Chapter XXIII: Section V: The Regulations with regard to the House for the reception (4)

The general sanitary condition of the population of Scotland and the pressure of the preventible causes of death appears to be lower than in England, and higher than in Ireland, and so it appears from the recent census is the average age of the living.

It may be conceived that the low average age of the living in these cases is ascribable mainly to an increasing proportion of children incidental to an increasing population. Not so, however: the average age of the living is more powerfully influenced by disturbing causes affecting the population of adults, each with accumulated years, than by causes affecting the infantile population. One adult of 50 years added to the living is equal to the addition of 50 infants, and so with the average ages of deaths. The average ages of the living appear to have increased and not diminished with the increasing population. Be the sanitary condition of the poorest classes and the amount of disease and death what it may, as compared with former periods (and there is direct evidence that it is in populous districts increasing), there has been some improvement in the residences of the middle and higher classes; household drainage and cleanliness has in some districts been improved; the quantity of town and land drainage and cultivation has of late increased in various proportions in each country; and the decrease in the causes of mortality appears to have been followed by an increase of the average age of the living, of particular classes at the least, sufficient to present an increase, though a dreadfully slow one, in the average age of the adults living. The increase of the proportion of adults may be represented as follows:—

───────────────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────── │ England. │ Ireland. │ Scotland. ───────────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────── │ 1821 1841 │ 1821 1841 │ 1821 1841 Percentage of │ │ │ Population of 15 │ 39·09 36·07 │ 41·06 40·44 │ 41·0 36·4 Years and under │ │ │ Over 15 Years │ 60·91 63·93 │ 58·94 59·56 │ 59·0 63·6 ───────────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────── │Yrs. M. Yrs. M.│Yrs. M. Yrs. M.│Yrs. M. Yrs. M. Average age of each │=25·3= =26·7= │=2·37= =24·0= │=25·1= =25·9= living individual │ │ │ ───────────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────

In abundance of employment, in high wages, and the chief circumstances commonly reputed as elements of prosperity of the labouring classes, the city of New York is deemed pre-eminent. I have been favoured with a copy of “_The Annual Report of the Interments in the City and County of New York for the Year 1842_,” presented to the Common Council by Dr. John Griscom, the city inspector, in which it may be seen how little those circumstances have hitherto preserved large masses of people from physical depression. He has stepped out of the routine to examine on the spot the circumstances attendant on the mortality which the figures represent. He finds that upwards of 33,000 of the population of that city live in cellars, courts, and alleys, of which 6618 are dwellers in cellars. “Many,” he states, “of these back places are so constructed as to cut off all circulation of air, the line of houses being across the entrance, forming a _cul de sac_, while those in which the line is parallel with, and at one side of the entrance, are rather more favourably situated, but still excluded from any general visitation of air in currents. As to the influence of these localities upon the health and lives of the inmates, there is, and can be, no dispute; but few are aware of the dreadful extent of the disease and suffering to be found in them. In the damp, dark, and chilly cellars, fevers, rheumatism, contagious and inflammatory disorders, affections of the lungs, skin, and eyes, and numerous others, are rife, and too often successfully combat the skill of the physician and the benevolence of strangers.

“I speak now of the influence of the locality merely. The degraded habits of life, the filth, the degenerate morals, the confined and crowded apartments, and insufficient food, of those who live in more elevated rooms, comparatively beyond the reach of the exhalations of the soil, engender a different train of diseases, sufficiently distressing to contemplate, but the addition to all these causes of the foul influences of the incessant moisture and more confined air of under-ground rooms, is productive of evils which humanity cannot regard without shuddering.”

He gives instances where the cellar population had been ravaged by fever whilst the population occupying the upper apartments of the same houses were untouched. In respect to the condition of these places, he cites the testimony of a physician, who states that, “frequently in searching for a patient living in the same cellar, my attention has been attracted to the place by a peculiar and nauseous effluvium issuing from the door indicative of the nature and condition of the inmates.” A main cause of this is the filthy external state of the dwellings and defective street cleansing, and defective supplies of water, which, except that no provision is made for laying it on the houses of the poorer classes, is now about to be remedied by a superior public provision.

Years. Months.
The average age of the white population living in New 23 3
York, according to the census, is
But the average age of all who die there is only 20 0

Or an excess of deaths over the ages of the living of more than three years and three months; denoting, if the like excess prevailed from year to year, an increasing pressure of the causes of mortality. If the mortality be the same from year to year the chances of life would appear to be lower in New York than in Dublin, where, according to the data given by the Census Commissioners, it would appear to be 25 years 6 months.

In America little attention and labour appear to have been bestowed in any of the rural districts on general land drainage. Yet nature inflicts terrible punishment for the neglect of the appointed and visible warnings and actual premonitory scourges, amongst which are the mosquitoes and the tribes of insects that only breed in stagnant water and live in its noxious exhalations. The cleansing and the general sanitary condition of the American towns appear to be lower than in England or Scotland, whilst the heat there at times is greater and decomposition more active; pestilence in the shape of yellow fever, ague, and influenza is there more rife, the deaths in proportion to the population more numerous, and the average age of death (so far as there is information) amongst the resident population much lower.

Years. Months.
The average age of the whole of the living population
in America, so far as it can be deduced from the 22 2
returns at the periods given in the census, is only

Notwithstanding the earlier marriages, and the extent of emigration, and the general increase of the population, the whole circumstances appear to me to prove this to be the case of a population depressed to this low age chiefly by the greater proportionate pressure of the causes of disease and premature mortality. The proportionate numbers at each interval of age in every 10,000 of the two populations are as follows:—

United States of England and Wales.
America.
Under 5 years 1744 1324
5 and under 10 1417 1197
10 and under 15 1210 1089
15 and under 20 1091 997
20 and under 30 1816 1780
30 and under 40 1160 1289
40 and under 50 732 959
50 and under 60 436 645
60 and under 70 245 440
70 and under 80 113 216
80 and under 90 32 59
90 and upwards 4 5
—————— ——————
10,000 10,000

Average age of all the living 22 years 2 months 26 years 7 months.

Here it may be observed, that whilst in England there are 5025 persons between 15 and 50 who have 3610 children or persons under 15; in America there are 4789 persons living between 15 and 50 years of age who have 4371 children dependent upon them. In England there are in every ten thousand persons 1365 who have obtained above 50 years’ experience; in America there are only 830.

The moral consequences of the predominance of the young and passionate in the American community are attested by observers to be such as have already been described in the General Sanitary Report as characteristic of those crowded, filthy, and badly administered districts in England where the average duration of life is short, the proportion of the very young great, and the adult generation transient.

The difference does not arise solely from the greater proportion of children arising from a greater increase of population, though that is to some extent consistent with what has been proved to be the effect of a severe general mortality; the effects of the common cause of depression is observable at each interval of age: the adult population in America is younger than in England, and if the causes of early death were to remain the same, it may be confidently predicted that the American population would remain young for centuries.

Years. Months. The average age of all alive above 15 in America is 33 6 The average age of all alive above 15 years in England 37 5 and Wales is The average age of all above 20 years in America is 37 7 In the whole of England the average of all above 20 41 1 years is

The difference at the different stages of age appear also to prevail in proportion to the different pressure of the causes of disease and mortality in different districts in England: _e. g._ In the town parishes of Middlesex the average age of the living above 15 years is 35 years and 10 months; but in Hereford it is 39 years and 2 months. In Middlesex the average age of the adult population, that is of all above 20 years, is 38 years and 8 months; whilst in Hereford it is 42 years and 1 month.

The comparative amount of disease and death elsewhere it need scarcely be said, in no way affects the positive amount of evil in this country, or dispenses with the duty of adopting such practical measures as may be preventive of a single one of the cases of preventable deaths which abound in masses in the large districts having the least unfavourable averages.

The instances have been adduced to exemplify the suggestions of amendment in the mode of measuring the amount and influence of mortality, and more especially to show the importance of giving the average age as well as the numbers of deaths and the average age of the living in each class of the community.

The subsequent district returns and the notes extracted from the reports made by the local registrars to the Registrar-General, in corroboration of the General Sanitary Report, will show the immense importance to the community of the facts that require investigation. It cannot be too urgently repeated that it is only by examinations, case by case, and on the spot, that the facts from which sound principles may be correctly distinguished. They can only be well classed for general conclusions and public use by persons who have large numbers brought before their actual view and consideration, and who have thus brought before them impressively the common circumstances for discrimination, which no hearsay, no ordinary written information will present to their attention. The attainment of this immensely important public service might properly have been submitted as a principal instead of a collateral object, to the improvement of the practice of interment, for the appointment of such a small well qualified agency as that proposed, § 225, of some five or six trustworthy officers of public health for each million of a town population with the requisite powers and responsibilities for ascertaining the actual amount of the preventible causes of death, and informing the local officers and the public of what is to be done for their removal.

The districts are placed in the order of the average age of death of the whole population during the year 1839, commencing with the highest average.

──────────────────┬───────────┬───────────────────────
│ │
│ │
│ │ Number of Deaths of
District. │ Class. │ each Class.
│ │
│ │
│ │
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┬────────┬──────
│ │ │Children│
│ │Adults.│ under │Total.
│ │ │ 10. │
│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│ │ No. │ No. │ No.
Greenwich. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 62│ 18│ 80
80,811. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 150│ 97│ 247
│Artisans, │ 947│ 414│ 1,361
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 141│ 110│ 251
│Paupers │ 109│ 21│ 130
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 1,409│ 660│ 2,069
│Averages. │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,780
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Camberwell. │ │ │ │
Population, │Gentry │ 58│ 23│ 81
39,867. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 111│ 86│ 197
│Artisans, │ 137│ 134│ 271
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 98│ 37│ 135
│Paupers │ 92│ 6│ 98
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 496│ 286│ 782
│Averages. │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 709
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Hackney. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 50│ 11│ 61
42,274. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 134│ 94│ 228
│Artisans, │ 117│ 120│ 237
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 80│ 102│ 182
│Paupers │ 46│ 4│ 50
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 427│ 331│ 758
│Averages. │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 995
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. George. │ │ │ │
Hanover Square. │Gentry │ 110│ 28│ 138
Population │ │ │ │
66,433. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 112│ 79│ 191
│Artisans, │ 528│ 344│ 872
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 18│ 17│ 35
│Paupers │ 77│ 12│ 89
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 845│ 480│ 1,325
│Averages. │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,260
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Rotherhithe. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 6│ │ 6
13,916. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 12│ 2│ 14
│Artisans, │ 70│ 14│ 84
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 78│ 121│ 199
│Paupers │ 33│ 5│ 38
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 199│ 142│ 341
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 385
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. Olave. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 4│ │ 4
18,427. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 55│ 46│ 101
│Artisans, │ 603│ 215│ 818
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 5│ 14│ 19
│Paupers │ 47│ 4│ 51
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 714│ 279│ 993
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 519
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Kensington, │ │ │ │
(including │ │ │ │
Chelsea). │Gentry │ 193│ 50│ 243
Population │ │ │ │
114,952. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 204│ 120│ 324
│Artisans, │ 559│ 619│ 1,178
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 202│ 181│ 383
│Paupers │ 106│ 36│ 142
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 1,264│ 1,006│ 2,270
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 2,782
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Islington. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 83│ 35│ 118
55,720. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 151│ 121│ 272
│Artisans, │ 177│ 260│ 437
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 106│ 27│ 133
│Paupers │ 49│ 10│ 59
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 566│ 453│ 1,019
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,177
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. Martin in the │ │ │ │
Fields. │Gentry │ 23│ 4│ 27
Population │ │ │ │
25,195. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 60│ 47│ 107
│Artisans, │ 165│ 137│ 302
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 89│ 112│ 201
│Paupers │ 68│ 4│ 72
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 405│ 304│ 709
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 601
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Poplar. Population│Gentry │ 16│ 7│ 23
31,091. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 44│ 40│ 84
│Artisans, │ 235│ 240│ 475
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 19│ 10│ 29
│Paupers │ 45│ 3│ 48
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 359│ 300│ 659
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,106
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Marylebone. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 156│ 40│ 196
137,955. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 198│ 172│ 370
│Artisans, │ 682│ 759│ 1,441
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 347│ 324│ 671
│Paupers │ 288│ 73│ 361
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 1,671│ 668│ 3,039
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 3,511
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Stepney. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 64│ 9│ 73
90,657. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 169│ 104│ 273
│Artisans, │ 568│ 591│ 1,159
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 203│ 274│ 477
│Paupers │ 189│ 28│ 217
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 1,193│ 1,006│ 2,199
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 2,502
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. Mary, │ │ │ │
Newington. │Gentry │ 79│ 13│ 92
Population │ │ │ │
54,607. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 75│ 64│ 139
│Artisans, │ 325│ 420│ 745
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 75│ 76│ 151
│Paupers │ 64│ 6│ 70
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 618│ 579│ 1,197
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,620
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. Pancras. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 151│ 49│ 200
129,711. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 349│ 286│ 635
│Artisans, │ 622│ 674│ 1,296
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 269│ 354│ 623
│Paupers │ 232│ 49│ 281
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 1,623│ 1,412│ 3,035
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 3,264
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
West London. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 12│ 4│ 16
33,629. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 83│ 103│ 186
│Artisans, │ 393│ 381│ 774
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 149│ 17│ 166
│Paupers │ 99│ 16│ 115
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 736│ 521│ 1,257
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 698
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Whitechapel. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 17│ 4│ 21
71,758. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 142│ 130│ 272
│Artisans, │ 741│ 637│ 1,378
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 116│ 313│ 429
│Paupers │ 166│ 37│ 203
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 1,182│ 1,121│ 2,303
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 2,103
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. James │ │ │ │
Westminster. │Gentry │ 27│ 9│ 36
Population │ │ │ │
37,407. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 68│ 66│ 134
│Artisans, │ 161│ 190│ 351
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 52│ 83│ 135
│Paupers │ 81│ 15│ 96
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 389│ 363│ 752
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 844
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
East London. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 14│ 3│ 17
39,655. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 134│ 164│ 298
│Artisans, │ 265│ 391│ 656
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 36│ 10│ 46
│Paupers │ 87│ 11│ 98
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 536│ 579│ 1,115
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,235
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Holborn. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 36│ 9│ 45
39,720. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 144│ 164│ 308
│Artisans, │ 231│ 353│ 584
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 21│ 6│ 27
│Paupers │ 105│ 32│ 137
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 537│ 564│ 1,101
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 969
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Shoreditch. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 63│ 23│ 86
83,552. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 153│ 150│ 303
│Artisans, │ 498│ 802│ 1,300
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 150│ 75│ 225
│Paupers │ 234│ 49│ 283
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 1,098│ 1,099│ 2,197
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 3,058
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
City London. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 32│ 12│ 44
55,967. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 247│ 244│ 491
│Artisans, │ 213│ 270│ 483
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 77│ 29│ 106
│Paupers │ │ │
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 569│ 555│ 1,124
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,210
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. John & St. │ │ │ │
Margaret, │ │ │ │
Westminster. │Gentry │ 37│ 14│ 51
Population │ │ │ │
56,718. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 82│ 102│ 184
│Artisans, │ 458│ 581│ 1039
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 38│ 24│ 62
│Paupers │ 97│ 19│ 116
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 712│ 740│ 1,452
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,730
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. James, │ │ │ │
Clerkenwell. │Gentry │ 52│ 15│ 67
Population │ │ │ │
56,709. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 99│ 109│ 208
│Artisans, │ 324│ 533│ 857
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 82│ 17│ 99
│Paupers │ 76│ 14│ 90
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 633│ 688│ 1,321
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,771
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. George in the │ │ │ │
East. Population│Gentry │ 18│ 3│ 21
41,351. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 66│ 72│ 138
│Artisans, │ 313│ 481│ 794
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 62│ 14│ 76
│Paupers │ 93│ 14│ 107
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 552│ 584│ 1,136
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,404
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. Giles and St. │ │ │ │
George. │Gentry │ 66│ 32│ 98
Population │ │ │ │
54,250. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 119│ 114│ 233
│Artisans, │ 280│ 584│ 864
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 42│ 20│ 62
│Paupers │ 208│ 34│ 242
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 715│ 784│ 1,499
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,622
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Strand. Population│Gentry │ 47│ 21│ 68
43,894. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 129│ 132│ 261
│Artisans, │ 299│ 382│ 681
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 26│ 19│ 45
│Paupers │ 15│ 5│ 20
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 516│ 559│ 1075
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 957
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Lambeth. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 141│ 64│ 205
115,883. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 340│ 452│ 792
│Artisans, │ 452│ 704│ 1,156
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 113│ 68│ 181
│Paupers │ 173│ 38│ 211
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 1,219│ 1,326│ 2,545
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 3,782
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. George, │ │ │ │
Southwark. │Gentry │ 32│ 9│ 41
Population │ │ │ │
46,622. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 66│ 53│ 119
│Artisans, │ 371│ 591│ 962
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 35│ 15│ 50
│Paupers │ 22│ 6│ 28
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 526│ 674│ 1,200
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,574
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. Luke. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 21│ 6│ 27
49,982. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 62│ 52│ 114
│Artisans, │ 391│ 569│ 960
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 85│ 49│ 134
│Paupers │ │ │
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 559│ 676│ 1,235
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 2,271
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Bermondsey. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 3│ 5│ 8
34,847. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 66│ 59│ 125
│Artisans, │ 202│ 373│ 575
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 24│ 26│ 50
│Paupers │ 62│ 14│ 76
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 357│ 477│ 834
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,151
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
Bethnal Green. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 39│ 11│ 50
74,087. │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 110│ 136│ 246
│Artisans, │ 468│ 874│ 1,342
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 69│ 19│ 88
│Paupers │ 76│ 19│ 93
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 762│ 1,059│ 1,821
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 2,674
══════════════════╪═══════════╪═══════╤════════╪══════
St. Savior´s. │ │ │ │
Population │Gentry │ 9│ 1│ 10
32,980 │ │ │ │
│Tradesmen │ 45│ 43│ 88
│Artisans, │ 250│ 248│ 498
│ &c. │ │ │
│Undescribed│ 89│ 198│ 287
│Paupers │ 23│ 9│ 32
──────────────────┼───────────┼───────┼────────┼──────
│Totals and │ 416│ 499│ 915
│Averages │ │ │
│ │ No. of Births│ 1,143
──────────────────┴───────────┴────────────────┴──────

──────────────────┬─────────┬───────┬─────────
│ │Average│
│ │Age at │ Average
│ Deaths │ Death │ Age at
District. │ from │of all │ Death,
│Epidemic.│who die│including
│ │ above │Children.
│ │ 21. │
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ No. │Years. │ Years.
Greenwich. │ │ │
Population │ 9│ 62│ 48
80,811. │ │ │
│ 42│ 54│ 31
│ 227│ 56│ 36
│ │ │
│ 35│ 58│ 30
│ 17│ 62│ 52
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 330│ │
│ │ 57│ 36
│ Age of Living│ 28
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Camberwell. │ │ │
Population, │ 11│ 58│ 38
39,867. │ │ │
│ 35│ 54│ 28
│ 54│ 51│ 26
│ │ │
│ 13│ 61│ 42
│ 7│ 62│ 56
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 117│ │
│ │ 57│ 34
│ Age of Living│ 27·5
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Hackney. │ │ │
Population │ 6│ 61│ 47
42,274. │ │ │
│ 21│ 52│ 29
│ 35│ 55│ 27
│ │ │
│ 36│ 60│ 25
│ 1│ 67│ 61
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 99│ │
│ │ 57│ 31
│ Age of Living│ 26·10
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. George. │ │ │
Hanover Square. │ 12│ 59│ 45
Population │ │ │
66,433. │ │ │
│ 23│ 50│ 29
│ 130│ 47│ 27
│ │ │
│ 3│ 61│ 32
│ 8│ 59│ 51
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 176│ │
│ │ 50│ 31
│ Age of Living│ 28·3
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Rotherhithe. │ │ │
Population │ 1│ 57│ 49
13,916. │ │ │
│ 2│ 50│ 40
│ 2│ 51│ 40
│ │ │
│ 50│ 52│ 19
│ 3│ 68│ 56
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 58│ │
│ │ 54│ 30
│ Age of Living│ 26·7
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. Olave. │ │ │
Population │ │ 64│
18,427. │ │ │
│ 24│ 48│ 25
│ 107│ 43│ 30
│ │ │
│ 7│ 50│ 16
│ 8│ 59│ 54
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 146│ │
│ │ 45│ 30
│ Age of Living│ 27·0
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Kensington, │ │ │
(including │ │ │
Chelsea). │ 17│ 60│ 45
Population │ │ │
114,952. │ │ │
│ 33│ 50│ 30
│ 223│ 53│ 24
│ │ │
│ 47│ 58│ 30
│ 24│ 61│ 44
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 344│ │
│ │ 55│ 29
│ Age of Living│ 27·5
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Islington. │ │ │
Population │ 11│ 61│ 42
55,720. │ │ │
│ 43│ 50│ 26
│ 108│ 47│ 19
│ │ │
│ 9│ 61│ 46
│ 3│ 60│ 49
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 174│ │
│ │ 54│ 29
│ Age of Living│ 26·11
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. Martin in the │ │ │
Fields. │ 2│ 57│ 46
Population │ │ │
25,195. │ │ │
│ 22│ 45│ 24
│ 82│ 48│ 26
│ │ │
│ 42│ 51│ 21
│ 4│ 65│ 60
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 152│ │
│ │ 52│ 28
│ Age of Living│ 28·4
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Poplar. Population│ 2│ 61│ 43
31,091. │ │ │
│ 18│ 51│ 26
│ 80│ 53│ 25
│ │ │
│ 2│ 63│ 36
│ 2│ 64│ 53
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 104│ │
│ │ 55│ 28
│ Age of Living│ 25·10
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Marylebone. │ │ │
Population │ 20│ 59│ 46
137,955. │ │ │
│ 57│ 51│ 27
│ 251│ 48│ 23
│ │ │
│ 104│ 54│ 27
│ 61│ 54│ 42
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 493│ │
│ │ 52│ 28
│ Age of Living│ 27·9
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Stepney. │ │ │
Population │ 3│ 65│ 56
90,657. │ │ │
│ 47│ 53│ 31
│ 247│ 48│ 23
│ │ │
│ 101│ 56│ 22
│ 28│ 63│ 54
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 426│ │
│ │ 53│ 28
│ Age of Living│ 26·6
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. Mary, │ │ │
Newington. │ 6│ 62│ 50
Population │ │ │
54,607. │ │ │
│ 23│ 50│ 26
│ 162│ 52│ 22
│ │ │
│ 31│ 59│ 30
│ 1│ 60│ 55
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 223│ │
│ │ 55│ 28
│ Age of Living│ 26·8
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. Pancras. │ │ │
Population │ 15│ 61│ 45
129,711. │ │ │
│ 108│ 50│ 27
│ 287│ 47│ 22
│ │ │
│ 199│ 55│ 23
│ 47│ 61│ 50
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 656│ │
│ │ 53│ 27
│ Age of Living│ 26·10
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
West London. │ │ │
Population │ 2│ 58│ 38
33,629. │ │ │
│ 41│ 49│ 22
│ 186│ 46│ 22
│ │ │
│ 23│ 47│ 38
│ 26│ 64│ 55
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 278│ │
│ │ 49│ 27
│ Age of Living│ 27·7
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Whitechapel. │ │ │
Population │ 58│ 47│ 4
71,758. │ │ │
│ 42│ 50│ 26
│ 261│ 48│ 25
│ │ │
│ 107│ 58│ 16
│ 38│ 63│ 51
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 448│ │
│ │ 51│ 26
│ Age of Living│ 26·2
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. James │ │ │
Westminster. │ 1│ 57│ 42
Population │ │ │
37,407. │ │ │
│ 23│ 51│ 26
│ 59│ 46│ 21
│ │ │
│ 28│ 52│ 20
│ 7│ 58│ 49
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 118│ │
│ │ 51│ 26
│ Age of Living│ 28·2
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
East London. │ │ │
Population │ │ 63│ 50
39,655. │ │ │
│ 76│ 53│ 23
│ 145│ 51│ 21
│ │ │
│ 1│ 50│ 38
│ 18│ 65│ 57
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 240│ │
│ │ 54│ 26
│ Age of Living│ 27·0
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Holborn. │ │ │
Population │ 3│ 58│ 47
39,720. │ │ │
│ 75│ 52│ 24
│ 149│ 50│ 19
│ │ │
│ 2│ 54│ 41
│ 35│ 60│ 46
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 254│ │
│ │ 53│ 26
│ Age of Living│ 27·2
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Shoreditch. │ │ │
Population │ 14│ 65│ 47
83,552. │ │ │
│ 63│ 47│ 23
│ 271│ 51│ 19
│ │ │
│ 34│ 57│ 37
│ 56│ 57│ 46
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 438│ │
│ │ 54│ 26
│ Age of Living│ 26
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
City London. │ │ │
Population │ 3│ 63│ 43
55,967. │ │ │
│ 84│ 48│ 23
│ 94│ 50│ 22
│ │ │
│ 15│ 58│ 39
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 196│ │
│ │ 51│ 25
│ Age of Living│ 27·7
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. John & St. │ │ │
Margaret, │ │ │
Westminster. │ 9│ 55│ 42
Population │ │ │
56,718. │ │ │
│ 47│ 46│ 20
│ 264│ 48│ 21
│ │ │
│ 9│ 56│ 49
│ 17│ 57│ 46
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 346│ │
│ │ 50│ 25
│ Age of Living│ 26·11
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. James, │ │ │
Clerkenwell. │ 8│ 60│ 46
Population │ │ │
56,709. │ │ │
│ 50│ 49│ 23
│ 183│ 50│ 19
│ │ │
│ 6│ 59│ 44
│ 2│ 60│ 50
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 249│ │
│ │ 53│ 25
│ Age of Living│ 25·11
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. George in the │ │ │
East. Population│ │ 63│ 54
41,351. │ │ │
│ 29│ 49│ 23
│ 158│ 46│ 18
│ │ │
│ 3│ 60│ 46
│ 14│ 61│ 52
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 204│ │
│ │ 51│ 25
│ Age of Living│ 26·6
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. Giles and St. │ │ │
George. │ 15│ 60│ 40
Population │ │ │
54,250. │ │ │
│ 44│ 52│ 26
│ 221│ 51│ 17
│ │ │
│ 9│ 53│ 35
│ 53│ 54│ 46
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 342│ │
│ │ 53│ 25
│ Age of Living│ 27·9
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Strand. Population│ 8│ 59│ 40
43,894. │ │ │
│ 58│ 51│ 25
│ 178│ 48│ 21
│ │ │
│ 4│ 55│ 28
│ │ 65│ 49
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 248│ │
│ │ 51│ 24
│ Age of Living│ 27·3
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Lambeth. │ │ │
Population │ 19│ 58│ 37
115,883. │ │ │
│ 174│ 50│ 21
│ 245│ 49│ 19
│ │ │
│ 27│ 59│ 35
│ 37│ 56│ 44
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 502│ │
│ │ 52│ 24
│ Age of Living│ 26.2
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. George, │ │ │
Southwark. │ 5│ 61│ 45
Population │ │ │
46,622. │ │ │
│ 18│ 54│ 30
│ 248│ 53│ 20
│ │ │
│ 10│ 50│ 30
│ 2│ 58│ 45
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 283│ │
│ │ 53│ 23
│ Age of Living│ 26·5
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. Luke. │ │ │
Population │ 3│ 56│ 38
49,982. │ │ │
│ 17│ 49│ 25
│ 306│ 49│ 20
│ │ │
│ 17│ 58│ 35
│ │ │
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 343│ │
│ │ 50│ 22
│ Age of Living│ 25·11
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Bermondsey. │ │ │
Population │ │ 51│ 20
34,847. │ │ │
│ 16│ 48│ 25
│ 144│ 51│ 18
│ │ │
│ 6│ 45│ 21
│ 15│ 57│ 47
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 181│ │
│ │ 51│ 22
│ Age of Living│ 24·7
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
Bethnal Green. │ │ │
Population │ 4│ 61│ 46
74,087. │ │ │
│ 56│ 53│ 24
│ 369│ 51│ 18
│ │ │
│ 6│ 57│ 44
│ 19│ 65│ 49
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 454│ │
│ │ 54│ 22
│ Age of Living│ 25·2
══════════════════╪═════════╤═══════╪═════════
St. Savior´s. │ │ │
Population │ 1│ 52│ 47
32,980 │ │ │
│ 17│ 52│ 26
│ 93│ 45│ 22
│ │ │
│ 65│ 51│ 15
│ 4│ 59│ 40
──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────
│ 180│ │
│ │ 48│ 21
│ Age of Living│ 27·3
──────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────

──────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────┬─────────
│ │ │Excess in
│ │Proportionate│Number of
│Years’ Average │ Number of │ Deaths
District. │premature loss │ Deaths to │ above a
│ of Life by │ Population. │ Healthy
│ │ │standard.
│ │ │
──────────────────┼──────┬────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│Deaths│ Deaths │ │
│above │ of all │ │
│Age of│Classes.│ │
│ 21. │ │ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│Years.│ Years. │ No. │ No.
Greenwich. │ │ │ │
Population │ │ }│ │
80,811. │ │ │ │
│ 8│ 8 }│ │
│ 6│ 3 }│ 1 in 39 │ 159
│ │ │ │
│ 4│ 9 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 5│ 3│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 45 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Camberwell. │ │ │ │
Population, │ 4│ 1 }│ │
39,867. │ │ │ │
│ 8│ 11 }│ │
│ 11│ 13 }│ 1 in 51 │ 100
│ │ │ │
│ 1│ }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 5│ 5│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 44 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Hackney. │ │ │ │
Population │ 1│ }│ │
42,274. │ │ │ │
│ 10│ 10 }│ │
│ 7│ 12 }│ 1 in 56 │ 155[47]
│ │ │ │
│ 2│ 14 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 5│ 8│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 42 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. George. │ │ │ │
Hanover Square. │ 2│ }│ │
Population │ │ │ │
66,433. │ │ │ │
│ 12│ 10 }│ │
│ 15│ 12 }│ 1 in 501 │ 272[48]
│ │ │ │
│ 1│ 7 }│ │
│ 3│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 12│ 8│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 53 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Rotherhithe. │ │ │ │
Population │ 5│ }│ │
13,916. │ │ │ │
│ 12│ }│ │
│ 11│ }│ 1 in 41 │ 79[49]
│ │ │ │
│ 10│ 20 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 8│ 9│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 36 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. Olave. │ │ │ │
Population │ │ }│ │
18,427. │ │ │ │
│ 14│ 14 }│ │
│ 19│ 9 }│ 1 in 19 │ 229[50]
│ │ │ │
│ 12│ 23 }│ │
│ 3│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 17│ 9│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 36 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Kensington, │ │ │ │
(including │ │ │ │
Chelsea). │ 2│ }│ │
Population │ │ │ │
114,952. │ │ │ │
│ 12│ 9 }│ │
│ 9│ 15 }│ 1 in 51 │ 582[51]
│ │ │ │
│ 4│ 9 }│ │
│ 1│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 7│ 10│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 41 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Islington. │ │ │ │
Population │ 1│ }│ │
55,720. │ │ │ │
│ 12│ 13 }│ │
│ 15│ 20 }│ 1 in 55 │ 261
│ │ │ │
│ 1│ }│ │
│ 2│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 8│ 10│ │
│ Births │ 1 in 47 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. Martin in the │ │ │ │
Fields. │ 3│ }│ │
Population │ │ │ │
25,195. │ │ │ │
│ 17│ 15 }│ │
│ 14│ 13 }│ 1 in 36 │ 200
│ │ │ │
│ 11│ 18 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 10│ 11│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 4 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Poplar. Population│ 1│ }│ │
31,091. │ │ │ │
│ 11│ 13 }│ │
│ 9│ 14 }│ 1 in 47 │ 186
│ │ │ │
│ │ 3 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 7│ 11│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 28 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Marylebone. │ │ │ │
Population │ 3│ }│ │
137,955. │ │ │ │
│ 11│ 12 }│ │
│ 14│ 16 }│ 1 in 45 │ 857[52]
│ │ │ │
│ 8│ 12 }│ │
│ 8│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 10│ 11│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 39 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Stepney. │ │ │ │
Population │ │ }│ │
90,657. │ │ │ │
│ 9│ 8 }│ │
│ 14│ 16 }│ 1 in 41 │ 620[53]
│ │ │ │
│ 6│ 17 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 9│ 11│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 36 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. Mary, │ │ │ │
Newington. │ │ }│ │
Population │ │ │ │
54,607. │ │ │ │
│ 12│ 13 }│ │
│ 10│ 17 }│ 1 in 46 │ 338
│ │ │ │
│ 3│ 9 }│ │
│ 2│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 7│ 11│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 34 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. Pancras. │ │ │ │
Population │ 1│ }│ │
129,711. │ │ │ │
│ 12│ 12 }│ │
│ 15│ 17 }│ 1 in 43 │ 934[54]
│ │ │ │
│ 7│ 16 }│ │
│ 1│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 9│ 12│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 46 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
West London. │ │ │ │
Population │ 4│ 1 }│ │
33,629. │ │ │ │
│ 13│ 17 }│ │
│ 16│ 17 }│ 1 in 27 │ 337[55]
│ │ │ │
│ 15│ 1 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 13│ 12│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 48 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Whitechapel. │ │ │ │
Population │ │ }│ │
71,758. │ │ │ │
│ 12│ 13 }│ │
│ 14│ 14 }│ 1 in 31 │ 768[56]
│ │ │ │
│ 4│ 23 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 11│ 13│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 34 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. James │ │ │ │
Westminster. │ 5│ }│ │
Population │ │ │ │
37,407. │ │ │ │
│ 11│ 13 }│ │
│ 16│ 18 }│ 1 in 50 │ 251
│ │ │ │
│ 10│ 19 }│ │
│ 4│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 11│ 13│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 44 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
East London. │ │ │ │
Population │ │ }│ │
39,655. │ │ │ │
│ 9│ 16 }│ │
│ 11│ 18 }│ 1 in 36 │ 372
│ │ │ │
│ 12│ 1 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 8│ 13│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 32 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Holborn. │ │ │ │
Population │ 4│ }│ │
39,720. │ │ │ │
│ 10│ 15 }│ │
│ 12│ 20 }│ 1 in 36 │ 367
│ │ │ │
│ 8│ }│ │
│ 2│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 9│ 13│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 41 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Shoreditch. │ │ │ │
Population │ │ }│ │
83,552. │ │ │ │
│ 15│ 16 }│ │
│ 11│ 20 }│ 1 in 38 │ 732[57]
│ │ │ │
│ 5│ 2 }│ │
│ 5│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 8│ 13│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 27 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
City London. │ │ │ │
Population │ │ }│ │
55,967. │ │ │ │
│ 14│ 16 }│ │
│ 12│ 17 }│ 1 in 50 │ 403
│ │ │ │
│ 4│ }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 11│ 14│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 46 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. John & St. │ │ │ │
Margaret, │ │ │ │
Westminster. │ 7│ }│ │
Population │ │ │ │
56,718. │ │ │ │
│ 16│ 19 }│ │
│ 14│ 18 }│ 1 in 39 │ 521[58]
│ │ │ │
│ 6│ }│ │
│ 5│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 12│ 14│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 33 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. James, │ │ │ │
Clerkenwell. │ 2│ }│ │
Population │ │ │ │
56,709. │ │ │ │
│ 13│ 16 }│ │
│ 12│ 20 }│ 1 in 43 │ 474
│ │ │ │
│ 3│ }│ │
│ 2│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 9│ 14│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 32 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. George in the │ │ │ │
East. Population│ │ }│ │
41,351. │ │ │ │
│ 13│ 16 }│ │
│ 16│ 12 }│ 1 in 36 │ 408[59]
│ │ │ │
│ 2│ }│ │
│ 1│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 11│ 14│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 29 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. Giles and St. │ │ │ │
George. │ 2│ }│ │
Population │ │ │ │
54,250. │ │ │ │
│ 10│ 13 }│ │
│ 11│ 22 }│ 1 in 36 │ 528[60]
│ │ │ │
│ 9│ 4 }│ │
│ 8│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 9│ 14│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 33 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Strand. Population│ 3│ }│ │
43,894. │ │ │ │
│ 11│ 14 }│ │
│ 14│ 18 }│ 1 in 41 │ 413[61]
│ │ │ │
│ 7│ 11 }│ │
│ │ │ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 11│ 15│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 46 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Lambeth. │ │ │ │
Population │ 4│ 2 }│ │
115,883. │ │ │ │
│ 12│ 18 }│ │
│ 13│ 20 }│ 1 in 46 │ 979[62]
│ │ │ │
│ 3│ 4 }│ │
│ 6│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 10│ 15│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 31 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. George, │ │ │ │
Southwark. │ 1│ }│ │
Population │ │ │ │
46,622. │ │ │ │
│ 8│ 9 }│ │
│ 9│ 19 }│ 1 in 39 │ 492[63]
│ │ │ │
│ 12│ 9 }│ │
│ 4│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 9│ 16│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 30 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. Luke. │ │ │ │
Population │ 6│ 1 }│ │
49,982. │ │ │ │
│ 13│ 14 }│ 1 in 40 │ 538
│ 13│ 19 }│ │
│ │ │ │
│ 4│ 4 }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 12│ 17│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 22 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Bermondsey. │ │ │ │
Population │ 11│ 19 }│ │
34,847. │ │ │ │
│ 14│ 14 }│ │
│ 11│ 21 }│ 1 in 42 │ 364[64]
│ │ │ │
│ 17│ 18 }│ │
│ 5│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 11│ 17│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 30 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
Bethnal Green. │ │ │ │
Population │ │ 1 }│ │
74,087. │ │ │ │
│ 9│ 15 }│ │
│ 11│ 21 }│ 1 in 41 │ 791[65]
│ │ │ │
│ 5│ }│ │
│ │ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 8│ 17│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 28 │
══════════════════╪══════╤════════╪═════════════╪═════════
St. Savior´s. │ │ │ │
Population │ 10│ }│ │
32,980 │ │ │ │
│ 10│ 13 }│ │
│ 17│ 17 }│ 1 in 36 │ 422
│ │ │ │
│ 11│ 24 }│ │
│ 3│ }│ │
──────────────────┼──────┼────────┼─────────────┼─────────
│ │ │ │
│ 14│ 18│ │
│ Births│ 1 in 29 │
──────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────┴─────────

No. 12.
EXAMPLES OF ORDINARY UNDERTAKERS’ BILLS IN THE METROPOLIS.

No. 1. £. _s._ _d._ Elm coffin, lined, ruffled, mattrass, sheet, and pillow 3 11 0 Leaden coffin, plate of inscription, 5 men with ditto 6 15 0 Outside case, brass engraved plate, 5 men with ditto, & 9 9 6 making-up Pall 7_s._ 6_d._, 2 porters, scarfs, staves, covers, 2 5 6 bands, & gloves, 38_s._ Four gentlemen’s crape scarfs, bands, and gloves 6 12 0 Seventeen silk ditto ditto 41 5 0 Hearse, 4 horses, feathers and velvets for ditto 5 16 0 Five coaches, pairs, ditto for ditto 9 15 0 Six coach cloaks, bands, and gloves, 60_s._, truncheons 3 6 0 & wands 6_s._ Eighteen pages and bearers, silk bands, and gloves 11 14 0 Attending and assistance, 63_s._; scarf, band, and 5 18 0 gloves for minister, 5_s._ Hatband and gloves for clerk and sexton, 30_s._; 1 13 6 grave-digger, &c. 3_s._ 6_d._ Paid vault dues 4_l._ 12_s._ 6_d._; letters 20_s._; 5 17 0 fetching company 4_s._ 6_d._ Two crape bands and gloves for servants 20_s._; 8 silk 6 0 0 do. do. 5_s._ Thirty-four men’s allowance 28_s._ 1 8 0 ————— —— —— £ 121 5 0 ————— —— ——

No. 2.

Elm shell, lined, ruffled, mattrass, sheet, and pillow 3 8 0
Leaden coffin, plate of inscription, and 5 men with 6 3 0
do., & making up
Outside case, engraved plate, 5 men with ditto 8 13 0
Pall 7_s._; 2 porters’ scarfs, staves, bands, and 2 7 0
gloves
Lid of feathers 21_s._; 3 men with do., and bands and 3 6 0
gloves 45_s._
Hearse, 4 horses 2_l._ 14_s._; feathers and velvets for 5 0 0
ditto, 2_l._ 6_s._
Two coaches, pairs 2_l._ 14_s._; ditto ditto 1_l._ 3 16 0
2_s._
Three coachmen’s cloaks, bands, and gloves 1 11 6
Ten pages and bearers 40_s._; bands and gloves for 7 4 0
ditto. 5_l._; truncheons and wands 4_s._
Eight gentlemen’s cloaks 8_s._; 4 crape bands, &c., 8 14 0
40_s._; 6 silk ditto 6_l._ 6_s._
Two bands and gloves for clerk and sexton 30_s._; 2 2 7 0
ditto for private servants 17_s._
Attending 21_s._; 18 men’s allowances 18_s._; letters 2 4 0
of invitation 4_s._
Paid dues 7_l._ 14_s._ 6_d._; pew-opener, &c. 2_s._; 7 18 6
fetching company 2_s._
————— —— ——
£ 62 11 0
————— —— ——

No. 3.

Covered coffin, lined, ruffled, plate of inscription, 4 19 0
mattrass, sheet and pillow
Pall 7_s._ 6_d._; 2 porters, gowns, staves, and for 1 19 6
bands & gloves 30_s._
Four gentlemen’s cloaks, crape bands and gloves 1_l._ 2 18 0
18_s._; attending ceremony 20_s._
Hearse and coach, pairs 3_l._ 12_s._; velvets for ditto 5 4 0
21_s._; 2 cloaks and bands 11_s._
Six pages, bands, gloves, truncheons, wands, 62_s._; 3 11 0
fetching company 9_s._
Paid 10 men’s allowance 25_s._; stone 10_s._; turnpike, 1 19 0
gravedigger 4_s._
————— —— ——
£ 20 10 6
————— —— ——

No. 4.

Smooth elm, polished nails, inscription, lined, 4 10 0
mattrass, sheet, and pillow
Pall 7_s._; 4 crape bands; 6 ladies’ hoods and gloves 2 17 0
Attending 5_s._; dues at church 18_s._; 5 men’s 1 9 6
allowance 6_s._ 6_d._
————— —— ——
£ 8 16 6
————— —— ——

To the Executor of —— ——, Esq.
Dr to —— ——.

For the Funeral of —— ——, Esq., died 19th February,
aged 80, N. 5 and 84 B., Cemetery, All Souls.

To a 6 ft. × 22 elm coffin, lined and ruffed with fine 2 10 0 cotton Wool bed 0 10 6 Fine sheet and pillow 0 18 0 Lead coffin, solder, and workmanship 6 18 0 Lead plate of inscription 0 5 0 Inch and a half oak coffin, made to receive the above, covered with fine black cloth, 3 rows of brass nails, 15 15 0 4 pair of large handles, star and serpent, and finished with rays Brass plate of inscription 2 8 0 To the use of the best velvet pall 0 10 6 Three crape hatbands 0 12 0 Three crape scarfs 3 0 0 Silk scarf, hatbands, and gloves, the Rev. Mr. Lynarn 2 6 0 Seven silk scarfs 10 10 O Seven silk hatbands 4 7 6 Five silk scarfs, hatbands, and gloves, Rev. Mr. Rue, 11 10 O Mr. Hawes Smith, Rule Field Eleven pair of kid gloves 1 18 6 Two porters, with silk dressings 0 16 0 Two hatbands and gloves for ditto 0 15 0 The plume of ostrich feathers 1 1 0 Man carrying ditto 0 6 6 Silk hatbands and gloves for ditto 0 7 6 Hearse and four 3 10 0 Feathers and velvets for ditto 2 18 0 Three mourning coaches and four 10 10 0 Feathers and velvets for ditto 2 14 0 Four coachman’s cloaks 0 4 0 Silk hatbands and gloves for ditto 1 10 0 Eight hearse pages, with truncheons 1 16 0 Silk hatbands and gloves for ditto 3 0 0 Six coach pages, with wands 1 7 0 Silk hatbands and gloves for ditto 2 5 0 Silk hatband and gloves for clerk at the ground 0 12 6 Four hatbands and gloves for servants of the two 2 10 0 carriages One hatband and gloves for terrace beadle 0 10 6 One hatband and gloves for man servant 0 7 6 Four pair of habit gloves 0 12 0 Attending the funeral 1 1 0 Silk hatband and gloves 0 16 0 Twenty-six men’s expenses as customary 1 19 0 Turnpikes 0 6 6 Paid dues at the cemetery 22 7 6 Silk scarf, hatband, and gloves (Mr. Owen) 2 6 0 Paid for the bell 0 6 6 ————— —— —— £ 130 16 0 ————— —— ——

The Funeral Expenses of Mary Maria ——,

Performed by ——, ——.

Nov. 15, 1834. £. _s._ _d._

5 ft. 9 inch. 17 elm, lined, ruffed super linen 2 5 0 Tufted mattrass 0 14 0 No. 10 shroud, sheet, cap, and pillow 2 5 0 Stout lead coffin, soldering up 7 7 0 Lead plate ditto 0 5 0 Six men with lead coffin 0 18 0 Two men attending on the surgeons 0 6 0 Making up—plumbers 0 5 0 Elm case, covered with fine black cloth, set 2 rows all round, No. 1 nails; 4 pair cherub tin 7 7 0 handles, gripes and drops; 8 screws, black Brass engraved plate, fine lacquered 2 12 6 Six men in with case moving down stairs 0 18 0

Nov. 21:—

Best pall, lid of feathers 1 8 0 Four fine cloaks 0 6 0 Nine rich silk bands for gentlemen 6 6 0 Nine pair gentlemen’s best kid gloves 1 16 0 Two porters and furniture 16_s._ 0 18 0 Featherman, 2 pages and wands 0 12 6 Hearse and 4 horses 2 12 0 Feathers and velvets for ditto 3 3 0 Six hearse pages and truncheons 1 5 0 Mourning coach and four horses 2 12 0 Feathers and velvets for ditto 1 1 0 Two coach pages and wands 0 8 6 Two coachmen’s cloaks 0 2 0 Two velvet hammercloths 0 6 0 Attending funeral 0 7 6 Fifteen silk bands for 2 porters, 8 pages, 3 6 0 0 feathermen, and 2 coachmen Fifteen pair gloves for ditto 1 2 6 Paid dues at St. Margaret’s 2 9 6 Lead fees ditto 0 16 7 Bell and searchers 0 8 0 Bearers 0 3 0 Sexton 0 3 0 Extra digging 0 15 0 Grave-maker 0 3 0 Men’s allowance, coffin case and funeral 0 12 6 — —— — 5 10 7 ———— —— —— £ 60 19 1 ———— —— ——

_Exposition of the English Law in respect to Perpetuities in Public
Burial Grounds._

[From the decision in the case of Gilbert _v._ Buzzard and Boyer,
2nd Haggard’s Reports of Cases argued and determined in the
Consistory Court of London, containing the Judgments of the Right
Hon. Lord Stowell.]