Chapter XI (2)

The Sail _of a ship or boat_, E_ee_'_ai_.
To sail, _or to be under sail_, E'whano.
Salt, _or salt water_, Ty'ty, s. Meede.
Sand, _dust_, E'one.
Saturn, Whati'hëa.
Saunders's _island_, Tab_oo_a, Manoo.
A Saw, E_ee'oo_.
A Scab, E'tona.
_A fish's_ Scale _or scales_, Pöa.
_A pair of_ Scissars, O't_oo_bo,
s. O'tob_oo_.
A Scoop, _to empty water from a canoe_, E'tata.
To scrape _a thing_, _Oo_'a_oo_.
To scratch _with the fingers_, Era'ra_oo_.
Scratched, _a scratched metal_, etc. Pah_oo_re'h_oo_re.
The Sea-cat, _a fish so called_, P_oo_he.
The Sea, Ta_ee_, s. M_ee_de.
A Sea-egg, He'awy.
A Seam _between two planks_, Fatoo'wh_ai_ra.
To search _for a thing that is lost_, Oö,s.Pae'm_ee_.
A Seat, Papa.
Secret, _a secret whispering, or slandering
another_, Ohe'm_oo_.
The Seed _of a plant,_ H_oo_a't_oo_t_oo_,
s. Ehooero
The sense _of seeing_, E'h_ee_'o.
To send, Eho'pöe.
A Sepulchre, _or burying-place_, Ma'ray.
A Servant, T_ow_t_ow_.
Seven, A'H_ee_t_oo_.
To sew, _or string_, E't_oo_e.
Seyne, _to haul a seyne_, Etoroo te p_ai_a.
Shady, Mar_oo_,maroo.
To shake, _or agitate a thing_, E_oo_a'wai.
A Shark, Mäo.
Sharp, _not blunt_, Oö'ëe.
To shave, _or take off the beard_, Eva'r_oo_,
s.Whanne, whanne.
_A small_ Shell, Ot'eo.
_A tyger_ Shell, Pore'h_oo_.
Shew _it me_, Enara.
A Ship, P_a_hee.
Shipwreck, Ara'wha.
_A white_ Shirt, Par_oo_'y.
To shiver _with cold_, A'tete.
_Mud_ Shoes, _or fishing shoes_, Tama.
The Shore, Euta.
Short, Po'potoo.
Shut, _not open_, Opa'n_ee_,
s. Poo'peepe.
Sickness, Matte my Mamy.
_The left_ Side, A'r_oo_de.
The Side, E'reea'wo.
_The right_ Side, Atou,a'taou.
Sighing, Fa'ëa.
Silence, Fatte'b_oo_a.
Similar, _or alike_, _Oo_whyä'da.
To sink, A'tomo.
A Sister, T_oo_'h_ei_ne.
To sit _down_, A'noho.
To sit _cross-legged_, T_ee_'py.
Six, A'Hon_oo_.
A Skate-fish, E'wha_ee_.
The Skin, _Ee_'ree.
The Sky, E'ra_ee_.
To sleep, Möe.
_The long_ Sleep, _or death_, Möe röa.
To sleep, _when sitting_, T_oo_'roore,möe.
A Sling, E'ma.
Slow, Marra,marröa,s.Fate.
Small, _little_, _Ee_te.
_The sense of_ smelling, Fata't_oo_,
s._Oo_too,too,too.
Smell _it_, H_oi_na.
To smell, Ahe'_oi_.
Smoke, E'_oo_ra.
Smooth, Pa'ya.
Smutting _the face with charcoal for
funeral ceremonies_, Bap'para.
_A sea_ Snake, _that has alternate
rings of a white and black colour_, P_oo_h_ee_'ar_oo_.
To snatch _a thing hastily_, E'h_ai_r_oo_.
Sneezing, Mach_ee_'_ai_.
Snipe, _a bird resembling a snipe, of
a black and brown colour_, T_ee_'t_ee_.
Snot 'H_oo_pe.
Soberness, _sobriety, sober, not given_ T_ei_r_ei_da.
_to drunkenness_,
To soften, Epar_oo_'par_oo_.
Softness, _that is, not hard_, Maroo.
The Sole _of the foot_, Tap_oo_'y.
A Son My'de.
A Son-in-law, H_oo_'nöa.
A Song, Heeva.
A Sore, _or ulcer_, O'pai.
Soreness, _or pain_, Ma'may.
Sound, _any sound that strikes the ear_, Pa'_ee_na.
A Span, Ewhäe ono.
To speak, Paraou.
Speak; _he speaks not from the heart, Neeate _oo_t_oo_ te parou
his words are only on his lips_, no nona.
A Spear, _or lance_, Täo.
To spill, Emare.
To spit, Too't_oo_a.
_To_ spread, _or to expand a thing, as_ Ho'hora.
_cloth, etc._
To squeeze, _or press hard_, Ne,'ne_ee_.
To squeeze, _or press gently with the hand_, Roro'm_ee_.
Squint-eyed, Matta'areva.
_A fighting_ Stage _in a boat_, E't_oo_t_ee_.
To stamp _with the feet, to trample on Tata'hy.
a thing_,
Stand _up_, Atëarenona.
A Star, E'f_ai_too, s. Hwettoo.
A Star-fish, Eve'r_ee_.
To startle, _as when one dreams_ Wa'hee, te'dirre.
Stay, _or wait a little_, A'r_ee_a, s. Ar_ee_'ana.
To steal, 'Woreedo.
Steep, _as steep rocks, or cliffs_, Mato.
_A walking_ Stick, 'Tame.
Stinking, _ill-smelled, as stinking water,etc._ Na'm_oo_a,
s. N_ee_'n_ee_o.
Stink, _to stink or smell ill_, F_ou_, f_ou_.
To stink, _as excrement_, P_ee_ro,p_ee_ro.
The Stomach, 'Para_ee_'a.
A Stone, Owhay.
_A polished_ Stone, used to beat victuals P_ai_'noo.
into a paste_,
Stones, _upright stones which stand on
the paved area before huts_, T_oo_'t_oo_re.
_A small_ Stool, _to lay the head
on when asleep_, Papa, s. Papa, r_oo_ä.
Stool, _to go to stool_, T_ee_t_ee_'o.
To stop, A'too.
The Stopper _of a quiver_, Ponau.
A Storm _of wind, rain, thunder_, etc. Tarooa.
Strait, _narrow, not wide_, P_ee_re,peere.
Striking, _hollow striking in dancing_, Ap_ee_.
The String _of a quiver_, E'aha.
Strong, _as a strong man_, _O'o_mara.
Struck, A'b_oo_l_a_.
Stupidity, _ignorance_, W_ee_a'l_a_.
To suck _as a child_, Ote,ote.
Sugar _cane_, E'To, s. Töo.
Suicide, Euha'a_ou_.
Sultry, _or hot air_, Poh_ee_a.
The Sun, Mahanna, s. Era.
_The meridian_ Sun, T_ei_'n_ee_a te Mahanna.
Supine, _lying_, Fateeraha.
Surf _of the sea_, Horo'w_ai_.
_An interjection of_ Surprise,
_or admiration_, Allaheuee'_ai_.
To surround, A'b_oo_ne.
To swallow, Horo'm_ee_.
The Sweat _of the body, or to sweat_ E'h_ou_, s. Eh_ou_ h_ou_.
A sweet _taste_, Mona.
Swell _of the sea_, E'r_oo_.

T.

A Tail, Ero.
A Tail _of a bird_, E'hoppe.
To take _a friend by the hand_, Etoo'ya_oo_.
To take _off, or unloose_, Eve'vette.
To take _care of the victuals_, Ewhaapoo te maa.
To talk, _or converse_, Paraou.
_The sense of_ tasting, Tama'ta.
A Tetotum, _or whirligig_, E'piröa.
To tear _a thing_, Ha'hy, s. Whatte.
A Teat, _or dug_, E'_oo_.
The Teeth, E'n_ee_h_ee_o.
Ten A'h_oo_r_oo_.
To tend, _or feed hogs_, Ew_h_a_ee_ te Böa.
Tenants, Af_eu_'h_au_.
_A black_ Tern, _with a whitish head_, O_ee_'o.
There, Te'raee.
They, _them, or theirs_, To'ta_oo_a.
Thickness, _applied to solid bodies_, Meoo'meoo.
Thick, _as thick cloth_, etc. T_oo_e'too'e.
Thick, _muddy_, Ewore'r_oo_,s.Eworepe.
Thine, _it is yours, or belongs to you_, No öe.
Thirst, W'ah_ee_'y.
Thoughts, Para_ou_, no te o'p_oo_.
_An appearance of_ thoughtfulness, Fate'b_oo_a.
Three, Tor_oo_.
The Throat, Ara'poa.
To throw, _or heave a thing_, Taora.
To throw _a thing away_, Harre'wai.
To throw _a ball_, Ama'h_oo_a.
To throw _a lance_, Evara'towha.
Throw, _shall I throw it_, Taure'a'a.
Throwing _in dancing_, Hoe'aire.
The Thumb, E'r_ee_ma,erahai.
Thunder, Pa't_ee_re.
Tickle, _to tickle a person_, My'n_ee_na.
A Tide, _or current_, A'ow.
To tie _a knot_, Ty.
Time, _a space of time, from 6 to 10
at night_, O't_oo_e, teepo.
Time, _a little time, a small space_, Popo'_eu_n_oo_.
Time, _a long time, a great while_, Ta'moo.
A Title _belonging to a woman of rank_, E'tapay'r_oo_.
A Toe _of the foot_, Man_ee_o.
A Tomb, T_oo_,pap'pou.
The Tongue, E'rero.
A Tortoise, E'hon_oo_.
Touching, Fa'fa.
Tough, _as tough meat_, etc. Ah_oo_'_ou_e.
A Town, E'farre p_oo_to p_oo_t_oo_.
To trample _with the foot_, Tata'he, s. Ta'ta'hy.
A Tree, E'räo.
A Tree, _from which they make clubs, Töa (Eräo.)
spears_, etc.
To tremble, _or shudder with cold_, _Oo_a'titte, s. Eta.
Trembling, _shaking_, A_ou_'dou.
To trip _one up in wrestling_, Me'häe.
A Tropic-bird, Man_oo_'roa.
Truth, Eva_ee_'röa,s.Para_ou_,mou.
To tumble, P_ou_ta'heite.
A Turban, E'täe.
To turn, _or turned_, _Oo_'ahöe.
To turn, _as in walking backwards and
forwards_, H_oo_d_ee_p_ee_pe.
Twins, _twin children_, Ma'hëa.
To twist _a rope_, Taw_ee_'r_ee_.
Two, E'Rooä.

U.

An Ulcer, _or sore_, O'p_ai_.
Under, _below, low down_, Oraro.
Under _sail_, P_ou_'pou_ee_.
To understand, Ee'te.
To undress, _or take off the clothes_, Ta'turra.
An unmarried _person_, Ar_ee_'_oi_.
Unripe, _as unripe fruit_,etc. P_oo_.

V.

_Luminous_ Vapour, Epao.
Vassal, _or subject_, Manna'h_ou_na.
Vast, Ara,hai,s.Mai,ara'hai.
The Veins _that run under the skin_, E'w_ou_a.
Venus, T_ou_'r_oo_a.
Vessel, _any hollow vessel, as cups of
nuts_,etc. _Ai_'boo.
Vessel, _a hollow vessel in which they
prepare an inebriating liquor_, _Oo_'mutte.
To vomit, Er_oo_'y.

W.

Wad, _tow, fibres like hemp_, Ta'm_ou_.
Wait, _stay a little_, Areeana.
Wake, _awake_, Arra arra, s. Era.
To walk out, Avou'_oi_a.
To walk _backwards and forwards_, H_oo_a p_ee_pe.
A Warrior, _soldier, or rather a man-killer_, Taatatöa.
Warmth, _heat_, Mahanna,hanna.
A Wart, Toria.
To wash, _as to wash cloth in water_, Mare.
To watch, Eteäe.
Water, A'vy.
Water-cresses, Pa'töa.
We, _both of us_, Ta_oo_a, s. Ar_oo_'r_oo_a.
A wedge, Era'h_ei_.
To weep, _or cry_, Hanö a,a,ta_ee_.
Well _recovered, or well escaped_, Woura, s. woo,ara.
Well, _it is well, charming, fine_, P_oo_ro'too.
What, _whats that_, E'hara, E'ha'rya,s.
Ye'ha_ee_a, expressed
inquisitively.
What _do you call that, what is the
name of it_, Owy te a_ee_'_oa_.
When, _at what time_, W'hëëa.
Where _is it_, Te'hëa.
Whet, _to whet or sharp a thing_, Evo_ee_.
To whistle, Ma'p_oo_.
Whistling, _a method of whistling to
call the people to meals_, Ep_ou_,maa.
To whisper _secretly, as in backbiting_, etc. Ohe'm_oo_.
Who _is that, what is he called_, Owy,tanna, s.
Owy,nana.
Whole, _the whole not a part of a thing_, E'ta,e'tea, s. A'ma_oo_.
Wide, _not strait or narrow_, Whatta,whatta.
A Widow, Wa't_oo_neea.
Wife, _my wife_, Ma'h_ei_ne.
The Wind, Mattay.
_The south-east_ Wind, Mattaee.
A Window, Ma'laee ou'panee.
The Wing _of a bird_, Ere'_ou_.
To wink, E'am_ou_,am_oo_.
To wipe _a thing clean_, Ho'ro_ee_.
Wish, _a wish to one who sneezes_, Eva'r_ou_a t Eät_oo_a.
Within _side_, T_ee_'ro to.
A Woman, Wa'h_ei_ne.
_A married_ Woman, Wa'h_ei_ne mou.
Woman, _she is a married woman, she
has got another husband_, Terra,tanne.
Won't _I won't do it_, 'A_eeoo_, expressed
angrily.
Wood _of any kind_, E'raö.
A Wound, Oo't_ee_.
A Wrestler, M_ou_na.
Wrinkled _in the face_, M_ee_o, m_ee_o.
The Wrist, Mo'möa.
A Wry-neck, Na'na.

Y.

To yawn, Ha'mamma.
Yellow _colour_, He'appa.
Yes, Ay, s. _ai_.
Yesterday, Ninna'hay.
Yesternight, Ere'po.
York _island_, Ei'mëo.
Yon Oë.
young,_as a young animal of any kind_, P_ee_'n_ai_a.

A TABLE EXHIBITING AT ONE VIEW, SPECIMENS OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN THE SOUTH-SEA, FROM EASTER ISLAND, WESTWARD TO NEW CALEDONIA, AS OBSERVED IN THE VOYAGE.

English. Otaheite. Easter Island.
The Marquesas Isles. The Island of Amsterdam. New Zealand.
Malicolo. Tanna. New Caledonia

A Bird, 'Man_oo_,[22] 'Man_oo_,
'Manu_oo_,
Man_oo_, Manee, s. Man_eek_.

A Bow E'fanna,
'Fanna,
Nabrr_oo_s, Na'fanga.

Bread-fruit _Oo_r_oo_,
Mai_ee_,
Ba'rabe, Tag'_oo_r_oo_.

A canoe E'väa 'Wagga,
Ev'äa, Ta'wagga,
Wang.

Cloth Ah_oo_, 'Ah_oo_,
'Ah_oo_, s. A'hoo_ee_a, Babba'langa,Kak'ah_oo_,
Ta'nar_ee_, Hamban.

A Cocoa-nut 'Ar_ee_,
'Eeoo,
Nar_oo_, Nab_oo_'y, 'N_eeoo_.

To drink Ayn_oo_' A_ee_n_oo_,
'A_ee_n_oo_,
No'a_ee_, N_ooee_, 'Oo_d_oo_, s. _Oo_nd_oo_.

The Eye Matta, Matta,
'Matta, s. Matta_ee_a, 'Matta, 'Matta,
M_ai_tang, Nan_ee_'maiuk, T_ee_'vein.

The Ear Ta'r_ee_a, Ta'r_ee_an,
B_oo_'_ee_na, Ta'r_ee_ka,
Talingan, F_ee_n_ee_'enguk, Gain'_ee_ng.

Fish 'Eya, _Ee_ka,
'_Ee_ka, '_Ee_ka,
'Nam_oo_.

A Fowl, Möa, Möa,
Möa,
Moe'r_oo_.

The Hand, E'r_ee_ma, 'R_ee_ma,
E_oo_'my, E'r_ee_ma, 'R_ee_nga,
Badon'h_ee_n.

The Head, _Oo_'po, Aö'po,
Tak'_oo_po,
Ba's_ai_ne, N_oo_gwa'n_aium, Gar'moing.

A Hog, 'Böa,
'B_oo_a, B_oo_'acka,
'Brr_oo_as, 'B_oo_ga, s. 'B_oo_gas.

I,myself, W_ou_, s. _ou_,
'W_ou_, _Ou_.

To laugh, 'Atta,
Katta,
'Häarish, Ap, s.Gye'ap.

A Man, 'Täata, Papa?
T_ee_to,
Ba'rang, Nar_oo_'mäan.

The Navel, 'P_ee_to,
P_ee_to, s. P_ee_to'ai, P_ee_to,
Nomprtong, Nap_ee_ rainguk, Whanb_oo_ _ee_n.

No, (1)'Ayma,(2)Y_ai_ha,(3)A'_ou_re,'_Ei_sa,
'_Ee_sha, Ka'_ou_re,
Ta'ep, E'sa, '_Ee_va, _Ee_ba.

Plantains, 'M_ai_ya, (1)Maya, (2)F_oo_tse,
M_ai_e_ea_, 'F_oo_dje,
Nabrruts.

Puncturation, Ta't_ou_,
E'pat_oo_, Ta't_ou_, Moko,
'Gan, s. Gan,galang.

Rain, E'_oo_a, '_Oo_a,

Na'mawar, _Oo_e.

Sugar cane, E'To, To,

Na'r_oo_k.

The Teeth, E'n_ee_h_ee_o, 'N_ee_ho,
E'n_ee_ho, 'N_ee_fo, N_ee_ho,
R_ee_'bohn, 'Warrewuk, s. 'R_ai_buk, Penna'w_ei_n.

Water, A'vay, E'vy,

Er'g_ou_r, _Oo_e.

To Whistle, 'Map_oo_,
F_ee_o,f_ee_o,
Papang, Awe'bern, 'Wy_oo_.

A Woman, Wa'h_ei_ne,
Ve'h_ee_ne,
Ra'bin, N_ai_'bräan, Tama.

Yams, E'_oo_he, _Oo_he,
_Oo_fe,
Nan-'ram, _Oo_fe, _Oo_be.

Yes, _Ai_,
'_Ee_o,
_Ai_, '_Ee_o, 'Elo, s. _Ee_o,
s. öe.

You, Oë,
Oë.

One, A'Tahay, Katta'ha_ee_,
Atta'ha_ee_, Ta'ha_ee_,

Ts_ee_'ka_ee_, R_ee_d_ee_, Wag_ee'ai_ng.

Two, E'R_oo_a, 'Rooa,
A'ooa, E'ooa,
E'ry, 'Karoo, 'Waroo.

Three, 'Ter_oo_, 'Tor_oo_,
A'tor_oo_, 'Tor_oo_,
E'r_ei_, 'Kahar, Wat_ee_ en.

Four, A'Haa, 'Häa, s. Fäa,
A'faa, A'fäa,
E'bats, 'K_ai_phar, Wam'ba_ee_k.

Five, E'R_ee_ma, 'R_ee_ma,
A'_ee_ma, 'N_ee_ma,
E'r_ee_m, 'Kr_ee_rum, Wannim.

Six, A'ono, 'Hon_oo_,
A'ono,
Ts_oo_'ka_ee_, Ma'r_ee_d_ee_, Wannim-g_ee_ek.

Seven, A'H_ei_too, 'H_ee_d_oo_,
A'wh_ee_t_oo_,
G_oo_y, Ma'kar_oo_, Wannim'n_oo_.

Eight, A'war_oo_, 'Var_oo_,
A'wa_oo_,
H_oo_rey, Ma'kahar, Wannim'g_ai_n.

Nine, A'_ee_va, H_ee_va,
A'_ee_va,
G_oo_dbats, Ma'k_ai_phar, Wannim'ba_ee_k.

Ten, A'h_oo_r_oo_, Atta'h_oo_r_oo_,
s. Anna'h_oo_r_oo_,
Wannah_oo_, s. Wanna'h_oo_e,
Senearr, Ma'kr_ee_rum, Wann_oo_'n_ai_uk.

(Footnote re similarity of the languages)--omiited by ebook producer.

LETTER FROM JOHN IBBETSON, ESQ. Secretary to the Commissioners of Longitude, T0 Sir JOHN PRINGLE, Baronet, P.R.S.

SIR,

The Earl of Sandwich, and the other Commissioners for the Discovery of Longitude at Sea, etc. who were present at a late meeting at this place, having expressed to you a desire that the very learned and ingenious Discourse upon some late Improvements of the Means for preserving the Health of Mariners, which was delivered by you at the Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society, on the 30th of November last might, with Captain Cook's Paper therein referred to, be printed, and annexed to the Account of the Astronomical and Philosophical Observations made in the course of the said Captain Cook's late voyages which account is preparing for the press, under their direction; and it having been since thought more proper that the said Discourse and Paper should be annexed to the Second Volume of the Account of that Voyage, which is shortly to be published, by order of the Board of Admiralty, I have, therefore, the direction of the Earl of Sandwich, First Commissioner of that Board, as well as of the Board of Longitude, to acquaint you therewith, and to desire you will please to permit your said Discourse, with the Paper therein referred to, to be printed, and annexed to the Second Volume of the Account of the said Voyage accordingly.

I am, with great Regard and Esteem,

SIR,

Your most obedient humble Servant,

ADMIRALTY, March 15, 1777. JOHN IBBETSON.

A DISCOURSE UPON SOME LATE IMPROVEMENTS OF THE MEANS FOR PRESERVING THE HEALTH OF MARINERS.

DELIVERED AT THE Anniversary Meeting of the ROYAL SOCIETY, November 30, 1776. By Sir JOHN PRINGLE, Baronet, PRESIDENT,

CORRECTED BY THE AUTHOR.

GENTLEMEN,

Before we proceed further in the business of this day, permit me to acquaint you with the judgment of your Council, in the disposal of Sir Godfrey Copley's medal; an office I have undertaken at their request, and with the greater satisfaction, as I am confident you will be no less unanimous in giving your approbation, than they have been in addressing you for it upon this occasion. For though they were not insensible of the just title that several of the Papers, composing the present volume of your Transactions, had to your particular notice, yet they did not hesitate in preferring that which I presented to you from Captain Cook, giving An account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of his Majesty's ship the Resolution during her late voyage round the world*. Indeed I imagine that the name alone of so worthy a member of this society would have inclined you to depart from the strictness of your rules, by conferring upon him that honour, though you had received no direct communication from him; considering how meritorious in your eyes that person must appear, who hath not only made the most extensive, but the most instructive voyages; who hath not only discovered, but surveyed, vast tracts of new coasts; who hath dispelled the illusion of a terra australis incognita, and fixed the bounds of the habitable earth, as well as those of the navigable ocean, in the southern hemisphere.

[* The paper itself, read at the Society in March last, with an extract of a letter from Captain Cook to the President, dated Plymouth, the 7th of July following, are both subjoined to this discourse.]

I shall not, however, expatiate on that ample field of praise, but confine my discourse to what was the intention of this honorary premium, namely, to crown that Paper of the year which should contain the most useful and most successful experimental inquiry. Now what inquiry can be so useful as that which hath for its object the saving the lives of men? And when shall we find one more successful than that before us? Here are no vain boastings of the empiric, nor ingenious and delusive theories of the dogmatist; but a concise, an artless, and an incontested relation of the means, by which, under the Divine favour, Captain Cook, with a company of an hundred and eighteen men*, performed a voyage of three years and eighteen days, throughout all the climates, from fifty-two degrees north, to seventy-one degrees south, with the loss of only one man by a distemper**. What must enhance to us the value of these salutary observations, is to see the practice hath been no less simple than efficacious.

[* There were on board, in all, one hundred and eighteen men, including M. Sparrman, whom they took in at the Cape of Good Hope.]

[** This was a phthisis pulmonalis terminating in a dropsy. Mr. Patten, surgeon to the Resolution, who mentioned to me this case, observed that this man began so early to complain of a cough and other consumptive symptoms, which had never left him, that his lungs must have been affected before he came on board.]

I would now inquire of the most conversant in the study of bills of mortality, whether in the most healthful climate, and in the best condition of life, they have ever found so small a number of deaths in such a number of men, within that space of time? How great and agreeable then must our surprise be, after perusing the histories of long navigations in former days, when so many perished by marine diseases, to find the air of the sea acquitted of all malignity, and in fine that a voyage round the world may be undertaken with less danger to health than a common tour in Europe!

But the better to see the contrast between the old and the present times, allow me to recal to your memory what you have read of the first voyage for the establishment of the East-India, Company*. The equipment consisting of four ships, with four hundred and eighty men, three of those vessels were so weakened by the scurvy, by the time they had got only three degrees beyond the Line, that the merchants, who had embarked on this adventure, were obliged to do duty as common sailors; and there died in all, at sea, and on shore at Soldania (a place of refreshment on this side the Cape of Good Hope) one hundred and five men, which was near a fourth part of their complement. And hath not Sir Richard Hawkins, an intelligent as well as brave officer, who lived in that age, recorded, that in twenty years, during which be had used the sea, be could give an account of ten thousand mariners who bad been consumed by the scurvy alone**? Yet so far was this author from mistaking the disease, that I have perused few who have so well described it. If then in those early times, the infancy I may call them of the commerce and naval power of England, so many were carried off by that bane of sea-faring people, what must have been the destruction afterwards, upon the great augmentation of the fleet and the opening of so many new ports to the trade of Great Britain, whilst so little advancement was made in the nautical part of medicine!

[* This squadron under the command of LANCASTER (who was called the General) set out in the year 1601. See Purchas's Pilgr. vol. i. p. 147, et seq.]

[** Idem, vol. iv. p. 1373, et seq.]

But passing from these old dates to one within the remembrance of many here present, when it might have been expeded that whatever tended to aggrandize the naval power of Britain, and to extend her commerce, would have received the highest improvement; yet we shall find, that even at this late period few measures had been taken to preserve the health of seamen, more than had been known to our uninstructed ancestors. Of this assertion the victorious, but mournful, expedition of Commodore Anson, affords too convincing a proof. It is well known that soon after passing the Streights of Le Maire, the scurvy began to appear in his squadron; that by the time the Centurion had advanced but a little way into the South Sea, forty-seven had died of it in his ship; and that there were few on board who had not, in some degree, been afflicted with the distemper, though they had not been then eight months from England. That in the ninth month, when standing for the island of Juan Fernandez, the Centurion lost double that number; and that the mortality went on at so great a rate (I still speak of the Commodore's ship) that before they arrived there she had buried two hundred; and at last could muster no more than six of the the common men in a watch capable of doing duty. This was the condition of one of the three ships which reached that island; the other two suffered in proportion.

Nor did the tragedy end here for after a few months respite the same fatal sickness broke out afresh, and made such havock, that before the Centurion (which now contained the whole surviving crew of the three ships) had got to the island of Tinian, there died sometimes eight or ten in a day; insomuch that when they had been only two years on their voyage, they had lost a larger proportion than of four in five of their original number; and, by the account of the historian, all of them, after their entering the South Sea, of the scurvy. I say by the account of the elegant writer of this voyage; for as he neither was in the medical line himself, nor hath authenticated this part of his narrative by appealing to the surgeons of the ship or their journals, I should doubt that this was not strictly the case; but rather, that in producing this great mortality, a pestilential kind of distemper was joined to the scurvy, which, from the places where it most frequently occurs, hath been distinguished by the name of jail or hospital-fever*. But whether the scurvy alone, or this fever combined with it, were the cause, it is not at present material to inquire, since both, arising from foul air and other sources of putrefaction, may now in a great measure be obviated by the various means fallen upon since Lord Anson's expedition. For in justice to that prudent as well as brave commander, it must be observed that the arrangements preparatory to his voyage were not made by himself; that his ship was so deeply laden as not to admit of opening the gun-ports, except in the calmest weather, for the benefit of air; and that nothing appears to have been neglected by him, for preserving the health of his men, that was then known and practised in the navy.

[* Dr. Mead, who had seen the original observations of two of Commodore Anson's surgeons, says, that the scurvy at that time was accompanied with putrid fevers, etc. See his Treatise on the Scurvy, p. 98. et seq.]

I should now proceed to enumerate the chief improvements made since that period, and which have enabled our ships to make so many successful circumnavigations, as in a manner to efface the impression of former disasters; but as I have mentioned the sickness most destructive to mariners, and against the ravages of which those preservatives have been mainly contrived, it may be proper briefly to explain its nature, and the rather as, unless among mariners, it is little understood. First then, I would observe that the scurvy is not the ailment which goes by that name on shore. The distemper commonly, but erroneously, in this place, called the scurvy, belongs to a class of diseases totally different from what we are now treating of; and so far is the commonly received opinion, that there are few constutions altogether free from a scorbutic taint, from being true, that unless among sailors and some others circumstanced like them, more particularly with respect to those who use a salt and putrid diet, and especially if they live in foul air and uncleanliness, I have reason to believe there are few disorders less frequent. This opinion I submitted to the judgment of the society several years ago, and I have had no reason since to alter it. I then said, contrary to what was generally believed, but seemingly on the best grounds, that the sea-air was never the cause of the scurvy, since on board a ship, on the longest voyages, cleanliness, ventilation, and fresh provisions, would preserve from it; and that upon a sea-coast, free from marshes, the inhabitants were not liable to that indisposition, though frequently breathing the air from the sea*. I concluded with joining in sentiments with those who ascribed the scurvy to a septic resolution, that is a beginning corruption of the whole habit, similar to that of every animal substance when deprived of life**. This account seemed to be sufficiently verified by the examination of the symptoms in the scorbutic sick, and of the appearances in their bodies after death***. On that occasion I remarked, that salted meats after some time become in effect putrid, though they may continue long palatable by means of the salt; and that common salt, supposed to be one of the strongest preservatives from corruption, is at best but an indifferent one, even in a large quantity; and in a small one, such as we use at table with fresh meats, or swallow in meats that have been salted, so far from impeding putrefaction, it rather promotes that process in the body.

[* Diseases of the Army, part I. ch. 2. Append. Pap. 7.]

[** Woodall's Surgeon's Mate, p. 163. Poupart. Mem. de l'Acad. R. des Sc. A. 1'99. Petit. Mal. des Os, tom. II.p. 446. Mead on the Scurvy, p. 104.]

This position concerning the putrefying quality of sea-salt, in certain proportions, hath been since confirmed by the experiments of the late Mr. Canton, Fellow of this Society, in his Paper on the Cause of the luminous appearance of sea-water*.

[* Phil. Transact. vol. lix. p. 446.]

It hath been alleged, that the scurvy is much owing to the coldness of the air, which checks perspiration, and on that account is the endemic distemper of the northern nations, particularly of those around the Baltic*. The fact is partly true, but I doubt not so the cause. In those regions, by the long and severe winters, the cattle destitute of pasture can barely live, and are therefore unfit for use; so that the people, for their provision during that season, are obliged to slaughter them by the end of autumn, and to salt them for above half the year. This putrid diet then, on which they must subsist so long, and to which the inhabitants of the south are not reduced, seems to be the chief cause of the disease. And if we reflect that the lower people of the north have few or no greens nor fruit in the winter, scarce any fermented liquors, and often live in damp, foul, and ill-aired houses, it is easy to conceive how they should become liable to the same distemper with seamen; whilst others of as high a latitude, but who live in a different manner, keep free from it. Thus we are informed by Linnaeus, that the Laplanders, one of the most hyperborean nations, know nothing of the scurvy*; for which no other reason can be assigned than their never eating salted meats, nor indeed salt with any thing, but their using all the winter the fresh flesh of their rain-deer.

[* Bartholin. Med. Danor. Domestic p. 98.]

[** Linnaei Flora Lapponica, p. 8, 9.]

This exemption of the Laplanders from the general distemper of the north is the more observable, as they seldom taste vegetables, bread never, as we farther learn from that celebrated author. Yet in the very provinces which border on Lapland, where they use bread, but scarcely any other vegetable, and eat salted meats, they are as much troubled with the scurvy as in any other country*. But let us incidentally remark, that the late improvements in agriculture, gardening, and the other arts of life, by extending their influence to the remotest parts of Europe, and to the lowest people, begin sensibly to lessen the frequency of that complaint, even in those climates that have been once the most afflicted with it.

[* Linnaeus in several parts of his work confirms what is here said of salted meats, as one of the chief causes of the scurvy. See Amoenitat. Acad. vol. v. p. 6. et seq. p. 42.]

It hath also been asserted, that men living on shore will be affected with the scurvy, though they have never been confined to salted meats; but of this I have never known any instance, except in those who breathed a marshy air, or what was otherwise putrid, and who wanted exercise, fruits, and green vegetables: under such circumstances it must be granted, that the humours will corrupt in the same manner, though not in the same degree, with those of mariners. Thus, in the late war, when Sisinghurst Castle in Kent was filled with French prisoners, the scurvy broke out among them, notwithstanding they had never been served with salted victuals in England; but had daily had an allowance of fresh meat, and of bread in proportion, though without greens or any other vegetable. The surgeon who attended them, and from whom I received this information, having formerly been employed in the navy, was the better able to judge of the disorder and to cure it. Besides the deficiency of herbs, he observed that the wards were foul and crowded, the house damp (from a moat that surrounded it) and that the bounds allotted for taking the air were so small, and in wet weather so sloughy, that the men seldom went out. He added, that a representation having been made, he had been empowered to furnish the prisoners with roots and greens for boiling in their soup, and to quarter the sick in a neighbouring village in a dry situation, with liberty to go out for air and exercise; and that by these means they had all quickly recovered. It is probable, that the scurvy sooner appeared among these strangers, from their having been taken at sea, and consequently more disposed to the disease. My informer further acquainted me, that in the lower and wetter parts of that county, where some of his practice lay, he had now and then met with slighter cases of the scurvy among the common people; such, he said, as lived the whole winter on salted bacon, without fermented liquors, greens, or fruit, a few apples excepted; but, he remarked, that in the winters following a plentiful growth of apples, those peasants were visibly less liable to the disorder.

I have dwelt the longer on this part of my subject, as I look upon the knowledge of the nature and cause of the scurvy to be an essential step towards improving the means of prevention and cure. And I am persuaded, after mature reflection, and the opportunities I have had of conversing with those who, to much sagacity, had joined no small experience in nautical practice, that upon an examination of the several articles, which have either been of old approven, or have of late been introduced into the navy, it will be evident, that though these means may vary in form, and in their mode of operating; yet they all some way contribute towards preventing or correcting putrefaction, whether of the air in the closer parts of a ship, of the meats, of the water, of the clothes and bedding, or of the body itself. And if in this inquiry (which may be made by the way, whilst we take a review of the principal articles of provision, and other methods used by Captain Cook to guard against the scurvy) I say, if in this inquiry it shall appear, that the notion of a septic or putrid origin, is not without foundation, it will be no small encouragement to proceed on that principle, in order further to improve this important branch of medicine.

Captain Cook begins his list of stores with malt. Of this, he says, was made Sweet Wort, and given not only to those men who had manifest symptoms of the scurvy, but to such also as were judged to be most liable to it. Dr. Macbride, who first suggested this preparation, was led (as he says) to the discovery by some experiments that had been laid before this Society; by which it appeared that the air produced by alimentary fermentation was endowed with a power of correcting putrefaction*. The fact he confirmed by numerous trials, and finding this fluid to be _fixed air_, he justly concluded, that whatever substance proper for food abounded with it, and which could be conveniently carried to sea, would make one of the best provisions against the scurvy; which he then considered as a putrid disease, and as such to be prevented or cured by that powerful kind of antiseptic**. Beer, for instance, had always been esteemed one of the best antiscorbutics; but as that derived all its fixed air from the malt of which it is made, he inferred that malt itself was preferable in long voyages, as it took up less room than the brewed liquor, and would keep longer found. Experience hath since verified this ingenious theory, and the malt hath now gained so much credit in the navy, that there only wanted so long, so healthful, and so celebrated a voyage as this, to rank it among the most indispensable articles of provision. For though Captain Cook remarks, that _A proper attention to other things must be joined, and that he is not altogether of opinion, that the wort will be able to cure the scurvy in an advanced state at sea; yet he is persuaded that it is sufficient to prevent that distemper from making any great progress, for a considerable time_; and therefore he doth not hesitate to pronounce it _one of the best antiscorbutic medicines yet found out***.

[* Append. to my _Observations on the Diseases of the Army_.]

[** Macbride's Exper. Eff. passim.]

[*** Having been favoured with a sight of the medical journal of Mr. Patten, surgeon to the Resolution, I read the following passage in it, not a little strengthening the above testimony. _I have found the wort of the utmost service in all scorbutic cases during the voyage. As many took it by way of prevention, few cases occurred where it had a fair trial; but theft, however, I flatter myself, will he sufficient to convince every impartial person, that it is the best remedy hitherto found out for the cure of the sea scurvy: and I am well convinced, from what I have seen the wort perform, and from its mode of operation, that if aided by portable-soup, sour krout, sugar, sago, and courants, then scurvy, that maritime pestilence, will seldom or never make its alarming appearance among a ship's crew, on the longest voyages; proper care with regard to cleanliness and provisions being observed_.]

This salutary gas (or _fixed air_) is contained more or less in all fermentable liquors, and begins to oppose putrefaction as soon as the working or intestine motion commences.

In wine it abounds, and perhaps no vegetable substance is more replete with it than the juice of the grape. If we join the grateful taste of wine, we must rank it the first in the list of antiscorbutic liquors. Cyder is likewise good, with other vinous productions from fruit, as also the various kinds of beer. It hath been a constant observation, that in long cruizes or distant voyages, the scurvy is never seen whilst the small-beer holds out, at a full allowance; but that when it is all expended, that ailment soon appears. It were therefore to be wished, that this most wholesome beverage could be renewed at sea; but our ships afford not sufficient convenience. The Russians however make a shift to prepare on board, as well as at land, a liquor of a middle quality between wort and small-beer, in the following manner. They take ground-malt and rye-meal in a certain proportion, which they knead into small loaves, and bake in the oven. These they occasionally infuse in a proper quantity of warm water, which begins so soon to ferment, that in the space of twenty-four hours their brewage is completed, in the production of a small, brisk, and acidulous liquor, they call _quas_, palatable to themselves, and not disagreeable to the taste of strangers. The late Dr. Mounsey, fellow of this Society, who had lived long in Russia, and had been _Archiater_ under two successive sovereigns, acquainted me, that the _quas_ was the common and wholesome drink both of the fleets and armies of that empire, and that it was particularly good against the scurvy. He added, that happening to be at Moscow when he perused my _Observations on the Jail and Hospital Fever_, then lately published*, he had been induced to compare what he read in that treatise with what he should see in the several prisons of that large city: but to his surprize, after visiting them all, and finding them full of malefactors (for the late Empress then suffered none of those who were convicted of capital crimes to be put to death) yet he could discover no fever among them, nor learn that any acute distemper peculiar to jails had ever been known there. He observed, that some of those places of confinement had a yard, into which the prisoners were allowed to come for the air; but that there were others without that advantage, yet not sickly: so that he could assign no other reason for the healthful condition of those men than the kind of diet they used, which was the same with that of the common people of the country; who not being able to purchase fresh-meat, live mostly on rye-bread (the most acescent of any) and drink _quas_. He concluded with saying, that upon his return to St. Petersburg he had made the same inquiry there, and with the same result.

[* That treatise was first published by itself, and afterwards incorporated with the _Observations on the Diseases of the Army_.]

Thus far Dr. Mounsey, from whose account it would seem, that the rye-meal assisted both in quickening the fermentation and adding more _fixed air_, since the malt alone could not so readily produce so tart and brisk a liquor. And there is little doubt but that whenever the other grains can be brought to a proper degree of fermentation, they will more or less in the same way become useful. That oats will, I am satisfied from what I have been told by one of the intelligent friends of Captain Cook. This gentleman being on a cruize in a large ship*, in the beginning of the late war, and the scurvy breaking out among his crew, he bethought him self of a kind of food he had seen used in some parts of the country, as the most proper on the occasion. Some oatmeal is put into a wooden vessel, hot water is poured upon it, and the infusion continues until the liquor begins to taste sourish, that is, till a fermentation comes on, which in a place moderately warm, may be in the space of two days. The water is then poured off from the grounds, and boiled down to the consistence of a jelly**. This he ordered to be made and dealt out in messes, being first sweetened with sugar, and seasoned with some prize French wine, which though turned sour, yet improved the taste, and made this aliment not less palatable than medicinal.

He assured me, that upon this diet chiefly, and by abstaining from salted meats, his scorbutic sick had quite recovered on board; and not in that voyage only, bur, by the same means, in his subsequent cruizes during the war, without his being obliged to send one of them on shore because they could not get well at sea. Yet oat-meal unfermented, like barley unmalted, hath no sensible effect in curing the scurvy: as if the fixed air, which is incorporated with these grains, could mix with the chyle which they produce, enter the lacteals, and make part of the nourishment of the body, without manifesting any elastic or antiseptic quality, when not loosened by a previous fermentation.

[* The Essex, a seventy-gun ship.]

[** This rural food, in the North, is called Sooins.]

Before the power of the _fixed air_ in subduing putrefaction was known, the efficacy of fruits, greens, and fermented liquors, was commonly ascribed to the acid in their composition and we have still reason to believe that the acid concurs in operating that effect. If it be alleged that mineral acids, which contain little or no _fixed air_, have been tried in the scurvy with little success, I would answer, that I doubt that in those trials they have never been sufficiently diluted; for it is easy to conceive, that in the small quantity of water the elixir of vitriol, for instance, is commonly given, that austere acid can scarce get beyond the first passages; considering the delicate sensibility of the mouths of the lacteals, which must force them to shut and exclude so pungent a liquor. It were therefore a proper experiment to be made, in a deficiency of malt, or when that grain shall happen to be spoilt by keeping*, to use water acidulated with the spirit of sea-salt, in the proportion of only ten drops to a quart; or with the weak spirit of vitriol, thirteen drops to the same measure**; and to give to those that are threatened with the disease three quarts of this liquor daily, to be consumed as they shall think proper.

[* Captain Cook told me, that the malt held out sufficiently good for the two first years; but that in the third, having lost much of its taste, he doubted whether it retained any of its virtues. Mr. Patten however observed, that though the malt at that time was sensibly decayed, yet nevertheless he had still found it useful when he employed a large proportion of it to make the infusion.]

[** In these proportions I found the water taste just acidulous and pleasant.]

But if the _fixed air_ and acids are such preservatives against the scurvy, why should Captain Cook make so little account of the _rob_ of lemons and of oranges (for so they have called the extracts or inspissated juices of those fruits) in treating that distemper? This I found was the reason. These preparations being only sent out upon trial, the surgeon of the ship was told, at a conjecture, how much he might give for a dose, but without strictly limiting it. The experiment was made with the quantity specified, but with so little advantage, that judging it not adviseable to lose more time, he set about the cure with the wort only, whereof the efficacy he was certain; whilst he reserved these robs for other purposes; more particularly for colds, when, to a large draught of warm water, with some spirits and sugar, he added a spoonful of one of them, and with this composition made a grateful sudorific that answered the intention. No wonder then if Captain Cook, not knowing the proper dose of these concentrated juices for the scurvy, but feeing them fail as they were given in the trial, should entertain no great opinion of their antiscorbutic virtue. It may be also proper to take notice, that as they had been reduced to a small proportion of their bulk by evaporation upon fire, it is probable, they were much weakened by that process, and that with their aqueous parts they had lost not a little of their aerial, on which so much of their antiseptic power depended. If, therefore, a further trial of these excellent fruits were to be made, it would seem more adviseable to send to sea the purified juices entire in casks; agreeably to a proposal I find hath been made to the Admiralty some years ago by an ingenious and experienced surgeon of the navy. For in truth, the testimonies in favour of the salutary qualities of these acids are so numerous and so strong, that I should look upon some failures, even in cases where their want of success cannot so well be accounted for, as in this voyage, not a sufficient reason for striking them out of the list of the most powerful preservatives against this consuming malady of sailors.

It may be observed, that Captain Cook says not more in praise of vinegar than of the _robs_; yet I would not thence infer that he made no account of that acid, but only that as he happened in this voyage to be sparingly provided with it and yet did well, he could not consider a large store of vinegar to be so material an article of provision as was commonly imagined. And though he supplied its place in the messes of the men with the acid of the sour-crout, and trusted chiefly to fire for purifying his decks, yet it is to be hoped that future navigators will not therefore omit it. Vinegar will serve at least for a wholesome variety in the seasoning of salted meats, and may be sometimes successfully used as a medicine, especially in the aspersions of the berths of the sick. It is observable, that though the smell be little grateful to a person in health, yet it is commonly agreeable to those who are sick, at least to such as are confined to a foul and crowded ward. There the physician himself will smell to vinegar, as much for pleasure as for guarding against infection.

Now the wort and the acid juices were only dispensed as medicines, but the next article was of more extensive use. This was the Sour-Crout (sour cabbage), a food of universal request in Germany. The acidity is acquired by its spontaneous fermentation, and it was the sour taste which made it the more acceptable to all who ate it. To its further commendation we may add, that it held out good to the 1ast of the voyage.

It may seem strange, that though this herb hath had so high encomiums bestowed upon it by the ancients (witness what Cato the elder and Pliny the Naturalist say on the subject), and hath had the sanction of the experience of nations for ages, it should yet be disapproved of by some of the most distinguished medical writers of our times. One finds it yield a rank smell in decoction, which he confounds with that of putrefaction. Another analyzes it, and discovers so much gross air in the composition as to render it indigestible; yet this flatulence, so much decryed, must now be acknowledged to be the _fixed air_, which makes the cabbage so wholesome when fermented. Nay it hath been traduced by one of the most celebrated physicians of our age, as partaking of a poisonous nature: nor much better founded was that notion of the same illustrious professor, that cabbage being an alcalescent plant, and therefore disposing to putrefaction, could never be used in the scurvy, except when the disease proceeded from an acid. But the experiments which I formerly laid before the Society evinced this vegetable, with the rest of the supposed alcalescents, to be really acescent; and proved that the scurvy is never owing to acidity, but, much otherwise, to a species of putrefaction; that very cause, of which the ill-grounded class of alcalescents was supposed to be a promoter*.

[* See this remark more at large, in my Observations on the Diseases of the Army, App. Pap. 7.]

Among other of the late improvements of the naval stores we have heard much of the Portable-Soup, and accordingly we find that Captain Cook hath not a little availed himself of it in his voyage. This concentrated broth being freed from all fat, and having by long boiling evaporated the most putrescent parts of the meat, is reduced to the consistence of a glue, which in effect it is, and will, like other glues, in a dry place, keep sound for years together. It hath been said, that broths turn sour on keeping, though made without any vegetable*. Now, whether any real acid can be thus formed or not, I incline at least to believe that the gelatinous parts of animal substances, such as compose these cakes, are not of a nature much disposed to putrefy. But however that may be, since Captain Cook observes, that this soup was the means of making his people eat a greater quantity of greens than they would have done otherwise, in so far we must allow it to have been virtually antiseptic.

[* La feule matiere qui s'aigriffe dans le sang est la matiere gelatincuse, etc. Senac, Structure du Coeur, 1. iii. ch. 4. para. 5.]

So much for those articles that have of late been supplied to all the king's ships on long voyages, and in which therefore our worthy brother claims no other merit than the prudent dispensation of them; but what follows being regulations either wholly new, or improven hints from some of his experienced friends, we may justly appropriate them to himself.

First then, he put his people at three watches, instead of two, which last is the general practice at sea; that is, he divided the whole crew into three companies, and by putting each company upon the watch by turns, four hours at a time, every man had eight hours free, for four of duty: whereas at watch and watch, the half of the men being on duty at once, with returns of it every four hours, they can have but broken sleep, and when exposed to wet, they have not time to get dry before they lie down. When the service requires it, such hardships must be endured; but when there is no pressing call, ought not a mariner to be refreshed with as much uninterrupted rest as a common day-labourer?

I am well informed, that an officer distinguishes himself in nothing more than in preserving his men from wet and the other injuries of the weather. These were most essential points with this humane commander. In the torrid zone he shaded his people from the scorching sun by an awning over his deck, and in his course under the antarctic circle he had a coat provided for each man, of a substantial woollen stuff, with the addition of a hood for covering their heads. This garb (which the sailors called their Magellan jacket) they occasionally wore, and found it more comfortable for working in rain and snow, and among the broken ice in the high latitudes of the South.

Let us proceed to another article, one of the most material, the care to guard against putrefaction, by keeping clean the persons, the cloaths, bedding, and berths of the sailors. The Captain acquainted me, that regularly, one morning in the week, he passed his ship's company in review, and saw that every man had changed his linen, and was in other points as clean and neat as circumstances would permit. It is well known how much cleanliness is conducive to health, but it is not so obvious how much it also tends to good order and other virtues. That diligent officer was persuaded (nor was perhaps the observation new) that such men as he could induce to be more cleanly than they were disposed to be of themselves, became at the same time more sober, more orderly, and more attentive to their duty. It must be acknowledged that a seaman has but indifferent means to keep himself clean, had he the greatest inclination to do it; for I have not heard that commanders of ships have yet availed themselves of the _still_ for providing fresh water for washing; and it is well known that sea-water doth not mix with soap, and that linen wet with brine never thoroughly dries. But for Captain Cook, the frequent opportunities he had of taking in water among the islands of the South-Sea, enabled him in that tract to dispense to his ship's company some fresh water for every use; and when he navigated in the high latitudes of the Southern Oceans, he still more abundantly provided them with it, as you will find by the sequel of this discourse.

Of the hammocks and bedding I need say little, as all officers are now sensible, how much it concerns the health of their people to have this part of a ship's furniture kept dry and well-aired; since by the perspiration of so many men, every thing below, even in the space of twenty-four hours, is apt to contract an offensive moisture. But Captain Cook was not satisfied with ordering upon deck the hammocks and bedding every day that was fair (the common method) but took care that every bundle should be unlashed, and so spread out, that every part of it might be exposed to the air.

His next concern was to see to the purity of the ship itself, without which attention all the rest would have profited little. I shall not however detain you with the orders about washing and scraping the decks, as I do not understand that in this kind of cleansing he excelled others; but since our author has laid so great a stress upon _Fire_, as a purifier, I shall endeavour to explain the way of using it, more fully than he has done in his Paper. Some wood, and that not sparingly, being put into a proper stove or grate, is lighted, and carried successively to every part below deck. Wherever fire is, the air nearest to it being heated becomes specifically lighter, and by being lighter rises, and passes through the hatchways into the atmosphere. The vacant space is filled with the cold air around, and that being heated in its turn, in like manner ascends, and is replaced by other air as before. Thus, by continuing the fire for some time, in any of the lower apartments, the foul air is in a good measure driven out, and the fresh admitted. This is not all: I apprehend that the acid steams of the wood, in burning, act here as an antiseptic and correct the corrupted air that remains.