Chapter XXVI: Appendix: C

The hypothesis that all elements have definite quantities of electricity in them, or a definite number of electrons, as suggested on page 335, receives added weight by the testimony of Sir Oliver Lodge in the work already referred to. Writing on the subject, he says: "It is a fascinating guess that the electrons constitute the fundamental substratum of which all matter is composed. That a grouping of say 700 electrons, 350 positive and 350 negative, interleaved or interlocked in a state of violent motion so as to produce a stable configuration under the influence of their centrifugal inertia and their electric forces, constitutes an atom of hydrogen. That sixteen times as many, in another stable grouping, constitute an atom of oxygen. That some 16,000 of them go to form an atom of sodium; about 100,000 an atom of barium; and 160,000 an atom of radium."

From these extracts, taken from _Modern Views of Matter_, the author claims that the theory of the Aether presented to the reader in _Aether and Gravitation_ receives added confirmation and support.

* * * * *

ERRATA

The author regrets that Professor J. J. Thomson's name has been incorrectly spelled in several places.

INDEX

Aberration of light, 69, 149, 218

Absorption, 104-6

Acceleration, 239

Actinic rays, 141

Action at a distance, 96, 174, 176
and re-action, 20, 251

Adams' discovery of Neptune, 25

Aether is matter, 54-8
is atomic, 59-67
is gravitative, 64-9
density of, 69, 71, 136, 243
elasticity of, 74-7
inertia of, 76, 330
its motions, 80
compressibility of, 291, 315
waves, 79-80

Aetherial basis of matter, 326

Affinity, chemical, 43

Aldebaran, 312

Aluminium, 79

Ampère, 192

Ampère's theory of magnetism, 193

Andromeda, 314

Annual magnetic variation, 208

Annular nebulae, 320

Aphelion of earth, 36

Arago, M., 321

Arcturus, 312

Areas, Kepler's law of, 36

Asten, Von, 234, 296

Asteroids, 31

Atmosphere, 68, 73, 102, 225

Atom, vortex, 45, 46, 61
what it is, 43
electron, 63
Boscovitch, 61
hard, 61
size of, 43

Attraction, electrical, 2, 286
of gravitation, 13, 24, 31
magnetic, 195

Balance, Torsion, 187

Bernoulli, 221, 341

Beta Persei, 308

Biela's comet, 296-7

Binary compound, 143
stars, 25, 309

Biot, 138

Boscovitch atoms, 44, 138

Boyle and Marriotte's law, 76, 103

Bradley's discovery of aberration, 149

Bredichin on comets' tails, 302

Brilliancy of stars, 307, 309

British Association Report, 57, 59

Calcium, 79

Canis major, 307
minor, 307

Capella, 312

Carbon, 48

Carboniferous period, 115

Carnot on heat, 116-18

Cassini, 307

Cause and effect, 14
of gravitation, 1, 282-9

Cavendish experiment, 24

Centauri, 79

Centre of gravity, 325

Centrifugal force, 9, 13, 15, 30, 236-8

Centripetal force, 9, 12, 282

Cetus, 307

Chalk, 6

Challis, Prof., 74, 96, 100, 107, 151, 155, 214, 227, 311

Chemistry, 47, 336

Coal, 86, 88

Clairaut, 297

Clusters of stars, 314

Cohesion, 48

Colour, 138

Colours of stars, 308
seven primary, 139

Comets, 291
attracted by planets, 298
condensation of, 292

Comets and meteors, 297
short period, 293-4
long period, 293-4
tails of, 298-9
orbits of, 293
nucleus of, 298-9
coma, 298-9

Compressibility of aether, 291, 315

Condensation of gases, 47

Conservation of matter, 42
of energy, 84
of motion, 92

Constellations, 307

Corollary, 15

Corona Borealis, 309

Corpuscles, 42, 64, 136

Corpuscular theory of light, 122

Correlation of forces, 83

Coulomb Torsion balance, 185, 187

Crookes, Sir William, 42, 136, 326, 341

Current, electric, 163
magnetic, 192

Currents, 90

Curry, Prof., 284

Cycle of operations, 114, 116

Cygnus, 307

Dalton's atomic theory, 42

Davy, 99, 107

Day and night, 4

D'Arrest's comet, 296

Deimos, 38

Democritus, 44

Density of matter, 51
of aether, 69
electric, 170
of earth, 242
of sun, 27
of planets, 242

Descartes, 221-2, 341

Dewar, Prof., 47

Diameter of earth, 29
polar, 29
equatorial, 29
of sun, 280
of planets, 29

Dielectric, 168, 175

Diffusion, 49

Dip, magnetic, 199

Distances of stars, 280

Diurnal variations, magnetic, 209

Dog star (Sirius), 306

Donati's comet, 298

Double stars, 308

Draco, 307

Dynamical equivalent of heat, 114
value of light, 150

Dynamics, laws of thermo-, 114-18

Dynamo, 87, 90

Ear, 120

Earth, mass of, 235, 242
a magnet, 196-8
size of, 29
rotation of, 219
orbit of, 276
periodic time of, 251
gravity of, 29
shape of, 29
distance from sun, 242, 251
velocity in orbit, 251

Eccentricity of orbits, 268, 276

Eclipse, 145, 148

Ecliptic, plane of, 277-9

Elasticity, 46
of matter, 51
of aether, 74

Electric current, 154
potential, 170
induction, 175
radiation, 182
density, 170
energy, 179
field, 166, 179
lines of force, 173

Electricity, 64, 162
two kinds of, 175
positive, 175
negative, 175
laws of, 184
theories of, 162

Electrons, 136, 163

Electro-static, 158, 164
kinetic, 158, 164
kinetic energy, 217
magnetism, 192-5
magnets, 199
magnetic theory of light, 229
chemical equivalents, 189, 333

Elements of matter, 47

Ellipse, 34
Kepler's discovery of, 34

Elliptical nebulae, 320

Emission theory of light, 122

Encke's comet, 293, 296
resisting medium, 228

Energy, 83, 84
what it is, 83
conservation of, 84
transformation of, 86
potential, 87
kinetic, 89, 164
radiant, 109
electrical, 179
and motion, 91

Engine, Carnot's heat, 116

Envelopes of comets, 298

Epicureans, 44

Equal areas, 36
times, 36

Equator, N. and S. Poles, 29
magnetic, 202
terrestrial, 29

Equipotential surfaces, 171

Equivalents, electro-chemical, 189, 333

Euler, 123

Exchanges, theory of, 105

Experience, 4

Experiments of Rumford, 98
of Michelson and Morley, 67, 227
of Lebedew, 302
of Nichols and Hull, 153
of Hertz, 165
of Faraday, 65, 285
of M. Faye, 302
of Joule, 114

Falling stone, 21, 29

Faraday, 45, 175, 220
on matter, 56
on Lines of Force, 168, 200, 203-5
on magnetic space, 208
on gravitation, 287
on electricity, 332
on induction, 176

Faye, M., 111, 302, 319

Faye's comet, 293, 296

Field, electric, 179
magnetic, 199

Fizeau, 149, 224

Fluids, 48

Food, 89

Forbes, 121

Force, 16, 19, 90
centrifugal, 9, 13, 236
centripetal, 9, 12, 282
lines of, 200

Forces, direction of the, 26
proportion of the, 26

Foucault, 149

Franklin, 106

Fresnel, 75, 131

Frictionless medium, 17, 131, 136, 224

Fundamental medium, 54

Galaxy, 325, 346

Gaseous nebulae, 313

Gases, condensation of, 47
liquefaction of, 47
kinetic theory of, 49

Glazebrook, Prof., on aether and gravitation, 22

Globular clusters of stars, 314

Gravitation, law of, 61, 65
universal, 24
intensity of, 27
law of proportion, 26
cause of, 1, 282
and binary stars, 25

Gravity, centre of, 325

Great Bear, 307

Grove, 83

Halley's comet, 296-7

Hamilton, Sir W. R., 247

Head of comets, 298

Heat is motion, 98
a mode of motion, 107
radiant, 109
dynamical equivalent of, 116
effects of, 107
nature of, 98
radiation of, 109
transformation of, 87

Heat engine, Carnot's, 116
of sun, 109
and matter, 100
and work, 114
refraction of, 121

Helmholtz, Von, 45, 86

Hercules, 257, 271, 307

Herschel, Sir J., 3, 4, 7, 226, 228, 281, 299, 301, 310, 321
Sir W., 109, 271-2, 313

Hertz, 138, 159, 182

Hicks, Prof., 13

Hodograph of planets, 247

Hot springs, 90

Huggins, 313-14

Huyghens, 54, 123, 125, 128

Hydrogen, 40, 42, 44, 60, 93, 314, 333

Hypotheses, 3, 338

Ice, 42

Identity of heat and light, 119
light and electricity, 156, 160, 165
aether and electricity, 331

Imponderable, 71

Impressed force, 20

Impressible aether, 78

Induction, electric, 174-5
magnetic, 199
Faraday's theory of, 175

Inertia of matter, 52
of aether, 330

Intensity of light, 28, 146
of heat, 28, 113
of electricity, 184
of gravity, 28

Iron, 42
expansion by heat, 101
contraction by cold, 102

Joule, 85, 114

Jupiter, 26, 68
mass of, 235
satellites of, 149, 178
rotation of, 219
orbital velocity of, 251, 265
size of, 235
distance from sun, 242, 251
density of, 242
and comets, 305

Kant, 317

Kelvin, Lord, 43, 71, 77, 80, 95, 216, 227
on aether, 56-7
on vortex atom, 63
on compressible aether, 291, 315
on light, 151

Kepler's laws, 32
first, 33, 256-9
second, 36, 260-2
third, 37, 263-5
on vortex motion, 221-2

Kinetic energy, 89
electro, 217

Kirchhoff, 43

Laplace, 317
nebular hypothesis, 317

Larmor, Dr., 22, 44, 56, 63, 93, 163
on electrons, 284
on aetherial physics, 22, 327-9

Lavoisier, 42

Law of gravitation, 24
of inverse squares, 27

Laws of electricity, 184
of light, 145
of heat, 113
of motion, 9, 15, 233

Lead, 88, 333

Lebedew, 32, 76, 153

Le Verrier, 25
discovery of Neptune, 25

Leyden jar, 157

Liebnitz, 223

Light, 75
a mode of motion, 122
corpuscular theory of, 123
undulatory theory of, 123, 136
electro-magnetic theory of, 156
path of a ray of, 144
intensity of, 145
reflection of, 136
refraction of, 135
aberration of, 149
composition of, 139
velocity of, 148
zodiacal, 277
transverse vibration of, 130

Lines of force, electric, 173
magnetic, 201-3

Liquefaction of gases, 47

Liquid air, 47

Liquids, 48

Little Bear, 307
Dog, 307

Lockyer, 109

Lodge, Dr., 219
on aether density, 69
on aether, 284, 289, 328, 332
on electric inertia, 330
on electricity, 64, 69, 284, 285
on force, 17
on gravitation, 283

Lorentz on light, 154

Lyra, 307

MacLaurin, 2, 10, 17

Magnesium, 79

Magnet, 21

Magnets, bar, 199
moving, 211

Magnetic axis, 202
field, 199
lines of force, 200
shells, 205
equator, 202
induction, 199
variation, 208
molecules of, 193
polarity, 194

Magnetism of earth, 207-12
of planets, 211
cause of solar, 211
Ampère's theory of, 193

Mars, 68, 79
a magnet, 196
rotation of, 219
size of, 236
orbital velocity of, 251
satellites of, 178
orbit of, 33

Mass, 27, 53, 187
of earth, 235, 242
of planets, 235, 242
of sun, 190

Matter, elements of, 40
properties of, 42, 50
and motion, 41, 322
conservation of, 42
divisibility of, 44
four states of, 48
aetherial basis of, 48, 333
physical constitution of, 334

Maxwell, J. C., 43, 73, 85, 151, 211
on physical lines of force, 168, 203-5, 288
on aether, 59, 206
on magnetism, 205
on electro-kinetic energy, 180, 217
on aether, 58

Mayer, 84, 86, 114, 118

McCullagh, 75

Mechanical energy, 87

Medium, Descartes on a, 221
Kepler on a, 222

Mercury, 68, 79
a magnet, 196
rotation of, 219
eccentricity of orbit, 33
mass of, 242
orbital velocity of, 251

Meteorites, 95, 118

Meteors, 31, 85, 118

Michelson and Morley, 7, 67

Milky way, 79, 309, 314

Molecules, 44

Momentum, 20

Moon, 61

Motion of stars, 310
planetary, 253
of sun, 274
of aether, 80
and work, 95
modes of, 92, 122, 163
first law of, 15, 16, 239
second law of, 19, 244
third law of, 20, 251

Multiple stars, 308

Natural philosophy, 4

Nebulae and aether, 313
structure of, 314
spiral, 322
annular, 320
elliptical, 320
planetary, 321
spectrum of, 314
irregular, 319

Nebular hypothesis, 317

Nebulous stars, 311

Neptune, 68
discovery of, 25
mass of, 235
orbital velocity of, 251, 265
distance from sun, 242
a magnet, 196

Newton's coloured rings, 107
_Optics_,72, 98, 122
letter to Bentley, 2, 96
Rules of Philosophy, 3
_Principia_, 3, 7, 38
emission theory, 123
law of gravitation, 24
atoms, 44
on aether, 98

Nichols and Hull, 32, 153

Ocean, 81, 90

Operations, cycle of, 114

_Optics_, Newton's, 2, 122

Orbital motions of planets, 266

Orbit of earth, 33
of Venus, 33

Orbits of satellites, 34
of planets, 33-4, 266
moon, 267
stars, 310
sun, 270

Origin of sun's heat, 95

Orion, 79, 307, 314, 319

Oxygen, 40, 44, 60, 93

Parallelogram of forces, 15

Pendulum, 88

Periodic times, 37

Perpetual motion, 93, 220

_Phil. Mag._, 58, 67, 71, 73, 74, 80

_Phil. Trans._, 58, 62, 64, 75

Philosophy, Rules of, 3

Phobos, 38

Physical lines of force, 203-6

Pitch of Sound, 105, 120, 139

Plane of ecliptic, 277-9

Planetoids, 31

Planets, minor, 31
origin of, 240
orbits of, 33, 266
electrified bodies, 177
masses of, 242
relative distances of, 242
orbital velocities of, 251
periodic times of, 251

Platinum, 48

Pleiades, 79

Polarization, 176

Potential energy, 87

Potential, electric, 170
magnetic, 194

Pouillet, M., 109

Poynting, 91

Pressure, aetherial, 181

Preston, Prof., 283

Prevost, theory of exchanges, 105

Primitive impulse, 9, 10, 12, 319

_Principia_, Newton's, 3, 7, 38-9, 122

Properties of matter, 42

Quantity of sun's heat, 109

Query, 18-19
_Optics_, 72, 122

Radiant heat, 109
energy, 115

Radiation, 104

Radius Vector, 26

Rankine, 103

Rays, actinic, 141
dark heat, 140
infra-red, 141
ultra-violet, 140
Rontgen, 341
X, 341

Rectilinear propagation of light, 144
of heat, 111

Reflection, 160

Refraction, 160

Relative motion of aether and matter, 224-6

Resistance to motion, 17

Resisting medium, 228

Reversible cycle, 116, 118

Rings, vortex, 45

Rival theories, 8

Rivers, 89-90

Roemer, and velocity of light, 148

Rotation of earth, 219
of planets, 219
of sun, 246

Rotatory motion, 93

Rucker, Prof., 59

Rules of Philosophy, 3
first, 3
second, 4
third, 3, 7

Rumford, 98

Running water, 95

Satellites of Mars, 38, 178
Jupiter, 149, 178
Uranus, 254
Neptune, 254

Saturn, 26-7, 68
mass of, 235, 242
orbital velocity of, 251, 265
rotation of, 219
density of, 242
a magnet, 196
satellites of, 178

Schuster, Prof., 8, 218, 311

Sirius, 306, 308-9

Sodium, 43

Solar system, motion of, 257, 271
spectrum, 79, 139
magnetism, 211

Sound, 75
waves, 104, 120

Space, interstellar, 310, 313

Spectroscope, 47, 79

Spectrum analysis, 50, 139

Spiral nebulae, 322

Stars, fixed, 58
number of, 11, 306
binary, 309
distances of, 280
magnitude of, 306, 309
colour of, 79, 308
motion of, 310-11
nebulous, 320
proper motions of, 312
variable, 307
double, 308
clusters of, 314
orbits of, 310
are magnets, 307

Stokes, Sir G., 69, 152, 218

String, 21

Sun, diameter of, 280
constitution of, 79
a magnet, 164, 198-9
mass of, 190
heat of, 109
motions of, 270
orbital velocity of, 35
rotation of, 246
centre of two forces, 186

Tails of comets, 300, 304
straight, 300
curved, 301
multiple, 300

Tait, Prof., 18, 40-1, 88, 247

Telescope, 79

Temperature, 104-5

Terrestrial magnetism, 207-12
gravity, 29

Theory, atomic, 44
rules for making, 3
undulatory, 123
of exchanges, 105

Thermodynamics, first law of, 87, 114
second law of, 116

Thomson, J. J., Prof., 43, 326, 335

Tidal water-power, 88

Tides, 89, 96

Torsion balance, 185

Trade winds, 96, 249

Transformation of energy, 86
of motion, 93

Transverse vibration of light, 130

Tuning-fork, 104

Tympanum, 120

Tyndall on radiation, 104, 106
on light, 71
on Lines of Force, 174
on aether, 77
on atoms, 106
on aether waves, 112

Ultra-violet rays, 140
red rays, 140

Unity of universe, 322-9

Universal gravitation, 24
aether, 58

Universe, 313, 322, 347

Uranus, 68
mass of, 235
density of, 242
orbital velocity of, 265
a magnet, 196

Ursa Major, 307
Minor, 307

Vapour, 49

Variation, magnetic, 209-11

Velocity of light, 148
of electric waves, 182
of heat waves, 148
of falling bodies, 21
of wave motion, 76

Velocity, angular, 250

Venus, 33, 68, 79
a magnet, 197
mass of, 235
rotation of, 219
orbital velocity of, 251
periodic time of, 251

Vibration, atomic, 75

Vibrations, transverse, 130
longitudinal, 130
of sound, 123

Vibratory motion, 91

Vogel, Prof., 308, 312

Vogt, Prof., 332

Volume of sun, 27

Von Asten, 234, 296

Vortex theory, 92, 337
motion, 221-4
atom, 93, 126, 337
rings, 125, 337

Vortices, molecular, 103

Water waves, 124
currents, power of, 95
composition of, 141
power, 88

Wave front, 128
motion, 124, 160

Wave lengths, 120
envelope, 112

Waves, chemical, 141
sound, 104, 120, 124
light, 126
heat, 141
electric, 159
spherical, 112
electro-magnetic, 165

Weight, 29, 69, 84
variation of, 29
pound, 30

Whewell, 3, 221

Winds, 81, 90
energy of, 90
trade, 225

Work, 96
and energy, 84
from heat, 116

Young, Thomas, 54, 64, 67, 123
on aether, 58
fourth hypothesis, 70
Prof., of America, on electric space, 166

Zinc, 88

Zodiacal light, 277-9

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Transcriber's note:

ART. 41 is missing from the book.

In several instances changed S, W, E into italics to be
consistent with the rest of the book.

Page 194: Fixed typographical error for demonstated

Changed Figure captions so that all are of the form
"Fig: number."

Left unknown/misspelled word protile in appendix b

Page 148: ... and the Index, The surname of Ole Christensen
Rømer is spelled multiple times Roemer and once as Römer in
the index. Changed Römer to the English spelling "Roemer."