Chapter XXXV: Part III: The Metamorphoses of Insects (6)

Coxal glands, 369;
sacs, 475;
of myriopods, 14.

Cremaster, 636;
absence of, 636;
mode of formation of, in butterflies, 637.

Cremastral hook-spine, 638.

Cricket, 487;
anal glands of, 372.

Crop, 303, 324.

Crustacea, 4.

Cucujo, 426.

Cuénot, on blood, 374, 408;
corrosive glands, 574;
digestion, 329;
leucocytes, 421;
phagocytes, 421, 422.

Cuilleron, 124.

Culex, 461, 465, 474, 599;
formation of the imago in, 668, 678;
mouth-parts of, 78;
phosphorescent, 424;
sense of hearing in, 292;
urinary tubes of, 350.

Cup, spermatophore, 499.

Cuticula, 187, 203;
new layer of, formation of, 612.

Cyclops stage of Proctotrypid parasites, 701.

Cyphon, 472.

Cytoplasm, 525.

Dahl, on constancy of number of six legs, 100;
on motion of insects on smooth, 100, 111, 113, 116.

Danais, 197, 381;
archippus, hypopharynx of, 75;
plexippus, wings of, 137.

Dandolo, on amount of food eaten by the silkworm, 608.

Datana, 634.

Datana ministra, moulting of, 611;
section of larva, 131;
setæ of, 188;
tænidia of, 444, 448.

Death-watch, 293.

Deltochilum gibbosum, 101.

De Moor, on tracks of insects, 106, 109.

Dermal glands, 365.

Dermaptera, wingless, 598.

Deutocerebrum, 231, 237.

Development, direct, 598.

Dewitz’s discovery of imaginal bud-stalks, 673;
locomotion of insects on smooth surfaces, 111;
on movement of leucocytes independent of the circulation, 413;
openings of glandular hairs, 192;
ovipositor, 168, 170, 171;
stigmata of odonate nymphs, 439;
open tracheal system, 460, 464;
wing-buds, 127, 142.

Diapheromera, 371, 616;
eggs of, 517, 520.

Diaphragm, pericardial, 412.

Didonis, 381, 391.

Digestion, 324.

Digestive canal of imago in the fly, appendages of, 297, 302, 331;
formation of, 681;
histology of, 320;
length of, not a criterion of its habits, 301;
primary regions, 299, 302.

Dimmock, on hypopharynx, 71;
on labrum epipharynx, 44;
on pseudo-trachea, 446.

Diplopoda, 12.

Diptera, coarctate, 620;
cyclorhapha, 621;
development of imago of, 666;
food reservoir of, 305;
germs of genital glands, 580;
hypopharynx of, 78;
larval types of, 607;
mouth-parts of, 78;
olfactory organs of, 273;
origin of legs of imago in, 654;
orthoraphous, 621, 626;
post-embryonic changes in, 666;
salivary glands of, 333.

Dipterous embryo, suppression of polypody in, 707.

Direct development, 598.

Discota, 672.

Division nuclei, 530.

Donacia, 620.

Dorsal organ, 535.

Doryphora, 50;
embryology of, 544;
hatching spine of, 586.

Dragon-fly, 53;
muscles of flight of, 157;
number of moults of, 616.

Draught power, 218.

Drosophila, 518.

Dryocampa, 187.

Dubois on the cucujo, 424, 426.

Ducts, ejaculatory, 496;
seminal, 496.

Dufour, gland of, 358.

Dujardinia, 34.

Dyar on the number of moults, 615.

Dyticus, 461;
foot of male, 93, 99, 114;
larva, poisonous saliva of, 359;
mode of swimming of, 116;
tænidia of, 445;
trail curves of, 108.

Eacles, 616.

Ears, 288.

Eaton, on nymph stage, 594;
of rectal respiration in nymphs of ephemerids, 465.

Ecdysis, 609, 611.

Ectoderm, 534;
formation of, 558.

Ectotrachea, 432, 448, 684.

Egg, 515;
burster, 585;
capsule, 517, 520;
cells, 504;
chambers, 502;
fertilization of, 525;
germs, 502;
guide, 183;
internal structure of, 524;
markings of, 521;
maturation of, 525;
mode of deposition of, 518;
number laid, 515;
ovarian, 501;
ripe, 520;
sacs, 361, 517, 520;
shell, 520;
smaller in holometabolous insects, 515;
tubes, 501;
vitality of, 520.

Ejaculatory ducts, double openings of, 486;
origin of, 578.

Elater of Collembola, 551.

Electricity, influence of, on action of heart, 412.

Eleodes, 372.

Elliott on color sense, 261.

Elmis, 462, 473.

Elytra, 124;
glands in, 125.

Embidæ, 620.

Embryo, 531;
revolution of, 540.

Embryology of insects, 515.

Embryonic life, length of, 582.

Embryonic membranes, involution of, 556.

Embryonic, post-, changes, 650.

Emery, on homologies of the tracheæ, 443;
on the firefly, 424, 427.

Empodium, 97, 111, 116.

Empretia stimulea, 192.

Eucyrtus, 55, 171;
post-embryonic changes in, 663.

Endochorion, 520.

Endoderm, 534, 561.

Endomesoderm, 542.

Endosternite, 94.

Endotrachea, 432, 448.

Entomoline, 29.

Entothorax, 92.

Environment, 463.

Ephemera, circulation in, 409;
double sexual openings of, 489;
nymph of, lacinia of, 61;
thorax of, 91.

Ephemerella, 466.

Ephemeridæ, 459, 460;
double genital openings of, 492;
gills of, 460;
rectal respiration in, 464.

Ephydra, 36, 553.

Epicauta, life-history of, 692.

Epilabrum, 13.

Epimerum, 89.

Epiopticon, 231, 253.

Epipharynx, 43, 54.

Epipleurum, 124.

Episternum, 88.

Erichson on sense of smell, 266.

Eriocephala calthella, mandibles of, 62;
maxillæ of, 68.

Eristalis, 189, 461.

Eruciform type of larva, 602, 605, 705.

Escherich, on male genital organs of beetles, 495.

Euphæa, lateral gills of, 468, 477.

Euphoria inda, moulting of, 611.

Eupolus, 113.

Eupsalis minuta, 103.

Eversible sacs, 475.

Excretion, defined, 327;
process of, 328.

Excretory system, 348.

Exner, on vision, 258.

Exochorion, 520, 534.

Exuvia, 609.

Exuvium, 609.

Eye, 249;
acone, 251;
buds, 665;
compound, 250;
embryonic development of, 567;
eucone, 251, 252;
facetted, origin of, 255;
glazed, 629;
pseudocone, 251, 252;
simple, 249.

Fabre, on life-history of Sitaris, 69.

Facet, 250.

Facets, number of, 249.

Facetted eye, origin of, 255.

Faivre, on function of brain, 244.

Fat, amount of, in caterpillar, 644.

Fat-body, 419;
concretions in, 420;
destruction and reformation of, in muscids during metamorphosis, 685;
origin of, 574.

Feet, post-embryonic development of, 653.

Female reproductive organs, 485, 500;
origin of, 575.

Femur, 96;
formation of, in imago of Lepidoptera, 655.

Fernald, on rectal glands of Passalus, 318.

Fertilization of the egg, 525.

Filator, 340.

Filippi’s glands, 345.

Firefly, 426.

Fischer, on color of butterflies, 200.

Flagellum, 57.

Flea, 438;
hatching spine of, 586;
hypopharynx of, 77;
number of moults of, 617.

Flies, syrphid, 189.

Flight, 148, 219;
theory of, 150.

Fluid, exuvial, 612;
moulting, 612;
softening fluid of moths in escaping from the cocoon, 635.

Fly, blow, hatching of, 585;
development of imago in, 666;
horse, mouth-parts of, 79;
thorax of, 91;
house, length of embryonic life of, 582;
thorax of, 88;
number of moults of, 618;
meat, hatching of, 585;
tenent hairs of, 111.

Fold, amnion, 531.

Folds, gastro-ileal, 317;
giving rise to head of fly, 671.

Folsom, on lateral gills of Euphæa, 468.

Food-reservoir, 305.

Foot, of beetle, 111;
of fly, 111.

Footprints of beetles, 106.

Fore-stomach, 306.

Forel, on gustatory organs, 281;
on honey-dew, 365;
on vision, 256.

Forficula, 454, 491;
fœtid glands of, 369;
hatching spine of, 585.

Formic acid, 358.

Frenulum, 122.

Fulgora, 424.

Funiculus, 460.

Funnel, 313.

Galea, 63, 64.

Galeruca, 113.

Ganglia, function of, 244;
fusion of, 225;
optic, 231, 232;
primitive number of, 567.

Ganglion frontale, 569.

Ganglion opticum, origin of, 567.

Ganin, on abdominal imaginal buds, 170;
on hypermetamorphosis of ichneumon parasites, 701.

Gastro-ileal folds, 317.

Gastropacha, 552;
flattened hairs of, 194.

Gastrophilus equi, 475.

Gastrula, 558;
stage, 535.

Gegenbauer, on homology of wings with gills, 142.

Gehuchten, on histology of muscles, 217;
on the histology of mid-intestine, 316;
on the pyloric valvule, 315;
on secretion, mechanism of, 326.

Gena, 46.

Genital armature, male, 176;
cells, 575;
claspers, 176.

Germarium, 501.

Germ-layers, formation of, 558.

Giard on urinary tubes, 351.

Gills, blood, 475;
in embryo insects, 476;
tracheal, 459;
adult insects, 476;
rectal, 463.

Gilson, on anal glands, 373;
on spinning-glands, 340.

Gissler on anal glands, 372.

Gizzard, 311, 324.

Glands, acid, 358;
adhesive, 360;
alkaline, 358;
alluring, 391;
of androconia, 199;
anal, 319, 372;
accessory of vasa deferentia, 497;
cement, 360;
colleterial, 506;
conglobate, 487;
corrosive, 374;
coxal, 369, 383;
dermal, 365;
defensive, 368;
eversible, 368, 382;
Filippi’s, 346;
fœtid, 369;
mucous, 497;
mushroom, 497;
odoriferous, 381;
repugnatorial, 368;
salivary, 331, 570;
setiparous, 444;
sexual, origin of male, 579;
unicellular, 366;
wax, 361.

Glandulæ mucosæ, 497.

Gnathal segments of embryo, 556.

Gonapophyses, 167, 168.

Gonin, on moulting fluid, 613, 614;
on the post-embryonic changes of Pieris, 651;
on process of pupation, 659;
on tracheæ of wings, 145;
on the wing-germs, 131.

Gorgeret, 170.

Gottsche on vision, 257.

Graber, on abdominal legs of caterpillars, 552;
on blood, 408;
on blood-gills of embryo, 476;
on climbing, 116;
on development of wings, 138;
on flight, 153;
on folding of wings, 155;
on foot-tracks of beetles, 109;
on heart, 398, 400, 402;
on mechanics of segmented body and limbs of insects, 31, 38;
on mechanics of walking, 103;
on organs of hearing, 290;
on organs of smell, 267;
on premandibular segment, 52;
on respiration, 454;
on successive appearance of embryonic segments, 546;
on swimming, 116.

Grassi, on premandibular segment in Apis, 52;
on Scolopendrella, 20.

Grège, 340.

Grès, 340.

Griffiths, on pigments, 207.

Grobben on heart, 399.

Gromphas, 101.

Gross, on color sense, 261.

Gryllotalpa, 572;
maxilla of, 64.

Guide, egg, 183.

Gula, 46, 68.

Gulo-mental region, 46.

Gummy layer of silk, 340.

Gyrinus, 471, 620.

Haase, on coxal sacs, 14;
on eversible glands, 371;
on the formation of the copulatory pouch, 505;
on Scolopendrella, 21, 24;
on the homology of the ovipositor, 171.

Hadenœcus, 44, 392.

Hagen, on colors, 201;
on gills of Perlidæ, 477;
on lateral gills of Euphæa nymph, 468, 477;
on vestigial gills in other odonate nymphs, 469.

Hair-fields, 197.

Hair-forming cells, 188.

Hair-scales, 197;
tactile, 193.

Hairs, 188;
adhesive, 111, 113;
development of, 193;
gathering, 45;
glandular, 190, 192;
nettling, 191;
plumose, 189;
tenent, 99, 190;
in tracheæ, 451;
twisted, 189.

Halteres, 124, 629.

Hammond, see Miall.

Hampson, on scent-glands, 391.

Haplopus, 521.

Harpes, 180.

Harpiphorus, 618.

Harpyia, 375.

Hatching, process of, 583;
spine, 585.

Hauser, on organs of smell, 267, 269, 279.

Head, 42;
blood-vessels in, 405;
completion of head of embryo, 548;
formation of, in aculeate Hymenoptera, 57;
lobes, 544;
number of segments in, 50, 54;
of Musca, post-embryonic development of, 675;
post-embryonic development of appendages of, 653.

Hearing, organs of, 287.

Heart, 397;
beat, 411;
free from histolysis, 667;
origin of, 572, 577;
pericardial diaphragm, 402;
propulsatory apparatus, 401;
supraspinal vessel, 403.

Heathcote, on double segments of Diplopods, 14.

Heider, on embryology of Hydrophilus, 530.

Heinemann, on the firefly, 426.

Helcodermatous spines, 612.

Helecomitus, 616.

Helichus, 474.

Heliconidæ, 379.

Helm, on spinning-glands, 339.

Hemelytra, 124.

Hemerobiidæ, hatching spine of, 585.

Hemimetabola, 598.

Hemiptera, cardo of, 69;
fœtid glands of, 372;
lacinia of, 74;
palps of, 68;
salivary glands of, 333;
stipes of, 69.

Hepialus, 392, 495.

Heptagenia, 467;
lingua of, 73.

Heredity, bearer of, 498;
homochronous, 708.

Heremetabola, 597.

Herold, on the metamorphosis of the butterfly, 642;
on wing-germs, 128.

Heterochrony, 542.

Heterometabola, 597.

Heymons, on homologies of the labrum, 43;
on nature of elytra, 126;
on origin of fat-body, 575;
on paired sexual openings, 493;
premandibular segment, 52;
on the primitive segments of Phyllodromia, 563;
on reproductive glands, 575;
tentorium, 50.

Hicks, on auditory organs, 293;
on olfactory organs, 266.

Histogenesis, 650.

Histolysis, 643, 650, 678, 680, 685, 688.

Hoffbauer, on the structure of elytra, 125.

Holmgren, on tracheal end-cells, 437.

Holometabola, 598.

Holometabolous insects, 595.

Holopneustic type of tracheal system, 459.

Holoptic head, 98.

Homalotylus, 623.

Homoptera, number of moults of, 616.

Homotenous insects, 597.

Honey-dew, 364;
deterrent use of, 365;
sac, 309;
stomach, 309.

Hopkins, on pigments, 207.

Hornia, hypermetamorphosis of, 693.

Horns, 187.

Horn, on loss of tarsi, 101;
on Platypsylla, 62.

House-fly, thorax of, 88.

Hum of bee, 295.

Hunter, John, on the air-sacs, 456.

Hurst, on the formation of the imago in Culex, 670.

Hybocampa, 635.

Hydrobius, 471.

Hydrophilus, 374, 432;
embryology of, 536, 537, 542, 546, 558, 575.

Hydropsyche, blood-gills of, 475;
gills of, at all stages, 469.

Hydroüs, 49, 50.

Hylotoma, 52.

Hymenoptera, composition of the head in, 55;
mouth-parts of, 79, 81;
olfactory organs of, 277;
open stigmata of, 462;
poison glands of, 357;
post-embryonic changes in, 661;
salivary glands of, 334.

Hyperchiria io, 187, 378;
poisonous spines of, 192.

Hypermetamorphosis, described, 688;
causes of, 693.

Hypodactyle, 73.

Hypoderma, 518.

Hypodermis, 188, 612;
origin of an imago, 678.

Hypopharynx, 13, 54, 68, 70.

Hypoptère, 89.

Icerya, 616, 626.

Ichneumon, 622;
hypermetamorphosis of, 701;
poison glands of, 359.

Ileum, 317.

Imaginal buds, 653;
disks, 653.

Imago, formation of, in Chironomus, 671;
Corethra, 668;
Culex, 668;
Hymenoptera, 661;
Lepidoptera, 641;
Melophagus, 686;
Musca, 673;
of fly, development of internal organs of, 678;
Simulium, 668.

Incasement theory, 641.

Indusium, 534.

Infra-anal lobe, 183.

Infraœsophageal ganglion, 227.

Ingluvies, 303.

Insecta, diagnostic characters of, 26.

Insects, ancestry of, 17;
number of species of, 1;
relation of, to other Arthropoda, 2;
Symphyla, 18.

Intestine, fore, embryonic development of, 547;
formation, imaginal, 682;
hind, 316, 547;
histology of, 316;
large, 316;
mid, 314;
origin of, 569.

Invaginations of the imaginal buds, 678.

Involution of the embryonic membranes, 556.

Isotoma, 534.

Jackson, on the structure of the cremaster and pupa, 639.

Janet on muscular fibres, 216.

Japyx, 486.

Jolia, 466.

Jugum, 123.

Julus, larva of, 14.

Katydid, 616.

Kellogg, on Androconia, 199;
on spinules, 197;
on striæ of scales, 195, 198;
on use of scales, 195.

Kennel, on origin of tracheæ of Peripatus, 443.

Kenyon, on double segments of Diplopods, 14;
on mushroom bodies, 234.

Kettelhoit, on specific characters of, 195.

Kingsley, on classification of Myriopoda, 12.

Kirbach, on salivary duct, 336.

Kirby and Spence, views of, on metamorphosis, 642.

Klapálek, on gills of case-worms, 467;
on sub-nymph of Agriotypus, 701.

Klemensiewiez, on eversible glands, 377.

Kolbe, on atrophy of tarsi, 101;
on blood, 408;
on flight of Agrioninæ, 159;
on tracheæ, 435;
on tracheal gills of Perla, 477;
on embryology of the mole-cricket, 529, 572.

Korschelt, on the egg-tubes, 502;
on egg-genesis, 504.

Korschelt and Heider, on the embryology of insects, 531, 535, 538, 554,
559, 570, 579;
on formation of the imago of Corethra, 668;
on position of genital glands in myriopods, 15;
on stem form of myriopods, 17.

Koulaguine, on dorsal opening of urinary tubes, 355.

Kowalevsky, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
on embryonic membranes, 562;
on origin of blood corpuscles, 574;
experiments on feeding maggots with lacmus, 326;
on fat-body, 420;
on embryo origin of fat-body, 574;
on the mesoderm of the rudiments of the appendages, 675;
on openings of heart, 400;
on pericardial cells, 420;
on phagocytes, 421, 422, 655;
phagocytosis, 686.

Kraepelin, on homologies of the ovipositor, 168;
on organs of smell, 267;
on taste, 282.

Krancher, on the stigmata, 438.

Krauss, on eversible glands, 371.

Krawkow, on chitin, 29.

Krukenberg, on colors, 202, 205, 206.

Künckel d’Herculais, on beating of heart throughout the post-embryonic
changes, 686;
on the origin of the imaginal from the larval legs, 654.

Kupffer, on fine tracheæ, 435.

Labella, 13, 446.

Labial palpi, imaginal buds of, 658.

Labidura, 491.

Labium, 68, 549.

Labrum, 42, 79;
epipharynx, 43, 79;
origin of, 546, 547;
homologies of, 546, 547.

Lacaze-Duthiers on the ovipositor, 167, 169.

Lace-winged fly, 517.

Lachnosterna, nervous system of, 225.

Lachnus, 372.

Lacinia, 63;
of Eriocephala, 67;
mandible of Copris, 61;
Ephemera nymph, 61;
mandible of Passalus, 61;
mandible of Phanæus, 61;
mandible of Staphylinus, 61.

Lady-birds, 375;
bug, 375.

Lagoa crispata, 191, 378.

Lamarckian factors, 708.

Lamina supra-analis, 181.

Lampyris, 425, 451.

Landois, on pigment, 207;
on sense of smell, 267;
on origin of the tracheæ and veins of the wings, 145;
on wings as respiratory organs, 461.

Lang, on metamorphosis of seventeen-year Cicada, 698;
on origin of coxal from setiparous glands, 444;
on Peripatus, 9;
on relation of myriopods to insects, 17;
on segmented structure of arthropods, 32;
on respiratory system, 430.

Langley, on the light of the firefly, 426.

Larva, defined, 599;
Campodea-form, or campodeoid, 600;
growth of, 608;
voracity of, 608;
eruciform, 705.

Larvæ, apodous, 103, 653.

Larval insects, tracheal gills of, 466;
stage, 593.

Latreille, on the median segment, 163;
metamorphism, 597;
on the term pupa, 625.

Latzel, on coxal sacs, 14.

Layer, superficial protoplasmic, of egg, 524, 526;
germ, formation of, 558.

Leach, on ametabola, etc., 596.

Leaping power, 219.

Legs, abdominal, of lepidopterous larvæ, and larval saw-flies, are they
true legs?, 552;
atrophy of, 102;
mechanism of, 104;
movements of, 105;
muscles of, 215;
post-embryonic development of, 653, 654;
pulsatile organs in, 405.

Lehrman, on organs of smell, 265.

Leidy, on fœtid glands, 373.

Lens, crystalline, 250, 251.

Lendenfeld on flight, 149, 151, 159.

Léon, on labial palpi of Hemiptera, 68;
tongue of Hemiptera, 73.

Lepidoptera, embryology of, 537;
eversible sacs of, 375;
maxillæ of, 65, 67;
number of moults in, 616, 617;
origin of legs of imago, 654;
paired oviducts, 492;
pupæ of, 628;
testes of, 493, 495.

Lepisma, 52;
double sexual openings in, 486.

Leptiform larvæ, 600.

Leptis, thorax of, 91.

Leucarctia, 391.

Leucine, 352.

Leucocytes, 407, 421, 650, 678, 680, 685;
size of, 407.

Leucopis, 113, 517.

Leydig, on colors, 202, 204;
on nerve-end apparatus in the wing, 153;
on organs of smell, 266;
on tracheæ, 432.

Libellula, 463.

Life, embryonic, length of, 582.

Light of the firefly, 426;
its use, 428.

Ligula, 68.

Limacodes scapha, 606.

Limbs, homologies of, 39;
mechanical origin of, 34, 35;
lost, reproduction of, 619;
result of disuse of, 101.

Limnephilus pudicus, 46;
maxilla of, 65.

Limulus, 5.

Lina, 374, 545, 546.

Lingua, 68, 70.

Lip, under, 68.

Lipochrome, 206.

Liponeura, 475.

Lithocolletis, 618;
its cocoon-cutter, 634.

Litognatha nubilifasciata, 102.

Lobe, axillary, 124;
infra-anal, 183.

Lobes, œsophageal, 237;
antennal, 237;
head, 544;
procephalic, 544, 548;
procerebral, 232.

Lobulus, 124.

Locomotion, 103;
on smooth surfaces, 111.

Locust, air-sacs of, 424, 456;
brain of, 231;
cæcal appendages of, 347;
digestive canal of, 298;
ear of, 288;
head-segments of, 546;
mode of breathing, 451;
hatching, 583;
moulting of, 609;
nervous system of, 223;
number of stages of, 595;
number of moults of, 616;
olfactory organs of, 272;
oviposition of, 520;
rectal glands of, 318;
reproductive organs of, 488, 489.

Locusta viridissima, rectal glands of, 318.

Locy, on pulsatile organs in legs of Nepidæ, 405.

Lonchodes, 521.

Loop of wing, 122.

Lophyrus, 59.

Lora, 68.

Lubbock, on color sense, 261;
on vision, 256–258;
on distribution of tracheæ, 433.

Lucanus, 59, 620;
thorax of, 94;
dama, nervous system of, 225.

Lucas, on segmental arrangement of salivary glands, 337.

Luciola, 424, 427, 451.

Luna moth, its mode of escape from its cocoon, 635.

Lutz, on blood, 275.

Lycæna, 381.

Lymph, 206.

Lyonet, on the imaginal buds, 656;
on wing-germs, 128.

Machilis, 164, 223, 369, 476;
hypopharynx, 72.

MacLeod, on the tænidia, 445.

Macloskie, on the tænidia, 445.

Macrotoma, 616.

Macrurocampa, 375.

Maggots, 607;
rat-tailed, 461, 474.

Malachius, 374.

Male reproductive organs, 485, 494;
origin of, 579.

Malpighi, on germs of wings, 128;
on the heart, 397;
on the metamorphosis of silk moth, 641;
on urinary vessels, 350.

Malpighian tubes, 316, 348.

Mandibles, 59;
composite structure of, 60, 61;
lacinia of, 60, 61;
vestigial, 62.

Manometabola, 597.

Mantidæ, coxal glands of, 372.

Mantis, oötheca of, 517.

Mantis religiosa, embryo of, 584;
hatching of, 584;
number of moults of, 584, 616.

Mantispa, 46, 48, 68, 95, 97;
hypermetamorphosis of, 602, 690, 705;
life-history of, 602.

Marchal on the function of the fat-body, 420.

Marey, on motion of insects, 111.

Marey’s views on flight, 148, 151.

Marshall, on the way Microgaster spins its cocoon, 622.

Mason, Wood, on jointed structure of mandibles, 60;
on Scolopendrella, 19, 22.

Mastopoda pteridis, 103.

Maxillæ, first, 62;
second, 68;
imaginal buds of, 658.

Mayer, A. G., on the development of the wings of Pieris and Danais,
136;
on formation of scales, 196;
on homologies of tracheæ, 443;
pigments, 206–208.

Mayer, Carl, on scales, 197.

May-fly, lingua of nymph of, 73;
number of moults of, 616;
thorax of, 91.

Mechanics of walking, 103.

Mechanism of motion, 32;
of limbs, 35;
of secretion, 326.

Meconium, 611.

Mecoptera, maxillæ of, 65;
number of moults of, 616.

Median segment, 90, 163.

Medifurca, 92.

Megalopyge, 191, 378.

Meinert, on buccal organs of myriopods, 13;
on coxal sacs, 14;
on elytra, 125;
on hypopharynx, 78;
on organs of taste, 281.

Melanoplus, 43, 72, 86, 456;
gastro-ileal folds of, 317;
hatching of, 583;
number of stages of, 595;
rectal glands of, 318;
tongue of, 72.

Meldola, on yellow pigment, 206.

Melipona, 359.

Meloë, 110, 374;
hypermetamorphosis of, 690;
lacinia of mandibles of, 62;
number of moults of, 617;
small eggs of, 524.

Melolontha, 213, 438, 455, 456, 458, 498, 549, 550, 551, 562.

Melophagus, 507;
post-embryonic changes in, 686.

Membrane, peritrophic, 313;
retaining, of pupæ, 638;
serous, 532;
vitelline, 520, 534.

Membranes, embryonic, 531;
formation of, 532;
embryonic, involution of, 556.

Menge on Scolopendrella, 18.

Mentum, 54, 68.

Merostomata, 5.

Mesoderm, 534, 561, 563;
cells, 576.

Mesothorax, 86.

Metabolia, 596.

Metabolous insects, 595.

Metameric structure, 33.

Metamorphoses of insects, 593;
stadia of, 594;
stages, 594.

Metamorphosis, causes of, 607, 705, 708;
significance of, 688.

Metapneustic type of tracheal system, 461.

Metathorax, 87.

Metschnikoff, on embryology of myriopods, 13, 16;
on the germs of the genital glands, 580.

Miall and Denny, on the blood, 407;
on cement glands, 361;
on chitin, 29;
on digestive canal of cockroach, 316, 317;
on heart, 398, 402;
on labium, 53;
on lingua, 72;
on reproductive organs of the cockroach, 487;
on respiration, 452;
on salivary glands, 331;
on tænidia, 447;
on the tentorium, 49;
on urinary tubes and products, 353.

Miall and Hammond, on the differences between the pupa of Lepidoptera
and Diptera, 629;
on the formation of the imago of Chironomus, 671.

Microcentrum, 616.

Microgaster, mode of spinning its cocoon, 622.

Micropteryx, 621, 626;
escape from its cocoon, 633;
hypopharynx of, 76;
labium of, 76;
pupal jaws of, 633.

Micropyle, 522;
use of, 524.

Mid-intestine, 314;
origin of, 569.

Minchin, on eversible glands, 370.

Minot, on cæca of stomach, 347;
on colors, 203;
on the cuticula, 187;
on digestive canal, 318, 320, 321;
on distribution of tracheæ, 433;
on gastro-ileal folds, 317;
on rectal glands, 318;
on tænidia, 445.

Molar, 61.

Mole-cricket, 102, 527, 543, 572, 574;
digestive canal of, 350;
urinary tubes of, 350.

Mosaic theory of vision, 257.

Moseley, on circulation of blood, 410;
on composition of chitin, 30.

Mosquito, 461, 464, 465;
poison gland of, 359;
sense of hearing of, 292.

Moulting, process of, 609;
hairs and spines, 612.

Moults, number of, 615.

Mouth, 302;
-appendages, buds of, 665;
of embryo, 537.

Müller, F., on blood-gills, 475;
on larvæ of Psychodes and of Blepharocera, 474;
on non-inheritance of the complete metamorphosis, 595.

Müller, J., on alluring glands, 391;
on heart, 399;
on sense and organs of smell, 265;
on the development of wings, 138, 143;
on vision, 255.

Müller, W., on gills of Paraponyx, 470.

Müller’s, J., thread, 577.

Mumia, 625.

Musca, 88, 111;
embryology of, 530, 536, 563;
wing-germs of, 133.

Muscidæ, appendages of imago, development of, 674;
post-embryonic changes in, 666, 673, 678, 681.

Muscles, 31;
of caterpillars, 213;
of cockchafer, 213;
of Cossus, 211;
destruction of, during metamorphosis, 680;
of flight, 149;
of Pygæra, 211;
respiratory, 454;
structure of, 215.

Muscular fibres, 214;
power, 217, 219;
system, 211.

Musculature, mode of origin of, 574.

Mushroom bodies, 233.

Mutilations, inheritance of, 102.

Myriopoda, 11.

Myrmeleon, maxilla of, 64;
palpifer of, 69.

Mystacides, scent scales of, 199.

Nagel, on saliva of larval Dyticus, 324.

Nassonow, on double sexual openings, 486.

Necrophorus, tracks of, 109.

Nematois, 496.

Nematus, 53, 54, 618.

Nemognatha, epipharynx of, 285;
maxillæ of, 64, 65;
organs of taste in, 285.

Nemoptera, larva of, 42.

Nemoura, 468.

Neolamarckian factors, 708.

Neolepidoptera, 628.

Nepa, 523.

Nephridia, 348.

Nepionic stage or form, 706.

Nepticula, 606.

Nerve-centre, 222.

Nerve-centres, functions of, 243;
antennal, 650.

Nerves, motor, 222;
motor, degeneration of, during metamorphosis, 684;
optic, 650;
peripheral, transformation of, 684;
sensory, 222;
stomogastric, 238;
sympathetic, 238;
visceral, 238.

Nervous system, 222;
formation of, 566;
free from histolysis during pupation, 667, 684;
origin of, 554, 566;
primitive rolls or strips, 566;
slight changes in, during metamorphosis, 684.

Neuroblasts, 567.

Neuromeres, 227, 231.

Neuroptera, 632;
lingua of, 69.

Newman, on the median segment, 163.

Newport, on changes in nervous system of Sphinx during metamorphosis,
648;
on circulation, 409;
on heart, 399;
on larval Julus, 13;
on the median segment, 163;
on muscular power, 94;
on muscles of Sphinx, 213;
on number of segments of head, 50;
on occiput, 48;
on the process of moulting in Sphinx, 610, 611;
Scolopendrella, 18;
on sense of smell, 265;
on tentorium, 49;
on tracheal gills of Pteronarcys, 476.

Nola, 618.

Nucleus, division, 530;
sperm, 525.

Nusbaum, on origin of efferent sexual passages, 578.

Nymphalid pupæ, 631.

Nymph, 706;
stage, 593, 600;
sub-, 701.

Occipital foramen, 46.

Occiput, 48, 53.

Ocellus, 249;
development of, 567.

Ockler, on feet of insects, 115.

Odonata, 53;
embryology of, 540;
labium of, its mode of origin, 549;
lateral gills of, 468;
lingua of, 73;
number of moults of, 616;
nymphs, 460, 463.

Odors, 368.

Œcanthus, 476;
embryology of, 541, 544, 549, 551, 573.

Œceticus, 634.

Œnocytes, 423.

Œsophageal valve, 311;
valvule, 312.

Œsophagus, 303.

Œstridæ, 618.

Oken, on homology of maxillæ with legs, 39.

Olfactory organs, 264.

Oligonephria, 354.

Oligoneuria, 466.

Ommateum, 250.

Onychium, 97.

Oölemma, 520.

Oötheca, 517.

Operculum, 181.

Optic nerves, 650.

Optic tract, 253.

Opticon, 253.

Oral appendages, 549.

Orchelimum, 534.

Organ, dorsal, 535, 556.

Organs, sensory, 249;
of smell, 264.

Orgyia, 377, 618;
poisonous hairs of, 192.

Orgyia antiqua, number of moults of, 618.

Orthoptera, fœtid glands of, 369;
number of moults of, 616;
phagocytes in, 421;
salivary glands of, 331;
tongue of, 70.

Orya, 424.

Osmeterium, 377.

Osten Sacken, on holoptic heads of Diptera, and on running flies, 98.

Ostia, 397, 400.

Otiocerus, 58.

Oudemans, on relation of myriopods to insects, 17.

Oustalet, on rectal respiration, 463.

Ovarian tubes, 501;
formation of, 578.

Ovaries, 500, 502;
formation of, 578;
groups of, 502.

Oviduct, 500, 503;
double openings of, 486;
origin of, 578, 579.

Oviducts, segmental arrangement of, 486.

Oviposition, 518, 520.

Ovipositor, 167;
germinal buds of, 665;
imaginal buds of, 666;
origin of, 551.

Ovum, 515, 521, 524.

Packard, A. A., on muscular power of insects, 219;
use of air-sacs, 457.

Pad, peripodal, 653.

Pædogenesis, 708.

Paleacrita vernata, maxilla of, 66.

Paleolepidoptera, 628.

Palmén, on double sexual openings, 490, 492;
on tracheal gills, 459, 466;
on the tentorium, 50.

Palmula, 97.

Palpifer, 63, 68.

Palpus, first maxillary, 63, 64, 67;
second, 68;
in Hemiptera, 68.

Palpi, labial, imaginal buds of, 658.

Pancritius, on wing-germs, 130, 143.

Paniscus, 517.

Panorpa, abdomen of, 162;
maxilla of, 65;
number of moults of, 616.

Panorpidæ, 602.

Papilio, 377.

Paraglossa, 54, 68.

Parapodial glands, 444.

Paraptera, 89.

Parnassius, 381.

Paronychium, 97.

Paraponyx, 470.

Passalus, 61;
rectal glands of, 318.

Pasteur, on the spectrum of the light of the firefly, 426.

Patagia, 89.

Patten, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
on the homologies of the tracheæ, 444;
salivary glands, 337.

Patula, 391.

Pauropus, 18.

Paussus, 57.

Pawlowa, on blood-vessels in the head, 405.

Pedicel, 57.

Pediculina, embryology of, 541.

Pelidnota, moulting of, 611.

Pellicle, subimaginal, 613.

Pelobius, 461, 475.

Penis, 180;
velum of, 181.

Pericardial cells, 405;
diaphragm, 402;
septum, 574.

Periopticon, 231, 253.

Peripatus, 9, 580;
nephridia of, 349;
trachea of, 443.

Peripodal cavity, 669;
membrane, 669;
sac, 653.

Periplaneta, 72, 370;
egg-tubes of, 501;
tongue of, 72.

Peritoneal membrane, 444.

Peritracheal circulation, 397;
membrane, 444.

Peritreme, 90.

Peritrophic membrane, 313.

Perlidæ, 69, 468, 491, 493.

Perris, on organs of smell, 266.

Phagocytes, 421, 650, 655, 680, 683, 685.

Phagocytosis, 421.

Phanæus, 61;
reduced tarsi of, 101.

Phanæus pegasus, 188.

Phaneroptera, 44.

Pharynx, 302.

Phasmidæ, eggs of, 521.

Phosphorescence, 424;
physiology of, 426.

Photogenic organ of beetles, 424.

Phragma, 93.

Phryganea, 455.

Phyllium, 521.

Phyllocnistis, 606.

Phyllodromia, 506;
embryology of, 541, 563, 583;
eversible glands of, 370;
fat-body, origin of, 575;
micropyle of eggs of, 523;
pleuropodia of, 551;
origin of sexual organs of, 576, 578–580;
mode of hatching, 583;
oötheca of, 519.

Phytonomus, 617.

Phytophagous larvæ, 606.

Pictet, on blood gills, 475.

Pieris, 39, 614;
embryology of, 546;
green pigment of, 206;
post-embryonic changes of, 651;
wing-germs of, 133.

Pigment, 183, 203;
chemical nature of, 206;
of eye, 253;
physical nature of, 206.

Pits, olfactory, 271.

Planta, 638.

Plantula, 97.

Plate, extensor, of foot, 116;
pressure, 116.

Plateau, on digestion, 324;
on functions of ganglia, 244;
on muscular power, 217;
on respiration, 453;
on vision, 256, 259.

Platycrania, 521.

Platygaster, hypermetamorphosis of, 701;
sexual cells of, 581.

Platypsyllus, 62.

Platysamia, 460.

Platyzosteria, 371.

Plectoptera, 459, 466.

Pleuropodia, 476, 551, 583.

Pleurum, 87.

Plumules, 198.

Pocock, on classification of myriopoda, 12, 21.

Poduridæ, 574.

Poisonous spines, 191, 199.

Poisons, effect of, on pulsations, 412;
on hairs, 191, 199.

Poison apparatus, 357;
glands, 357;
nature of, 357.

Polar cells, 580.

Polymitarcys, 467.

Polymorphous insects, 597.

Polynema, hypermetamorphosis of, 702.

Polynephria, 354.

Polyphemus silkworm, 621.

Polypodous ancestor of insects, 22;
embryos, 550.

Polypody, 550;
suppression of in dipterous embryos, 707.

Pore-canals, 188.

Porthesia, 529.

Postfurca, 92.

Post-gula, 54, 68.

Post-retinal fibres, 231, 232.

Postscutellum, 87.

Pouch, copulatory, 505.

Poujade, on flight, 159.

Poulton, on the differences between the limbs of the pupa and imago,
628.

Præscutum, 87.

Pratt, on absence of polypodous embryo in Muscidæ, 55;
on the dorsal position of the stomodæum of Diptera, 537;
on epigenetic period, 688;
on fate of the leucocytes, 685;
post-embryonic changes of Melophagus, 686;
significance of metamorphosis, 688;
on wing-buds, 127.

Preantennal appendages, 548.

Premandibular segment, 51, 52, 549.

Press of spinning apparatus, 341.

Primitive band, 531;
streak, 531.

Prionocyphon, 472.

Prisopus, 69, 477.

Proboscis, 446.

Procephalic lobes, 544.

Proctodæum, 537, 547, 569.

Prodoxus, 606.

Progoneate myriopods, 21.

Pronotum, 87.

Pronucleus, 526.

Propodeum, 163.

Propupa, 627.

Prosopistoma, 467.

Prostheca, 61.

Prothorax, 86.

Protocerebrum, 231, 232;
its representative in annelids, 227.

Proventricular valvule, 313.

Proventriculus, 306;
“beak” of, 312;
formation of, in imago, 682;
use of, 311, 324, 325.

Prussic acid, 374.

Psephenus, 462, 473.

Pseudoglomeris, 598.

Pseudonychium, 97.

Pseudo-tracheæ, 446.

Psocus, 616.

Psychodes, 474.

Psylla, 361, 518;
glandular hairs of, 192;
nymph of, 163.

Pteronarcys, 468, 476.

Pterygodes, 89.

Pterygota, 27, 595.

Pulex, number of moults of, 617.

Pulex canis, hatching spine of, 586;
hypopharynx of, 77.

Pulling power, 218.

Pulse, 411.

Pulvillus, 97, 114, 116.

Pump, pharyngeal, 302;
adaptation of, to its surroundings, 631;
armature of, 631;
structure, 632.

Pupa, coarctate, 621, 626;
libera, 626;
mode of escape of, from its cocoon, 632;
mode of suspension, 637;
nymphalid, 631;
obtecta, 626;
spines of, 629;
state defined, 625.

Pupa, semi, 691.

Pupal, pseudo-, stage, 691;
sustainers, 638.

Puparium, 621.

Pupation, mechanism of, 661;
process of, 659.

Pupipara, post-embryonic changes in, 686.

Pushing power, 218.

Pygidium, 163.

Pyloric valvule, 315.

Pyrophorus, 424.

Pyrrarctia, 617.

Pyrrhocoris, 372.

Quiescent pupal life, 598.

Ranatra, 523.

Raphidia, 631.

Raschke, on the rectal respiration of Culex, 465.

Rath, Vom, on larval Julus, 13.

Ratzeburg, on composition of head in Hymenoptera, 55.

Réaumur, on the cremaster, 637;
on the double sexual openings of Ephemera, 489;
on germs of wings, 128;
on the heart, 403;
on the mechanism of pupation, 661;
on metamorphosis, 642;
on the origin of legs of imago from those of the larva, 654;
on rectal respiration, 463;
on sense of smell, 264;
on vision, 256.

Rectal glands, 318;
tracheal gills, 463.

Rectum, 318;
of embryo, 577.

Reinhard, on head of Hymenoptera, 55;
on the median segment, 164.

Reproduction, organs of, 485;
origin of, 575.

Repugnatorial glands, distribution of, 382.

Respiration, 430, 451;
rectal, 463.

Respiratory system, 430;
mechanism of, 451.

Resting stage, 707.

Retina, origin of, 568.

Retinula, cells of, 250, 253.

Rhabdites, 167, 517.

Rhabdom, 250.

Rhabdopoda, 176.

Rhipiphorus paradoxus, 697.

Rhopalum, 636;
pupal spines of, 636.

Rib, Semper’s, 121.

Ribs of wings, 146.

Ridges, primitive, of nervous system, 554.

Riley, on the cremaster, 637;
egg-burster, 585;
hatching of seventeen-year Cicada, 584;
life-history of Epicauta, 692.

Rods of eye, 253.

Rods, visual, of eye, origin of, 568.

Rombouts, on locomotion of insects on smooth surfaces, 114.

Ruptor ovi, 585.

Ryder, on loss of tarsi, 101;
on Scolopendrella, 19.

Sacs, air, 456;
use of, 457;
coxal, 14;
eversible, 369;
hypodermal, 653.

Saliva, 324;
poisonous, 359.

Salivary duct of Stomoxys, 446;
glands, 331, 570;
glands, formation of imaginal during metamorphosis, 683;
homologues of coxal glands, 337;
modified, 337;
segmental arrangement of, 331.

Savigny on epipharynx, 43;
on homologies of appendages, 39, 71.

Saw-fly, 374.

Scale-hairs, 198.

Scales, 187, 193, 202;
battledore, 198;
development of, 195;
distribution of, 193;
of fly’s wing, 124;
scent, 198;
flattened, 193;
striæ of, 194, 202.

Scape, 57.

Scent-glands, 39.

Scent-scales, 198.

Scepsis, 618.

Schæffer, on blood, etc., in the pupal wings, 146;
the fat-body, 420;
leucocytes, 421;
on origin of scales, 196;
on the rudimentary wings, 128.

Schatz, on colors of butterflies, 202.

Schiemenz, on salivary glands of bees, 334.

Schindler, on urinary tubes, 351.

Schiödte on blood-gills, 475.

Schmidt, on the metamorphosis of male Coccidæ, 640;
Scolopendrella, 21, 24.

Schneider, on the funnel of the proventriculus, 313;
on spermatophores, 500.

Sciara, 348, 636.

Sclerites, cervical, 46.

Scolopendrella, 18;
the ancestor of insects, 17;
spinning glands, 346.

Scudder on the glazed eye of pupal butterflies, 631.

Scutellum, 87.

Scutum, 87.

Secretion, definition of, 327;
mechanism of, 326;
products of, 329.

Sectores coconis, 634.

Segment, antennal, 227;
deutocerebral, 227;
intercalary, 51;
median, 90, 163;
premandibular, 51, 52, 228;
procerebral, 231.

Segmental arrangement of genital glands, 486.

Segments, number of, in head, 50, 68, 227, 229;
optic, 231;
origin of, 542.

Seirarctia, 618.

Selandria larva, mouth-parts of, 68.

Seminal ducts, 496.

Semipupa, 691.

Semper, ground-membrane of, 136;
on origin of hair-scales, 195.

Sense organs, special, in flies, 293.

Sensory organs, 249.

Serosa, 532.

Setæ, 188.

Sexual differences, secondary, 59, 99, 101, 114;
openings, double, 486, 490, 491.

Sharp, on causes of segmentation of Crustacea, 33;
on cervical sclerites, 46;
on sternites, 92;
homologies of elytra, 126.

Sheep-tick, 507;
post-embryonic changes of, 686.

Sialidæ, 602.

Sialis, 462, 468.

Siebold, organ of, 290;
on spermatophores, 500.

Silk, 340;
composition of, 346.

Silk-fibre, composition of, 346.

Silk-gland, 339;
anal, 346;
appendages of, 345;
histology of, 334;
modified coxal glands, 346;
moulting of, 345.

Silkworm, 331, 339, 366;
amount of food eaten by, 608;
functional salivary glands of, 331;
mode of escape of, from its cocoon, 635;
Polyphemus, 621;
voracity of, 608.

Simmermacher, on feet of insects, 113.

Simulium, 668, 678;
hypopharynx of, 78;
wing-germs of, 129.

Sinclair on double segments of Diplopods, 14.

Sisyra, abdominal appendages of, 164.

Sitaris, 691.

Slug-worm, 188.

Smell, experiments on, 269;
organs of, 264, 271;
physiology of, 268;
sense of, 368.

Smith, on lack of fore-tarsi in a moth, 102;
jointed structure and lacinia of mandibles, 61;
maxilla, 65;
on scent-glands, 391.

Sole, extensor, 116.

Somites, 30.

Sorby, on change of color in Aphides, 205.

Sounds, 293.

Specius, 585.

Spengel, on color sense, 260.

Spermatheca, 506.

Spermatid, 498.

Spermatocyte, 498.

Spermatogonium, 498.

Spermatophore cap, 499.

Spermatophores, 497, 499.

Spermatozoa, 497, 525;
formation of, 498.

Sperm-nucleus, 525.

Sphinx, 456, 552;
moulting of, 610.

Sphinx ligustri, changes during metamorphosis, 646.

Spilosoma, 391.

Spindle, directive, 525.

Spines, 187, 189;
glandular, 190;
helcodermatous, 612;
locomotor, 612;
moulting, 612;
poisonous, 189.

Spinneret, 342;
of caterpillars, 75.

Spinning apparatus, 340;
at end of body, 346;
glands, 339;
process of, 340.

Spinules, 189, 197.

Spiracles, 437;
types of, 438.

Spiral thread, 444;
absence of, 447;
origin of, 448.

Spraying apparatus, 370.

Spring of Collembola, 551.

Spuler, on pigments, 207, 208;
on structure of scales, 195, 197.

Squama, 123.

Squamæ, 124.

Squamula, 124.

Squamule, 89.

Stadia of metamorphosis, 594.

Stage, carabidoid, 692;
gastrula, 535;
metabolous, 594;
resting, 707;
scarabæidoid, 692.

Stages, ametabolous, 594.

Stagmomantis carolina, embryo of, 584;
hatching of, 584.

Staphylinus, 61, 454.

Stenobothrus sibiricus, swollen foretarsus in male, 113.

Stenosternus, 101.

Sternum, 87, 89.

Stigmata, 437;
closed, 460;
closing apparatus of, 441;
mesothoracic, 462;
number of, in the embryo, 554;
number of pairs of, 439, 461;
position of, 440;
vestigial, 460.

Sting, bee’s, 172.

Stipes, 63.

Stokes, on the tænidia, 445;
hairs in, 451.

Stomach, chyle, 314, 325;
absorbent cells of, 328;
glandular cells of, 327;
formation of, in imago fly, 681, 682;
origin of, 569.

Stomach-mouth, 309.

Stomodæum, 537, 547, 569.

Stomoxys, 446.

Strauss-Dürckheim, on the heart, 397;
on muscles of cockchafer, 213.

Streak, embryonal, 531;
primitive, 531.

Streblopus, 101.

Striæ of scales, 194, 202.

Styles, abdominal, 176;
of ovipositor, 167.

Stylopidæ, 486;
hypermetamorphosis of, 695.

Stylops childreni, triungulin larva of, 695.

Subgalea, 73.

Submentum, 54, 63, 68, 69.

Substance, fibrillar nerve, 238.

Sucking stomach, 302, 305.

Supra-anal plate, 181.

Supra-œsophageal ganglion, 231.

Supra-spinal vessel, 403.

Suranal plate, 181.

Surroundings, physical, 463.

Sustainers of the pupa, 638.

Swammerdam, on discovery of air-sacs, 456;
on germs of wings, 128;
on the mechanism of pupation, 661;
on metamorphosis, 599;
on rectal respiration, 463.

Swimming, act of, 116.

Symphyla, 18;
characters of, 22.

Synaptera, 27, 534, 594, 705.

Syromastes, 372.

Tabanus, 629;
mouth-parts of, 79.

Tænidia, 444;
origin of, 447, 448.

Talæporia, 634.

Talocera, 57.

Tanypus, 472.

Tarsus, 96;
changes of, from larva to imago of Lepidoptera, 655;
reduction in or loss of, 101, 102.

Taste, organs of, 281.

Tegeticula yuccasella, 65, 66.

Tegmina, 124.

Tegula, 89, 124, 125.

Telea polyphemus, amount of food eaten by, 608;
cocoon of, 621;
moulting of, 610;
thorax of, 88.

Teleas, hypermetamorphosis of, 703.

Telephorus, 111, 538;
tenent hairs of, 99.

Tenebrio, 617.

Tenent hairs, 99.

Tentacle of maxilla, 65.

Tentorium, 49.

Tergum, 87.

Termen, 122.

Termes, abdomen, 162;
origin of wings of, 140, 143.

Termes flavipes, 64.

Termopsis, 48, 64.

Testes, 487, 495;
incipient eggs in the germ of the testis, 504.

Theory of incasement, 641.

Thomas, on origin of scent-scales, 199.

Thorax, 86, 95;
gills on, 468.

Thread-plate, 575.

Thread, spiral, 444;
origin of, 447, 448.

Thyridium, 124.

Thyridopteryx, 634.

Thysanoptera, nymph of, 597.

Thysanura, 72;
cercopods of, 164;
genital organs of, 486.

Tibia, 96;
formation of, in imago of Lepidoptera, 655.

Tineid larva, wing-buds of, 652;
wing-germs of, 129.

Tipula, 629;
flight of, 151, 152;
thorax of, 91.

Tissue, connective, 574.

Tongue, 70.

Torulus, 57.

Tracheæ, 431, 442;
capillary, 655;
distribution of, 432;
end-cells, 437;
hairs in, 451;
moulting of, 612;
origin of, 553;
origin of, in worms, 442;
size of, 433;
of wings, 144.

Tracheal gills, of adult insects, 476;
rectal, 463.

Tracheal system, amphipneustic type, 462;
apneustic type, 459;
closed, 459;
holopneustic type, 459;
metapneustic type, 461;
peripneustic type, 462;
propneustic type, 462;
reformation of, in metamorphosis, 683.

Tracheoles, 126, 653.

Tract, optic, 253.

Trajectory made by wings, 150.

Tribolium, 617.

Trichodes, tracks of, 110.

Trichogen, 188, 199, 366.

Trichoptera, 469;
appendages, 550;
development of wings of, 142;
embryology of, 537;
eversible glands of, 375;
haustellum of, 75;
hypopharynx of, 74;
pupal jaws of, 633;
spinneret, 74.

Trilobita, 5.

Tritocerebrum, 231, 237.

Triunguline larva, 100, 693, 695.

Trochanter, 496;
divided, 97.

Trochantine, 95.

Trogoderma, 617.

Trophi, 54, 59, 549.

Trouvelot, on the moulting fluid, 610;
process of moulting of Telea, 610;
spinning of cocoon by Telea, 621.

Truxalis, 422.

Tubercles, 187, 192.

Tubes, egg, 501;
ovarian, 501;
urinary, 316, 317, 348, 353, 572.

Tympanum, 289.

Typhlocyba, 616.

Uljanin, on the sexual cells of the honey bee, 582.

Ungues, 96.

Uranidin, 206.

Urates, 352.

Urea, 352.

Urech, on pigments, 206, 208.

Uric acid, 352.

Urinary bladder, 351;
tubes, 316, 317, 348;
absent in Collembola, 353;
excretions of, 351;
origin of, 572;
primitive number of, 352;
solid contents of, 352.

Urine, 206.

Urite, 163.

Uromeres, 163.

Uro-patagia, 183.

Urosome, 163.

Urosternites, 163.

Uterus, 507.

Utriculi, 487.

Uzel, on the embryology of Campodea, 51, 53;
premandibular segment in Campodea, 51, 52.

Vagina, 507.

Valery-Mayet, on life-history of Sitaris, 691.

Vallisneri, on the cremaster, 637.

Valvule, cardiac, 312;
proventricular, 313;
pyloric, 315.

Van Bemmelen, on colors, 208.

Vanessa antiopa, 638.

Vanessa io, 381.

Vanessa urticæ, before pupation, 644;
changes in nervous system during its metamorphosis, 646.

Van Rees, on post-embryonic changes of Muscidæ, 673, 674, 676, 680,
683, 684.

Vas deferens, 496;
origin of, 579.

Vasa deferentia, 496;
origin of, 579.

Vayssière, on lingua of Ephemera, 73.

Veins of wings, 121, 144.

Velum penis, 181.

Venomous glands, 358.

Vent, 319.

Ventriculus, 314.

Vermipsylla, tongue of, 77.

Verson, on serially arranged dermal glands, 366;
vestigial stigmata, 460.

Vesicles, air, 456;
use of, 457;
frontal, 621;
of head of semipupal fly, 677.

Vespa crabro, 217;
olfactory organs of, 276.

Vessel, dorsal, 397;
urinary, 316, 348.

Vestigial tracheæ, 460.

Viallanes, on brain, 231;
head segments, 51.

Vision, mode of, by compound eyes, 256;
by simple eyes, 255.

Vitelline membrane, 520.

Viviparous insects, 515.

Volucella, thorax of, 91.

Vosseler, on fœtid glands, 369.

Wagner, on the circulation, 419.

Walking, mechanics of, 103, 106.

Walter, on epipharynx of moths, 44;
on hypopharynx of moths, 75.

Wasps, taste-organs of, 277, 286.

Wax, of butterfly, 364;
of caterpillar, 364;
of saw-fly larva, 364.

Wax-glands, 361, 364.

Weevil, embryology of, 538;
bean and pea, hypermetamorphosis of, 700.

Weismann’s discovery of imaginal buds, 599, 643, 650;
on formation of imago, 67;
vesicle of semipupal fly, 677;
on tracheæ, 434;
on origin of tracheæ, 447;
on origin of wings, 127, 129;
theory of histolysis, 643.

West, Tuffen, on feet of fly, etc., 100;
on walking, 99.

Westwood, on head of Hymenoptera, 55.

Wheeler, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
on the homologies of the ovipositor, 167;
homology and primitive number of urinary tubes, 354, 355;
on œnocytes, 423;
on pleuropodia, 476, 550, 551;
on the premandibular segment, 51;
on structure of chorion, 521.

Wielowiejski, on blood tissue, 408;
egg-tubes, 502;
fat-body, 419;
phosphorescence, 424;
tracheæ and their endings, 436.

Williston, on anal glands, 372.

Will, on organs of taste, 282.

Wing-buds, or discs, 127, 129;
rods, 146;
sheaths, 124.

Wingless insects, 598.

Wings, 120;
buds of, 664;
cells, 121;
circulation of blood in, 410;
development of tracheæ of, 144;
development of veins of, 144;
embryonic development of, 126;
folding of, 154, 156;
imaginal buds of, 653;
mechanism of, 153, 156;
origin of, 138;
primitive origin of, 137;
as respiratory organs, 461;
rudimentary, ground-membrane of, 136;
spreading of, 155;
theory of, 144;
tracheæ in, 122;
veins of, 121.

Wistinghausen, von, on tracheal endings, 436, 447.

Witlaczil, on honey dew, 364.

Wood-Mason, on gills of Paraponyx, 470;
on Scolopendrella, 19, 22.

Xiphidium, embryo of, 534;
indusium of, 534, 535.

Yersin, on results of section of commissures, 245.

Yolk, amount of, 524, 529;
membrane, 520;
segmentation of, 526;
cells, 562;
ridge, median, 563.

Zaitha, 431;
pleuropodia of, 551.

Zone, annular, 653.

-----

Footnote 1:

Zool. Anzeiger, xvi, 1893, pp. 271–5.

Footnote 2:

On the morphology of the Myriopoda, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1883, pp.
197–209.

Footnote 3:

Morphology and classification of the Pauropoda; also American
Naturalist, 1897, p. 410.

Footnote 4:

The term which we proposed for this hypothetical ancestor of insects,
“Leptus-like” or “Leptiform,” was an unfortunate one, since the name
Leptus was originally given to the six-legged larva of a mite
(Trombidium), the origin of the mites and other Arachnida being
entirely different from that of the myriopods and insects.

Footnote 5:

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1873, p. 3.

Footnote 6:

American Naturalist, May, 1880, pp. 375, 376.

Footnote 7:

Zoologische Anzeiger, Bd. xx, 1897, pp. 125 and 129. He also states
that Campodea resembles the myriopods, especially Geophilus, in the
primitive band at first lying on the surface of the yolk, and in the
absence of an amniotic cavity; also before hatching the abdomen is
pressed against the thorax, as in myriopods.

Footnote 8:

“Scolopendrella has very remarkable antennæ; they may be compared each
to a series of glass cups strung upon a delicate hyaline and
extensible rod of uniform thickness throughout; so that, like the body
of the creature, they shrink enormously when the animal is irritated
or thrown into alcohol, and they then possess scarcely two-thirds the
length they have in the fully extended condition, their cup-like
joints being drawn close together, one within the other. Peripatus,
Japyx, many (if not all) Homoptera, and the S. Asiatic relatives of
our common Glomeris have all more or less extensible antennæ.”
(Wood-Mason, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1879, p. 155.)

Footnote 9:

Lassaigne gave it the name of entomoline.

Footnote 10:

Miall and Denny ex Krukenberg; Kolbe gives the formula as
C_{9}H_{15}NO_{6} or C_{18}H_{15}NO_{12}. As the result of his recent
researches, Krawkow (Zeits. Biol., xxix, 1892, p. 177) states that the
chemical composition of chitin may prove to be somewhat variable.

Footnote 11:

On allowing portions of a locust, a piece of the integument of
Limulus, a scorpion, and a myriopod to soak for a month in white
potash, neither were dissolved or affected by the reagent.

Footnote 12:

We may add, while correcting the proofs of this book, that the
important summary, by Uzel, of his work on the embryology of Campodea
appears in the Zoologischer Anzeiger for July 5, 1897. He observes
that the premandibular segment in the embryo is very distinct, and
that the two projections arising from it persist in the adult.
“Campodea is now the first example where these appendages are present
in the sexually mature insect and function as constituents of the
completed mouth parts. I propose for these hitherto overlooked
structures the name of intercalary lobes.” They each form a slightly
developed chitinous lobe covering a gap between the base of the labium
and the fused external lobe and palpus of the first maxillæ (which are
inclined near the labium) in place of the mandibles which have sunken
inward. Uzel also homologizes these appendages with two similar
projections (Höcker) observed in the embryo of Geophilus by Zograf to
be situated in front of the mandibles. Heymons has also detected this
segment in the embryo of Lepisma.

Footnote 13:

While these pages are still in type, we may add, in confirmation of
this view, that Uzel states, from his researches on the embryology of
Campodea, that the maxillary tergites of the embryo only slightly
share in building up the tergal region (occiput) of the head, but that
they form the genæ of the maxillary segments. (Zool. Anzeiger, July 5,
1897, p. 235.)

Footnote 14:

Miall and Denny in their work on the cockroach, in describing the
labium, remark: “The upper edge is applied to the occipital frame, but
is neither continuous with that structure nor articulated thereto. By
stripping off the labium upwards it may be seen that it is really
continuous with the chitinous integument of the neck” (p. 95). This
is, we think, a mistaken view, as proved by the embryology of the
Odonata and of Nematus. Our statements on this subject were first
published in part in 1871, and more fully in the third Report, U. S.
Ent. Commission, 1883, pp. 284, 285. We also stated that all the gular
region of the head probably represents the base of the primitive
second maxillæ.

Footnote 15:

After we had arrived at this conclusion, and written the above lines,
we received the Zoologischer Anzeiger for March 29, 1897, in which Dr.
N. Léon publishes the same view, stating that each side of the
submentum is the homologue of the cardo, and each side of the mentum
corresponds to the stipes of a single maxilla (p. 74).

Footnote 16:

Miall and Denny were the first to homologize the paraglossæ with the
galea and lacinia, showing the complete resemblance of the second
maxillæ to the first pair, remarking that “the homology of the labium
with the first pair of maxillæ is in no other insects so distinct as
in the Orthoptera.” We have also independently arrived at a similar
conclusion, but believe that the mentum corresponds to the first
maxillary cardo, and the palpifer to the first maxillary stipes, the
sclerite of each maxilla being fused to form the base of the labium,
_i.e._ the unpaired mentum and submentum.

Footnote 17:

Uzel states that what is regarded as the ligula of Campodea is formed
from the sternite of the first maxillary segment; while the two parts
regarded as paraglossæ grow out from the sternite of the mandibular
segment, and these three structures together he regards as the
hypopharynx. (Zool. Anzeiger, July 5, 1897, p. 234.)

Footnote 18:

See, also, Breithaupt, Ueber die Anatomie und die Functionen der
Bienenzunge, 1886. It confirms and extends Cheshire’s work.

Footnote 19:

Cholodkowsky, Zool. Anz., ix, p. 615; x, p. 102.

Footnote 20:

Zool. Anz., ix, p. 711.

Footnote 21:

Ent. Amer., v, p. 110, Pl. II, Fig. 7.

Footnote 22:

In his account of his studies on the locomotion of insects, De Moor
states that he obtained the track of each of the feet in different
colors by coating them with different pigments; the insect, as it
moved, left its track on a strip of paper. (Archives de Biologie,
Liège, 1890.)

Footnote 23:

Carlet and also De Moor (1890) confirm Graber’s statement that in
beetles the first and last appendages on the same side are in contact
with the ground, while the middle one is raised. On the other side of
the body the middle appendage is on the ground and the first and last
one raised.

Footnote 24:

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xx, p. 168.

Footnote 25:

Proc. Ent. Soc. London. Feb. 19, 1896. Heymons also shows that the
germs of the elytra of the larva of _Tenebrio molitor_ in the prepupal
stage are like those of other insects. (Sitzungs-Ber. Gesell. natur f.
Freunde zu Berlin, 1896, pp. 142–144.)

Footnote 26:

Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte und Reproductionsfähigkeit der
Orthopteren. Von Vitus Graber. Sitzungsberichte d. math.-naturw.
Classe der Akad. d. Wissensch., Wien. Bd. lv, Abth. i, 1867; also Die
Insekten.

Footnote 27:

On the transformations of the common house fly, by A. S. Packard, Jr.
Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xvi, 1874. See Pl.
3, Figs. 12_a_, 12_b_.

Footnote 28:

See our Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 66, Figs. 65, 66.

Footnote 29:

Our Common Insects, 1873, p. 171.

Footnote 30:

Compare the observations of Palmén, Gerstäcker, Vayssière, and others.

Footnote 31:

Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Termiten. Jenaische Zeitschrift für
Naturwissenchaft, Bd. ix, Heft 2, p. 253, 1875. Compare, however,
Palmén’s Zur Morphologie des Tracheensystems, Helsingfors, 1877,
wherein he opposes Müller’s view and adopts Gegenbaur’s. See p. 8,
footnote.

Footnote 32:

Pancritius, who also adopted Müller’s views, lays much stress on the
fact that in larvæ of some orders the tracheæ do not enter the
rudimentary wings until the end of larval life, and hence the wings
have not originated from tracheal gills, but were originally “perhaps
only protective covers for the body.”

Footnote 33:

Reproduced from the author’s remarks in Third Report U. S. Ent.
Commission, pp. 268–271, 1883.

Footnote 34:

Von Lendenfeld, however, points out the fact that Straus-Durckheim
proved that the wings of beetles are moved by a complicated system of
numerous muscles. “In the Lepidoptera I have never found less than six
muscles to each wing, as also in the Hymenoptera and Diptera.” “The
motions of the wings of Libellulidæ are the combined working of
numerous muscles and cords, and of a great number of chitinous pieces
connected by joints.”

Footnote 35:

Heymons, however, denies that the so-called cerci in Odonata are such,
and claims that they are the homologues of the “caudal processes”
(superior terminal appendages of Calvert), because they arise from the
tenth abdominal segment.

Footnote 36:

Amer. Nat., iv, December, 1870.

Footnote 37:

Handbuch der Zoologie, p. 17, 1863, Fig. 162.

Footnote 38:

In my account of the anatomy of _Melanoplus spretus_, 1st Report U. S.
Entomological Commission, p. 259, I have called these the infra-anal
flaps or _uro-patagia_.

Footnote 39:

It has been suggested to us by A. A. Packard that the power possessed
by insects of transporting loads much heavier than themselves is
easily accounted for, when we consider that the muscles of the legs of
an insect the size of a house-fly (¼ inch long), and supporting a load
399 times its own weight, would be subjected to the same stress (per
square inch of cross-section) as they would be in a fly 100 inches
long of precisely similar shape, that carried only its own weight;
from the mechanical law that, while the weight of similar bodies
varies as the cube of the corresponding dimensions, the area of
cross-section of any part (such as a section of the muscles of the
leg) varies only as the square of the corresponding dimensions. In
short, the muscles of a fly carrying this great proportional weight
undergo no greater tension than would be exerted by a colossal insect
in walking.

Footnote 40:

This has been shown to be the case by Michels, who states that each
commissure is formed of three parallel bundles of elementary
nerve-fibres, which pass continuously from one end of the ventral or
nervous cord to the other. “The commissures take their origin neither
out of a central punctsubstanz (or marksubstanz), nor from the
peripheral ganglion-cells of the several ganglia, but are mere
continuations of the longitudinal fibres which decrease posteriorly in
thickness, and extend anteriorly through the commissures, forming the
œsophageal ring, to the brain.”

Footnote 41:

The following extract from Newton’s paper shows, however, that the
infra or subœsophageal ganglion, according to Faivre, has the power of
coördinating the movements of the body; still, it seems to us that the
brain is primarily concerned in the exercise of this power, as the
nerves from the subœsophageal ganglion supply only the mouth-parts.
“The physiological experiments of Faivre in 1857 (Ann. des Sci. Nat.
tom. viii, p. 245), upon the brain of Dyticus in relation to
locomotion, are of very considerable interest, showing, as they appear
to do, that the power of coördinating the movements of the body is
lodged in the infraœsophageal ganglion. And such being the case, both
the upper and lower pairs of ganglia ought to be regarded as forming
parts of the insect’s brain.”—Quart. Jour. Micr. Sc., 1879, p. 342.

Footnote 42:

The arthropod protocerebrum probably represents the annelid brain
(supraœsophageal ganglion). The antennal segment (deutocerebrum), with
the premandibular (intercalary) segment (tritocerebrum) originally
postoral, have, as Lankester suggests, in the Arthropoda moved forward
to join the primitive brain. See Wheeler, Journ. Morphology, Boston,
viii, p. 112.

Footnote 43:

Viallanes’ assertion that the instincts of the horse-flies and
dragon-flies are “lower” than those of the locusts, may, it seems to
us, well be questioned.

Footnote 44:

A. S. Packard, Experiments on the vitality of insects, Psyche, ii, 17,
1877.

Footnote 45:

Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1889, p. xxiv.

Footnote 46:

J. Müller, Physiology of the Senses. Trans. by Baly, copied from
Lubbock, p. 176.

Footnote 47:

Hauser here uses the word _taster_, but this means palpus or feeler.
It is probably a _lapsus pennæ_ for teeth (Kegeln).

Footnote 48: