Chapter VI: Section IV: Medicine and Eugenics (1)

THE PROPHYLAXIS OF HEREDITARY SYPHILIS AND ITS EUGENIC EFFECT.

(Abstract.)

By Dr. H. Hallopeau.

Syphilis is strongly _dysgenic_; it causes the production of profoundly damaged children; in preventing it the physician co-operates effectively with eugenic action. In order to prevent the propagation of this disease we must have recourse to _administrative prophylaxis_, _prophylaxis by persuasion_, and _prophylaxis by medical measures_.

_Administrative prophylaxis_ must act especially by multiplying gratuitous consultations and in securing, as far as possible, hospital treatment for persons affected by transmissible lesions, especially for prostitutes.

To the physician belongs the duty of acting by _persuasion_ in pointing out to syphilitics that they have no right to have children so long as they are liable to transmit their disease to their offspring.

We must abort syphilis if it is in the stage of primary invasion: this invasion is not, as was believed until recently, confined to the chancre and its accompanying swellings; it includes all the intermediate stage; in order to destroy the tripanosomes we must use repeated injections of _benzosulfoneparaminophenylarsinate of soda_, commonly known as _hectine_ (Mouneyrat), the only specific medicament which is well borne locally.

Results similar to those we have just shown are obtained by making, in a given region, two or three injections of salvarsan. However, the comparison between the two medications is altogether in favour of that by hectine. Indeed, experience proves that the secondary generalization is noticeably more frequent after injections of salvarsan, and, besides, these are far from being always painless. We have made known to the Académie of Medicine a case in which, within 48 hours, they caused the death of a young man in good health. Several similar cases have since been notified, particularly by Dr. Gaucher. Confidently believing in the axiom "Primo non nocere," we explicitly declare ourselves adversaries of a practice which brings such accidents in its train.

In the secondary stage, we must have recourse simultaneously to various specific agents.

Procreation may be permitted when six months after the abortive treatment Wasserman's reaction, after several trials, has given uniformly negative results.

The physician thus accomplishes a profoundly eugenic work in favouring and accelerating the production of unspoilt children.

THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE GERM-PLASM.

(The New Alcohol Legislation in Norway.)

(Abstract.)

By Dr. Alfred Mjoën.

The injurious effect of alcohol depends not only upon the amount taken, but also upon other factors, as, _e.g._, upon its dilution, and upon the kind of nourishment taken with it. There can be no doubt that alcohol under a certain percentage neither injures nor can injure either the somatic cells, or what is more important for race-hygiene, the germ cells. And, on the other hand, it must be regarded as proved that alcohol over a certain percentage is injurious to the quality of the offspring, not alone where the mother drinks (influence upon the embryo), but also where the father alone is a drinker (destruction of the germ). The latest investigations in this field confirm this assumption.

There is, it is true, a middle class of beverages whose influence upon the germ-plasm (posterity) has not been established, or can be established at all. As a general rule, one may lay down the rule: _The injurious effect of an alcoholic beverage upon individuals or race increases from a certain percentage progressively with its increasing contents of alcohol._

Therefore, I propose to divide alcoholic liquors into classes, and to deal with them according to the amount of their contents of alcohol, _i.e._, according to their injuriousness.

All casks, bottles, etc., coming into the market are to be furnished with the class-mark (_e.g._, I., II., III., branded upon the cord).

For example, in the case of beer, the first class (under 2-1/4%), shall be obtainable everywhere. For this class there will be claimed, besides a reduction of duty, also a facility for sale and some concessions. Class I. (up to 2-1/4%) will be charged with 2 ore; Class II. (2-1/4--3-3/4%) with 8 ore; and Class III. (3-3/4--5%) with 15-16 ore per litre. Beer over 5% or 5-1/2% will be prohibited([3]).

[Footnote 3: This proposal was favourably received by the Norwegian minister Knudsen, and brought before the Storthing as a Government measure. The proposal has been accepted as part of the election programme of the Radicals, the Socialist Democrats, and all total abstinence organisations.]

The class system permits of a simple, cheap, and practicable control, and, indeed, a control which is not confined to the brewery or to any single stage of preparation, but which follows the article over the whole country from its origin to its consumption. When alcoholic drinks are marked with their class and placed under State control, the consumers will themselves easily exercise the control. And the public will gradually become accustomed to form an opinion upon the influence of the various articles upon the working capacity and the health, not only of the individual, but also of the family and the race. State and country authorities will, with State-controlled classes, more easily see justice done on all sides. This last advantage will, naturally, only avail in those lands where the permission to sell alcoholic liquors is vested in the local authorities. The progressive class system will also give the State, the municipalities, and also private labour organisations an opportunity to support those restaurants and inns which supply nothing but pure and harmless liquors, and consumption will undergo a slow and gradual change to the lightest drinks.

At the present time the lightest kinds of beer are too heavily taxed in comparison with the heaviest kinds, and the latter in turn are too heavily taxed in comparison with brandy. From the point of view of race-hygiene, the fight must be directed especially against the fourth and most dangerous class, namely, all kinds of brandy (prohibition or Ivan Bratt's system), as well as against the mixed wines, which are so often adulterated and injurious.

ALCOHOLISM AND DEGENERACY.

Statistics from the Central Bureau for the Management of the Insane of Paris and the Department of the Seine from 1867 to 1912.

(Abstract.)

By M. Magnan,

_Chief Physician to the Central Bureau, Member of the Academy of Medicine_,

And Dr. Fillassier.

From 1869 to 1912 the number of sick persons received at the Central Bureau of the St. Anne Asylum has gone on steadily increasing: occasionally signs of a falling off are noticed, quickly compensated by the number of entries for the following years.

Among these patients a great number are driven to the asylum by the abuse of alcoholic drinks. Some of these are simple alcoholics, _i.e._, those who owe their insanity entirely to excessive drinking; the others make up the numerous group of degenerates, who are for the most part descendants of alcoholics, and on whom fall all the forms of physical, intellectual, and moral degradation.

For these last, alcohol has been but the touch of the trigger which has put in action their disposition towards insanity; the attack of mania, when past, leaves revealed psychic troubles, which, but for the turning of the balance by alcohol, would have remained in the latent condition, but which, once developed, remain often for a much longer time; so we see the increase in the number of these patients--occasional drunkards--keeping pace with that of chronic alcoholics.

These will specially call forth the interest of the members of the Eugenic Congress. From the clinical point of view they exhibit great importance; for showing as they do all the episodic syndromes of degeneracy, all the mental forms of it may be seen--maniacal, melancholic, idiotic: insanities polymorphous or systematic, fixed ideas, monomanias connected with words or numbers, every sort of phobia, obsession, impulse, and symptomatic manifestation of great importance. When their objective lies in sexual perversion, theft, arson, murder, etc., these various states raise the most delicate questions whether from the point of view of philosophy, psychology, sociology, or forensic medicine.

This class of society, in the grip of this poison, is unfortunately not sterile; their miserable descendants come to dock in the asylum; so much so that if we mass together the various elements, if we add the unfortunates permanently disabled, such as epileptics, and the increasing crowd of feeble-minded, idiotic, tuberculous children, the mind recoils aghast at the gravity of the danger. The necessity of an implacable war against alcoholism, which crowds our asylums, our hospitals, and our homes with insane persons, and sends a constant stream to our prisons and reformatories--such a war must be the principal aim of the Eugenics Congress.

For long the evil genius of mankind, alcoholism has to-day laid its clutch on women, and the admission figures now show their numbers on the increase every year.

Such are the lessons which may be learnt from the report of Magnan and Fillassier.

EUGENICS AND OBSTETRICS.

(Abstract.)

By Dr. Agnes Bluhm, _Berlin._

1. Among the agencies under social control which impair the racial qualities of future generations, an important place is taken by the Science of Medicine, especially by Obstetrics. For the increase of obstetrics increases the incapacity for bearing children of future generations.

2. The great difference in the capacity for bearing children between the primitive and civilized races depends only in part on the lessened fitness of the latter due to the increase of skilled assistance.

3. Incapacity for bearing children can be acquired; it develops, however, abundantly on the grounds of a congenital predisposition.

4. In so far as the latter is the case, obstetrics contributes towards the diffusion of this incapacity.

5. The most serious obstacles to delivery are effected by deformities of the pelvis, in at least 90% of which heredity plays a part. In this connection, rickets, the predisposition to which is inherited, takes the foremost place.

6. German medical statistics make it appear probable that incapacity to bear children is on the increase.

7. Medical help in childbirth brings, undoubtedly, numerical advantage to the race, but it endangers the quality of the race in other ways than through the fostering of unfitness for bearing.

8. The danger of the increase of incapacity for bearing through the increase of assistance in childbirth can be combatted:--

(_a_) Through the renunciation of descendants by women unfitted to bear children.

(_b_) Through an energetic campaign against rickets, to which only the predisposition can be inherited.

(_c_) Through the permeation of obstetrics with the spirit of eugenics, so that the obstetrician no longer proceeds according to a settled rule (living mother and living child), but in each separate case takes into consideration the interests of the race.

HEREDITY AND EUGENICS IN RELATION TO INSANITY.

(Abstract.)

By F. W. Mott, M.D., F.R.S.,

_Physician to Charing Cross Hospital and Pathologist to the London County Asylums._

What is insanity? Every case of insanity is a biological problem, the solution of which depends upon a knowledge of what a man was born with--Nature--and what has happened after birth--Nurture. The increase of registered insanity in London; the causes of the increase. (1) The standard of insanity has been raised. (2) The increase of accommodation for reception of the insane. The diminishing death rate in asylums causing a progressive accumulation. The diminished number of recoveries. (3) The large proportion of old people admitted to asylums formerly in the infirmaries.

_Nurture._--The correlation of pauperism, insanity and feeble-mindedness, alcohol, syphilis, and tuberculosis in relation to insanity and feeble-mindedness. Congenital mental deficiency as distinguished from hereditary mental deficiency. Chronic poisoning of the blood by these agencies in relation to a lowered specific vitality of the germ cells. Environment in relation to mental energy and will power.

_Nature._--The study of pedigrees in hospital and asylum patients showing the importance of heredity in nervous and mental diseases. The nature of the neuropathic tendency; its transmission in different forms of nervous and mental disease in successive generations. Its latency and re-appearance in stocks. Relation of neurasthenia to the neuropathic taint. Conclusions arrived at in relation to heredity and insanity from a study by a card system of 3,118 related persons who are at present, or who have been, in the London County asylums. Among the 20,000 inmates at present resident, 715 are so closely related as parents and offspring or brothers and sisters. Nature is always trying to end or mend a degenerate stock if left to itself. Analysis of data regarding first attack of insanity in 464 parents and their 508 offspring; the signal tendency to the occurrence of the disease in a more intense form and at an earlier age in the offspring. This "antedating" or "anticipation" in relation to Nature's process of elimination of the unfit. Nearly 50 per cent. of the offspring affected 20 years earlier than the parent. The same found in uncles and aunts with nephews and nieces, only not nearly so marked. Seeing that the unfit are at present able to survive; does nature end or mend degenerate stocks, or have the lines of neuropathic inheritance only been partially cut off by this tendency to "anticipation"? What we want to know is: What is the fate of all the offspring of an insane parent or parents; for there are a great many facts which show that a disease may be latent and re-appear in a stock when the conditions of mating or environment are unfavourable? A collection of pedigrees is required which will prove conclusively that the offspring of insane parents, who are free from the insane manifestations during adolescence, will breed children who will not become insane. Supposing it were shown that cases discharged as recovered had the seeds of insanity, by the fact that their progeny were feeble-minded, epileptic, or insane, it would be a clear indication of taking measures to prevent them handing on the disease. Recurrent insanity--the birth of children in the sane intervals. Analysis of pedigrees with a dual neuropathic inheritance of maternal and paternal stocks compared with single neuropathic inheritance. Conclusion that a child born of neuropathic inheritance in both ancestral stocks stands, on an average, the chance of being insane four times as great as when only one stock is affected. Are there any types of insanity especially liable to be transmitted in the same form or another form? The prediction of the racial value of an individual inheritance can only be predicted by a study of what a man was born with--Nature, and what happened after birth--Nurture.

THE PLACE OF EUGENICS IN THE MEDICAL CURRICULUM.

(Abstract.)

By H. E. Jordan,

_Chairman of the Eugenics Section of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality._

The Science of Eugenics deserves a place in the medical curriculum for three reasons. Firstly: Medicine is fast becoming a science of the prevention of weakness and morbidity; their permanent not temporary cure, their racial eradication rather than their personal palliation. Eugenic conduct is undeniably a factor in attaining the speedy achievement of the end of racial health. Eugenics, embracing genetics, is thus one of the important disciplines among the future medical sciences. The coming physician must have adequate training in matters relating to heredity and Eugenics. Secondly: as the general population becomes better educated in matters of personal and racial health and hygiene it will more and more demand advice regarding the prevention of weakness in themselves and their offspring. The physicians are logically the men who must give it. Thirdly: physicians will be more efficient public servants if they approach their work with the Eugenic outlook on life.

Instruction in Eugenics, in the form of a number of special lectures on the subject, is already given in some of our medical schools. This indicates at least that the need is felt and the importance of such knowledge to the best physician recognised. Since not all of the better medical schools give such courses, however, we may infer that there are obstacles in the way. What is the nature of these?

One such may be the lack of adequate preparation on the part of the students in the fundamentals of biology to properly comprehend the import and application of Eugenic facts. This obstacle is speedily being removed; for considerable biological training is already a medical course prerequisite. But there may be a lack of properly prepared teachers to present this subject to even properly prepared medical students. This obstacle is also fast disappearing. Once the demand for this kind of help is voiced, there will appear properly trained teachers to instruct physicians.

Another obstacle may be raised by short-sighted and self-seeking physicians, for whom less illness and weakness may mean less work and a reduced income. But this is, perhaps, only a relatively very small factor in, and also only a passing phase of, the opposition, and will soon correct itself.

The most encouraging prospect for this new scheme of activity is the deep interest shown by young medical students in matters of heredity and Eugenics.

A HEALTHY SANE FAMILY SHOWING LONGEVITY IN CATALONIA.

(Abstract.)

By Professor I. Valenti Vivo.

I. A healthy family showing longevity in Catalonia: the greater part of them died over 60 years of age from acute sickness. All belonged to the districts of Barcelona and Gerona. A record of their ability in medical science, art and agriculture, their average fertility.

II. Communication on Biometrika: Licentiates in medical science, 50 scholars, 1910: 70 in 1912. Dates: Cephalic index, stature, span, dynamometer, age, district.

SOME REMARKS ON BACKWARD CHILDREN.

(Abstract.)

By Dr. Raoul Dupuy.

When we speak of a backward child, we mean any subject which is arrested or retarded more or less completely in its bodily, psychical, and sensorial evolution, in consequence of congenital and acquired lesions, or simply in consequence of physiological troubles, which concern, either at the same or a different time, the brain and the glands of internal secretion (the thyroid, the hypophysis, the suprarenals, and the genital glands). The cerebral lesions, practically incurable in the present state of science, produce "atropic backwardness" the functional troubles of the brain, or those caused by the glands of internal secretion, which can be modified by "combined organotherapy" produce dystrophic backwardness. We also, however, find mixed types, half of the one and half of the other, which are similarly susceptible of improvement. The number, and above all the variety of the types of dystrophic backwardness, makes a general classification of them impossible. The study of their bodily, psychical and sensorial anomalies proves that in most of the manifestations of backwardness and immaturity, these children present perversions of evolution which have a common bearing on the development of body, mind and spirit. Although apparently different from one another, these backward persons, whether the mischief be corporal, psychical or sensorial, show pathological peculiarities, which prove that the cause of their various dystrophies have a similar origin, and that they often arise from defective function of the sympathic system which appears to be brought into action by the internal glands. The backward children consist of intoxicated, under-grown or anæmic persons, who, besides, suffer from retention of substances, which ought normally to be eliminated, chiefly the chlorides and phosphates (in cases of apathy) or the hyper excretion of the same substances (in cases of instability). Moreover, the combined organotherapy ought to be considered as a "perfect touchstone" of dystrophy, and if applied according to certain rules, it gives results which are more complete and more certain than thyroid organotherapy by itself. It goes without saying that a special training is necessary for the intellectual "backwards"; but before any attempt at education, it is necessary to treat their bodily deficiencies, and to place them in the special schools with the boarding system, where they will be under the eye both of the doctor and of the teacher.

FIRST INTERNATIONAL

EUGENICS CONGRESS,

LONDON,

July 24th to July 30th, 1912,

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON,

SOUTH KENSINGTON.

* * * * *

CATALOGUE

OF

THE EXHIBITION.

* * * * *

CHARLES KNIGHT & CO., Ltd.,

227-239 Tooley Street, London, S.E.

References in the Index refer to the Alphabetical Enumeration in the margin of each page of the Catalogue.

* * * * *

The Exhibition Committee desire to take this opportunity of expressing their thanks to the Exhibitors for the loan of their exhibits. They desire specially to acknowledge the courtesy of Professor von Gruber for giving permission to make use of Translations from the Catalogue of the International Congress of Race Hygiene held in Dresden last year.

INDEX TO EXHIBITS.

A

Ability, Administrative, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1

Inheritance of, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood
families, O. 5

Abnormal Germ Production, _see under_ Germ Production

Abnormalities observed in Drunkard's Children, C. 92

Abortions and Premature Births in various Callings, C. 101

Administrative Ability, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1

Age-intervals, separating various Generations of Mannheim families, C. 39

Age of Parents
Conjointly with Numerical position in Family, in relation
to Infantile Mortality, C. 51
at Death, and Marital gross and net Fertility, C. 7
and Mortality of Children up to 5 years, C. 9-10
and Mortality of Children up to 20 years, C. 7-8

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF UTAH
JOHN A. WIDTSOE, A.M., Ph.D., Chart shewing Inheritance
of Physical and Mental Qualities and Defects, and of
Literary Ability, from a Polygamous Family in Utah, N. 1

Alcohol and Degeneration, C. 91-3
Effect of, on Human Offspring, C. 96
Experiments with, on Animals, in Small Quantities, C. 95
Frequency and Intensity of harmful Influences through, relative,
Urban and Rural, C. 88
Injury from, to Reproductive functions, C. 89-90

Alcoholic, Epileptic, Sexually-immoral Man, and Neurotic and
Sexually-immoral Woman, Offspring of, D. 9
Intoxication, Acute, effect of on Origin of Feeble-mindedness, C. 97
Man, and Feeble-minded Woman, Offspring of, D. 10
and Migrainous Woman, Offspring of, D. 13

Alcoholism, Paternal, effect of, on Suckling-capacity of Daughters, C. 93
Inter-connection with, of Tuberculosis, Nervous Diseases, and Psychoses
of Offspring, C. 94

_Alytes obstetricans_, _see_ Midwife Toad

"All London," Booth's Classification of, Comparison of, with the Normal
Classes, O. 3

AMERICAN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION, EUGENICS SECTION (C. DAVENPORT, ESQ.).
Charts _re_ Defectives, Classification and Statistics of, P.

Ancestors, Theoretical Number of, C. 115

Ancestral Loss, Phenomenon of, C. 96

Animals, Experiments on, with Small quantities of Alcohol, C. 95

Arab v. Spaniard, Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 4

Archduchess Maria ... of Tuscany, Pedigree of, C. 112

Association of Characters in Heredity in Sweet Peas, M. 6 & 7 (_a & b_)

Atrophy, Progressive Muscular, C. 13

Australia, Birth and Death Rates in, H. 25

B

Bavaria, Breast-feeding in relation to Infant Mortality in, C. 60, 70

"Belvidere," Pedigree of, C. 110

Berlin, Birth and Death Rate for, H. 28
Fertility in, decrease in, _circ._ 1869-1910, C. 126-129

Birth-curve, general, and that for Feeble-minded Children compared, C. 97

Birth-frequency in relation to Habit of Breast-feeding, C. 72, 73

Birth-interval, in relation to
Breast-feeding, length of, C. 63
Average length of, C. 63, 64
Health of Offspring, C. 58
Infantile Mortality, C. 57, 58
Vitality of Child, with and without, Breast-feeding, C. 65

Birth-place, Locality and Size of, in relation to Military Fitness,
Germany, C. 26-30

Birth-rate, in relation to
Breast-feeding, duration of, C. 72, 73
Wealth, C. 118-122
Rising, Countries with, H. 21-4
Stationary, Countries with, H. 17-20

Birth and Death Rate
in Australia, H. 25
in Berlin, H. 28
in Europe and Western Europe, H. 30-1
in France, H. 7
in the Netherlands, H. 10
of Toronto, City of, H. 27
of United Kingdom, and of German Empire, H. 5, 6
of Various Countries, relation between, H. 1-31

Birth and Death Rates and Infant Mortality, relation between, H. 1-31
for New Zealand, H. 26
in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13

Birth-rates, and _corrected_ Death-rates, relation between, H. 2

Births _per_ Couple essential to prevent Decay of Nations,
C. 123 _et præoi_
Premature in Various Callings, C. 101
Restriction of, C. 125-128

Blindness, _see_ Colour-blindness _and_ Night-blindness

Blood-relationship of Parents and Health of Offspring, C. 108
Intensification of Characters in, C. 106-7

Blue Andalusian Fowls, Mendelian Inheritance in
Gametic Purity in Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_)
Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_)

Booth, C., Classification by, of "All London," Comparison of, with the
Normal Classes, O. 3

Breast-feeding, in relation to
Birth-intervals, Length of, and average Length of, C. 63, 64
Cancer, C. 71
Infant Mortality
Birth-Interval and, C. 59-62
Female Labour and, C. 99
Capacity for, of Daughters as affected by Paternal Alcoholism, C. 93
as Evidence of Hereditary Constitution in relation to Infant
Mortality, C. 79-82
and Number of Children, C. 61
Duration of, in relation to
Average number of Carious Teeth, C. 74, 75
Birth rate, C. 72, 73
Frequency of Rachitic disturbances of development, C. 78.
Infant Mortality, C. 74
in Conjunction with Numerical Position, C. 60
Physical development, C. 76
School Reports, average, C. 77
Habit of, in relation to Birth-frequency, C. 72, 73
as running in Families, and Infant Mortality, C. 62

C

Canada, _see_ Toronto

Cancer, Breast-feeding in relation to, C. 71

Cataract, Hereditary, L. 4

Charts Explaining Method of Collecting and Recording
Data, D. 15 (_a_ & _b_)

Childbirth, increasing Frequency of Surgical Operations in connection
with, Racial significance of, C. 48 (1-6)

Childless and Fertile Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45

Children, _see also_ Infant Mortality, Numbers, Numerical Position, &c.
of Drunkards, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92

Health of, in connection with Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108

Mortality of,
Death-age of Parents in relation to,
up to 5 years, C. 9, 10
up to 20 years, C. 7, 8
illegitimate, C. 104, 105
Number of children in relation to, C. 60
Number of, Average in each Generation, Mannheim, C. 38
in Paris, in relation to Wealth, C. 119

Cleopatra, Pedigree of, showing Inbreeding, C. 114

Colour-Blindness, Congenital, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1

Colour-Changes in Skin of Fire-Salamander, according to placing on Yellow
or Black Earth, C. 1, 2

Colours, Recombination of in Poultry, Mendelian experiments shewing, M. 3

Comparison of Mr. Booth's Classification of "All London," with the Normal
Classes, O. 3

Conceptions and Conception Losses, Numbers of, and Explanations,
C. 52 (1-4)

Congenital Colour-Blindness, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1
Hereditary Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_)

Constitution, _see_ Hereditary _do._

Consumption in three Generations, Male Infant Mortality, E. 5 (_c_)

Copenhagen, Fertility of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for, C. 122

Countries with
Rising Birth-rate, H. 21-4
Stationary Birth-rate, H. 17-20

Country, _versus_ Town Fertility, in Prussia, C. 126, 128

Cross-Fertilization in Maize, C. 111

Crossing of Races
Fertility and Health in relation to, C. 117
Inbreeding and, C. 106, 107

D

Darwin, Charles,
Home of, Down House
Study-rooms of, at Down
Etching of Large, by Haig, B. 7
Photograph of Small, in which "The Origin of Species" was
written, B. 6
Water-colour Drawing of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8
Letters of (Two) on "Worms and their Habits," B. 9
Portraits of Engraving, by Flameng after Collier, B. 4

Portraits of
Painting, by W. W. Ouless, B. 1
Photograph, by Maull and Polyblank, B. 3
on his Horse, Tommy, B. 5

Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son, Erasmus, Portraits of
(Silhouette), A. 2

Darwin, Mrs., Portrait of (Silhouette), A. 3

DARWIN, WILLIAM E., and LEONARD, B. 1 to 9

Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as
exemplified by, O. 5

Daughters, Suckling Capacity of, as affected by Paternal
Alcoholism, C. 93

DAVENPORT, C. B., P.

Death-rates, _see also_ Birth-, and Death-rates of Married and Divorced
Persons, and of Widows, compared, C. 102

Deaths, in relation to Conception losses, C. 52, 53

Defect, Transmission of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_)

Defective and Pauper families, Tendency to Inter-marriage between, E. 2

Defectives
Classification of, Charts of, P. 1
Statistics of Charts, P.

Degeneration, Alcohol and, C. 91-3

Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and General Paralysis, Frequency of, in
Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 38

Denmark, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 121, 122
Number of Children in, in Families of Different Classes, 1901, C. 121

Descent, _see also_ Heredity, Inheritance, _and_ Mendelism
of Qualities in a Population (after Galton), O. 4
Standard Scheme of (after Galton), O. 2

Development as affected by Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 74-8

Diseases, Variation of, England and Wales, H. 9

Down House, Home of Charles Darwin Study-rooms in
Large, Etched by Haig, B. 7
Small, Photograph of, B. 6
Water-colour of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8

Drunkard's Children, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92

DRYSDALE, C. V., H. 1-30

Dutch conditions as to Fertility in relation to Marriage, Wealth and
Occupation, C. 122

Dying-out of Higher grades of Society, C. 34
Large Scale of, C. 36
Quick process of, Catastrophic changes inaugurating,. C. 38-43

E

Earth, Colour of, as affecting Skin-colour in Fire Salamander, C. 1-2

England and Wales
Birth- and Death-rate and Infantile Mortality for, H. 9
Fertility of Married Women in, H. 9
Illegitimacy in, H. 9

English _v._ Gipsy, Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K. 1

Engraving by Leopold Flameng of Collier's Portrait of C. Darwin, B. 4

Environment, Colour changes in Skin due to, C. 1-2

Epilepsy, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 88

Epileptic, Alcoholic, Sexually-immoral Man and Sexually-immoral Woman,
Offspring of, D. 9
and Feeble-minded Parents, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_)
Man and Choreic Woman, Offspring of, D. 11
of Low Grade, condition of Relatives of, D. 13
and Normal Woman, Offspring of, D. 12
Parents, Offspring of, D. 1
Unmarried Mother, Offspring of, D. 6

Epileptics, Village for, of New Jersey State, at Skillman, D. 1-15

Etching by Axel Haig of Darwin's large Study at Down, B. 7

European States, Decrease of Fertility in some, C. 129

European _v._ American Red Indian, Inheritance of Racial form of
Nose, K. 2 (_a_ & _b_)
Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 3

Eye, Lens of, Reconstruction of, out of Iris, C. 49
of Vertebrate, Development of, C. 49

Eye-colour in Mankind, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3
Racial Segregation of, K. 3-5

Eye-disease, Destructive, and Mental Defect in same Stock, E. 1

Eye-sight, Defects of, L. 1-4

F

Families brought back to the Land, North Germany, C. 23-5
Frequency of Tuberculosis in, C. 15

Faulty position of Child at Birth, in relation to
Stillbirth, C. 48 (5 & 6)

Feeble-minded
Children, Birth-curve of, compared with general Birth-curve, C. 97
Parents, Offspring of, D. 8
Mated with Epileptic, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_)
Woman, and Alcoholic Man, Offspring of, D. 10.

Feeble-mindedness, Incest, and Offspring, D. 3
Origin of, Acute Intoxication in relation to, C. 97

Female Labour and Infant Mortality, C. 99-101
as affecting Reproduction, C. 99, 100

Fertile and Childless Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45

Fertility, Age of Parents at Death in relation to, C. 7
and Health in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117
in relation to High Mental Endowment
in France, C. 124
in Holland, C. 123
Legitimate, in Berlin, Decrease of: Two-children System, C. 127-9
of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch
Conditions, C. 122
of Married Women, England and Wales, H. 9
Want of, in French and German towns, C. 125-9
and Wealth, C. 118
in Denmark, C. 121, 122
in Munich, C. 120

Field-workers in America, Charts collected by, P.

Fire Salamander, Colour-changes in Skin of, when placed on Yellow or on
Black Earth, C. 1-2

First-born _see also_ Numeral position alleged Inferiority in, C. 64.
and Later-Born, Infantile Mortality among, C. 56
Myopia in high degree and frequency of, C. 54

Fitness for Military Service in relation to Birth-place, locality and
size of, and to Parental occupation, C. 26-30

Foetus, effect on, of Lead poisoning, C. 98

France, Birth- and Death-rates for, since 1781., H. 8
Departments of, Fertility in relation to Wealth in, C. 118
Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 124
Total Population and Birth- and Death-rates for, Variation in, H. 7
Towns of, Want of Fertility in, C. 125

G

Galton, Darwin, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as
exemplified by, O. 5

Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters, Portraits
of (Silhouette), A. 4

Galton, Sir Francis, Portrait of, by Charles Furze, A. 1

Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity, Theory of
Illustrations of in
Blue Andalusian Fowls, O. 1 (_f_)
Mice, O. 1 (_d_)

General Paralysis of the Insane, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic
Asylums, C. 88

Generations of Mannheim Families
Age-intervals separating, C. 39
Average number of Children in each, C. 38
Number attained by, C. 38

Germ-cells, effect on, of Lead-poisoning, C. 98

Germ Production, Abnormal, Disturbance of Normal Sex proportion as
symptom of, C. 44

Germany, _see_ Berlin, Munich, & United Kingdom
Recruits in, cause of Unfitness in those qualified for one year and in
general, C. 33, 34

GRUEBER, PROF. von, C. 1-123

H

Hæmophylic family, Pedigree of, C. 12

Hair Peculiarities, Heredity of
Curled hair, C. 5
Lock of White hair, C. 6

Health and Fertility in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117
of Married persons, importance to, of Marriage, C. 102
of Offspring in relation to
Birth-interval, C. 58
Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108

Heart and Vessels, effect on, of Syphilis, C. 85

Hereditary Cataract, L. 4
Changes in _Alytes obstetricans_, C. 3-4
Congenital Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_)
Constitution as evidenced by power to Breast-feed, in relation to
Infant Mortality, C. 79-82
Night-blindness with Myopia, L. 2

Heredity, _see also_ Descent, Inheritance & Mendelism
among Moral Imbeciles, C. 17
of Hair peculiarities
Curling, C. 5
White lock, C. 6
of Particular Taints, Distribution of amongst nearest
Relatives, C. 16-19
Principles of, Charts of, P.

Higher grades of Society
Dying out of, C. 34
Large Scale of, C. 36
Urban, C. 37
Quick process, Catastrophic changes inaugurating, C. 38-43

Holland, _see also_ Dutch, & Netherlands
Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 123

HOPE, E. W., PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CITY OF LIVERPOOL, F. 1-3 (_f_)

Human Races, _see also_ Races
Crossing of, Inbreeding and, C. 106-7
Interbreeding of Different, results of, K. 3

Hybrids resulting from Cross-fertilization, C. 111

Hybridization in Maize, C. 111

I

Illegitimacy in England and Wales, H. 9

Illegitimate Children, Mortality of, C. 104, 105

Imbeciles, Moral, Heredity among, C. 20

Inbreeding and Crossing of Races, C. 106
among Pathological, harm of, C. 109
in Reigning families, C. 112-14

Incest, and Feeble-mindedness, D. 3

Infantile Mortality in relation to
Age of Parents, C. 51
Birth Interval (_see also_ that head), C. 57, 58, 66
Long or Short, C. 65
Breast-feeding, _see under_ Breast-feeding
Birth- and Death-rates, relation between, H. 1
Female Labour, C. 99-101
Hereditary Constitution, C. 79-82
Marriage of Parents, C. 104, 105
Numerical position in family, C. 50, 60
in Princely families, C. 53
in England and Wales, H. 9
in the Netherlands, H. 10
in New Zealand, H. 26
in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13
in Roman Catholic Countries, H. 14-16
Tuberculosis, and Pauperism, relation between, E. 5 (_a-e_)

Inheritance of Ability, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and
Wedgwood Families, O. 5
in Polygamous Utah family, of Physical and Mental Qualities and
Defects, and of Literary Ability, N. 1
Segregative of Racial Form of Nose, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_)

Insanitary Property in Liverpool, Model of, F. 1
Photographs of, and of New Dwellings erected on demolition
of, F. 3 (_a_ & _b_)

Insanity (_see also_ Lunatics), Consumption, and Infant
Mortality, E. 5 (_b_)

Interbreeding of Different Human Races, results of, K. 3

Inter-marriage, _see also_ Marriage between Pauper and Defective
families, Tendency to, E. 2

Intoxication, Alcoholic, Acute, in relation to Origin of
Feeble-mindedness, C. 97

L

Land, re-settlement of Families dealt with, N. Germany, C. 23-5

Lead-poisoning as affecting Germ-cells and Foetus, C. 98

Legitimate and Illegitimate Children, Berlin, 1885, Survival of, C. 105

Letters (autograph) of Charles Darwin (Two) on "Worms and their
Habits," B. 9

LIDBETTER, E. J., E. 1-6 (_d_) Life, Male, Duration of, Urban and Rural,
in Prussia, C. 22

LIVERPOOL, CITY OF, PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF, F. 1-3 (_f_)

London (_see also_ All London), Birth- and Death-rates, relation
between, H. 3

Low-type Stock, perpetuation of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_)
with but little Physical Defect, E. 3

Lunatic Asylums, Prussian, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy
and General Paralysis, C. 88

M

Maize, Cross fertilized, Hybridized, Self-fertilized, C. 111

Male and Female Mortality, Urban and Rural, compared, C. 83-5
Life, Duration of, Urban and Rural, Prussia, C. 22

Malthusian theory of Population, H. 1-30

Mankind, Eye-colour in, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3

Mannheim families, Gradual extinction of, 19th century, C. 37

Marriage rate, England & Wales, H. 9

Marriage(s) in relation to Fertility, Occupation and Wealth, Copenhagen
and Holland, C. 122
First, Prolificness of, 19th Century, C. 40
Importance of, to Health of Married persons, C. 102
and Mortality in Prussia (1894-7), C. 102
between Peasant and Tramp, Pedigree shewing results, C. 21

Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, Pedigree shewing, I. 3
Experiments with Fowls, shewing Recombination of Colours, M. 3
Heredity in Blue Andalusian Fowls,
Gametic Purity in, Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_)
Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_)
in Mice, illustration of Theory of Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_)
With Dominance, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_f_)
in Peas, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_a_ & _b_)
in Rabbits, M. 1, 2

Mendelism, O. 1

Mental Defect, _see also_ Defect, Defective, &c.
Transmission of, through the apparently Normal, E. 6 (_a-d_)
Disease and Destructive Eye-disease in same Stock, E. 1
Endowment, High, in relation to Fertility in
France, C. 124
Holland, C. 123
Taint, distribution of, among nearest Relatives, C. 17

Mice, Mendelian Heredity in, Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_)
(Theoretical), with Dominance, O. 1 (_c_)

Midwife Toad, Hereditary changes in Habits of, C. 3-4

Migrainous Parents, Offspring of, D. 14

Military Fitness and Unfitness, Germany, in relation to School
life, C. 31, 32, 33
Recruits, Frequency among, of Venereal Diseases, C. 87

Miscarriages in relation to Conception losses, C. 52 (2)

Moral Imbeciles, Heredity among, C. 20

Mortality, _see also_ Infant, Male and Female, Phthisis, Syphilitic
of Children, in relation to Age at Death of Parents, C. 7-10
of Illegitimate Children, C. 104, 105
in relation to Marriage, C. 102

MUDGE, G. P., K. 1-5

Munich, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 120

Munich Regiments, percentage in, of Fitness, C. 34

Muscular Atrophy, Progressive, C. 13

Myopia, with Hereditary Night-blindness, L. 2
High degree of, and frequency of, among First-born, C. 54

N

Neomalthusianism, C. 118-29

Netherlands, _see also_ Holland
Birth- and Death-rates and Infant Mortality for, H. 10

New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, at Skillman, Charts of, D. 1-15

New Zealand, Birth- and Death-rate and Infant Mortality, H. 26

Night-blindness, Hereditary with Myopia L. 2
Inherited Stationary, Pedigree of sufferers from, of Nongaret
family, C. 14

Nongaret family, sufferers from Inherited Stationary Night-blindness,
Pedigree of, C. 14

Normal Classes, Comparison with, of Booth's Classification of "All
London," O. 3
Woman, with two Tuberculous husbands, E. 5 (_d_)

Nose, Racial form of, and its Segregative Inheritance, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_)

Number of Children and
Capacity for Breast-feeding, C. 61
Child Mortality, C. 60

Numerical position in family, _see also_ First-born
and Duration of Breast-feeding in relation to Infant Mortality, C. 20
in relation to Infantile Mortality, C. 50, 55
in Princely families, C. 53

Nystagmus, Hereditary congenital, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_)

O

Occupation in relation to Fertility, Denmark and Holland, C. 122

Offspring, Human, effects on of Alcohol, Blood relationship of Parents,
Epileptic and Feeble-minded Parentage, &c., _see_ those heads

P

Parental Age at Death, and Child Mortality, C. 7-10

Occupation in relation to Military Fitness, Germany, C. 26-30

Parents, Blood-relationship of, and Health of Offspring, C. 108
Epileptic, Offspring of, D. 1

Paris, Birth- and Death-rates of, relation between, H. 4
Number of Children in, in relation to Wealth, C. 119

Paternal Alcoholism, as affecting Suckling powers of Daughters, C. 93
with Inter-connection of Tuberculosis, Neuroses and Psychoses of
Offspring, C. 94
Lead-poisoning, effect of, on Reproduction of Healthy Offspring, C. 98

Pathological Interbreeding, harm of C. 109

Pauper and Defective families, Tendency to Inter-marriage between, E. 2

Pauperism due to Transmission of Defect, and perpetuation of Low-type
Stocks, E. 1-6 (_d_)
Tuberculosis, and Infant Mortality, relation between, E. 5 (_a-e_)

Peas, _see also_ Sweet Peas
Mendelian Inheritance in, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_a_ & _b_)

PEARL, DR. RAYMOND, G.

Peasant and Tramp Intermarriages, Pedigree shewing results, C. 21

Pedigree Records, System of Making, G. 1

Pedigrees of
Archduchess Maria ... of Tuscany, shewing Inbreeding, C. 112
"Belvidere," C. 100
Collected by Field-workers in America, P.
Descent of Administrative Ability, I. 1, _see also_ Darwin, Galton, and
Wedgwood families
of Scientific Ability (Wollaston Pedigree), I. 2
Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, I. 3
Family with peculiarly Curled Hair, C. 5
Hæmophylic family, C. 12
Illustrating Royal tendency to Inter-marry, C. 112-14
Reigning Houses, shewing Ancestral Loss, C. 116
Zero von Jorger family, C. 21

Physical condition of Childless and Fertile Couples contrasted, C. 45

Photographs of Charles Darwin, B. 3, 5,
of Small Study in which "Origin of Species" was written, B. 6

Physical Development in relation to Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 7
Qualities, Heredity of, Tables shewing, C. 7

Phthisis Mortality, Decline in, for
England & Wales, F. 2 (_a_)
England & Ireland, F. 2 (_b_)
Liverpool, F. 2 (_d_)
Scotland, F. 2 (_c_)

Polygamous Utah Family, Inheritance in, of Physical and Mental Qualities
and Defects, and of Literary Ability, N. 1

Population
Births, _per_ Couple, essential to prevent Decay of
Nation, C. 123 _et proevi_
Descent of Qualities in (after Galton), O. 4
Malthusian theory of, H. 1-30
Neomalthusian theory of, C. 118-29

Portraits of
Darwin, Charles
(Engraving by L. Flameng, after Hon. John Collier's painting), B. 4
by Maull & Polyblank (Photograph), B. 3
on his horse Tommy (Photograph), B. 5
Painting by W. W. Ouless, B. 1
Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son, Erasmus (Silhouette), A. 2
Darwin, Mrs. (Silhouette), A. 3
Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters
(Silhouette), A. 4
Galton, Sir Francis, by Charles Furze, A. 1

Poultry, _see_ Blue Andalusian Fowls

Pregnancy, effect on, of Female Labour, C. 99-101

Premature Births and Abortion in various Callings, C. 101
in relation to Conception losses, C. 52(2)

Princely families, Infantile Mortality in, in relation to Numerical
position, C. 53

Principles of Heredity Charts of, P.

Progeny of the Highly Gifted in France, C. 124

Progressive Muscular Atrophy, Inheritance of, C. 13

Prolificness of First Marriages, 19th century, C. 40

Protestant Countries, Birth- and Death-rates and Infant
Mortality in, H. 11-13

Prussia, Fertility (restricted) in, C. 126

Prussia
Lunatic Asylums of, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and
General Paralysis, C. 88
Male Life-duration in, Urban and Rural, C. 22

Ptolemäus X., pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113

PUNNETT, PROF. R. C., M. 1-7 (_b_)

Q

Qualities, Descent of, in a Population (after Galton), O. 4

R

Rabbits, Mendelian Inheritance in, M. 1, 2

Rachitic disturbances of Development, Frequency of, in relation to
Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 78

Race--Hygiene, C. 46-7

Racial Crossing, C. 106-7
Fertility and Health in relation to, C. 117
Eye-colour Segregation of, K.
Form of Nose and its Segregative Inheritance, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_)
Inbreeding, C. 106-7

Recombination of Colours in Fowls, Mendelian experiments shewing, M. 3

Recruits, qualified for one year's service, and Recruits in general,
Germany, causes of Unfitness in, compared, C. 33, 34

Reigning families, Inbreeding among, C. 112
Houses, Pedigrees of, shewing Ancestral Loss, C. 116

Relations, Nearest, Distribution among, of Particular Taints, C. 16-19

Reproduction, effect on, of Female Labour, C. 99-101
of Paternal Lead Poisoning, C. 98

Reproduction-methods of _Alytes obstetricans_, Hereditary changes
in, C. 3-4

Reproductive Functions, Injury to, from Alcohol, C. 89-90

Restriction of Birth, C. 125-8

Reversion in Sweet Peas
on Crossing, followed by appearance in next generation of Numerous
Types, M. 4
in Structural characters, M. 5

Roman Catholic Countries, Birth- and Death-rate and Infant Mortality
in, H. 14-16

Rural and Urban Duration of Male Life, Prussia, C. 22

S

Self-fertilization in Maize, C. 111

School Reports, average, in relation to Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 77

Schools, German, in relation to Military Fitness, C. 31

Scientific Ability, Descent of, Pedigree shewing I. 2, _and see_ Darwin,
Galton, Wedgwood families.

Sexes, Normal proportion of, Disturbance in, as symptom of Abnormal
germ production, C. 44

Segregation Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K., 1-2 (a & b)

Segregation of Racial Eye-colour, K. (3-5)

Silhouettes of
Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son Erasmus, A. 2
Darwin, Mrs., A. 3
Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters, A. 4.

Skin-Colour, changes in, in Fire Salamander according to whether kept on
Yellow or Black Earth, C. 1-2

Soter II., Pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113

Spaniard _v._ Gipsy Inheritance, Segregation of Eye-colour, K. 3

Stillbirths, in relation to Conception losses, C. 52-3
Decrease of Total of, C. 48(4)

Structural Characters, Reversion in, in Sweet Peas, M. 5

Students, German, causes of Military Unfitness in, C. 32, 33

Suicides in Civilised Countries, Increasing numbers of, C. 35-6

Suckling, _see_ Breast-feeding

Sucklings, _see_ Infant Mortality

Surgery in Childbirth, increase in, Racial significance of, C. 48 (1-6)

Standard Scheme of Descent (after Galton), O. 2

Sweet Peas
Association in, of Characters in Heredity, M. 6 & 7 (_a_ & _b_)
Reversion in, on Crossing, followed by appearance of Numerous Types in
next generation, M. 4
in Structural Characters, M. 5

Syphilitic and Sexually-immoral Couple, Offspring of, D. 15

Syphilis
Heart and Vessels as harmed by, C. 85
Mortality from, at 36 to 50 years, C. 85
Frequency of, relative, Urban and Rural, C. 86-8

T

Taints, particular, distribution of among nearest Relations, C. 16-9

Teeth, Carious, average of, Breast-feeding in relation to, C. 74, 75

Toronto, City of, Birth- and Death-rates of, H. 27

Towns, _see also_ Urban
French and German, Restriction of Births in, C. 125-9
Life in, Special effect of, on Male Mortality, C. 83-5

Tramp and Peasant Inter-marriage, Pedigree showing results, C. 21

Tuberculosis
Frequency of, within Families, C. 15
Infant Mortality, and Pauperism, relation between, E. 5 (_a_ & _e_)
Mortality from, of Married and Unmarried persons, C. 102

Tuberculous family with apparently Normal Parents from Tuberculous
Stocks, E. 5 (_a_)
Stock, Survival of, by accession of strength from
Normal, E. 5 (_c_ & _d_)

Twins, Hereditary tendency to beget, C. 11

Two-children System in Berlin, C. 127-9

U

United Kingdom and Germany, Total Population, and Birth- and Death-rates,
Variations in, H. 5-6

Urban Tendency to Extinction of Higher-grade families, C. 37
and Rural Duration of Male life, Prussia, C. 22
relative Frequency of Syphilis and other Venereal diseases, C. 86-8

V

Vitality of Child, influence on, of Birth-intervals, C. 65

Venereal Disease, Frequency of
among Military Recruits, C. 87
Urban and Rural, relative, C. 86-8

W

Wealth, in relation to
Birth-rate, C. 118-22
Fertility
Denmark, C. 121, 122
France, C. 118, 119

Wedgwood, Galton, and Darwin Families, Inheritance of Ability as
exemplified by, O. 5

WEEKS, DAVID FAIRFIELD, Director of the N. Jersey State Village for
Epileptics at Skillman, U.S.A. D. 1-15

WHEELER, E. G., A. (1-4)

WHETHAM, MR. & MRS. W. C. D., I. 1-3

Widows and Divorced persons, High Death-rate of, C. 103

WIDTSOE, JOHN A., A.M., Ph.D., Chart shewing Inheritance of Physical and
Mental Qualities and Defects, and of Literary Ability, from
Polygamous family in Utah, N. 1

Wife, Importance of in raising or lowering Family Status, C. 21

William II., German Emperor, Pedigree of, showing "Ancestral
loss," C. 116

Wollaston Pedigree, shewing descent of Scientific Ability, I. 2

Woman with two husbands, Defective family by the first, E. 4

Z

Zero von Jorger family, Pedigree of, C. 21

First International Eugenics Congress,

London, July, 1912.

LIST OF EXHIBITS.

[Sidenote: A.]

Exhibited by E. G. Wheler, Esq.

[Sidenote: A 1]

Portrait of Sir Francis Galton, by Charles Furze, 1903.

[Sidenote: A 2]

Silhouettes of Dr. Erasmus Darwin and his son Erasmus.

[Sidenote: A 3]

Silhouette of Mrs. Darwin.

[Sidenote: A 4]

Silhouettes of Samuel Tertius Galton, his son Erasmus and three daughters.

[Sidenote: B.]

Exhibited by William> E. and Leonard Darwin.

[Sidenote: B 1]

Portrait of Charles Darwin, by W. W. Ouless, R A., painted in 1875.

[Sidenote: B 2]

Portrait of Erasmus Darwin (after Wright, of Derby), the common grandfather of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton.

[Sidenote: B 3]

Photograph of Charles Darwin, by Maull & Polyblank, taken about the year 1854.

[Sidenote: B 4]

Leopold Flameng's Engraving, after the portrait of Charles Darwin, by the Hon. John Collier, painted in the year 1881--now in the National Portrait Gallery.

[Sidenote: B 5]

Photograph of Charles Darwin on his horse Tommy.

[Sidenote: B 6]

Photograph of the small study at Down in which the "Origin of Species" was written.

[Sidenote: B 7]

Etching by Axel Haig of the large study at Down, which Charles Darwin occupied from about 1887 onwards.

[Sidenote: B 8]

Water-colour Drawing of Down House, by Albert Goodwin, painted in 1882.

[Sidenote: B 9]

Two letters of Charles Darwin, on "Worms and their Habits,"

[Sidenote: C.]

Exhibited by Professor von Gruber.

[Sidenote: C 1 & 2]

Experiments by P. Kammerer on +changes produced in the colours in the skin of the Fire Salamander--Salamandra maculosa--by keeping them on yellow or black earth respectively+.

According as to whether the animals are kept on yellow or black earth the yellow or black colouring of the skin spreads, and this change of colour appears in the same way in the offspring, though a direct influence of the colour of the earth on the germ plasm is absolutely unthinkable. The two pictures in the lower part of Figure C 1 show the colouring of that generation to which the animal portrayed above belongs, according as to whether they have been kept permanently on yellow soil (right) or returned again to black soil (left). Here, it is true, it is not a question of a new quality or tendency. The capacity in the parents to deposit black pigment in their skin has been increased or decreased according to their surroundings. But the distinctive point remains, that their offspring is subsequently endowed with the inherited tendency to produce proportionately more or less pigment. This may, however, be a direct result of the abnormal life conditions of the parents, in so far as the depositing of more or less pigment in the skin of the parents is certainly not a purely local process, but rather is bound up with other metabolic changes which may extend to or influence the developing gametes.

[Sidenote: C 3 & 4]

Very remarkable are the +hereditary changes+ which Kammerer established in +Alytes obstetricans+--the midwife toad.

With them copulation normally takes place on dry land. The male extricates from the female the string of eggs, winds it round his hind legs and carries it about until the eggs are ready. Then, and not till then, he enters the water where the larvæ escape. If, however, one keeps these toads in a high temperature (25-30 C.) they enter the water to cool themselves and abandon their normal way of manipulating their brood because the string of spawn swells in water and does not remain sufficiently sticky to allow the male to fasten it to his thighs. The animals become gradually accustomed to live in water, and continue to carry on the business of reproduction there, even when the temperature is normal. As soon as the new instinct has become sufficiently established with the parents they beget offspring, which at a normal temperature go of their own accord into water to deposit their eggs, and also produce eggs more numerous than, and somewhat different from, those of the normal toad. Further, the males of this succeeding generation develop thumbs and forearms of a character which enables them to perform the difficult task of holding the females during copulation in the water.

[Sidenote: C 5 & 6]

The likeness of offspring to their parents is extremely great and goes into many details; this we frequently overlook because a divergence strikes us more than a similarity. A similarity becomes striking when it is a question of familiar peculiarities. These often relate to exterior unimportant peculiarities. Our collection contains +a pedigree+ (taken by Dr. Walter Bell from Bateson's "Mendel's Principles of Heredity"), Figure C 5, +of a family with peculiarly curled hair+; also in Figure C 6, a +case of heredity of a lock of white hair+, likewise taken from Bateson's work by Rizzoli.

[Sidenote: C 7]

The heredity of physical qualities is strikingly illustrated in Weinberg's Table C 7, showing the age +at death of the parents and the marital gross and nett fertility+. It is founded on the Stuttgart family registers, and comprises about 1,900 non-tubercular and about 3,000 tubercular families ("Archiv für Rassen and Gesellschafts Biologie" and Württemberger Jahrbücher für Statistik und Landeskunde, 1911). W. Weinberg adds:

Relation of Age at Death of Parents to Gross and Nett Fertility. (After Weinberg.)

Age of parents. Men: Women:

Years under 30 A 0.58 C 1.00 A 0.93 C 1.79
B 0.62 D 1.34 B 0.82 D 1.72

30-40 A 1.38 C 2.81 A 1.65 C 3.40
B 1.41 D 2.70 B 1.81 D 3.53

40-50 A 2.31 C 3.94 A 1.88 C 3.34
B 1.90 D 3.69 B 2.25 D 4.52

50-60 A 2.39 C 4.05 A 2.31 C 3.69
B 2.21 D 4.04 B 1.92 D 3.42

60-70 A 3.05 C 4.76 A 2.62 C 4.37
B 2.88 D 4.65 B 2.79 D 4.28

70-100 A 3.38 C 5.50 A 2.76 C 4.34
B 3.22 D 5.53 B 2.80 D 4.33

A - Non-tuberculous families, number of children surviving 20th year.
B - Tuberculous " " " " "
C - Non-tuberculous families, number of children dying before attaining
20th year.
D - Tuberculous " " " " "

Number of non-tuberculous families about 1,900 (1876-79-86), of tuberculous about 3,000 (1873-89); from Stuttgart family registers.

Figure C 7.]