Chapter II: Part 2

86. Iron Sap Spout, possibly late 19th century. USNM 194893; 1952. A thin, metal trough, plated, and about 3 inches long, used to convey maple sap from the tap in the tree to the sap bucket. This is the type spout most commonly used today in those areas where farmers supplement their income with maple syrup production. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.

87. Sap Bucket Spikes, possibly late 19th century. USNM 194893; 1952. Hand-made iron spikes used to hold buckets for maple tree sap. They had to be hooked somewhat so the bucket could hang on them well. Gift of Frank E. Olmstead, Potsdam, New York.

88. Diagram of Jefferson Moldboard, 1798. USNM 198605; 1953. A three-dimensional wire diagram, at half scale, illustrating Thomas Jefferson's design of a plow mold-board as he described it in a letter to Sir John Sinclair in 1798. In the same year Jefferson read a paper to the American Philosophical Society that was titled "Description of a Mold-Board of the Least Resistance and of the Easiest and Most Certain Design." The wire diagram was constructed by the Division of Crafts and Industries, Smithsonian Institution.

89. Model of Jefferson Moldboard, 1798. USNM 198605; 1953. The model consists of four separate blocks of wood cut to show the progressive steps in the construction of the Jefferson moldboard: (1) the block of wood marked for sawing with the rear section cut out, and in two parts; (2) the block of wood sawed on two diagonals, with the rear section cut out, and in three parts; (3) the block of wood sawed transversely on guide lines down to the diagonals, with the wood between the transverse cuts removed and leaving the face of the moldboard roughly shaped; (4) the rear surface of the board produced in the same manner as the front, resulting in a completed moldboard. The models were constructed by the Division of Crafts and Industries, Smithsonian Institution, after Jefferson's original moldboard, located at the Natural History Museum, Paris, France.

90. Wooden Curd Breaker, about 1860. USNM 198617; 1953. This curd breaker is made of wood with iron pegs in the cylinder and hopper. Gift of Laurence Hathaway, Easton, Maryland.

91. Grain Cradle, about 1844. USNM 198620; 1953. Caleb Paul Duval used this cradle on his Glen Echo farm near Baltimore, Maryland. Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

92. Barrel Churn, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. A wooden barrel churn with iron crank and paddles. Such churns were of too small volume to be used on commercial dairy farms, and they were not at all useful in creameries, which first appeared in 1861. Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

93. Cookie Roller, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. A wooden, grooved, one-handled cookie roller, about 14-1/2 inches long and about 3-1/4 inches in diameter. The roller added an esthetic touch to home-made cookies but was of little importance in the history of commercial food processing. Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

94. Meat Grinder, 1859. USNM 198620; 1953. This iron, hand-cranked meat grinder was patented August 2, 1859. Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

95. Butter Prints, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. Two butter prints. One is circular, with a tri-lobed leaf design and about 3 inches in diameter; the other is a box mold with two five-point star designs and about 5 inches long, 2-1/2 inches wide, and 4 inches high. The butter was pressed into these molds before being served, or, sometimes, before being rolled in paper and sold in towns. This aspect of farm dairying quickly disappeared after the creamery dominated the industry. Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

96. Shoe Last, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 196820; 1953. A small last, to fit either foot, for a shoe about 8-3/4 inches long and 2-1/4 inches wide. Such implements were useful in frontier communities and generally were owned by itinerant cobblers who went from house to house. Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

97. Model of Fanning Mill, 1857. USNM 198620; 1953. This is a working model of a fanning mill invented by Joseph and James Montgomery and covered by patents 10324, issued in 1853; 13062, issued in 1855; and 16447, issued in 1857. The crank handle and the slide, which governed the flow into the hopper, are missing. James Montgomery took the model on sales trips as a demonstrator. Gift of Ruth Montgomery, Peoria, Illinois.

98. Model of McCormick Reaper, 1831. USNM 121526; 1953. A scale model of the 1831 reaper of Cyrus McCormick, built long afterwards from descriptions by the inventor. Gift of McCormick Historical Association, Chicago, Illinois.

99. Bee Colony, 1953 (renewed yearly). A 3-story bee hive with about 60,000 bees. The hive was designed by experts at the Department of Agriculture Research Station, Beltsville, Maryland. The United States Department of Agriculture donated the hive and the Italian bees.

100. Model of Ox-Powered Sugar Cane Mill, 1925. USNM 200380; 1954. Model of a mill of a type used in Puerto Rico as early as 1523. It took ten men and four yoke of oxen to operate the mill, which could crush about four tons of cane in a 12-hour day. This type of mill extracted about 40 to 45 percent syrup based on the weight of the cane, compared to 80 to 85 percent extracted by modern mills. Gift of Daniel Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.

101. Model of Water-Lifting Wheel, 1884. USNM 200380; 1954. A model of a wind-driven waterwheel used for raising water into the evaporating beds in salt works. This type of device lifted water from the ocean in Puerto Rico. Gift of Daniel Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.

102. Model of Grist Mill, 1883. USNM 200380; 1954. This model of a water-powered grist mill resembles those used throughout America in the 19th century before the discovery of the gradual reduction process and the consequent centralization of the milling industry. This particular mill, known to have operated from 1883 to 1940, ground corn in Puerto Rico. Gift of Daniel Thompson, Petersburg, Virginia.

103. Farm Copybook, about 1840. USNM 209042; 1955. Wells Forbes, who had a farm near Alexandria, Virginia, kept this book for about a year in the 1840s. Gift of Bessie W. Palm, Washington, D. C.

104. Grain Cradle, about 1900. USNM 210597, 1956. Grain cradle used before 1900. Gift of Jennie Sabrosky, Sturgis, Michigan.

105. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1833. USNM 212910; 1956. A model of the 1833 reaper patented by Obed Hussey and based on the specifications of the patent. Constructed by the Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

106. Horse Spurs, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. Gift of Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

107. Bridle Bits, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. A rugged type of bridle bit with steel rings used to control horses. This particular bridle bit may have been used in Texas and Mexico in the cattle industry. Gift of Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

108. Cow Bell, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. Gift of Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

109. Braided Whip, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. A home-made horsewhip. Gift of Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

110. Tobacco Clips, possibly late 19th century. USNM 211312; 1956. Seven clips, each different, denoting a brand for labeling tobacco. Gift of Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.

111. Bar Share Plow, 1807. USNM 214608; 1957. A left-handed wooden moldboard plow. Most American plows cast the furrow to the right. The Reverend Christian Lesher brought this rare sort of plow from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to Washington Township, Pennsylvania, in 1807. Gift of Daniel Lesher, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania.

112. Sausage Stuffer, about 1820. USNM 213816; 1957. This hand-lever sausage stuffer, mounted on a bench, may have been made in England in the early 19th century and later brought to Brampton, Ontario. Not all parts are of the same age. The replaced parts seem to be those most subject to wear and tear. This style sausage stuffer was quite common in the 18th and 19th centuries. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.

113. Meat Grinder, about 1830. USNM 312816; 1957. A hand-cranked meat grinder made of wood with iron slugs to push the meat against stationary knives. Overall, 14 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 10 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.

114. Sausage Stuffer, early 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. This hand-cranked sausage stuffer, made of wood and with an iron screw, fits on a small bench with lard press. It is 20 inches long, 8-1/2 inches wide, and 11 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.

115. Lard Press, late 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. A lard press made of cylindrical perforated metal, with a screw press to be mounted on a small bench. The press is 11 inches in diameter and 10 inches high. The bench is about a yard long, 8 inches wide, and 18 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.

116. Butcher's Table, late 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. A heavy, low table made of two thick slabs of wood with a gutter cut along the edges of the table. Used in cutting up animal carcasses. Some 6 feet long, 34 inches wide, and 24-1/2 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.

117. Chopping Bowl, late 19th century. USNM 213816; 1957. Elliptical wooden chopping bowl, some 30 inches long, 17-1/2 inches wide, and 7 inches high. Gift of Tee-Pak, Inc., Chicago, Illinois.

118. Thresher, about 1855. USNM 214890; 1957. A threshing machine marked "J. and P. Flickinger, Hanover, Pa., No. 41." It once had a drive for a vibrating straw separator. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.

119. Grain Cradle, about 1870. USNM 214890; 1957. A grain cradle made at Brighton, Maryland, by William Nickerson, Jr. The cradle fingers are of ash, and the braces of hickory. This type of cradle continued in use in many places even after the advent of harvesting machinery. Farmers with only small acreages in bread grains or who farmed rough or hilly soil could not effectively use the reapers and harvester of the middle 19th century. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.

120. Binder's Rake, about 1870. USNM 214890; 1957. The binder followed the cradler. This hand rake, used by the binder for gathering the grain before binding and later shocking, had teeth rived out of hickory. Such a rake could also be used by a binder who followed those the early reapers used before the invention of the twine binder. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.

121. Harpoon Hayfork, late 19th century. USNM 214890; 1957. A double-harpoon hayfork and pulley for lifting hay from a wagon to a barn hayloft. Power was supplied by horse or mule. The small barbs on the harpoon could catch and hold a surprising amount of hay. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.

122. Grain Sack, 1842. USNM 214608; 1957. A grain sack of homespun linen made from flax grown on the John Lesher farm near Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. Woven at a roadside mill, the sack has a capacity of three bushels and is marked "John Lesher, No. 26, 1842." Prior to the advent of and widespread use of the elevator system of grain handling, nearly all grain was moved in sacks that had to be shifted about by hand and stored in warehouses. The elevator system began in Buffalo, New York, in 1842, but reached a position of prominence only in the 1870s when it began flourishing in Chicago and Milwaukee. Thereafter the grain sack became virtually a curiosity. Gift of James W. Brown, Brookeville, Maryland.

123. Single-Harpoon Hayfork, about 1895. USNM 216224; 1957. A hay harpoon, commonly called a hay needle, about 35-1/2 inches long. Gift of Cora E. Robinson, Schenectady, New York.

124. Tractor Engine Starter, 1930. USNM 218874; 1958. The starting device could be bolted to the rear wheel hub of an automobile. An extendible shaft went from the wheel-fitting to the crank on the tractor. The car engine then could turn over the tractor engine. The starter was made by C. O. Goodrich, who marketed it for about eight years in five midwestern states. Self starters on tractors eventually ended the need for the device. Gift of C. O. Goodrich, Plymouth, Indiana.

125. Fordson Crank, about 1925. USNM 218874; 1958. This device was used to crank the engine on Fordson tractors. Gift of C. O. Goodrich, Plymouth, Indiana.

126. Milking Machine, 1896. USNM 220004; 1958. A Mehring foot-powered milking machine. Gift of Earl J. Waybright, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

127. Carey Plow, about 1800. USNM 220005; 1958. A type of plow widely used in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the United States. This particular plow was a one-horse, single-bottom, walking type, with wooden handles, beam, stock, and moldboard. The share point is of iron. All wooden joints are joined with wooden pegs. There is a bolt-type brace from beam to stock and a small iron brace with a larger wooden brace between the handles. Gift of International Harvester Co., Albany, New York.

128. Hoe, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. Only the blade remains of this socket-type hoe. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

129. Log Roller, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. Oxen drew this roller in preparing seed beds. The roller crushed clods and compressed the soil, leaving a firm, compact seed bed. It was useful, obviously, only on certain types of soil in fairly humid areas. The roller is made of four log sections, each 23 inches long and 14 inches in diameter. The logs are set in a weighted frame measuring 35 inches by 9 feet, with a tongue about 13 feet long. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

130. Grain Cradle, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A form of scythe used for harvesting grain before the reaper came into use, or used in places where the reaper proved uneconomical or technologically inappropriate, as rough or hilly land. This specimen has four wooden fingers, or tines, that are 45 inches long and spaced 7 inches apart. The blade is 2 inches wide and as long as the fingers. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

131. Self-Rake Reaper, 1895. USNM 213356; 1958. A McCormick Daisy Reaper of 1895 in which the operator sat on a seat mounted on the axle of the left wheel. Two horses drew the reaper. Three rotating arms with 3-inch projections raked, bound and shocked the grain. The cutter bar, over 5 feet long, has three triangular sickle blades which oscillate through the guard teeth, as in Hussey or modern cutter bars. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

132. Barley Fork, possibly late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A rectangular wooden barley fork with a one-eighth-inch-gauge wire guard for holding the barley on the four tines. The guard was needed because of the nasty stings that the beard could give the worker. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

133. Brush Hook, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A typical iron sickle, called a hook because of its general shape. It has a circular tip on the end of the blade so that it could be used for cutting brush. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

134. Fanning Mill, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. An early fanning mill with pulley and leather belt. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

135. Scythe, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A crooked-handled scythe used for cutting grain before the cradle, and thereafter for cutting hay. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

136. Flop-Over Hay Rake, about 1895. USNM 213356; 1958. A rake for piling hay that would be carried from the field or put into a mow. This sort of implement was used as early as 1820. The farmer walked behind the horse-drawn rake and raised the handle when the rake was full; this caused the double set of teeth to revolve, releasing the hay in a pile and putting the second set of teeth into position to rake more hay. The older method involved using small hand rakes and required considerable time and effort in a very disagreeable task. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

137. Victor Mowing Machine, 1880. USNM 213356; 1958. A one-horse, front-cut mowing machine similar to the Buckeye mower. The cutter bar can be raised and lowered parallel to the ground for desired cutting heights, and it can be lifted and fastened in an upright position for transport to and from the field. Mowers cut more rapidly and lower than did reapers, and thus they used a different gear ratio; however, farmers sometimes used reapers for mowing. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

138. Spring-Tooth Hay Rake, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A sulky rake with spring teeth designed to jump over obstructions in the field. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

139. "Railway Horse Power," about 1885. USNM 213356; 1958. A horse-powered treadmill made chiefly of wood, with metal parts where the wear would be greatest. It was used to produce power for belt-driven equipment such as threshers or fanning mills. The machine is set in motion by putting a horse in the pen and releasing the brake. The weight of the horse causes the slats to move endlessly, which in turn rotates the belting wheel. Two-horse treadmills also were used, but such machines, although portable, worked less efficiently than the sweep-power machines. This treadmill was made in Vermont. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

140. Dog-Powered Churn, 1881. USNM 213356; 1958. H. M. Childs of Utica, New York, patented this dog-powered churn in 1871, with improvements patented in 1881. A dog, tied or strapped into the pen, ran forward and so moved the slats of the treadmill which in turn rotated a flywheel. Attached to the flywheel is a pitman rod which raises and lowers a churn dasher. Devices of this sort had appeared earlier for use in the farm-dairy industry. The change of direction effected by the pitman rod caused some loss of energy; in any case, a revolving barrel-churn proved more efficient in the long run. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

141. Winnowing Basket, about 1800. USNM 213356; 1958. The winnowing basket was used to work off the chaff from the threshed grain. When the grain was tossed into the air, the wind would blow away the chaff and the grain would fall back into the basket. Sometimes the grain would be poured from another basket into a winnowing basket, with the wind doing the winnowing. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.

142. Avery Bulldog Tractor, 1919. USNM 222860; 1958. This is one of the several makes of tractors which set a trend toward lighter tractors about the time of World War I. It was designed for light field work such as cultivating but could also be used for belt drive. It developed 5 to 10 horsepower. Sold by Everett Noirot, Freehold, New York.

143. Grain Cradle, about 1870. USNM 230323; 1958. This grain cradle resembles a scythe, with modification by the addition of a light wooden frame of four fingers with braces. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

144. Scythe, about 1840. USNM 230323; 1958. A straight-handled scythe, probably hand-made, that largely was used for mowing, although it could be used for reaping grain. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

145. Harness Vise, probably mid 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. This wooden device could be used to pry open the jaws of a recalcitrant horse. More often, it held parts of the harness as the saddler worked. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

146. Wooden Hand Fork, late 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. A wooden pitchfork for handling hay, straw, and the like. The metal pitchfork gradually replaced these wooden forks between the middle and end of the 19th century. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

147. Horse-Drawn Hayfork, late 19th century. USNM 230323; 1959. The fork was driven into the hay and the handle compressed until it latched. A rope was attached to the fork, run up over a pully in the barn, and then down to a horse. In this way the hay could be lifted into the barn. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

148. Horse-Drawn Planter, 1856. USNM 230323; 1958. E. C. Fairchild of Deerfield, Massachusetts, made this planter, which has compartments for seeds and fertilizer. As the drive-wheel pulled a sliding bar back and forth, seeds and fertilizer alternately dropped into the ground. The spacing of seeds and fertilizer could be set by adjusting the metal bar. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

149. Fanning Mill, mid 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. A machine for winnowing grain after it had been threshed. Grain fed into the machine landed on vibrating screens which permitted the kernels to fall into the path of a draft of air which blew off the chaff and debris. The clean grain fell into a container beneath the mill. The operator turned a crank which operated both the screens and the fan. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.

150. Hoe, mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A small hand hoe used for cultivating. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

151. Tile Knife, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This knife, resembling a small spade, was used to cut the trench in which tile was laid. It has a triangular metal cutter at right angles on the right side, and this gave the trench a straight edge on one side and perhaps helped keep the trench straight. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

152. Hand Hayfork, about 1895. USNM 230322; 1958. Farmers used this metal fork for pitching hay, straw, and possibly manure. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

153. Grain Sickle, 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This hand tool for harvesting grain has not changed in design for the last thousand years. The sickle has a curved blade some 22 inches long. The reaper would grab a handful of stalks and cut them with the blade. One man could cut up to an acre of grain by this method. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

154. Grafting Knife, possibly 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A knife especially designed to make the cuts necessary for grafting branches onto fruit trees. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

155. Manure Fork, possibly 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A typical manure fork. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

156. Ox Muzzle, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958. Threshers used the muzzle to prevent the ox from stopping to graze while pulling equipment or from eating the grain while treading on it in a threshing operation. This muzzle is made of thin strips of wood. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

157. Hay Cutter, 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A knife made with the handle and serrated blade as one piece, all of metal. A wooden stock with a handgrip is fastened to the metal handle. This tool obviously was intended for cutting very small amounts of hay. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

158. Narrow Hoe, probably mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This is a typical cultivating hoe. Farmers used hoes of this type for cultivating crops until the innovation of plows and harrows. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

159. Ox Yoke, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958. This yoke, for a single ox, probably was used in pulling small agricultural implements such as cultivating plows. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

160. Grain Flail, about 1840. USNM 230322; 1958. This type flail was used to beat grain free from unbound bundles of grain scattered about on the barn floor. The harvesters then threw the straw to one side and swept up the grain and chaff. The grain then had to be winnowed. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

161. Curd Breaker, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This machine has a wooden roller with projecting wooden pegs which, when rotated, broke up cheese curds. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

162. Horse-Drawn Cultivator, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This triangular cultivator was used for stirring the soil and removing foreign vegetable matter. It is adjustable and has five teeth spaced from 12 to 14 inches apart. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

163. Ice Saw, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This steel-bladed saw cut ice in lakes, ponds, and streams. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.

164. Portable Steam Engine, 1877. USNM 211811; 1958. Portable steam engines provided belting power on farms to run threshing machines, circular saws, etc. This Frick model steam engine operated regularly from 1877 to 1949. Gift of Frick Company, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania.

165. Broadcast Seeder, 1930. USNM 230573; 1958. The operator saddles this implement from his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the seed pack. By turning the crank at a normal pace, seeds are scattered from a spinning disk. The seeder is equipped with a gauge which can be set to sow prescribed amounts of seed per acre. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.

166. Cigar Formers, about 1885. USNM 230573; 1958. These instruments consist of two pieces of wood dowelled together with twenty holes that taper from 7/16 inch to 3/16 inch. The name "Miller Burial and Pliers Co." is stamped in the wood. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.

167. Manure Forks, about 1895. USNM 230573; 1958. Two steel manure forks. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.

168. Wooden Hayfork, 19th century. USNM 230573; 1958. A typical wooden hayfork of the 19th century. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.

169. Model of Manning Mower, 1831. USNM 230438; 1959. William Manning of Plainfield, New Jersey, invented this mower in 1831. The cutter bar, suggestive of Hussey's, has triangular knives which vibrate over long fingers. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

170. Model of Bailey Mower, 1822. USNM 230438; 1959. This mower, invented in 1822 by Jeremiah Bailey of Pennsylvania, has a rotating disk that serves as the cutter. The cutting disk, which can be raised to avoid obstacles, is geared from the axle. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

171. Model of Gallic Reaper, first century A.D. USNM 230438; 1959. This is a model of a reaper as described in use in Gaul in the first and second centuries A.D. A donkey or an ox pushed the reaper through the grain; the heads of the grain were ripped off by the blade and fell into the box. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

172. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1833. USNM 230438; 1959. The first Hussey reapers were crude two-wheel mowers with a platform attached to the rear right side of the machine. The sickle or cutter bar was made of a series of triangular knives riveted to a flat bar that oscillated back and forth between guard teeth. The action was initiated by means of a gear mounted on the main axle. The raker stands on the platform to remove the cut grain. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

173. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1850. USNM 230438; 1959. This is a one-eighth scale model of the Hussey reapers built between 1845 and 1850. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

174. Model of Bell Reaper, 1828. USNM 230438; 1959. On this machine a reel pressed the grain against the cutters and made it fall back on an apron. The apron could be set to run in either direction to deposit the cut grain at the side, out of the way of the machine on the next trip around. The reaper was invented by the Reverend Patrick Bell, Carmyllie, Scotland. The model was constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

175. Models of Landis Eclipse Thresher, 1907. USNM 230438; 1957. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

176. Model of New England Strong Plow, about 1780. USNM 230438; 1959. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

177. Model of Mahlon Smith Plow, about 1825-1840. USNM 230438; 1959. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

178. Check Row Corn Planter, about 1870. USNM 230441; 1959. This machine planted two rows at a time and required two men to operate. One man drove the horses and the other operated a lever for dropping the corn at the point desired. Patents for "check" row planters were issued in 1853, 1855, and 1857. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio.

179. One-Row Hand "Corn Jobber," mid 19th century. USNM 230441; 1959. Seed corn is released by means of a lever. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio.

180. Wide Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 230574; 1959. Farmers in the western part of the United States in the 1840s used this type of plow to cultivate corn. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

181. Double-Shovel Plow, about 1850. USNM 230574; 1959. This plow, with shovels placed in a staggered position, was commonly used for cross-plowing or cultivating. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

182. Double-Shovel Plow, about 1850. USNM 230574; 1959. This double-shovel plow has the shovels placed opposite one another. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

183. A-Frame Harrow, mid 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This triangular harrow has wooden beams with 22 ten-inch iron spikes driven through them. This type of harrow pulverized and leveled plowed land, covered the seed, and cultivated between rows of corn. Triangular harrows worked better than square types because the triangles had greater strength on newly cleared land. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

184. Trolley Carrier for Hayfork, about 1875. USNM 230574; 1959. This steel trolley carrier supported a one-horse hayfork. A pulley attached to the trolley carrier lifted and lowered the hayfork. The first trolley carriers for hayforks were invented by J. E. Porter of Ottawa, Illinois, in 1869 and 1872. They were made of wood and iron. The first steel carriers were patented by Jacob Ney, Canton, Ohio, and (in 1886) by P. A. Myer, Ashland, Ohio. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

185. Riding Disk Cultivator, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This cultivator has two sections, each with three 15-inch disk wheels spaced 5-3/4 inches apart. It has handgrip levers for making cutting adjustments. This machine worked best on ground between row crops. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

186. Singletree, late 19th and early 20th centuries. USNM 230574; 1959. This singletree is made of wood. The trace chains of the team of horses could be attached to the hooks on the singletree. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

187. Doubletree, late 19th century to early 20th century. USNM 230574; 1959. A doubletree made of wood. The doubletree served as a lever on which to mount two singletrees. This arrangement distributed equally the pull of a load between two horses. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

188. Singletree, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. The trace chains of two horses are attached to this home-made, wooden singletree. The tongue of a machine would be hooked to the center of the tree. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

189. Grain Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. This three-tine iron fork was used to move bundled grain. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

190. One-Row, Hand "Corn Jobber," late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

191. Double-Harpoon Hay Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. S. E. Harris patented this double-harpoon, iron hayfork in 1867. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.

192. Ground Hog Thresher, about 1830. USNM 230579; 1959. This early thresher did not separate the grain from the chaff. Grain fed into the trough passed into a compartment with a rotating iron cylinder filled with finger-like projections which broke the grain into its component parts. A fanning basket then separated the grain from the chaff. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.

193. Sweep Horse Power, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This type of horse power operated by the horse pulling a shaft in a circular motion that set iron gears into motion. The gears connected to a pulley for operating grain threshers, flour mills, saws, and the like. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.

194. Marker Sled, possibly late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This wooden sled marked rows for future planting. The sled could mark three rows approximately 34 inches apart. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.

195. Large Hand Rake, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. Made entirely of wood. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.

196. Jointed, Wooden Harrow, mid 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This two-sectioned, rectangular wooden harrow has five wooden beams per section, each section having 18 rounded teeth. Very primitive. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.

197. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This cultivator has individual levers for setting each set of teeth and contains a neck yoke, singletree, and guard shields. This type of cultivator improved on the one-horse type, which required harrowing one side of a row at a time. A variety of teeth could be used on this machine. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.

198. Double A-Frame Harrow, 19th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This wooden, triangular harrow has iron teeth driven through the beams. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.

199. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This riding-type cultivator has two sections with three teeth each. It differs from most wheeled cultivators by having iron bars for setting teeth depth, with one lever to elevate and lower the teeth. It has a neck yoke and a singletree. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.

200. Flop-Over Hayrake, about 1895. USNM 230580; 1959. A flop-over rake used as early as 1820. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.

201. Side Hill Plow, late 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959. One of several types of plows used for plowing along hillsides. The moldboard and share could rotate on a horizontal axis. At the end of each furrow the farmer could reverse it and hook in position so that the plow cast each furrow in the same direction. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.

202. Grain Drill, about 1850. USNM 230581; 1959. This drill was made by the Eagle Machine Company of Lancaster, Ohio. It has a double bar, singletree, neck yoke, one grain compartment with eight grain boots, and a packing wheel for each boot. It sowed eight rows at a time, 6 inches apart. Drills of this type became popular in the 1850s. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.

203. Wheeled Cultivator, about 1860. USNM 230581; 1959. This walking-type cultivator, divided into two sections, has three plow teeth per section with guard shields attached. The name J. Deere is printed on the toolbox. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.

204. Flop-Over Hayrake, mid 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959. Wooden, horse-drawn rake which the farmer could flop over to empty as he walked behind it. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.

205. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230575; 1959. This McCormick Deering, wheeled cultivator has one lever for lowering and elevating the plow teeth and two levers for setting the depth of the plow teeth. Gift of Mrs. Lucy F. Robinson, Chandlersville, Ohio.

206. Grubbing Hoe, about 1920. USNM 230576; 1959. This narrow grubbing hoe resembles a pick. It broke up soil and removed obstructions such as roots and shrubs. Gift of Mrs. Harley Climpson, Bethesda, Maryland.

207. Model of 18th-Century American Mower. USNM 230437; 1959. A copy of a model reaper on display at the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Purchased from Mrs. L. C. Eichner, Clifton, New Jersey.

208. Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230572; 1959. A stamped zigzag ribbon between two twisted wires. Gift of Don Holst, Washington, D. C.

209. Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230577; 1959. A stamped, ribbon-type wire with barbs on one edge and with the ribbon twisted. Gift of John Blake, Washington, D. C.

210. Narrow Hoe, date unknown. USNM 230578; 1959. Blade from a socket-type hoe. The words "Bedsteel Oil Tempered" are stamped on the blade. Gift of James W. Rutherford, Springfield, Ohio.

211. Wallis Tractor, 1919. USNM 230439; 1959. A Model K Wallis tractor of a series made from 1919 to 1924. It succeeded the 1913 Wallis Cub and the 1916 Wallis Cub, Jr. Gift of Massey-Ferguson, Inc., Racine, Wisconsin.

212. Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 240816; 1959. This type of shovel plow cultivated corn in the western part of the country in the 1840s. This specimen resembles a row-buster for opening rows to plant seed, etc. Gift of Andrew W. Frye, Woodstock, Virginia.

213. Fiddle-Bow Broadcast Seeder, late 19th century. USNM 240745; 1959. The operator saddled the seeder on his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the seed sack. Sliding the bow back and forth caused the seeds to be broadcast from a spinning disk. A gauge on the seeder could be set to sow a prescribed amount of seeds per acre. Gift of Benjamin Lambert, Woodstock, Virginia.

214. Grain Riddle, mid 19th century. 1959. Sieve for sifting grain. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

215. Broad Hoe, mid 19th century. 1959. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.

216. Miniature Plow, late 19th century to early 20th century. 1959. This plow, made entirely of steel, was found in Alexandria, Virginia.

217. Mattock, 19th century. USNM 230440; 1960. This is an implement for grubbing and digging. Gift of Veikko Jarvis, Negaune, Michigan.

218. Fodder Cutter, 1872. 1960. This hand-cranked machine could cut all kinds of fodder--hay, straw, and corn stalks--with ease and rapidity. Called the "Improved Baldwins American," it was patented in 1867 and 1872. Gift of Thomas W. Bein, Bethesda, Maryland.

219. Oliver Chilled Plow, 20th century. 1960. Steel share, moldboard, and coulter, with wooden beam, frame, and handles. Gift of Oliver Corporation, South Bend, Indiana.

220. Hart-Parr Tractor, 1903. USNM 230442; 1960. The third internal combustion tractor built by the company founded earlier by Charles Hart and Charles Parr. The Hart-Parr tractor could pull gangs of plows or drive large threshers. Oil circulating through the pipes in the square stack cooled the engine. Gift of Oliver Corporation, South Bend, Indiana.

221. Corn Grinder, about 1890. USNM 233465; 1960. This iron corn grinder has "#17" printed on the grease caps of the axle. Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.

222. Cider Mill and Press, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 234465; 1960. This wooden-frame mill has iron parts, with a feeder-trough and two tubes for draining the apple cider. It was operated by means of a hand crank. Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.

223. Model of John Deere Plow, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of a typical plow of the 1960s. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline, Illinois.

224. Model of John Deere Tractor, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of a typical tractor of the period. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline, Illinois.

225. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of 22 types of fertilizers in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.

226. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of six types of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.

227. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of eight types of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.

228. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of six types of fertilizer in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.

229. Sample Fertilizers, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. Samples of thirteen types of fertilizers in common use at the time. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.

230. Cast-Iron Centrifuge, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A centrifuge used for running the Babcock milk test, which determined the percentage of butterfat. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.

231. Insecticide, 1960. USNM 238503; 1961. A sample of a Pyrox insecticide in common use in 1960. Gift of Dr. John B. Blake, Washington, D. C.

232. Hoe, 20th century. USNM 239136; 1961. A socket-type, three-tine hoe used to weed vegetable gardens, tobacco, and similar row crops. Gift of Mrs. Henry H. Byrne, Washington, D. C.

233. One-Row Planter, about 1870. USNM 237951; 1961. The gears from the drive-wheel mesh with a set of gears that turn the seed plate. The distance for dropping the seed could be determined by the size of the gear used on the drive-wheel. Gift of H. C. Cole, Crestline, Ohio.

234. Portable Gasoline Engine, 1903. USNM 240546; 1961. This machine provided belting power for operating feed mills, cream separators, wood saws, etc. It generated 2 hp at 300-600 rpm. It was covered by two patents dated April 7, 1903. Gift of New Holland Machine Co., New Holland, Pennsylvania.

235. Cotton Planter, 20th century. USNM 240545; 1961. This one-row, horse-drawn cotton planter drilled cottonseed in rows by means of a revolving wooden drum with one-inch holes spaced around the center of the drum. Gift of Lester Souter, Boerne, Texas.

236. Wooden Spade, about 1840. USNM 240543; 1961. This wooden spade has a metal cutting edge. Purchased from Mrs. H. J. Cummings, Washington, D. C.

237. Model of McCormick Reaper, 1831. USNM 236710; 1961. A full-scale model of the 1831 McCormick reaper. Gift of Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

238. Hoe, date unknown. USNM 239502; 1961. This is a socket-type hoe with a half-moon cutting blade. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.

239. Curd Breaker, mid 19th century. USNM 239502; 1961. This tool for cutting cheese curds has four 15-inch parallel blades. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.

240. Wooden Brace, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 239502; 1961. This implement was used to hold open the split carcasses of hogs. Gift of Dr. Ivor Cornman, Miami, Florida.

241. Holt Combine, 1887. USNM 236419, 1961. Benjamin Holt made this combine around 1887. Its main feature is the use of linked, wrought-iron chain belts for the drive rather than a system of gears as commonly found on combines of that day. Gift of Mrs. C. Parker Holt, Stockton, California.

242. Waterwheel and Shafting, mid 19th century. USNM 238174; 1961. Components of a one-blade, sash sawmill. Purchased from Robert E. Clement, Chester Springs, Pennsylvania.

243. Apple Parer, about 1760. USNM 240544; 1962. The operator sat on the wooden seat and turned a crank which rotated the apple fastened to a spindle. When held at the proper contact, the knife peeled the rotating apple. Purchased from Mrs. Gladys Harbst, Butler, Ohio.

244. Miniature Plow, mid 19th century. USNM 239068; 1962. This plow was caught in a fisherman's net in the Susquehanna River near Havre-de-Grace, Maryland, in 1924. It probably was a display piece for the manufacturer. Purchased from F. P. Leithiser, Milford, Delaware.

245. Sulky Plow, about 1920. USNM 239073; 1962. An all-steel John Deere sulky plow. Purchased from Irwin Vette, Westboro, Missouri.

246. Tobacco Transplanter, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 239063; 1962. The driver sat on a wooden water barrel on this horse-drawn tobacco transplanter. The men who set the plants in the furrow used the two seats in the rear. Gift of Pollitt Graybill, Diver, Kentucky.

247. Ice Cream Freezer, 1870. USNM 241690; 1962. Thomas Mills and Brothers of Philadelphia made this 40-quart commercial ice cream freezer which was patented on March 15, 1870. Gift of John G. Mills, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

248. Barbed Wire, about 1890-1900. USNM 230572; 1962. A sample of ribbon barbed wire. Gift of Don Holst, Washington, D. C.

249. Moline Universal Tractor, 1918. USNM 242414; 1962. This Model D is particularly unique in that it could be adapted as horse-drawn equipment and could be operated from its seat. It is light and versatile and equipped with front pulley drive and head lights. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.

250. Two-Bottom Plow, 1918. USNM 242414; 1962. This plow is attached to the Moline Universal Model D tractor of 1918. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.

251. Sulky Plow, 1880. USNM 242414; 1962. A Moline two-wheeled sulky plow. Three horses drew the plow, which has three singletrees and one doubletree. Gift of Minneapolis-Moline, Inc., Hopkins, Minnesota.

252. Grain Binder, 1935. USNM 422427; 1962. This McCormick-Deering grain binder cut the grain and, by means of an apron, carried it through a bundling and tying mechanism. The bundles of grain fell into a set of forks which the operator released. The machine is covered by Patents 1,328,781 and 1,464,736. It is similar to binders used in the 1880s. Gift of J. D. Major, Belton, South Carolina.

253. Dehorner, about 1920. USNM 242977, 1962. This implement, used to trim cattle horns, works like a gigantic clipper. Gift of Newton E. Wiat, Arlington, Virginia.

254. Portable Steam Engine, 1869. USNM 246139; 1962. The first portable steam engine built by the J. I. Case Company in 1869. It burned wood and developed 8 hp. Gift of J. I. Case Company, Racine, Wisconsin.

255. Japanese Cultivating Machine, 1960. USNM 242908; 1962. This Japanese Model KF850 power cultivator has a detachable rotary hoe and a diesel engine with direct drive.

256. Wooden Grain Fork, about 1870. USNM 252786; 1963. A four-tined wooden fork for handling bundles of grain. It was used by the donor's grandfather on his farm in Maryland. Gift of C. Gordon Dentry, Washington, D. C.

257. Model of Lawn Mower, 1962. USNM 256817; 1963. A model of the Suburbia 38, a riding mower powered by a 5-3/4-hp gasoline engine with three speeds between 1/2 mph and 4-1/2 mph. Gift of Herman Becker, Washington, D. C.

258. Broadcast Seeder, about 1892. USNM 257164; 1964. A hand-cranked seeder. Gift of Milton J. Brandon, Silver Spring, Maryland.

259. Tobacco Axe, mid 20th century. USNM 257163; 1964. A tobacco axe used to harvest sun-cured tobacco in the Connecticut Valley region. Gift of Minner J. Cooper, Windsor, New York.

260. Daveat Milk Sterilizer, 1959. USNM 259871; 1964. An autoclave combined with vacuum chambers and other devices that sterilized and canned milk or other liquid dairy products. The process preserved the product with a minimum loss of nutritional value and without causing coagulation. Patent 2,899,320 granted to Elmer S. Davis, August 11, 1959.

261. Hay Bale Hooks, 19th century or later. USNM 260120; 1965. Two bale hooks. Gift of E. Peterkin, Forest Heights, Maryland.

262. Model of Huber Steam Tractor, 1901. USNM 261334; 1965. An operable scale model of a 1901 Huber steam tractor. Gift of Raymond Stout, Washington, D. C.

263. Hand Cultivating Hoe, 20th century. USNM 262244; 1965. A three-tine, curved cultivating hoe probably used in vegetable gardening. Gift of Arnold Miles, Bethesda, Maryland.

264. Cast-Iron Implement Seat, about 1890. USNM 262243; 1965. A cast-iron seat typical of those found on late-19th and early-20th-century farm implements. Gift of K. E. Clark, Los Angeles, California.

265. Grain Flail, 1840. USNM 262250; 1965. A typical flail used in Wisconsin in 1840 for threshing grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

266. Turkey Collars, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Small leather collars, with bells attached, placed on turkeys at a time when farmers typically let their poultry run loose. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

267. Branding Iron, 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A #30 branding iron, circle W, used to mark cattle. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

268. Riding Spurs, 1890 or later. USNM 262250; 1965. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

269. Harness Hames, early 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Brass knobs from the collar of a horse's harness. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

270. Reaper Hook, about 1860. USNM 262250; 1965. A hand sickle used for harvesting grain. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

271. Iron Pot Hooks, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. Pot hooks made of two pieces of heavy wire hinged on the ends. The hook fastened onto pots to remove them from open fires. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

272. Iron Spike, late 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. An iron spike, probably from a harrowing device such as a triangular beam harrow. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

273. Flax Hackle, late 19th century. USNM 263350; 1965. This hackle consists of a piece of wood, 6 by 12 inches, with square iron nails protruding from one side. The homemade hackle shredded flax in preparation for making linen cloth. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

274. Barley Fork, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A wooden, four-tined fork used for handling barley. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

275. Wooden Wheelbarrow, 20th century. USNM 262250; 1965. All parts of this wheelbarrow are homemade. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

276. Wooden Wheel, 19th century. USNM 262250; 1965. A wooden wheel used on a wheelbarrow. Seven separate parts to the wheel illustrate the general construction of wooden wheels. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

277. Grain Sack, about 1865. USNM 263077; 1965. Peter Brugler Snyder used this grain sack about 100 years ago on his farm near Montour Falls, New York. The initials P. B. S. appear on the sack. Gift of Howard S. Rappleye, Washington, D. C.

278. Corn Sheller, about 1898. USNM 264779; 1965. A corn sheller that was operated by means of a hand crank. Gift of Dr. Stephen Lang, San Fernando, California.

279. Barbed-Wire Display Panel, about 1940. USNM 264475; 1966. Display panel of 78 different types of barbed wire. Gift of Dr. Frank Horsfall, Blacksburg, Virginia.

280. Barbed Wire, about 1878. Eight pieces of "Brotherton Barb," a wire patented by J. Brotherton of Ames, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 207,710. It became very popular, and was second only to Glidden's "The Winner" in sales. It had nonslipping barbs and was easy to make.

281. Barbed Wire, about 1882. "Baker Perfect," a barbed wire invented by George Baker of Des Moines, Iowa. It was popular and widely used but never patented.

282. Barbed Wire, about 1881. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by Edward M. Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1881; Patent 247,540.

283. Barbed Wire, about 1876. Two pieces of "Twist Oval," a wire patented by Josiah F. Glidden of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 181,433. The use of oval wire shows an effort to prevent slipping of the barb.

284. Barbed Wire, about 1877. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by Henry M. Rose of Waterman, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 198,688.

285. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by Michael Daley of Waterman, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 209,467.

286. Barbed Wire, date unknown. From Jefferson County, Iowa. A handmade specimen made with a tool in this collection.

287. Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Dobbs and Booth," patented by John Dobbs and Benjamin Booth of Victor, Iowa, in 1875; Patent 171,105.

288. Barbed Wire, about 1877. From south-western Arkansas. Patented by J. F. Glidden.

289. Barbed Wire, date unknown. From Nodaway, County, Missouri. A claim that this wire was patented by J. F. Glidden has not been verified.

290. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Jefferson County, Iowa. Patented by Spencer St. John of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 205,697.

291. Barbed Wire, date unknown. Standard cattle barbed wire patented by J. F. Glidden and made by Republic Steel Wire Company.

292. Barbed Wire, date unknown. Standard hog barbed wire patented by J. F. Glidden and made by Republic Steel Wire Company.

293. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Atchison County, Missouri. Patented by William H. Frye of Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1878; Patent 204,312.

294. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by Joseph Goss of Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1883; Patent 282,453.

295. Barbed Wire, about 1885. Two pieces of "Brink-Martelle," a wire patented by John J. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1885; Patent 324,211. The round wire lacks its barbs.

296. Barbed Wire, about 1883. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by William S. Bate of Boston, Massachusetts, in 1883; Patent 273,245.

297. Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Champion," or "Zig-Zag," patented by Edward M. Crandall of Chicago, Illinois, in 1879; Patent 221,158.

298. Barbed Wire, about 1881. Two pieces of "Buckthorn" (modified), patented by T. V. Allis of New York, New York, in 1881; Patent 244,726.

299. Barbed Wire, about 1878. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by Ole O. Kittleson of Milan, Illinois, in 1878; Patent 203,349.

300. Barbed Wire, about 1881. Two pieces of "Brink Flat," patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1881; Patent 241,601.

301. Barbed Wire, about 1884. Four pieces of "Decker Spread," patented by Alexander C. Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 299,916.

302. Barbed Wire, about 1879. "Brink Twist," patented by Jacob and Warren M. Brinkerhoff of Auburn, New York, in 1879; Patent 214,095.

303. Barbed Wire, about 1877. "Ladder Barbed Wire," patented by Alexander Decker of Bushnell, Illinois, in 1877; Patent 186,716.

304. Barbed Wire, about 1876. From Nodaway County, Missouri. Patented by Elijah Sims of Aurora, Illinois, in 1876; Patent 178,195.

305. Barbed Wire, about 1884. "Sunderland Kink," patented by L. E. Sunderland of Joliet, Illinois, in 1884; Patent 303,406. This wire has nonslipping barbs.

306. Barbed Wire, about 1892. From Caldwell County, Missouri. Patented by J. W. Griswold of Troy, New York, in 1892; Patent 486,179.

307. Barbed Wire, about 1883. "Stubbe Plate," patented by John Stubbe of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1883; Patent 287,337. This wire carried a patch so animals could see it easily.

308. Barbed Wire, about 1875. "Haish 'S'," patented by Jacob Haish of De Kalb, Illinois, in 1875; Patent 167,240.