheese--Swiss......... Blossom--nice......... 1 Afraid--no............

CASE No. 4578.--E.M. Circular insanity of over twenty years' standing; at time of test patient was in a manic phase. Non-specific reactions; doubtful reactions; neologisms, all possessing obvious meaning.

Table--using.......... 1 Dark--unbright........ 4 Music--songs.......... Sickness--catching....17 Man--masculine........ Deep--high............ Soft--chew............19 Eating--sometimes.....12 Mountain--highlands... House--live........... Black--color.......... Mutton--meat.......... Comfort--easy......... Hand--body............ Short--unlongly....... 4 Fruit--plants......... Butterfly--insects.... Smooth--feeling....... Command--do........... Chair--use............ 1 Sweet--taste.......... Whistle--act.......... Woman--female......... Cold--acting.......... 2 Slow--gradually.......17 Wish--desire.......... River--water.......... White--color.......... Beautiful--niceness... 2 Window--built.........19 Rough--treatment......17 Citizen--country...... Foot--body............ Spider--insect........ Needle--article....... 1 Red--color............ Sleep--tiredness...... 4 Anger--scolding....... Carpet--article....... 1 Girl--female.......... High--low............. Working--do........... Sour--tasting......... Earth--surface........ Trouble--worriment.... Soldier--man.......... 1 Cabbage--vegetable.... Hard--difficult....... Eagle--bird........... Stomach--body......... Stem--article......... 6 Lamp--article......... 1 Dream--untruly........ 4 Yellow--color......... Bread--food........... Justice--unfairly..... 2 Boy--masculine........ Light--easy........... Health--sickness...... Bible--commandments... Memory--remember...... Sheep--animal......... Bath--cleanness....... Cottage--country...... Swift--quickly........ Blue--color........... Hungry--food.......... Priest--masculine.....15 Ocean--water.......... Head--body............ Stove--article........ 1 Long--shortly......... 2 Religion--Bible....... Whiskey--drinking..... Child--disremembering. 4 Bitter--taste......... Hammer--using......... 1 Thirsty--drinking..... City--acting..........15 Square--measuring..... 2 Butter--food.......... Doctor--helping....... 2 Loud--hearing......... 2 Thief--untrue.........15 Lion--animal.......... Joy--gladness......... Bed--lying............ Heavy--unlightly...... 4 Tobacco--using........ 1 Baby--borning......... 4 Moon--sending.........19 Scissors--using....... 1 Quiet--acting......... 2 Green--color.......... Salt--food............ Street--walking....... King--person.......... 1 Cheese--food.......... Blossom--plant........ Afraid--frightened....

CASE No. 5878.--A.B. Maniacal attack. 48 individual reactions, of which 18 are classed as normal, 10 are sound reactions (2 sound neologisms), 1 word complement, 8 particles, and 11 unclassified reactions most of which are either obviously normal or "far fetched" but not strictly incoherent.

Table--mahogany....... Dark--green........... Music--masonic........10 Sickness--seasickness.10 Man--maternity........10 Deep--well............ Soft--silk............ Eating--cleanliness...19 Mountain--Gibraltar...17 House--bungalow....... Black--light.......... Mutton--lamb.......... Comfort--linen........17 Hand--left............17 Short--shorthand......10 Fruit--pears.......... Butterfly--canary.....17 Smooth--linen.........17 Command--pilot........17 Chair--round.......... Sweet--sugar.......... Whistle--mother.......19 Woman--twenty-one.....12 Cold--ice............. Slow--music........... Wish--girl............ River--Hudson......... White--plaster........17 Beautiful--nature..... Window--St. Patrick's.17 Rough--blankets.......19 Citizen--twenty-one...12 Foot--six.............12 Spider--fly........... Needle--tailor........ Red--Herald...........19 Sleep--seven..........12 Anger--Angoria........ 3 Carpet--green......... Girl--eighteen........12 High--school..........11 Working--ten..........12 Sour--kraut........... Earth--round.......... Trouble--son..........19 Soldier--navy......... Cabbage--curly........19 Hard--stone........... Eagle--almanac........17 Stomach--stomjack..... 3 Stem--maple...........17 Lamp--New.....York....19 Dream--husband........19 Yellow--cards.........17 Bread--rye............ Justice--liberty...... Boy--Joe.............. Light--white.......... Health--death.........10 Bible--holy........... Memory--seven.........12 Sheep--lamb........... Bath--cleanliness..... Cottage--gray.........17 Swift--ball........... Blue--balloon.........10 Hungry--yes...........12 Priest--doctor........ Ocean--Niagara........17 Head--rest............ Stove--stationary.....10 Long--poems...........19 Religion--Catholic.... Whiskey--Hunter....... Child--Jesus..........17 Bitter--gall.......... Hammer--steel......... Thirsty--water........ City--New York........ Square--Union......... Butter--sweet......... Doctor--S.............17 Loud--discreet........19 Thief--night.......... Lion--Bostock......... 2 Joy--Joy Line.........10 Bed--Ostermoor........17 Heavy--iron........... Tobacco--Durham....... Baby--Rose............17 Moon--half............ Scissors--steel....... Quiet--nursing........19 Green--grass.......... Salt--rock............ Street--Liberty.......17 King--Alphonso........ Cheese--Swiss......... Blossom--apple........ Afraid--dark..........

CASE No. 6511.--U.B. Maniacal attack. Persistent use of particles _oh, me, I, none,_ etc.

Table--none........... 6 Dark--red............. Music--stock..........19 Sickness--rose........19 Man--Frank............17 Deep--blue............ Soft--pillow.......... Eating--no............12 Mountain--oyster......11 House--mercy..........19 Black--mother.........19 Mutton--me............ 6 Comfort--home......... Hand--mother..........15 Short--me............. 6 Fruit--me............. 5 Butterfly--it.........12 Smooth--oh............12 Command--none......... 6 Chair--none........... 5 Sweet--for............12 Whistle--bird......... Woman--I.............. 6 Cold--I............... 5 Slow--me.............. Wish--none............ 2 River--are............12 White--wife...........10 Beautiful--Alma.......17 Window--Stephen.......19 Rough--Rudolphia......10 Citizen--father.......17 Foot--Anthon..........19 Spider--reverend......19 Needle--pine..........17

Red--brother..........19 Sleep--Adam...........19 Anger--I.............. 6 Carpet--home.......... Girl--Agatha..........17 High--niece...........13 Working--I............ 6 Sour--I............... 5 Earth--I.............. 5 Trouble--I............ 5 Soldier--father.......15 Cabbage--hail.........19 Hard--me..............12 Eagle--I.............. 6 Stomach--I............ 5 Stem--life............ Lamp--Lambert.........10 Dream--I.............. 6 Yellow--I............. 5 Bread--I.............. 5 Justice--I............ 5 Boy--just.............13 Light--picture........19 Health--cook..........19 Bible--beads..........17 Memory--Dick..........19 Sheep--to.............12 Bath--none............ Cottage--home......... Swift--lazy........... Blue--Nell............19 Hungry--I............. Priest--I............. 5 Ocean--I.............. 5 Head--home............ 6 Stove--home........... Long--short........... Religion--none........ Whiskey--none......... Child--Sylvester......17 Bitter--I............. 6 Hammer--my............12 Thirsty--no........... 6 City--no.............. 5 Square--Ben...........19 Butter--I............. 6 Doctor--I............. 5 Loud--bell............ Thief--iron...........19 Lion--I............... 6 Joy--I................ 5 Bed--I................ 5 Heavy--I.............. 5 Tobacco--I............ 5 Baby--I............... 5 Moon--will............12 Scissors--beads.......15 Quiet--nerves.........19 Green--I.............. 6 Salt--I............... 5 Street--Peter.........17 King--I............... 6 Cheese--I............. 5 Blossom--I............ 5 Afraid--no............

CASE No. 4427.--A.R. Maniacal attack. Unusual number of doubtful reactions; 46 individual reactions of which 9 are classed as normal; 29 are unclassified, some seemingly incoherent.

Table--Chicago........19 Dark--Montreal........18 Music--Mississippi....18 Sickness--flowers.....19 Man--ocean............19 Deep--medicines.......19 Soft--accidental......19 Eating--vaccination...19 Mountain--evergreens..17 House--caves..........19 Black--station........19 Mutton--operations....19 Comfort--money........ Hand--bandages........10 Short--soldiers.......19 Fruit--dictionary.....19 Butterfly--storehouse.19 Smooth--vegetables....18 Command--Bible........ Chair--histories......14 Sweet--farewells......19 Whistle--ammunition...19 Woman--foreign........19 Cold--armory..........19 Slow--St. Petersburg..19 Wish--wealth.......... River--revenue........10 White--purity......... Beautiful--colonial...19 Window--shutters...... Rough--planes......... 2 Citizen--naturalization Foot--carriage........19 Spider--remedies......19 Needle--canoe.........19 Red--refreshments.....10 Sleep--restfulness.... 2 Anger--usefulness..... 9 Carpet--coach.........19 Girl--finery..........19 High--fortifications..19 Working--materials....19 Sour--pickles......... Earth--gravitation.... 2 Trouble--graphophone..19 Soldier--guns......... Cabbage--children.....19 Hard--inheritance.....19 Eagle--feathers....... Stomach--envelope.....19 Stem--roots........... Lamp--oil............. Dream--fairies........17 Yellow--lemons........ 2 Bread--jams...........17 Justice--repentance...17 Boy--clothes.......... Light--lanterns.......17 Health--joys.......... 2 Bible--heaven......... Memory--head.......... Sheep--pastures....... Bath--cleanliness..... Cottage--home......... Swift--rapids......... 2 Blue--truth........... Hungry--appetite...... Priest--saintliness...17 Ocean--ships.......... Head--intelligence.... Stove--woods.......... 2 Long--trains.......... 2 Religion--godliness... 2 Whiskey--drunkenness.. Child--joyfulness..... 2 Bitter--olives........ Hammer--nuts.......... Thirsty--water........ City--shopping........ Square--monuments..... 2 Butter--crackers......17 Doctor--medicines..... Loud--music........... Thief--detectives..... 2 Lion--cages........... 2 Joy--home............. Bed--restfulness...... 2 Heavy--expressage.....17 Tobacco--cigars....... Baby--carriage........ Moon--light........... Scissors--goods....... Quiet--peacefulness... Green--vegetables..... Salt--water........... Street--stones........ King--crown........... Cheese--knife......... Blossom--plants....... 2 Afraid--enemies.......17

CASE No. 6457.--C.G. Depressive attack. 36 individual reactions of which 9 are classed as normal and 20 as unclassified; among the latter several seem to be incoherent

Table--fish...........17 Dark--boat............ Music--water..........18 Sickness--tank........18 Man--horse............ Deep--ocean........... Soft--egg............. Eating--beans.........17 Mountain--grass....... House--roof........... Black--bath...........10 Mutton--butcher....... Comfort--cigar........17 Hand--shoes...........19 Short--baseball.......19 Fruit--orange......... Butterfly--elephant...19 Smooth--glass......... Command--general...... Chair--kitchen........17 Sweet--cake...........17 Whistle--bird......... Woman--door...........19 Cold--ice............. Slow--cat.............19 Wish--bed.............19 River--trout..........17 White--paint.......... Beautiful--monkey.....19 Window--bars.......... Rough--rowdy.......... Citizen--policeman.... Foot--fine............ 9 Spider--insect........ Needle--sewing........ Red--man.............. 9 Sleep--pond...........19 Anger--hatred......... Carpet--tacks......... Girl--floor...........13 High--mountain........ Working--dog..........19 Sour--milk............ Earth--mud............ Trouble--radiator.....19 Soldier--cannon....... Cabbage--vegetable.... Hard--wood............ Eagle--quick..........19 Stomach--flesh........ Stem--pipe............ Lamp--burn............ Dream--thinking....... 1 Yellow--mice..........19 Bread--baker.......... Justice--equality..... Boy--young............ Light--green..........17 Health--art...........19 Bible--preacher....... Memory--return........19 Sheep--fold........... Bath--water........... Cottage--house........ Swift--fleeting....... 2 Blue--dark............ Hungry--thirst........ Priest--elephant......15 Ocean--briny..........19 Head--hard............ Stove--black.......... Long--grass........... Religion--thinking.... 1 Whiskey--Kentucky..... Child--carriage....... Bitter--pickles....... Hammer--nails......... Thirsty--wanting...... City--New York........ Square--base..........17 Butter--cow........... Doctor--carriage...... Loud--hall............19 Thief--prison......... Lion--cage............ Joy--automobile....... Bed--iron............. Heavy--lead........... Tobacco--weed......... Baby--rocker.......... Moon--sky............. Scissors--laundry.....19 Quiet--peaceful....... Green--engine.........19 Salt--grocer..........19 Street--Lincoln.......17 King--Spain........... Cheese--baker.........19 Blossom--flower....... Afraid--going......... 2

INVOLUTIONAL MELANCHOLIA; ALCOHOLIC DEMENTIA; SENILE DEMENTIA.

There are so few cases of these psychoses in our series that we can say but little concerning their associational disorders.

In Table V. we show all the types of reactions given by each subject.

We have not observed in our cases of _involutional melancholia_ any undue tendency to give individual reactions. The records are either perfectly normal or slightly abnormal in that they show an increase of the non-specific (common) reactions. In this respect they resemble strongly the records obtained from some cases of manic-depressive insanity. This similarity is of interest in connection with other evidence, recently brought to light, [1] showing that involutional melancholia is closely related to manic-depressive insanity, if not identical with it.

[Footnote 1: G. L. Dreyfus. Die Melancholic ein Zustandsbild des manisch-depressiven Irreseins. 1907.]

TABLE V.
+-----------------------+-----------------+-----------+
| Involutional | Alcoholic | Senile |
| Melancholia | Dementia | Dementia |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| | | | | |
| 6| 4| 5| 6| 6| 6| 4| 5| 5| 6| 5| 6| 1| 6| 6| 5| 6| 5|
Case No.--| 2| 8| 7| 4| 3| 0| 8| 6| 2| 3| 9| 4| 0| 4| 4| 8| 5| 7|
TYPES OF REACTION | 0| 1| 1| 8| 6| 7| 1| 3| 9| 6| 6| 6| 0| 1| 7| 3| 3| 8|
| 7| 8| 9| 0| 8| 7| 2| 5| 8| 9| 7| 9| 9| 8| 1| 7| 3| 8|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
_Common reactions:_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Specific reactions................|86|92|79|92|83|86|83|78|90|79|75|77|80|46|72|71|82|77|
Non-specific reactions............|13| 2|12| 1| 9| 4| 6| 6| 3|11|10| 8| 3| 8|16| 8|..| 3|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
_Doubtful reactions_................| 1| 2| 4| 1| 1| 2| 2| 3| 1| 2| 5| 3| 3| 7|..| 6|..|..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
_Individual reactions:_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Normal reactions..................|..| 2| 1| 4|..| 3| 1| 6| 5| 4| 3| 4| 3|14| 2| 4| 8| 3|
Derivatives of stimulus words.....|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1| 1|..|
Non-specific Reactions............|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1| 2|..|..|
Sound reactions (words)...........|..|..|..| 1|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
Sound reactions (neologisms)......|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
Word complements..................|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
Particles of speech...............|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1| 1|..|..|..|..|..| 5| 1| 2|..| 1|
Association to preceding stimulus.|..|..|..|..| 1|..| 1|..|..|..| 2|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|
Association to preceding reaction.|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 3|
Repetition of preceding stimulus..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1|
Repetition of previous stimulus...|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..|
Repetition of preceding reaction..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..| 2|
Repetition of previous reaction...|..|..|..|..| 1|..| 1|..| 1|..|..|..| 2| 1| 2| 3| 1| 2|
Reaction repeated five times......|..|..|..|..| 4|..|..|..|..| 2| 2| 4|..| 4|..|..|..| 3|
Neologisms without sound relation.|..|..|..|..|..| 1| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
Unclassified......................|..| 2| 4|..| 1| 3| 1| 6|..| 2| 3| 4| 8|14| 6| 2| 8| 5|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Total individual reactions 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 6 8 10 12 14 39 12 15 18 20

CASE No. 4818.--S.M. Normal record.

Table--wood............. Dark--black............. Music--noise............ Sickness--illness....... Man--being.............. Deep--depth............. Soft--mushy............. Eating--devouring....... Mountain--hill.......... House--residence........ Black--color............ Mutton--meat............ Comfort--luxury......... Hand--body.............. Short--abrupt...........19 Fruit--oranges.......... Butterfly--insect....... Smooth--even............ Command--order.......... Chair--article.......... 1 Sweet--taste............ Whistle--noise.......... Woman--sex.............. Cold--temperature....... Slow--dull.............. Wish--desire............ River--water............ White--color............ Beautiful--sky.......... Window--glass........... Rough--uneven........... Citizen--representative.17 Foot--end...............19 Spider--insect.......... Needle--instrument...... Red--color.............. Sleep--repose........... Anger--temper........... Carpet--rug............. Girl--sex............... High--elevation......... Working--employment..... Sour--bitter............ Earth--clay............. Trouble--anxiety........ Soldier--military....... Cabbage--vegetable...... Hard--substance......... Eagle--bird............. Stomach--body........... Stem--flower............ Lamp--light............. Dream--imagination...... Yellow--color........... Bread--wheat............ Justice--credit.........17 Boy--child.............. Light--sun.............. Health--condition....... Bible--book............. Memory--remembrance..... Sheep--lamb............. Bath--bathing........... Cottage--house.......... Swift--rapid............ Blue--color............. Hungry--desire.......... Priest--minister........ Ocean--water............ Head--body.............. Stove--fire............. Long--distance.......... Religion--creed......... Whiskey--liquor......... Child--infant........... Bitter--sour............ Hammer--tool............ Thirsty--dry............ City--town.............. Square--block........... Butter--food............ Doctor--physician....... Loud--noisy............. Thief--burglar.......... Lion--animal............ Joy--happiness.......... 1 Bed--cot................ Heavy--weight........... Tobacco--weed........... Baby--infant............ Moon--light............. Scissors--instrument.... Quiet--noiseless........ Green--color............ Salt--seasoning......... Street--block........... King--ruler............. Cheese--food............ Blossom--flower......... Afraid--fear............

CASE No. 6207.--T.S. No individual reactions; 13 non-specific reactions.

Table--furniture...... Dark--color........... Music--fiddle......... Sickness--bed......... Man--person........... 1 Deep--water........... Soft--pliable......... Eating--cake.......... Mountain--high........ House--bricks......... Black--color.......... Mutton--meat.......... Comfort--easy......... Hand--limb............ Short--small.......... 1 Fruit--vegetable...... Butterfly--insect..... Smooth--level......... Command--control...... Chair--sit............ Sweet--nice........... 1 Whistle--noise........ Woman--person......... 1 Cold--atmosphere...... Slow--easy............ Wish--something....... River--stream......... White--color.......... Beautiful--nice....... 1 Window--glass......... Rough--unpleasant..... 1 Citizen--person....... 1 Foot--limb............ Spider--insect........ Needle--instrument.... Red--color............ Sleep--bed............ Anger--irritable...... Carpet--rug........... Girl--person.......... 1 High--elevation....... Working--try.......... 2 Sour--bitter.......... Earth--sand........... Trouble--anxiety...... Soldier--person....... 1 Cabbage--plant........ Hard--stone........... Eagle--bird........... Stomach--person....... 1 Stem--apple........... Lamp--light........... Dream--sleep.......... Yellow--color......... Bread--flour.......... Justice--Equal........ Boy--child............ Light--gas............ Health--doctor........ Bible--Scripture...... Memory--thought....... 1 Sheep--animal......... Bath--water........... Cottage--house........ Swift--quick.......... Blue--color........... Hungry--want.......... Priest--preach........ Ocean--water.......... Head--person.......... 1 Stove--heat........... Long--length.......... Religion--belief...... Whiskey--drink........ Child--person......... 1 Bitter--sour.......... Hammer--tool.......... Thirsty--dry.......... City--place........... Square--shape......... Butter--eat........... Doctor--physician..... Loud--hear............ Thief--steal.......... Lion--animal.......... Joy--glad............. Bed--sleep............ Heavy--weight......... Tobacco--plant........ Baby--child........... Moon--light........... Scissors--tool........ Quiet--rest........... Green--color.......... Salt--spice........... Street--place......... King--ruler........... Cheese--eat........... Blossom--flower....... Afraid--hide..........

CASE No. 5719.--A.W.S. 5 individual reactions; 12 non-specific reactions.

Table--stand.......... Dark--color........... Music--happy.......... 1 Sickness--ill......... Man--human............ Deep--thought......... 1 Soft--touch........... Eating--appetite...... Mountain--ground...... House--shelter........ Black--color.......... Mutton--lamb.......... Comfort--warm......... Hand--touch........... Short--small.......... 1 Fruit--taste.......... Butterfly--beauty..... 1 Smooth--level......... Command--obey......... Chair--rest........... Sweet--good........... Whistle--noise........ Woman--female......... Cold--chilled......... 2 Slow--move............ Wish--think........... 1 River--water.......... White--color.......... Beautiful--nice....... 1 Window--glass......... Rough--push........... Citizen--man.......... 1 Foot--body............ Spider--insect........ Needle--pointed....... Red--blood............ Sleep--rest........... Anger--riled.......... Carpet--covering...... Girl--child........... High--air............. Working--ambitious.... Sour--taste........... Earth--ground......... Trouble--thought...... 1 Soldier--command...... Cabbage--vegetable.... Hard--blow............17 Eagle--bird........... Stomach--body......... Stem--pipe............ Lamp--light........... Dream--thought........ 1 Yellow--purple........ Bread--food........... Justice--law.......... Boy--male............. Light--lamp........... Health--soul..........19 Bible--Scriptures..... Memory--thought....... 1 Sheep--lamb........... Bath--cleanness....... Cottage--house........ Swift--quick.......... Blue--color........... Hungry--appetite...... Priest--scholar....... 2 Ocean--water.......... Head--brains.......... Stove--heat........... Long--measurement..... 2 Religion--good........ 1 Whiskey--alcohol...... Child--baby........... Bitter--taste......... Hammer--knock......... Thirsty--water........ City--New York........ Square--box........... Butter--milk.......... Doctor--help.......... Loud--noise........... Thief--burglar........ Lion--animal.......... Joy--well.............19 Bed--rest............. Heavy--load........... Tobacco--nicotine..... Baby--joy............. Moon--light........... Scissors--cutting..... Quiet--rest........... Green--color.......... Salt--sand............19 Street--crossing...... 2 King--ruler........... Cheese--luxury........19 Blossom--flower....... Afraid--fright........

CASE No. 5635. J.D. 13 individual reactions, of which 6 are classed as normal, 1 particle, 6 unclassified, mostly obviously normal.

Table--eating......... Dark--night........... Music--amusement...... Sickness--distress.... Man--working.......... Deep--sorrow.......... Soft--easy............ Eating--supper........17 Mountain--pleasure.... 1 House--home........... Black--grief..........19 Mutton--butchers...... 2 Comfort--home......... Hand--shake........... Short--baseball.......19 Fruit--eating......... Butterfly--field...... Smooth--soft.......... Command--oblige.......17 Chair--seat........... Sweet--flowers........ Whistle--fire......... Woman--home........... Cold--winter.......... Slow--easy............ Wish--home............ River--dock...........17 Whiter--day........... Beautiful--handsome... Window--glass......... Rough--wagon..........19 Citizen--voter........ Foot--walking......... Spider--web........... Needle--sticking......19 Red--danger........... Sleep--rest........... Anger--right..........19 Carpet--house......... Girl--out.............12 High--air............. Working--labor........ Sour--bitter.......... Earth--ground......... Trouble--worry........ Soldier--man.......... 1 Cabbage--farmer....... 2 Hard--bath............19 Eagle--birds.......... Stomach--body......... Stem--pipe............ Lamp--burn............ Dream--thinking....... 1 Yellow--color......... Bread--eating......... Justice--peace........ Boy--soldier..........17 Light--day............ Health--happy......... 1 Bible--books.......... Memory--good.......... 1 Sheep--lamb........... Bath--washing......... Cottage--house........ Swift--quick.......... Blue--color........... Hungry--eating........ Priest--church........ Ocean--bathing........ Head--mind............ Stove--fire........... Long--hours........... Religion--church...... Whiskey--drinking..... Child--home........... Bitter--sour.......... Hammer--working....... Thirsty--dry.......... City--New York........ Square--block......... Butter--cow........... Doctor--hospital...... Loud--speaking........ 2 Thief--sentence.......17 Lion--animal.......... Joy--pleasure......... 1 Bed--sleeping......... Heavy--weight......... Tobacco--smoking...... Baby--home............ Moon--night........... Scissors--cutting..... Quiet--alone.......... Green--color.......... Salt--eating.......... Street--walking....... King--William.........17 Cheese--milk.......... Blossom--flower....... Afraid--fright........

Our cases of _alcoholic_ dementia are clinically without evidences of disturbance of flow of thought. The dementia consists mainly in impairment or loss of the power of retention, with resulting amnesia for recent occurrences, and temporal disorientation. The records are either normal or show but slight departures from normal.

CASE No. 6369.--J.S. Slight deterioration.

Table--eat............ Dark--night........... Music--enjoyment...... Sickness--sadness..... Man--work............. 1 Deep--hole............ Soft--feathers........ Eating--appetite...... Mountain--hill........ House--live........... Black--dark........... Mutton--eat........... Comfort--pleasant..... 1 Hand--work............ 1 Short--story.......... Fruit--eat............ Butterfly--annoyance.. 6 Smooth--iron.......... Command--officer...... Chair--sit............ Sweet--nice........... 1 Whistle--pleasure..... 1 Woman--pleasure....... 1 Cold--annoyance....... 6 Slow--car............. Wish--like............ River--water.......... White--sack...........17 Beautiful--house......17 Window--look.......... Rough--unpleasant..... 1 Citizen--man.......... 1 Foot--walk............ Spider--annoyance..... Needle--sticking......19 Red--color............ Sleep--happy.......... 1 Anger--annoyance...... Carpet--walk.......... Girl--school.......... High--skies........... Working--labor........ Sour--lemon........... Earth--walk........... Trouble--annoyance.... Soldier--army......... Cabbage--eat.......... Hard--stone........... Eagle--fly............ Stomach--victuals.....17 Stem--pipe............ Lamp--burn............ Dream--sleep.......... Yellow--orange........ Bread--eat............ Justice--person....... 1 Boy--school........... Light--see............ Health--comfort....... Bible--read........... Memory--recollection.. Sheep--eat............ Bath--cleanness....... Cottage--live......... Swift--go............. Blue--color........... Hungry--eat........... Priest--confession.... Ocean--vessels........ 2 Head--knowledge....... Stove--burn........... Long--time............ Religion--faith....... Whiskey--drink........ Child--infant......... Bitter--unkind........17 Hammer--nail.......... Thirsty--dry.......... City--inhabitants.....

Square--brick......... Butter--eat........... Doctor--cure.......... Loud--noise........... Thief--steal.......... Lion--animal.......... Joy--happiness........ 1 Bed--lay.............. Heavy--feeling........ 2 Tobacco--chew......... Baby--nurse........... Moon--bright.......... Scissors--cut......... Quiet--ease........... Green--flower......... Salt--taste........... Street--walking....... King--control.........19 Cheese--eat........... Blossom--flower....... Afraid--nervousness...

CASE No. 6418.--J.R. Marked deterioration.

Table--mahogany....... Dark--dawn............17 Music--harp...........17 Sickness--none........ 6 Man--white............19 Deep--unfathomable.... 2 Soft--silken.......... 2 Eating--good.......... 1 Mountain--high........ House--place.......... Black--color.......... Mutton--cooked........17 Comfort--rest......... Hand--clasp...........19 Short--small.......... 1 Fruit--apples......... Butterfly--buttercups. 2 Smooth--iron.......... Command--home.........19 Chair--ebony..........19 Sweet--potatoes.......17 Whistle--song......... Woman--pretty......... 1 Cold--depressed.......19 Slow--process.........17 Wish--home............ River--Mississippi.... White--wings..........17 Beautiful--palace.....19 Window--clear......... Rough--no.............12 Citizen--patriot...... Foot--heath...........19 Spider--none.......... 5 Needle--darning....... Red--apples........... Sleep--plenty......... Anger--mistake........17 Carpet--floor......... Girl--pretty.......... 1 High--ordinary........19 Working--eight........12 Sour--nonsense........19 Earth--fruits......... 2 Trouble--little....... Soldier--patriot...... Cabbage--garden....... Hard--wood............ Eagle--high...........

Stomach--leave........19 Stem--stalk........... Lamp--kerosene........ Dream--happy.......... 1 Yellow--aster.........17 Bread--white.......... Justice--right........ Boy--white............15 Light--white.......... Health--good.......... 1 Bible--puzzled........19 Memory--bad........... 1 Sheep--cheviot........17 Bath--marble..........17 Cottage--story........17 Swift--fast........... Blue--waist...........17 Hungry--not........... 2 Priest--confessor..... Ocean--Pacific........17 Head--oval............19 Stove--polish......... Long--forever.........12 Religion--Protestant.. Whiskey--none......... Child--none........... 5 Bitter--sweet......... Hammer--no............12 Thirsty--no........... 5 City--New York........ Square--compass....... Butter--sweet......... Doctor--cure.......... Loud--quietly......... 2 Thief--jail........... Lion--brave,.......... Joy--peacefulness..... 2 Bed--good............. 1 Heavy--no............. Tobacco--yes..........12 Baby--none............ 6 Moon--shines.......... Scissors--uncut....... 2 Quiet--peaceful....... Green--grass.......... Salt--water........... Street--Queen.........17 King--unknown.........19 Cheese--Stilton.......17 Blossom--cherry....... Afraid--not...........

We reproduce in full the record obtained from one of our cases of _senile dementia._

CASE No. 5788.--E.S.

Table--cat............ 6 Dark--night........... Music--cat............ 2 Sickness--cat......... 6 Man--mouse............18 Deep--well............ Soft--sack............19 Eating--well.......... Mountain--hill........ House--castle......... Black--dog............ Mutton--sheep......... Comfort--lamb.........13 Hand--chicken.........18 Short--light..........19 Fruit--apple.......... Butterfly--fly........ Smooth--iron.......... Command--obey......... Chair--stool.......... Sweet--sugar.......... Whistle--lump.........18 Woman--man............ 1 Cold--shiver.......... Slow--cold............ 7 Wish--push............19 River--pond........... White--cat............ Beautiful--cat........ 6 Window--glass......... Rough--fight..........19 Citizen--tough........ Foot--shoe............ Spider--clock.........19 Needle--pin........... Red--white............ Sleep--eyes........... Anger--mad............ Carpet--cloth......... Girl--boy............. High--low............. Working--sewing....... Sour--sweet........... Earth--clay........... Trouble--child........13 Soldier--man.......... 1 Cabbage--spinach...... Hard--cat............. 6 Eagle--bird........... Stomach--belly........ Stem--pike............17 Lamp--globe........... Dream--eyes........... Yellow--flower........ Bread--flour.......... Justice--fight........ Boy--cat.............. 6 Light--lamp........... Health--cough.........17 Bible--book........... Memory--mind.......... Sheep--lamb........... Bath--water........... Cottage--house........ Swift--quick.......... Blue--color........... Hungry--eat........... Priest--clergyman..... Ocean--river.......... Head--life............ Stove--fire........... Long--short........... Religion--Catholic.... Whiskey--drink........ Child--boy............ Bitter--sweet......... Hammer--noise......... Thirsty--drink........ City--New York........ Square--Marion........17 Butter--cow........... Doctor--W.............17 Loud--noise........... Thief--steals......... Lion--heart........... Joy--happy............ 1 Bed--mattress......... Heavy--lead........... Tobacco--smoke........ Baby--boy............. Moon--shine........... Scissors--cut......... Quiet--noisy.......... Green--color.......... Salt--bitter.......... Street--place......... King--rule............ Cheese--taste......... Blossom--flower....... Afraid--trouble.......

§8. PATHOLOGICAL REACTIONS FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS.

Mental disorders do not always so manifest themselves as to incapacitate the subject for his work or to necessitate his sequestration in a hospital for the insane. It is, therefore, not surprising that in applying the association test to over a thousand subjects selected at random we have obtained a small number of test records which show various types of abnormal reactions. Among the subjects who furnished such records some are described as eccentric, taciturn, or dull, while others are apparently normal but come of neuropathic stock. A few of them are persons wholly unknown to us.

We reproduce in full from the normal series, containing abnormal reactions.

CONSECUTIVE No. 746.--State hospital attendant Efficient in his work but is generally regarded to have married very foolishly. Sound reactions; numerous unclassified reactions.

Table--brought........19 Dark--some............19 Music--leaf...........19 Sickness--water.......19 Man--book.............19 Deep--desk............19 Soft--ground.......... Eating--bark..........19 Mountain--tree........ House--paper..........19 Black--light.......... Mutton--horse.........13 Comfort--hat..........19 Hand--sick............13 Short--swallow........19 Fruit--mass...........19 Butterfly--leaf.......15 Smooth--wing..........13 Command--man.......... 1 Chair--left...........19 Sweet--sick........... 2 Whistle--whirl........10 Woman--where..........12 Cold--coal............ Slow--some............15 Wish--whirl...........15 River--rice...........19 White--waist.......... Beautiful--brought....15 Window--women.........10 Rough--row............19 Citizen--sir..........10 Foot--fall............19 Spider--spice.........10 Needle--knee..........10 Red--roam.............19 Sleep--sorrow.........19 Anger--August.........19 Carpet--covered....... 2 Girl--great........... 9 High--his.............12 Working--map..........19 Sour--slur............10 Earth--eat............19 Trouble--through......12 Soldier--solder.......10 Cabbage--cart.........19 Hard--him.............12 Eagle--earth..........13 Stomach--stall........10 Stem--stair...........10 Lamp--left............19 Dream--dread.......... Yellow--waist.........15 Bread--book...........15 Justice--gem..........19 Boy--bird.............19 Light--left...........10 Health--heart.........17 Bible--base...........19 Memory--moth..........19 Sheep--shrill.........19 Bath--bend............19

Cottage--cart.........10 Swift--swell..........10 Blue--beard...........11 Hungry--heart.........15 Priest--path..........19 Ocean--oar............10 Head--him.............12 Stove--still..........10 Long--left............15 Religion--rest........19 Whiskey--whirl........15 Child--charge.........19 Bitter--bought........10 Hammer--hemp..........10 Thirsty--Thursday.....10 City--salt............10 Square--squirrel......10 Butter--bread......... Doctor--daisy.........19 Loud--lark............19 Thief--twist..........19 Lion--lesson..........10 Joy--jar..............19 Bed--beard............10 Heavy--health.........10 Tobacco--toboggan.....10 Baby--bird............15 Moon--mill............19 Scissors--setters.....10 Quiet--quart..........10 Green--great.......... 9 Salt--sorrow..........10 Street--stem..........10 King--cart............15 Cheese--chart.........19 Blossom--bed..........19 Afraid--frill.........10

CONSECUTIVE No. 220--Laundryman in State hospital. Nothing abnormal has ever been observed in his case. Numerous perseverations.

Table--house.......... Dark--range...........19 Music--eats........... Sickness--dog.........18 Man--barn.............19 Deep--hollow.......... Soft--apple........... Eating--cranberry.....17 Mountain--water.......17 House--pig............19 Black--rats...........18 Mutton--mice.......... 2 Comfort--sheep........13 Hand--lamb............14 Short--birds..........19 Fruit--peach.......... Butterfly--pears......18 Smooth--grapes........18 Command--nut..........18 Chair--bureau......... Sweet--broom..........19 Whistle--violin.......19 Woman--man............ 1 Cold--child...........10 Slow--infant..........14 Wish--night...........19 River--dark...........14 White--steamboat......17 Beautiful--tugboat....18 Window--yacht.........18 Rough--ferry..........18 Citizen--water........13 Foot--egg.............19 Spider--fly........... Needle--thread........ Red--spool............18 Sleep--machine........18 Anger--picture........19 Carpet--bed...........17 Girl--bureau..........18 High--oilcloth........18 Working--pen..........19 Sour--ink.............18 Earth--paper..........18 Trouble--chair........19 Soldier--table........14 Cabbage--beet......... Hard--cauliflower.....13 Eagle--potatoes.......18 Stomach--beans........17 Stem--plum............17 Lamp--wick............ Dream--oil............13 Yellow--stick.........19 Bread--stone..........18 Justice--dirt.........18 Boy--street........... Light--match.......... Health--sickness...... Bible--book........... Memory--leaf..........13 Sheep--wool........... Bath--water........... Cottage--people....... 1 Swift--fast........... Blue--residence.......19 Hungry--beef..........17 Priest--clergyman..... Ocean--rice...........19 Head--eyes............ Stove--nose...........18 Long--mouth...........18 Religion--legs........18 Whiskey--arms.........18 Child--elbows.........18 Bitter--day...........19 Hammer--nails......... Thirsty--saw..........13 City--plane...........18 Square--chisel........18 Butter--file..........18 Doctor--duck..........10 Loud--goose...........18 Thief--robber......... Lion--tiger........... Joy--bear.............13 Bed--leopard..........18 Heavy--tiger..........15 Tobacco--smoke........ Baby--pipe............13 Moon--star............ Scissors--sharp....... Quiet--noisy.......... Green--blue........... Salt--yellow..........13 Street--green.........14 King--purple..........14 Cheese--axe...........19 Blossom--handle.......19 Afraid--barn..........19

CONSECUTIVE No. 255.--State hospital attendant. Efficient, but unusually taciturn and seclusive. Sound reactions.

Table--linen.......... Dark--sunshine........17 Music--song........... Sickness--Saturday....19 Man--manager..........10 Deep--dark............ Soft--sorrowful.......10 Eating--eighty........10 Mountain--miner.......19 House--heart..........19 Black--blue........... Mutton--mountain......10 Comfort--company......17 Hand--happy...........10 Short--slow...........17 Fruit--froth..........10 Butterfly--butter.....10 Smooth--smoke.........10 Command--company...... Chair--chap...........10 Sweet--slow...........15 Whistle--whip.........10 Woman--worried........19 Cold--cow.............10 Slow--slap............10 Wish--water........... River--rubbed.........19 White--wash........... Beautiful--bounty.....10 Window--light......... Rough--roguish........19 Citizen--sight-seeing.19 Foot--fool............10 Spider--span..........10 Needle--work.......... 1 Red--robe.............19 Sleep--soap...........10 Anger--angel..........19 Carpet--carriage......19 Girl--guide...........19 High--heart...........10 Working--worthy.......10 Sour--satchel.........19 Earth--early..........10 Trouble--trout........19 Soldier--socket.......19 Cabbage--currant......17 Hard--harmful.........10 Eagle--early..........15 Stomach--stable.......19 Stem--stand...........10 Lamp--light........... Dream--drunk..........10 Yellow--lustre........19 Bread--brand..........10 Justice--judgment..... Boy--butter...........15 Light--love...........19 Health--help..........10 Bible--book........... Memory--mental........ Sheep--shop...........10 Bath--bandage.........10 Cottage--cot..........10 Swift--swan...........10 Blue--black...........10 Hungry--height........19 Priest--house......... Ocean--apple..........19 Head--heart........... Stove--strap..........10 Long--love............15 Religion--belief...... Whiskey--whisk broom..10 Child--chap...........10 Bitter--butter........10 Hammer--habit.........19 Thirsty--thirty.......10 City--soap............15 Square--squirrel......10 Butter--bank..........19 Doctor--dentist....... Loud--laugh........... Thief--thump..........19 Lion--lump............19 Joy--jump.............19 Bed--bank.............15 Heavy--happy..........10 Tobacco--tub..........19 Baby--bundle.......... Moon--mantle..........10 Scissors--Saturday....15 Quiet--quarter........10 Green--drought........19 Salt--Saturday........10 Street--straight...... King--cattle..........19 Cheese--captain.......19 Blossom--bandage......15 Afraid--flattered.....10

CONSECUTIVE No. 442.--Nothing abnormal has ever been suspected in the case of this subject; mother eccentric; sister insane. Sound reactions.

Table--stable......... Dark--dreary.......... Music--joy............ Sickness--silliness...10 Man--manner...........10 Deep--dreary..........15 Soft--sooth...........19 Eating--evening.......10 Mountain--morning.....18 House--help...........19 Black--dark........... Mutton--mitten........10 Comfort--come.........10 Hand--handsome........10 Short--small.......... 1 Fruit--first..........10 Butterfly--butter.....10 Smooth--sooth.........10 Command--come......... Chair--air............10 Sweet--good........... 1 Whistle--music........ Woman--wonder.........19 Cold--freezing........ Slow--snow............10 Wish--wind............10 River--riffle......... 3 White--wait...........10 Beautiful--handsome... Window--light......... Rough--harsh.......... Citizen--city......... Foot--walk............ Spider--creep......... Needle--needless......10 Red--color............ Sleep--sleet..........10 Anger--rough.......... Carpet--carpenter.....10 Girl--going...........19 High--air............. Working--toiling...... Sour--shower..........10 Earth--eating.........19 Trouble--loneliness...17 Soldier--solid........10 Cabbage--carrying.....19 Hard--hardly.......... 8 Eagle--eating.........10 Stomach--starch.......10 Stem--step............ 2 Lamp--glass........... Dream--dreary......... Yellow--yonder........12 Bread--bed............10 Justice--juice........10 Boy--ball............. Light--likeness.......10 Health--help..........10 Bible--book........... Memory--memorial...... 2 Sheep--sleep.......... Bath--battle..........10 Cottage--cotton.......10 Swift--fast........... Blue--blind...........10 Hungry--hurry.........10 Priest--prince........10 Ocean--over...........12 Head--large........... 1 Stove--stone..........10 Long--heavy...........19 Religion--goodness.... 1 Whiskey--strong....... Child--small.......... 1 Bitter--butter........10 Hammer--hard.......... Thirsty--thrifty......10 City--seeing..........10 Square--squirrel......10 Butter--bitter........10 Doctor--dark..........10 Loud--noisy........... Thief--stealing....... Lion--eating.......... Joy--joyous........... 8 Bed--sleep............ Heavy--weightful...... 4 Tobacco--cocoa........10 Baby--boys............ 2 Moon--moo............. 3 Scissors--successors..10 Quiet--easy........... Green--grass.......... Salt--simmer..........19 Street--steep.........10 King--kingdom......... Cheese--squeeze.......10 Blossom--blooming..... Afraid--Africa........10

CONSECUTIVE No. 3l4.--School teacher. Efficient; described as very silent. Unclassified reactions, due mostly to distraction.

Table--cat............19 Dark--no..............12 Music--will...........19 Sickness--chair.......19 Man--table............ 6 Deep--floor...........14 Soft--paper........... 6 Eating--wood..........19 Mountain--chair.......15 House--Window......... Black--wall........... Mutton--sky...........19 Comfort--air..........18 Hand--table........... Short--paper.......... 6 Fruit--sweeping.......19 Butterfly--room.......18 Smooth--working....... 2 Command--stone........19 Chair--machine........19 Sweet--radiator.......19 Whistle--clock........19 Woman--cane...........19 Cold--flower..........19 Slow--cord............19 Wish--marriage........ 2 River--chimney........19 White--wheel..........19 Beautiful--cane.......15 Window--pot...........19 Rough--grass..........19 Citizen--paper........ Foot--closet..........19 Spider--awning........19 Needle--good.......... 9 Red--bad.............. 9 Sleep--hinge..........19 Anger--will...........15 Carpet--paper......... 6 Girl--chair...........15 High--table........... 6 Working--cane.........15 Sour--floor...........15 Earth--ceiling........18 Trouble--chain........19 Soldier--desk.........19 Cabbage--paper........ Hard--table........... Eagle--flower.........15 Stomach--match........19 Stem--match........... Lamp--table........... Dream--chair..........14 Yellow--cane..........18 Bread--flour.......... Justice--peace........ Boy--window...........15 Light--wall...........18 Health--floor.........18 Bible--house..........18 Memory--paper......... 6 Sheep--dress..........19 Bath--clothes.........18 Cottage--earth........19 Swift--sky............18 Blue--trees...........19 Hungry--leaves........18 Priest--bark..........18 Ocean--boat........... Head--hat............. Stove--ashes..........17 Long--short........... Religion--peace....... Whiskey--bottle....... Child--dress.......... Bitter--sour.......... Hammer--teeth.........19 Thirsty--dry.......... City--good............ 1 Square--wood.......... Butter--best..........10 Doctor--shoes.........19 Loud--music........... Thief--notes.......... 2 Lion--strings.........19 Joy--happy............ 1 Bed--wish.............13 Heavy--lead........... Tobacco--plant........ Baby--good............ 1 Moon--paper........... 6 Scissors--straw.......19 Quiet--hoop...........19 Green--rope...........19 Salt--dish............ Street--dirt.......... King--bucket..........19 Cheese--plate......... Blossom--plant........ Afraid--sweeping......15

CONSECUTIVE No. 216.--State hospital attendant. Incompetent, dull. Numerous non-specific reactions.

Table--rolling........19 Dark--swim............19 Music--playing........ Sickness--riding......19 Man--walk............. Deep--singing.........19 Soft--light........... Eating--sleep......... Mountain--low......... House--small.......... 1 Black--dark........... Mutton--lean..........19 Comfort--good......... 1 Hand--small........... 1 Short--small.......... 1 Fruit--taste.......... Butterfly--beautiful.. 1 Smooth--long.......... 6 Command--immediate.... 2 Chair--small.......... 6 Sweet--clear..........19 Whistle--long......... Woman--small.......... 1 Cold--long............ 6 Slow--write........... 2 Wish--quick...........10 River--long........... White--clean.......... Beautiful--nice....... 1 Window--big...........19 Rough--bad............ 1 Citizen--short........19 Foot--small........... 1 Spider--small......... 1 Needle--small......... 1 Red--dark............. Sleep--easy........... Anger--bad............ 1 Carpet--small......... 1 Girl--short...........15 High--long............ Working--good......... 1 Sour--bad............. 1 Earth--large.......... 1 Trouble--bad.......... 1 Soldier--good......... 1 Cabbage--small........ 6 Hard--apples.......... Eagle--small.......... 6 Stomach--good......... 1 Stem--short........... Lamp--bright.......... Dream--good........... 1 Yellow--light......... Bread--good........... 1 Justice--good......... 1 Boy--small............ 1 Light--clear.......... Health--good.......... 1 Bible--true........... Memory--good.......... 1 Sheep--many........... Bath--good............ 1 Cottage--large........ 1 Swift--fast........... Blue--dark............ Hungry--long.......... 6 Priest--true..........19 Ocean--wide........... Head--large........... 1 Stove--black.......... Long--wide............ Religion--good........ 1 Whiskey--strong....... Child--small.......... 1 Bitter--bad........... 1 Hammer--small......... 1 Thirsty--bad.......... 1 City--big............. Square--long.......... Butter--good.......... 1 Doctor--good.......... 1 Loud--hearty..........19 Thief--bad............ 1 Lion--bad............. 5 Joy--happy............ 1 Bed--easy............. Heavy--stone.......... Tobacco--strong....... Baby--small........... 1 Moon--large........... 1 Scissors--sharp....... Quiet--baby........... Green--dark........... Salt--strong..........10 Street--wide.......... King--high............ Cheese--good.......... 1 Blossom--apples....... Afraid--he............12

CONSECUTIVE No. 318.--School boy. Non-specific reactions.

Table--board.......... Dark--night........... Music--sound.......... Sickness--pleasantness 9 Man--people........... 1 Deep--river........... Soft--cat............. 2 Eating--pleasantness.. 1 Mountain--high........ House--home........... Black--dark........... Mutton--good.......... 1 Comfort--pleasure..... 1 Hand--foot............ Short--little......... Fruit--good........... 1 Butterfly--pretty..... 1 Smooth--soft.......... Command--go........... Chair--sit............ Sweet--good........... 1 Whistle--noise........ Woman--pretty......... 1 Cold--bad............. 1 Slow--quick........... Wish--good............ 1 River--deep........... White--snow........... Beautiful--pretty..... 1 Window--look.......... Rough--even........... Citizen--good......... 1 Foot--hand............ Spider--bite.......... Needle--sharp......... Red--crimson.......... Sleep--wake........... Anger--mad............ Carpet--floor.........

Girl--good............ 1 High--tall............ Working--sleep........ Sour--bad............. 1 Earth--ground......... Trouble--bad.......... 1 Soldier--good......... 1 Cabbage--bad.......... 6 Hard--soft............ Eagle--bird........... Stomach--ache......... Stem--slender......... Lamp--light........... Dream--good........... 1 Yellow--pretty........ 1 Bread--good........... 1 Justice--good......... 1 Boy--fun.............. Light--see............ Health--happiness..... 1 Bible--good........... 1 Memory--good.......... 1 Sheep--pretty......... 1 Bath--good............ 1 Cottage--pretty....... 1 Swift--quick.......... Blue--yellow.......... Hungry--eat........... Priest--good.......... Ocean--big............ Head--little..........15 Stove--hot............ Long--distance........ Religion--good........ 1 Whiskey--bad.......... 1 Child--cute........... Bitter--good.......... 1 Hammer--hard.......... Thirsty--hard......... 5 City--good............ 6 Square--round......... Butter--soft.......... Doctor--good.......... 1 Loud--noisy........... Thief--good........... 6 Lion--big............. Joy--good............. 1 Bed--comfortable...... Heavy--light.......... Tobacco--bad.......... 1 Baby--pretty.......... 1 Moon--cute............13 Scissors--sharp....... Quiet--loud........... Green--pretty......... 1 Salt--good............ 1 Street--narrow........ King--good............ 6 Cheese--good.......... 1 Blossom--pretty....... 1 Afraid--scared........

CONSECUTIVE NO. 234.--School boy. Non-specific reactions.

Table--chair.......... Dark--cold............ Music--sweet.......... Sickness--hard........ Man--wise.............19 Deep--dark............ Soft--sweet........... Eating--drinking...... Mountain--snow........ House--great.......... 9 Black--horse.......... Mutton--good.......... 1 Comfort--health....... Hand--foot............ Short--fat............ Fruit--good........... 1 Butterfly--pretty..... Smooth--hard.......... Command--general...... Chair--soft........... Sweet--good........... 1 Whistle--loud......... Woman--large.......... 1 Cold--dreary.......... Slow--hard............ Wish--fairy........... River--large.......... 1 White--snow........... Beautiful--woman...... 1 Window--large......... 1 Rough--hard........... Citizen--good......... 1 Foot--small........... 1 Spider--ugly.......... Needle--thick......... Red--cow..............17 Sleep--dreams......... Anger--very...........12 Carpet--pretty........ 1 Girl--small........... 1 High--tree............ Working--hard......... Sour--bitter.......... Earth--great.......... 1 Trouble--hard......... Soldier--brave........ Cabbage--good......... 1 Hard--stone........... Eagle--great.......... 9 Stomach--weak......... Stem--watch........... Lamp--pretty.......... 9 Dream--sweet.......... Yellow--buttercup..... Bread--flour.......... Justice--man.......... 1 Boy--gun.............. Light--bright......... Health--care.......... 2 Bible--holy........... Memory--poor.......... Sheep--pretty......... 1 Bath--nice............ 1 Cottage--low.......... Swift--stream......... Blue--bluebird........ 2 Hungry--tired......... Priest--church........ Ocean--water.......... Head--large........... 1 Stove--fire........... Long--snake........... Religion--Jesus....... Whiskey--temperance... Child--healthy........19 Bitter--apple......... Hammer--nail.......... Thirsty--water........ City--houses.......... Square--desk.......... Butter--yellow........ Doctor--medicine...... Loud--harse........... Thief--wicked......... Lion--fierce.......... Joy--happiness........ 1 Bed--rest............. Heavy--stone.......... Tobacco--dirty........ Baby--small........... 1 Moon--sky............. Scissors--sharp....... Quiet--lonely......... Green--sour........... Salt--cows............19 Street--people........ 1 King--rich............19 Cheese--yellow........ Blossom--pretty....... 1 Afraid--fear..........

CONSECUTIVE No. 809.--Lawyer. 28 individual reactions, of which 14 are classed as normal; 10 are unclassified, most of which are also obviously normal.

Table--chair............. Dark--candle............ 17 Music--girl.............. Sickness--doctor......... Man--woman............... 1 Deep--swimming...........19 Soft--hand............... Eating--Reisenweber......17 Mountain--Kipling........19 House--mortgage..........17 Black--spectrum..........19 Mutton--pig.............. Comfort--chair........... Hand--ring............... Short--tall.............. Fruit--banana............ Butterfly--color......... Smooth--sphere...........17 Command--soldier......... Chair--teacher...........10 Sweet--apple............. Whistle--policeman....... Woman--hat............... Cold--thermometer........19 Slow--invalid............ Wish--million............ River--Hudson............ White--Broadway..........19 Beautiful--girl.......... Window--school........... Rough--ball..............19 Citizen--justice......... Foot--shoe............... Spider--insect........... Needle--tailor...........17 Red--flannel............. Sleep--potassium bromide.17 Anger--teacher........... Carpet--tack............. Girl--belt...............17 High--pole............... Working--laborer......... Sour--apple.............. Earth--Columbus.......... Trouble--lawyer..........19 Soldier--gun............. Cabbage--plantation...... 2 Hard--brick.............. Eagle--feathers.......... Stomach--juice...........17 Stem--leaf............... Lamp--light.............. Dream--pillow............17 Yellow--lemon............ Bread--crust............. Justice--judge........... Boy--pants............... Light--gas............... Health--medicine......... Bible--Jacob.............17 Memory--brain............ Sheep--wool.............. Bath--soap............... Cottage--rod.............19 Swift--ball.............. Blue--sky................ Hungry--I................ Priest--surplice......... Ocean--ship.............. Head--hair............... Stove--shovel............17 Long--pole............... Religion--Abraham........19 Whiskey--Kentucky........17 Child--baby.............. Bitter--pepper........... Hammer--nail............. Thirsty--lemonade........ City--Manhattan..........17 Square--Washington....... Butter--salt............. Doctor--nurse............ Loud--hammer............. Thief--jewelry........... Lion--Androcles..........18 Joy--automobile.......... Bed--shoes...............15 Heavy--Flannigan.........19 Tobacco--pipe............ Baby--wife............... Moon--man................ 1 Scissors--cut............ Quiet--demure............ Green--eyes.............. Salt--cellar............. Street--Wall.............17 King--Edward............. Cheese--Roquefort........ Blossom--field........... Afraid--burglar..........

§ 9. NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WORDS GIVEN AS REACTIONS.

It has been suggested by Fuhrmann [1] that the number of different words given in response to one hundred selected stimulus words may be used as "a fairly reliable measure of the intelligence and degree of education of a patient." The test according to Fuhrmann is applied twice in every case, the interval between the two sittings being at least four weeks. "In very intelligent and well educated persons every 100 stimulus words almost always evokes in the first test 95-100 different associations; in the less intelligent and in the feeble-minded the same associations are more frequently repeated. In the second test with the same stimulus words--which is really much more important than the first, since even persons or inferior intelligence may reach higher numbers in the first test--the difference in the wealth of the stock of representations becomes plainly evident: the man of intelligence will not need to draw on the associations which he gave in the first test, but will produce new ones; the feeble-minded subject will, on the contrary, repeat to a greater or lesser extent the associations of the first test." "In general the associational capacity of an adult person may be taken to be from 80 per cent to 90 per cent. Should the number sink below 70 per cent the suspicion of a pathological condition must then arise; and the higher the subject's degree of education the stronger is this suspicion. In the case of an associational capacity of 60 per cent or less no doubt of its pathological significance can remain any longer."

[Footnote 1: Diagnostik und Prognostik der Geisteskrankheiten, p. 93. Leipzig, 1903.]

Our results are not strictly comparable with Fuhrmann's, because we have obtained but one test record from each subject; it may be said, however, that the results of a single test in each case do not show any considerable differences, corresponding to education or age, in the variety of responses. Further, dementing psychoses, with the exception of epilepsy, show on the whole no diminution in the number of different reactions, although in individual cases this number falls considerably below the general average; and in such cases the diminution may be dependent upon stereotypy or perseveration, and not necessarily upon reduction in the stock of representations.

It would appear from our results that pathological mental states are apt to manifest themselves by a tendency to give reactions belonging to types of inferior values rather than by diminished variety of responses.

We show in Table VI. the numbers of different responses given by our groups of normal and insane subjects, expressed in figures giving for each group the median and the average.

TABLE VI.

Med. Av. 86 normal subjects, common school education; records containing not over 10 individual reactions........ 85 84.5 66 normal subjects, collegiate education; records containing not over 10 individual reactions........ 87 86.5 48 normal subjects, school children; records containing not over 10 individual reactions........ 87 84.9 53 normal subjects; records containing not under 15 individual reactions............................... 90 88.7 108 cases of dementia præcox............................. 87 84.8 33 cases of paranoic conditions......................... 89 86.5 24 cases of epilepsy.................................... 781/2 75.8 32 cases of general paresis............................. 841/2 82.4 32 cases of manic-depressive insanity................... 87 85.4

§ 10. CO-OPERATION OF THE SUBJECT.

In our work with insane subjects we encountered many cases in which we were unable to obtain satisfactory test records owing to lack of proper co-operation. Some subjects seemed to be either too confused or too demented to be capable of understanding and following the instructions given them. Others were for one reason or another unwilling to co-operate. It is important to distinguish inability from unwillingness to co-operate, since the former indicates in itself an abnormal state of the mind, while the latter is quite often shown by normal persons.

A subject may co-operate to the extent of giving a single word in response to each stimulus word, and yet fail to co-operate in some other particulars.

He may, instead of giving the first word suggested to him by the stimulus, suppress the first word more or less systematically, and give some other word which may seem to him more appropriate. This probably occurs very often, but does not seem to render the results less serviceable for our purpose.

Further, a subject may react by words related not to the stimulus words, but to each other, thus simulating perseveration; or he may react by naming objects within reach of the senses, thus appearing to be distracted; or he may give only sound reactions.

There is, in fact, no type of pathological reactions which a normal person may not be able to produce more or less readily at will, though in the case of incoherent reactions considerable mental effort may be required, and the end may be attained only by regularly rejecting the first and some subsequent words which are suggested by the stimulus.

In view of these considerations we are led to conclude that the association test, as applied by our method, could not be relied upon as a means of detecting simulation of insanity in malingerers, criminals, and the like.

§ 11. SUMMARY.

The normal range of reaction in response to any of our stimulus words is largely confined within narrow limits.

The frequency tables compiled from test records given by one thousand normal subjects comprise over ninety per cent of the normal range in the average case.

With the aid of the frequency tables and the appendix normal reactions, with a very few exceptions, can be sharply distinguished from pathological ones.

The separation of pathological reactions from normal ones simplifies the task of their analysis, and makes possible the application of a classification based on objective criteria.

By the application of the association test, according to the method here proposed, no sharp distinction can be drawn between mental health and mental disease; a large collection of material shows a gradual and not an abrupt transition from the normal state to pathological states.

In dementia præcox, some paranoic conditions, manic-depressive insanity, general paresis, and epileptic dementia the test reveals some characteristic, though not pathognomonic, associational tendencies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

It is with pleasure that we acknowledge our indebtedness to the many persons who have assisted us in collecting the data for this work.

About two hundred tests upon normal subjects were made for us by the following persons: Dr. Frederic Lyman Wells, Dr. Jennie A. Dean, Miss Lillian Rosanoff, and Miss Madeleine Wehle.

Dr. O. M. Dewing, the late superintendent of the Long Island State Hospital, and Dr. Chas. W. Pilgrim, superintendent of the Hudson River State Hospital, have assisted the work by kindly permitting the test to be made upon employees of these institutions, and we are especially indebted to Dr. F. W. Parsons for personal assistance in securing the co-operation of many subjects.

Professor R. S. Woodworth, of Columbia University, extended to us the courtesy of the Psychological Laboratory during several weeks of the summer session of 1909, and gave us much assistance in obtaining interviews with students; we received assistance also from several of the instructors of Teachers' College, especially Mr. Wm. H. Noyes.

We are indebted to Mr. F.C. Lewis and Mr. W.E. Stark, of the Ethical Culture School, New York, for permitting us to make the test upon the pupils of that school.

In the work of compiling the tables we have been assisted by Dr. N. W. Bartram, Dr. Jennie A. Dean, Mrs. H. M. Kent, and others.

We wish, finally, to express our thanks to Dr. Wm. Austin Macy, superintendent of this hospital, to whom we are indebted for the opportunity of undertaking this work.

THE FREQUENCY TABLES.

1. TABLE

accommodation 1 article 3 articles 1

basket 1 bench 9 board 14 book 7 books 5 boy 1 bread 1 breakfast 2 broad 2 brown 1 butter 1

cards 2 celery 1 center 1 chair 267 chairs 7 chemical 1 cloth 57 cockroaches 1 comfort 1 cover 17 cutlery 1

desk 11 dine 2 dining 4 dinner 26 dish 5 dishes 40 dissection 1 dog 1

eat 63 eatables 1 eating 34

ferns 1 fête 1 flat 5 floor 7 food 29 fork 1 form 1 furniture 75

glass 1

hard 9 hat 1 home 2 house 3

ink 1

kitchen 1

lamp 1 large 4 leaf 1 leaves 1 library 1 leg 13 legs 10 linen 2 long 1 low 2

Mabel 1 mahogany 2 mat 1 meal 6 meals 4 meat 2 mess 1

nails 2 napkin 1 number 1

oak 1 object 1 old 1 operating 1 ornament 2

parlor 1 pitcher 1 plate 4 plates 1 plateau 1 polished 1

refreshments 1 rest 3 room 3 round 10

school 1 serviceable 1 set 2 shiny 1 sit 3 sitting 2 slab 1 smooth 1 soup 1 spiritualism 1 spoon 6 spread 2 square 9 stable 1 stand 36 stool 3 straight 1 strong 1 supper 1

tablecloth 1 tea 1 timber 1 top 2 typewriter 1

use 2 useful 3 utensil 1

victuals 2

wagon 1 whist 1 white 1 wire 1 wood 76 wooden 1 work 2 working 1 write 2 writing 6

2. DARK

afraid 6

baby 1 bad 1 barks 1 black 76 blackness 2 blank 1 blind 2 blindness 2 blue 5 board 1 boat 1 bright 15 brightness 4 brown 4

candle 1 cart 1 cat 2 cell 1 cellar 6 close 1 closet 1 cloud 2 clouds 2 cloudy 3 cold 2 color 28 colored 1 colorless 1 coon 1 curly 1

day 1 daylight 1 dead 1 denseness 1 dim 3 dimness 3 dingy 2 dismal 3 dog 1 door 1 dreary 1 dress 4 dungeon 5 dusk 1 dusky 1

evening 4 eye 1 eyes 2

fair 2 fear 6 fearful 1 fearsome 1 fright 2

ghost 1 ghosts 1 gloom 6 gloomy 11 gray 1 green 1 ground 1

hair 5 hall 1 hell 1 hole 1 horse 3 house 2

illumination 1 invisible 2

lamp 1 lantern 1 light 427 lonely 1 lonesome 1 lonesomeness 1

mahogany 1 man 4 mice 1 midnight 1 moon 6 moonlight 1 mysterious 1

nice 1 night 221

oblivion 1 obscure 1

parlor 1 prison 1

red 5 rest 3 room 22

scare 1 shades 1 shadow 2 shadows 1 sky 1 sleep 1 sleeping 1 space 1 starry 1 stars 2 stillness 1 storm 1 stumbling 1 subject 1 sunlight 1

thunder 1 tree 1 twilight 1

unseen 1

walk 1 weather 3 white 9 woods 1

3. MUSIC

accordion 1 air 3 amuse 1 amusement 10 art 7 attention 1 attraction 1

band 6 bassviol 1 beautiful 7 beauty 2 Beethoven 7 bell 1 bird 1 birds 1 book 1 books 2 box 2 brightness 1

captivating 1 cats 1 charm 1 charms 1 charming 2 cheerful 2 cheerfulness 2 Chopin 1 chord 1 chords 1 clarinette 1 classic 1 classical 2 composer 2 company 1 concert 2 conductor 1

dance 17 dances 1 dancing 15 delight 1 delightful 2 discord 3 drama 1

ear 3 ecstasy 1 elevating 1 enchantment 1 enjoyable 1 enjoyed 1 enjoyment 13 entertaining 5 entertainment 3 entrancing 1

feeling 1 fiddle 1 fine 2 flowers 1 flute 1 fun 1

gaiety 2 gay 1 genius 1 girl 2 gladness 1 Goethe 1 good 3 guitar 1

hall 2 happiness 5 happy 2 harmonious 1 harmony 45 hear 1 heaven 2 hurdygurdy 1 hymn 1

idealism 1 instrument 21 instruments 5 instrumental 1

jolly 1 joy 11 joyful 1

lesson 1 light 1 line 1 liveliness 1 lonely 1 loud 1 love 2

man 1 meditation 1 melody 24 Mendelsohn 1 Merry Widow 1 Mozart 1 Mr. B. 1 Mrs. E. 1 musician 3 mute 1

nice 6 nocturne 1 noise 16 noisy 1 note 2 notes 17

opera 5 orchestra 5 organ 6

paper 2 pastime 1 piano 180 pianola 2 pitch 1 play 7 playing 8 pleasant 10 pleasantness 1 pleasing 5 pleasure 31 poem 1 poetry 4 practice 1 pretty 4 pupils 1

quiet 1

rack 1 racket 1 rhyme 1 roll 2 room 1