Chapter X: Society--Literature--Science (2)

Bradish, Luther, his eulogy of Gallatin, 388.

Breading, Nicholas, in Pennsylvania ratifying convention, 35.

Breckenridge, John, his brief career, 355.

Brevoort, ----, member of "The Club," 367.

Brodhead, John Romeyn, orator at fortieth anniversary of New York Historical Society, 384.

Buck, Daniel, on committee on finance, 107.

Burke, Edmund, on place of revenue in the state, 218.

Burr, Aaron, his connection with Dayton, 104;
in presidential election of 1800, 163, 164, 166, 167;
alienated from Jefferson by refusal to appoint Davis, 282.

Cabinet, its lack of financial coöperation under Jefferson, 188;
criticises Jefferson's messages, 283;
weekly meetings of, suggested by Gallatin, 283;
absence of system in, 284;
dissensions and reorganization under Madison, 296, 297.

Cabot, George, on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to senate, 61.

Calhoun, John C., reports plan for a national bank, 265;
ascribes Gallatin's disregard of Adams's arguments in Apollon case to
"pride," 338;
Gallatin's opinion of, 355;
elected Vice-President, 358;
on Gallatin's ethnological studies, 378.

California, discovery of gold in, 353, 354.

Campbell, George W., furnished with report by Gallatin on injuries of Great Britain, 292, 303; secretary of treasury, 312.

Canning, George, his policy toward United States, 225, 295, 344;
attitude of Gallatin toward, in negotiation, 345;
death, 347.

Carnahan, Dr., describes entry of Whiskey Rebellion prisoners into Cannonsburg, 91.

Castlereagh, Lord, discourages offer of Russia to mediate, 304;
gives assurance of safety to cartel-ship, 307;
refuses second offer of mediation, 311;
offers to deal directly, 312;
member of cabinet most favorable to America, 314;
advises English commissioners to moderate demands, 319;
approves treaty of Ghent, 326;
arranges commercial convention with Gallatin, 326;
expresses friendly feelings, 335.

Cazenove, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361.

Charles X., in Revolution of 1830, 370, 372.

Chase, Salmon P., negotiations with Treasury Note Committee, 196 and
note;
follows Gallatin's treasury-note plan, 209;
organizes national banking system, 256.

Chateaubriand, succeeds Montmorenci, 340;
negotiates unsuccessfully with Gallatin, 341;
quotes Gallatin's statement of Cuban question, 346.

Cheriot, ----, takes share in Gallatin's land scheme, 361.

Chesapeake, captured by Leopard, 224.

Chevalier, Michel, his studies on money, 278.

Cheves, Langdon, at free trade convention in 1831, 241.

Chôteau, Pierre Louis, meets Gallatin, his influence over Indians, 287, 374.

Circourt, Count de, reviews Gallatin's "Synopsis of the Indian Tribes," 378.

Civil service, monopolized by Federalists, 280;
demands of Republicans for a share in, 281;
Gallatin's opinion of appointments to and conduct of, 281;
intention of Jefferson to give one half of, to Republicans, 282.

Clare, Thomas, his house the headquarters of Gallatin in 1784, 22, 24;
rents Gallatin a house, 25.

Clay, Henry, denounces Gallatin for advocating free trade, 242;
apologizes, 242;
on peace commission, 312;
arrives at Gottenburg, 313;
corresponds with Gallatin concerning place of negotiation, 314;
differs with Adams over Mississippi navigation and fisheries, 323;
joins Gallatin in England, 326;
urges Gallatin to accept mission to Panama Congress, 342;
letter of Gallatin to, on instructions as minister to England, 343;
tone of his diplomatic correspondence, 345;
Gallatin's opinion of, 356;
resignation of Gallatin in his favor, 358;
secures election of Adams, 358.

Clinton, George, marriage of his daughter to Genet, 102.

"Club, The," in New York, Gallatin's membership of, 366, 367.

Coast survey, established, 290.

Coinage, debate concerning, in Congress, 140;
regulated by Morris, 172.

Coles, Edward, letter of Gallatin to, 284.

Confederation, Articles of, political conditions under, 33, 34.

Congress, adopts amendments to Constitution suggested by New York and
Virginia, 40;
passes excise law, 49;
modifies it, 52;
gives state courts jurisdiction in excise cases, 67;
receives tricolor from France, 130;
complained of by Jefferson as weak, 138;
suspends commercial intercourse with France, 151;
passes acts authorizing naval defense, 153;
presence of Washington, Pinckney, and Hamilton at, in 1798, 155;
speech of Adams to, 155;
responsibility for war thrown upon, by Madison, 205;
authorizes loan in 1812, 209, 212;
damages Treasury by procrastination, 212;
supports Gallatin's policy of extinguishing debt, 215;
repeals internal revenue act, 221;
passes embargo, 225;
extends terms of credit on revenue bonds, 226;
refuses to recharter the bank, 231, 254;
declares war, imposes increased duties, 234;
reimposes internal taxes, 236;
adopts non-importation against England and France, 292;
orders out naval force, 294;
repeals embargo, 294.

Constable, John, at free trade convention in 1831, 241.

Constellation, defeats La Vengeance, 160.

Constitution of Pennsylvania, convention called to revise, 40, 41;
its membership and ability, 42, 43.

Constitution of the United States, adopted, 35;
struggle over ratification in Pennsylvania, 35;
movement in favor of new convention to amend, 36-40;
amended, 40;
power of Representatives to appropriate, 109;
debate in Congress on relation of treaty power to House of
Representatives, 110-115;
argument of Washington on treaty power, 114, 115;
debate in House on relation of Executive to Congress, 142-147;
power of Senate to require treasury reports, 161;
in relation to state bills of credit, 257;
question of power of United States to acquire territory, 285;
in relation to National University, 291;
to annexation of Texas, 351.

Cook, Edward, presides over meeting of whiskey insurgents at Parkinson's
Ferry, 79;
indorses resolution to submit to terms of United States commissioners,
83.

Cooper, Dr. Samuel, interested in Gallatin through Madame Pictet, 17.

Couronne, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361.

Crawford, William H., follows Gallatin's treasury policy, 215;
at Gallatin's suggestion, urges Emperor
again to mediate, 315;
complains of Adams's pugnacity, 339;
wishes Gallatin to stand for Vice-President, 341;
looked upon by Gallatin as strongest leader after the triumvirate,
355;
supported by Gallatin, Jefferson, and Madison against Adams, 356;
stricken with paralysis, 357;
nominated for President by caucus, 357;
defeated by Adams, 358.

Cuba, avowed intention of United States to prevent English seizure of, by war if necessary, 346.

Cumberland Road, reported to Congress in 1807, 290.

Dallas, Alexander J., his career compared to that of Gallatin, 28, 58;
his parentage, 58;
secretary of state for Pennsylvania, 58;
friendship with Gallatin, 58;
excursion with Gallatin, 58, 59;
describes to Gallatin his experiences with militia in suppressing
Whiskey Rebellion, 92;
follows Gallatin's loan policy, 215;
regrets absence of internal taxes, 236;
proposes a national bank, 265;
resigns, 266.

Dallas, Mrs. A. J., on excursion with her husband and Gallatin, 58, 59.

Dallas, George M., accompanies Gallatin to Europe, 301;
sent to London, his instructions, 310;
informs Gallatin of English offer to treat directly, 311;
takes dispatch to Monroe, 318.

Davis, Garrett, letter of Gallatin to, on manifest destiny, 352.

Davis, Matthew L., quarrel between Jefferson and Burr over his appointment, 282.

Dawson, John, on Sedition Law, 162.

Dayton, Jonathan, elected speaker of House by Democrats, 98;
anti-British in feeling, 104;
not influenced by connection with Burr, 104;
reëlected speaker, 132;
introduces resolution on Adams's message, 134;
joins Federalists after X Y Z affair, 149;
refuses to answer Gallatin, 153;
vote of thanks to, 158.

Debt, public, payment by public lands urged by Gallatin, 122;
its permanence condemned by Gallatin, 126;
controversy between Gallatin and Smith as to increase of, 126;
attempt of Continental Congress to investigate, 171;
attempts of Morris to secure its funding, 172, 173;
funded by Hamilton, 174, 175;
increased under Wolcott, 178;
creation of domestic loans, 178;
Gallatin's subdivision of, 184, 185;
its extinction Gallatin's main desire, 186, 188, 198, 203, 208;
stated by Gallatin in 1801-2, 191;
plan for its discharging, 191;
actual reduction of, 192;
increased through Louisiana purchase, 192, 193, 195;
new funds, 195, 196;
funding of debt in 1807, 198;
statement regarding, in 1808, 202;
its increase during war foreseen by Gallatin, 203;
reduction in 1812, 205;
loan of 1812, 209;
declines below par, 210;
revives, 211;
loan of twenty-one millions, 212;
increase in 1816, 215;
Gallatin's policy toward, continued by Dallas and Crawford, 215;
eventually extinguished, 215, 269, 271;
absence regretted by Woodbury, 271.

De Fersen, his correspondence proves guilt of Louis XVI., 57.

De Lolme, ----, school companion of Gallatin, 5.

Democratic party. See Republican party especially, 358-360.

De Neuville, Hyde, French minister, demands dismissal of insolent postmaster, 333; negotiates commercial convention with Adams, 340.

De Rham, ----, member of "The Club," 367.

Dexter, Samuel, succeeds Wolcott in Treasury Department, 177;
consents to hold over until appointment of successor, 181.

Diplomatic history, mission of Genet to United States, 57, 102;
Jay's treaty with England, 102, 103, 117;
Fauchet's dealings with Randolph, 103;
Wayne's treaty with Indians, 117;
Pinckney's treaty with Spain, 117;
expulsion of Pinckney from France, 132;
X Y Z affair and consequences, 149, 152, 153;
events leading up to war of 1812, 295;
offer of Russia to mediate, 299;
mission of Gallatin, Bayard, and Adams to Russia, 301, 303;
correspondence of Gallatin with Baring, 305-307, 309;
renewed offers by Russia, 308;
again refused by England, 311;
offer of England to treat directly, 311;
appointment of a new commission, 312;
place of negotiation, 314;
futile appeal of Lafayette to Emperor to mediate, 315, 316;
appointment of English commissioners, 316;
exorbitant English demands, 317;
suspension of negotiations, 318;
alteration of British tone, 319;
resumption of negotiations and refusal by Americans of English demands,
319;
further English demands for cession of territory refused, 321;
discussion over boundaries, fisheries, and Mississippi navigation, 322,
323;
these points abandoned, 323;
article against slave trade adopted, 323;
conclusion of treaty, 324;
part played by Gallatin, 324, 325;
commercial convention with England, 326, 327;
mission of Gallatin to France, 330-341;
negotiations over French captures under Berlin and Milan decrees, 332,
333;
over an impudent postmaster, 333;
negotiations with Holland, 334;
commercial convention with England, 334, 335;
negotiations with France over Apollon case, 338;
commercial convention with France, 340;
failure to settle American claims, 341;
Gallatin's mission to England, 343-347;
instructions, 343;
negotiations with Canning, 345, 346;
conclusion of convention with Goderich's ministry, 347;
Ashburton treaty negotiations, 349, 350.

Disunion, threatened in 1795, 116;
planned by New England in 1812, 213.

Duane, William, intimate with Jefferson, 286;
abuses Gallatin in "Aurora," 286, 297;
appointed adjutant-general by Madison, 299.

Duby, ----, takes shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 361.

Dumont, Etienne, college friend of Gallatin, his subsequent career, 5;
Gallatin's opinion of, 5;
invited by Gallatin to come to America, 26;
on shape of Gallatin's head, 389.

Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen, friend of Gallatin, his philological studies upon Indians, 376, 377.

D'Yvernois, proposes to transport University of Geneva to United States, 291; receives shares in Gallatin's land scheme, 362.

Edgar, James, on committee of whiskey insurgents to confer with United
States commissioners, 81;
supports Gallatin, 82;
presides over last meeting at Parkinson's Ferry, 89.

Elliott, ----, on controversy between Wolcott and Gallatin, as to
surplus, 190, 191.

Ellsworth, Oliver, on committee to consider Gallatin's eligibility to
Senate, 61.

Embargo, opposed by Gallatin, 201;
its effect stated by him, 201, 202;
adopted as answer to Orders in Council, 225;
its enforcement or abandonment urged by Gallatin, 228, 229, 230, 291;
enforced, 292;
repealed, 294.

Emlen, George, at free trade convention in 1831, 241.

England, anger against, at time of Jay treaty, 103;
renews provision order, 103;
danger of war with, 116, 118, 120;
hard pressed by France in 1797, 139;
its friendship more dangerous than France's enmity, 163;
adopts Orders in Council, 201, 225;
commercial policy toward United States, 224, 225, 295;
danger of war with, 224, 229;
Madison's preference for, 295;
events leading up to war with, 295, 296;
mistaken view of Gallatin concerning its diplomacy, 304;
unwilling to tolerate Russian mediation, 304, 306, 311;
its policy explained by Baring, 306, 307;
offers to treat directly, 311;
willing to push on war after fall of Napoleon, 313, 316;
hopes to divide United States, 313;
appoints commissioners, 316;
makes exorbitant demands, 317;
its policy modified by Castlereagh, 319;
demands cession of territory, 321;
loses interest in war, 322;
rejects article on impressment, 322;
negotiation of convention with, in 1815, 334, 335;
at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 337;
mission of Gallatin to, 343-347;
complains of tone of American diplomacy, 344, 345;
negotiations with, 345, 346;
agrees to renew commercial convention, 347;
refuses to negotiate on impressment, 347;
makes Ashburton treaty, 349, 350.

Eppes, John W., letter of Gallatin to, on public lands, 239.

Erskine, D. M., his negotiations, 295.

Etsko, ----, Polish refugee, helped by Gallatin, 372.

Eustis, William, advised by Gallatin concerning treaty with Netherlands, 333, 334.

Ewbank, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379.

Excise (see Whiskey Insurrection), recommended by Hamilton, 175.

Fauchet, his dealings with Randolph, 103;
condemned by Federalists, 134.

Fayette County, settlement of Gallatin, 22, 26, 27;
life in, 28, 43, 67;
elects Gallatin to legislature, 44;
in Whiskey Insurrection, 49, 51, 52, 68, 78, 85, 96;
reëlects Gallatin, 93, 95;
visited by Lafayette, 365.

Fazzi, ----, takes share in Gallatin's land scheme, 361.

Federalist party, its origin, 57;
prejudiced against Gallatin by his resolution demanding information from
Hamilton, 64, 65;
opposes his election to Congress, 95;
reconstructs cabinet, 97, 98;
its leaders in House, 98, 99;
attitude toward France and England, 100, 101;
charged with being bribed by England, 103;
in debate on appropriating power, 108, 109;
in debate on treaty power, 111-115;
defends Jay treaty, 118;
strengthened in fourth Congress, 128;
retains nominal majority in fifth Congress, 133;
in debate on French relations, 134-136;
in debate on checks on executive, 143-147;
strengthened by X Y Z affair, 149;
commits mistakes, 151, 152; its badge, 153;
controls sixth Congress, 158;
refuses to repeal Sedition Law, 159;
defeated in 1800, 163;
forced to choose between Burr and Jefferson, 164;
bargain with Jefferson, 164;
its possible plans for defeating any choice, 165;
and for nominating a president pro tempore, 165;
allows Jefferson's election, 166, 167;
its share in building country, 169;
breach in, 177;
enjoys Republican inconsistency, 237;
monopolizes offices, 280;
extinguished by battle of New Orleans, 358.

Few, William, connected by marriage with Gallatin, 59.

Finances, efforts of Gallatin to secure minute supervision of by
Congress, 64, 106, 107;
efforts to establish permanent appropriations, 107;
appropriations, power of Congress over, 108, 109;
their necessity to successful government, 170;
finances of the Revolution under Morris, 170-174;
under treasury board, 173, 174;
under Hamilton, 174-176;
under Wolcott, 176-178;
under Gallatin, 186-215;
sketch of, by Gallatin, 184;
"View of," by Gallatin, 185;
preliminary sketch on Gallatin's assuming office, 186;
estimate of sources of wealth, 187;
estimate for 1801, 190;
denial of a surplus, 190, 191;
plan for discharging debt, 191, 192;
its execution, 192, 194;
report for 1803 on reduction of debt, 195;
Louisiana purchase, 193, 195;
place of payment of principal and interest, 195, 196;
addition to sinking fund, 196;
report for first four years, 197;
estimates of revenue for Jefferson's second term, 198;
conversion of debt, 198;
full treasury in 1807, 198;
Gallatin's consideration of military value of surplus, 199;
on war revenue, 200, 201;
effect of embargo, 201;
sources of revenue, 204;
deficiency in 1809, 204;
report of 1811, 205;
demand of Gallatin for internal revenue, 206;
war estimates, 206-209;
including "treasury notes," 207, 210;
loan of 1812, 209;
estimates for 1812, 210;
report for 1812, 211;
success of loan, 210, 211;
report of loan of twenty-one millions, 212;
stock not taken by New England and Southern States, 213;
saved by Parish, Girard, and Astor, 213, 214;
review of Gallatin's influence, 215-216;
table of revenue and expenditure, 217;
revenue established by Hamilton, 217;
its character, 218;
and amount, 219;
permanent estimate of, 220;
internal revenue retained by Gallatin, 220;
his proposed expenditures, 220;
repeal of internal revenue, 221;
increased income, 221;
establishment of Mediterranean fund, 222;
income during Jefferson's first term, 223;
increased estimates of Gallatin, 223;
internal improvements planned, 224;
doubling of duties recommended as a war measure, 225;
effect of embargo on revenue, 225, 227;
review of revenue during Jefferson's administrations, 226, 227;
surplus in 1808, 226;
internal improvements advocated by Jefferson, 226, 227;
estimates of receipts for 1809, 228;
report of Gallatin to Congress on need for new revenues, 229;
vagueness of Madison concerning, 229, 230;
report for 1809, 230;
refusal of Congress to re-charter bank, 231;
report for 1810, 231;
report of Gallatin in January, 1812, 232;
proposal to impose internal taxes, 234;
increased war duties, 234;
war budget for 1813, 235;
internal taxes, their history, 235;
reimposed by Congress, 236;
receipts from, 237;
public lands, receipts from, 238, 239;
administration of Treasury under
Gallatin, 244-246;
history of Bank of North America, 248-250;
of Bank of United States, 250-255;
panic of 1815, 262-264;
second United States Bank, 265-268;
resumption of specie payment, 267;
report of Gallatin on ratio of gold and silver, 268;
"Considerations on Currency and Banking," 268;
diminution of debt in 1832, 269;
removal of deposits from Bank of United States, 269, 270;
extinction of debt by Woodbury, 270, 271;
distribution of surplus among States, 271;
inflation in 1836, 272;
panic of 1837, 272, 273.

Findley, James, in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 43;
represents Fayette County in legislature, 44.

Findley, William, describes Whiskey Insurrection, 71;
at Parkinson's Ferry meeting, 78;
describes Gallatin's speech, 83;
on threats of secession, 86;
takes resolutions to Washington urging him to stop march of troops,
89;
describes seizure of prisoners, 90.

Fish, Preserved, at free trade convention in 1831, 241.

Fisheries, discussed in treaty of Ghent, 322, 323;
unfavorable settlement of question in 1818, 335.

Florida, question of its annexation, 285.

Forsyth, John, asks Gallatin's advice as to Smithson's bequest, 378.

Fox, C. J., his precocity compared to Gallatin's, 32.

France, sympathy of Republicans for, 116;
sends tricolor to Congress, 130;
its policy in Revolution, 131;
situation in 1796, 131;
endeavors to get aid of United States, 131;
determines to coerce it, 132;
refuses to receive Pinckney, 132;
policy of Adams toward, 137;
success in 1797, 139;
danger of war with, in 1798, 147;
question of war with, debated in Congress, 148-151;
non-intercourse with, 151, 159, 160;
adopts conciliatory measures, 160;
commercial convention with, 162;
adopts Milan decree, 229;
mission of Gallatin to, 331-341;
refuses to pay for seizures under Berlin and Milan decrees, 333;
urges peace with Spain, 336;
offers to mediate with United States between Spain and her colonies,
336;
conduct at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 337;
Apollon case, 338;
commercial convention with, 340;
fails to settle claims, 340, 341;
Revolution of 1830 in, 370, 371, 372.

Franklin, Benjamin, gives Gallatin letter to Richard Bache, 11;
compared to Gallatin, 389.

Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, friend of Madame Voltaire, 7;
sends her a portrait, 7;
sells troops to England in American war, 8;
called a tyrant by Gallatin, 8.

Free trade, advocated by Gallatin, 240;
becomes a party question in 1832, 240;
convention in favor of, 241;
Gallatin's memorial in behalf of, 241, 242;
subsequent history of, 242, 243.

French Revolution, premonitions of, in Europe, 6;
Gallatin's opinion of, in 1794, 56, 57;
its reaction on America, 57, 100;
attitude of parties toward, 101, 102;
its effect described by Gallatin, 327, 328.

Gallatin, Abraham, grandfather of Albert, 2;
lives at Pregny, 7;
friend of Voltaire, 7.

Gallatin, Albert, his place in United States history, 1;
birth and ancestry, 2;
adopted by Mlle. Pictet, 2;
his schooling and home training, 2, 3;
benefits from cosmopolitan society of Geneva, 4;
academic friendships, 4, 5;
restless, although not ambitious, 5;
discontented with political conditions, 6;
visits Voltaire, 7, 8;
refuses offer of commission in Hessian service, 8;
quarrels with grandmother, 8;
plans to find freedom in America, 9, 10;
leaves Geneva secretly, 9;
plans to rise by land speculation and commerce, 10;
at Nantes receives letters from family, 10, 11;
relations with guardian, 11;
invests money in tea, 12;
voyage to Boston, 12;
finds difficulty in selling tea, 12;
finds Boston bigoted and unfriendly, 13;
his walk to Blue Hill, 13;
encounter with inquisitive landlord, 13, 14;
persuaded by Madame De Lesdernier, makes trading voyage to Machias,
14;
frontier life there, 15, 16;
commands earthwork at Passamaquoddy, 16;
meets La Pérouse, 16;
returns to Boston and teaches French, 17;
recommended by Mlle. Pictet to Dr. Cooper, 17;
teaches French successfully in Harvard College, 17, 18;
glad to leave Boston at conclusion of war, 18;
visits New York, 18;
meets Savary, 19;
dissolves partnership with Serre, 19;
meets Pelatiah Webster at Philadelphia, 19;
accompanies Savary to Richmond, 19;
decides definitely not to return to Geneva, 20;
joins Savary in land speculations in West Virginia, 20, 21;
his aversion to debt, 21;
returns to Philadelphia and leads exploring party down Ohio, 21;
at George's Creek builds log-house and opens store, 22;
encounters Washington, 22;
declines Washington's offer to become land agent, 23;
enjoys a winter in Richmond society, 23;
his gratitude for hospitality and kindness, 24;
commissioned by Henry, locates lands in Western Virginia, 24;
interrupted by Indian troubles, 24;
takes oath of allegiance to Virginia, 25;
invites Badollet to join him from Geneva, 25, 26;
purchases Friendship Hill, 26;
rumor of his death causes inquiries from Geneva, 27;
attains majority and calls for property, 28;
difficulties of his life on frontier, 28;
not to be blamed for his choice of location, 28, 29;
offered place in office by Marshall, 29;
advised by Patrick Henry to begin in West, 29;
visits Richmond and Philadelphia, 29;
journey to Maine, 29, 30;
kindness towards Lesdernier, 30;
marries Sophie Allègre, her sudden death, 30;
disheartened, wishes to abandon Western lands, 30, 31;
his maturity in political thought, 32;
early an advocate of democracy, 32, 33;
probably dislikes the Federal Constitution, 34, 36;
an opponent of centralization, 34;
influences arguments of Smilie in Pennsylvania ratifying convention,
36;
represents Fayette County at convention of anti-Federalists, 37;
friendship with Smilie, 38;
drafts resolutions providing for vigorous organization against
Constitution, 38, 39.

_In Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention._
Elected a delegate from Fayette County, 40;
his opposition to alteration of form of government, 41;
advocates enlarged popular representation, manhood suffrage, easy
naturalization, 42;
takes minor part in convention, his high opinion of its ability, 42,
43;
after convention, falls into melancholy, 43;
wishes to leave America, 43;
reproached by Genevese friends with indolence, 43, 44.

_In Pennsylvania Legislature._
Elected to represent Fayette County, 44;
describes his legislative career, 45-47;
his influence and activity, 45;
advocates improved education, 45;
supports turnpike, 45;
gains reputation by report of Ways and Means Committee, 46;
advocates redemption of paper money and financial reform, 46;
reports a resolution for abolition of slavery, 47;
at first dislikes Philadelphia, later prefers it to New York for
democracy, 47, 48;
drafts resolutions condemning Hamilton's excise bill, 48;
takes part in public meeting in Washington County against the bill, 50;
secretary of convention of western counties at Pittsburgh, 52;
signs resolutions advocating resistance, 53;
draws petition to Congress, 53;
returns to Philadelphia to find cause damaged by action of counties,
54;
advises evasion of federal writs to arrest, 55;
in legislature proposes a township veto on taxation and popular
education, 55;
wishes to visit Geneva in 1793, 56, 57;
views on French Revolution, 56, 57;
elected senator in spite of insufficient residence, 58;
acquaintance with Dallas, 58;
on journey with him, meets Hannah Nicholson, 59;
marriage, 59;
his family connections by marriage, 59;
later business connections with brother-in-law, J. W. Nicholson, 60;
takes seat as United States senator, 60;
his election protested on ground of insufficient residence, 60, 61;
complains of membership of committee to consider case, 61;
his exact status, 62;
submits statement of facts to Senate, 62;
is declared disqualified by narrow majority, 62, 63;
his dignified conduct of case, 63;
pending the decision, introduces resolution calling upon Hamilton to
make a minutely itemized report, 64;
probably causes his own expulsion by thus irritating Federalists, 64,
65;
later obliged to answer a similar demand from Federalists, 65;
not cast down by exclusion, 65;
gains increased popularity in Pennsylvania, 65, 66.

_In Whiskey Insurrection._
Takes wife to Fayette County, 67;
at outbreak of violence advises distillers to submit to law, 69;
his estimate of numbers of insurgents in arms, 73;
remains at first aloof from excitement, 75;
determines to take control of movement, 75, 76;
alarmed at probable excesses of mob and danger of repression, 76;
delegate to convention at Parkinson's Ferry, 78;
confers with Marshall, 78;
chosen secretary, 79;
opposes resolution to resist by force, and moves reference of
resolutions to a committee, 80;
succeeds in modifying resolutions not to obey excise and trial laws,
80;
on committee on resolutions, 80;
on committee to confer with government commissioners, 81;
points out folly of resistance, 81;
counsels submission, 81;
his eloquent speech, 82, 83;
prevents anarchy, 82;
charged by J. C. Hamilton with cowardice, 84;
his real courage, 84;
hastens submission of Fayette County, 85;
secures adoption of declaration defending county's action, 85;
secretary of meeting at Parkinson's Ferry, which makes complete
submission, 89;
considered by Federalists to be chief instigator of the insurrection,
90;
describes conversation with Dallas, 92;
again chosen to legislature and also to Congress, 93;
his election to Assembly contested and declared void, 93, 94;
in his speech during debate admits error of his course, 94;
urges Badollet to secure reëlection of all Western assemblymen, 95;
re-elected to legislature, 95;
witness before grand jury in trial of prisoners, 96;
draws petition to Washington for pardon of offenders, 96;
his loyalty to constituents, 96.

_Member of Congress._
Moves appointment of committee on finance to control Treasury, 106;
appointed upon it, 106;
wishes to put appropriations on permanent footing, 107, 108;
refuses to devote military funds to establishing Indian trading posts,
108;
opposes habit of appropriating without debate, even to objects already
approved, 109;
supports resolutions calling for papers in Jay treaty, 110;
upholds power of House of Representatives, 111, 112;
denies that treaties override discretion of House, 112, 113;
appointed to carry call to Washington, 114;
claims right of House to participate in treaties, 114;
stands beside Madison as leader of debate, 115;
insists on separate consideration of treaties, 118;
objects to Federalists' threats of war with England, 118, 119;
complains of abandonment of "free ships" principle in Jay's treaty,
119;
low opinion of Indians, 122;
urges resistance to impressment, 122;
suggests plan for advantageous sale of public lands, 122;
and their use to pay debt, 122;
views on taxation, 123;
opposes military establishment and navy, 123, 124;
laments necessity of payment to United States Bank, 124;
attacked for participation in Whiskey Insurrection, 124;
makes no reply, 125;
criticises conduct of Treasury Department, 125;
opposes principle of a national debt, 125;
asserts a great increase in public debt, 126;
defends assertion against W. Smith, 126;
objects to adjournment to pay respects to Washington on birthday, 126;
recognized as leader of opposition by Federalists, 127;
does not expect or desire renomination, 127;
reëlected to Congress, 127;
becomes leader of Republicans in House, 128;
wishes House to compliment Washington personally on his retirement,
but not his administration, 129;
describes Andrew Jackson's appearance, 129 n.;
insists on payment of indebtedness of States to government, 129;
chairman of conference committee, 129;
opposes army and navy expenditure, 129, 130;
secures passage of bill confining treasury expenditures, 130;
in sympathy and confidence of Jefferson, 133;
deprecates debating foreign relations, 134;
wishes to treat France like other nations, 134;
opposes threatening France, 135;
joins moderate Republicans in voting with Federalists for address to
President, 136;
opposes appropriation for defense, 137;
objects to employment of frigates, 137;
favors defense of ports and harbors only, 137;
opposes salt duty, 137;
and excessive loans, 137;
points out method of impeachment in Blount case, 138;
describes his desire for moderation, 138;
calls Federalists aristocrats, 139;
votes against presenting answer to message in person, 140;
now acknowledged leader of Republicans, 140;
presents anti-slavery petitions from Pennsylvania, 140;
his opinion of use of foreign coins, 140;
estimate of specie in United States, 141;
opposes proposal to expel Lyon, 141;
on executive power of appointment, 142;
wishes to abandon foreign political intercourse, 143;
upholds power of House to check executive through appropriations, 143;
makes elaborate speech on checks of legislature on executive, 144-146;
and on necessity of abstention from European politics, 145;
practical drawbacks to his theory, 147;
his speech circulated by party, 147;
opposes war measures against France, 148;
supports call for papers of envoys to France, 148;
presents petition against authorizing private citizens to arm vessels,
149;
opposes bill to authorize President to arm convoys, 149;
prefers submission to French outrages rather than war, 150, 151;
attacked by Allen of Connecticut, his reply, 150, 151;
opposes non-intercourse with France, 151;
declares Sedition Bill unconstitutional, 152;
high words with Harper over Alien Bill, 152;
taunted by Harper, 152;
opposes declaration of state of relations by Congress, 153;
votes against abrogating treaty with France, 154;
continues to harass Wolcott in the Treasury, 154;
his even temper, 154;
opposes bill to punish correspondence with foreign princes, 155, 156;
opposes bill to incite French West Indies to revolt, 156, 157;
opposes authorization of President to suspend commerce in certain
cases, 157;
opposes building ships of the line, 157;
tries to defeat or ameliorate Alien and Sedition Laws, 157, 158;
aided in sixth Congress by Nicholas and Macon, 159;
votes with Federalists to suspend commercial intercourse with France,
159;
opposes proposal to amend Foreign Intercourse Act, 160, 161;
opposes bill requiring report from secretary of treasury, because
originating in Senate, 161;
opposes continuance of non-intercourse, 162;
his position in presidential contest in 1800, 164;
irritated by influence of S. Smith over Jefferson and Madison, 164;
reasons that attempt of Federalists to defeat an election by the House
is constitutional, 164, 165;
but any president pro tempore would be unconstitutional, 165;
suggests course of action for Republicans, 165;
probably expects to use violence against Federalists, 166;
review of his congressional career, 167;
leader of party, yet not a partisan, 167, 168;
one of Republican triumvirate, 168;
his departure leaves party without a legislative leader, 168.

_Secretary of the Treasury: Funding._
His place as financier in United States history, 170;
Jefferson's choice for secretary of treasury, 178, 179;
hated by Federalists in Senate, 178;
assigned to Treasury by public opinion, 179;
doubts his abilities and chances of confirmation by Senate, 180;
plans to move to New York, 180;
refuses to accept until confirmed by Senate, 181;
finally agrees to serve, 181;
brings family to Washington and enters on duties, 181, 182;
his thoroughness, 182;
exhausts himself by his energy, 182;
sketch of his financial career in Pennsylvania and in Congress, 183,
184;
his one principle the extinguishment of debt, 184;
publishes sketch of the finances in 1796, 184;
publishes in July, 1800, "Views of Public Debt," etc., 184, 185;
ability of these essays, 185;
outlines policy of expenditures and receipts to Jefferson, 186;
endeavors to systematize treasury statements, 186;
points out economic reasons for increase of revenue, 187;
urges specific appropriations by Congress and absence of departmental
discretion, 187;
urges reduction, both of debt and of taxes, 188;
unable to work with other departments because of Jefferson's habits,
188;
lack of elasticity in his plans, 189;
embarrassed by complications in department, 189;
his first report to Congress, 190;
denies existence of any surplus, 190;
explains plan for extinction of debt by 1817, 191;
given authority by Congress, 192;
table showing success of his measures, 192;
in spite of Louisiana purchase, reduces debt by one third, 192, 194;
dissatisfied with financial terms of Louisiana purchase, 193;
novelty of his distinction between place of payment of interest and
principal, 195;
arranges that Louisiana debt shall not retard payment of old debt, 196,
197;
his report of 1805, 107;
proposes funding of outstanding obligations in 1807, 198;
reports a full Treasury on occasion of threatened war with England,
198;
discusses application of surplus to war expenses, 199;
suggests methods of war taxation, 200;
prefers war to embargo, 201;
draws the embargo bill, 201;
discusses its financial effect, 201, 202;
confident attitude as to war loans, 202;
his policy supported by Jefferson, 203;
realizes that war will prevent reduction of debt, 203, 204;
relies on customs, tonnage dues, and land sales for revenue, 204;
reports deficiency owing to embargo, 204;
forced to borrow, 204;
reviews situation in 1811 with satisfaction, 205, 206;
asks for increase of revenue in case of war, 206;
proposes war loans, 207;
and interest-bearing treasury notes, 207;
insists on actual increased receipts, not apparent measures, 207, 208;
on necessity of upholding credit, 209;
receives authority from Congress, 209;
submits war budget, 209, 210;
his last annual statement in 1812, 211;
reports need of new loans, 212;
his personal friends, Parish, Girard, and Astor, save government credit,
213, 214;
fails to negotiate loan at par, 214;
failure of his hopes to extinguish debt, 215;
his policy vindicated by successors, 215;
charged with sacrificing defenses of country to reduction of debt, 216;
attempted defense of his course by "Democratic Review," 216;
his determination to follow financial principles and not a partisan
course, 216, 218;
does not invent new sources of revenue, 218;
his estimates follow those of Hamilton, 219;
estimates permanent revenue, 220;
unable to abandon internal revenue, 220;
does not protest against its abolition by Congress, 221;
does not alter estimates in spite of increase of revenue, 221;
proposes additional tax to meet war with Tripoli, 222;
applies surplus as far as possible to Louisiana purchase, 222;
political effect of his success during Jefferson's first term, 223;
in 1805 raises estimate of permanent revenue, 223;
impresses economy upon other departments, 223;
prepares scheme of internal improvements, 224;
after Chesapeake affair recommends borrowing, 224;
and doubling duties in case of war, 225;
receipts during his second term, 226;
his warning of diminished resources in future ignored by Jefferson,
226;
estimates for 1809, 228;
points out necessity of submitting to war or loss of foreign trade,
228, 229;
promises not to use internal taxes, 229;
reports diminished income and deficiency in 1809, 230;
declares for a strict enforcement or abandonment of embargo, 230;
disgusted at refusal of Congress to recharter United States Bank, 231;
tenders resignation to Madison, 231;
obliged to remain for lack of possible successor, 231;
continues to advocate increased customs, 232;
points out that, had his recommendations been followed in 1809, there
would have been a large surplus, 232, 233;
forces Congress to choose between a bank or internal taxes, 233, 234;
himself proposes internal taxes, 234;
his last report predicts deficiency and asks a loan, 235;
his recommendations of internal taxes disregarded, 235;
his previous use of Hamilton's internal taxes, 235;
his suggestions followed in 1813, 236;
connection with sale of public lands, 238;
unable fully to utilize this resource, 239;
earliest public advocate of free trade, 240;
later in career becomes leader of cause, 241;
his part in convention of 1831, 241;
draws memorial to Congress, 242;
his views followed in tariff of 1846, 242;
opposed to protection, 242;
violently attacked by Clay, who apologizes, 242;
introduces reforms in annual report, 245;
tries to induce Congress and departments to adopt scheme of minute
appropriations, 245, 246;
carries system into his own household, 246;
effects of his methods, 247;
on Jefferson's dislike of banks, 251;
his report of 1809 on Hamilton's bank, 252, 253;
suggests its renewal, with modifications, 253, 254;
his testimony as to its value, 255, 256;
estimate as to state banks in 1811, 258;
describes hostility of Astor to bank, 259;
left, by failure to renew bank charter, at mercy of capitalists, 260;
his opinion that absence of bank caused suspension of specie payments
in 1815, 262;
on Jefferson's proposal to issue paper money, 264;
his success a vindication of Federalist finance, 266;
opinion of services of second national bank, 266;
declines offer of secretaryship in 1816, 266, 267;
urges Madison to restore specie payment, 267;
declines position as president of Bank of United States in 1822, 268;
prepares statement of relative value of gold and silver, 268;
writes "Considerations on Currency and Banking," 268;
advocates use of specie and limited use of paper money, 268;
accepts presidency of National Bank of New York, 269;
his opinion of Jackson, 270;
his bank involved in panic of 1837, 272;
conducts resumption, 273;
chairman of committee of banks, 273;
submits reports, 275;
declines presidency of Bank of Commerce, 276;
resigns presidency of National Bank, 277;
publishes "Suggestions on Banks and Currency," 277;
condemns paper money, 277;
declines offer of Treasury Department from Tyler, 278;
in the cabinet, agrees with Republican leaders on all points except
bank, 279, 280;
prepares circular announcing disregard of party in appointments, 281;
and condemning political influence of officials, 281;
his policy opposed by Jefferson, 282;
obliged to follow cabinet in policy of partisan appointments, 282;
advises early preparation for campaign of 1804, 283;
wishes States divided into election districts, 283;
criticises annual messages of Jefferson, 283;
his proposal to appoint a woman to office condemned by Jefferson, 283;
suggests in vain regular cabinet consultations, 283, 284;
urges payment of tribute to Tripoli rather than war, 284;
opinion asked on points of constitutional law, 284;
holds inherent right of United States to acquire territory, 285;
disapproves of Texas annexation, 285;
advises Jefferson concerning Louisiana treaty, 285, 286;
attacked by Duane, for not turning out Federalists, 286;
absence of favoritism in his appointments, 286, 287;
supervises sale of lands, 287;
acquaintance with Chôteau, 278;
drafts promise of protection for Astor's fur trade, 288;
opposes vainly Jefferson's gunboat scheme, 289;
submits plan of defense against England, 289;
urges moderate tone in message, 290;
devises scheme of internal improvements, 290;
doubts success of a National University, 291;
opposes a permanent embargo, 291;
prepares Campbell's report urging resistance, 292;
receives authority from Congress to enforce non-intercourse, 293;
favors war, 293;
submits "Notes on Political Situation," 294;
opposes ordering out naval force in favor of letters of marque, 294;
his appointment as secretary of state prevented by Republican
opponents in Senate, 294, 295;
continues to advise Madison, 295;
his measures meet opposition in Senate, 295;
deserted by Madison in his attempt to secure re-chartering of bank,
296;
tenders resignation, 296;
bitterly attacked in "Aurora," 297;
accused of dominating Madison and of corruption, 297, 298;
considered by Jefferson ablest man in administration except Madison,
298;
unable to command support in Congress, submits to war policy, 298,
299;
asks leave of absence and appointment as minister to Russia, 299;
attempts made to alienate him from Jefferson and Madison, 299;
his high regard for Jefferson, 300;
continued good terms with Madison, 300.

_Minister to Russia; Treaty of Ghent._
His voyage with Bayard, 301;
visits Gottenburg and Copenhagen, 301;
at St. Petersburg meets J. Q. Adams, 302;
his knowledge of history, 302;
lack of diplomatic experience as compared with Adams, 302;
contrast in character with Adams, 303;
considers peace necessary because of inefficiency in conduct of war,
303;
abandons his former opposition to a navy, 303;
low opinion of English diplomacy, 304;
view of necessity of an English renunciation of impressment, 305;
writes to Barings, 305;
receives Baring's reply, 306, 307;
explains case to Romanzoff, 307;
assured by Moreau of imperial sympathy, 308;
warned by him of England's purposes, 308;
writes to Monroe asking instructions, 308, 309;
informs Baring of inability to negotiate except through Russia, 309;
writes to Moreau, 309, 310;
instructs Dallas as to duties in London, 310;
receives news of refusal of Senate to confirm his nomination, 310;
contemplates visit to London, 311;
hears that British government proposes to treat directly, 311;
unable to return home, 312;
journey to Amsterdam, 312;
not at first included in second commission, but later added, 312;
visits London, 313;
learns of arrival of Clay and Russell, 313;
urges Lafayette to mediate, 313;
wishes to change place of negotiation from Gottenburg, 314;
urges Crawford to secure interposition of emperor, 315;
receives letter from Lafayette through Humboldt, promising aid, 315;
makes official appeal to emperor, 315;
learns of refusal of England to admit intervention, 316;
warns Monroe of English preparations, 316;
visits Paris, 316;
meets British commissioners at Ghent, 316;
notifies Monroe of determination of England to dismember United States
and attack New Orleans, 317, 318;
despairs of peace, 318;
draws reply of commissioners rejecting British demands, 319;
explains reasons for willingness to discuss Indian article, 319, 320;
condemns burning of public buildings at Washington, 320;
expresses confidence in American securities, 320;
has difficulty in mediating between Clay and Adams on fisheries and
Mississippi navigation, 322, 323;
proposes engagement to abandon use of savages in future war, 323;
the credit of treaty due to him, 324;
his diplomatic skill, 324;
wins European admiration, 325;
visits Geneva, 325, 326;
sees Napoleon during Hundred Days, 326;
appointed minister to France, 326;
with Clay and Adams negotiates commercial convention, 326, 327;
friendly attitude of Castlereagh toward, 326;
on value of abolition of discriminating duties, 327;
returns to New York, 327;
withholds acceptance of French mission, 327;
describes to Jefferson European opinion of United States, 327;
describes condition of France after Revolution, 327, 328;
does not consider republican form of government suitable everywhere,
328;
weary of politics, declines nomination to Congress, 329;
declines French mission on ground of poverty, 329;
finally yields to Monroe's requests, 329;
refuses offer of Treasury Department, his reasons, 330;
rejoicings of Jefferson over his appointment, 331.

_Minister to France._
Received by Richelieu, 331;
discusses American sympathy for Bonaparte, 331, 332;
received by Louis XVIII., 332;
familiar relations with royal family, 332;
negotiates for indemnity for seizures, 332;
annoyed by French demand for dismissal of a disrespectful American
postmaster, 333;
advises Adams and Eustis in negotiations, 333;
returns to Paris, 334;
with Rush conducts negotiations with England, 334, 335;
tries to explain Jackson's occupation of Pensacola, 336;
refuses to mediate with France between Spain and revolted colonies,
336;
points out disadvantages of war with Spain, 337;
succeeds in pacifying French indignation at seizure of Apollon, 338;
does not adopt Adams's line of defense, 338;
Adams's opinion of, in diary, 338, 339;
his opinion of Adams, 329;
continues to negotiate with regard to commerce, 340;
loath to return without success, 340;
criticises Adams's terms of French treaty as unfavorable, but advises
signing, 340;
fails to secure satisfaction and returns to America, 341;
settles at Friendship Hill, 341;
pressed by Monroe to return to France, 341, 342;
declines mission to Panama Congress, 342.

_Minister to England._
Appointed envoy and minister, with liberty to return on completion of
negotiations, 342, 343;
secures modification of instructions, 343;
complains of peremptory character of instructions, 344;
his voyage, 344;
dislike of English and French diplomacy, 344;
learns of English resentment at tone of American ministers, 344, 345;
negotiates with Canning, 345;
asks for instructions as to renewal of convention of 1815, 345;
pleased with ability of Lawrence as _chargé d'affaires_, 346;
his threat of war quoted by Chateaubriand, 346;
warned by Adams to yield nothing, 346;
concludes negotiation with Goderich, 347;
thinks Canning meant to discuss impressment, 247;
returns to America, congratulated by Adams, 348;
his social life in London, 348;
ready to accept French mission in 1834, 349;
prepares argument in Northeastern boundary arbitration, 349;
publishes an account of facts in the case, 349;
visited by Ashburton, 350;
publishes pamphlet on Oregon question, 351;
presides at meeting to protest against annexation of Texas, 351;
condemns Mexican war, 352;
publishes pamphlet concerning it, 352;
condemns "manifest destiny" talk, 352, 353.

_Republican Leader._
His opinion of contemporary political leaders, 355, 356;
prefers Crawford to Adams, 356;
requests Macon to take
part in caucus for Crawford, 356;
thinks universal suffrage compensates for dangers of consolidation, 356;
accepts reluctantly nomination for vice-president, 357;
dislikes formality of nomination, 357;
withdraws to help ticket, 358;
considers the election to prove decease of Republican party, 359;
condemns Jackson's violations of law, 359;
favors an insignificant or weak executive, 359;
visits Washington in 1829, notes disappearance of old régime, 330.

_Society, Literature, Science._
His land speculations not profitable, 351;
plans Genevese Colonization Association, 361;
loses money through Morris's failure, 362;
speculates in Virginia military lands, 362;
estimates value of estates, 362, 363;
ill at ease in general society, 363;
his establishment at Washington described by Irving, 363;
house burned by British, 364;
builds at Friendship Hill, finds it lonely in winter, 364;
visited by Lafayette in 1825, 364, 365;
settles permanently in New York, 365;
frequent changes of residence, 365;
devotes last years to scientific studies, 366;
conversational ability, 366;
chosen member of "The Club," 366, 367;
leads conversation, 367;
described by Irving, 368;
wishes to establish free university in New York, 368;
presides over council of New York University, 369;
resigns, owing to clerical opposition, 370;
continued interest in French politics, 370;
letter of Lafayette to, on marriage of his daughter, 371;
assists Polish refugees, 372;
interested in Indian customs, 373, 374;
writes for Humboldt a synopsis of Indian tribes, 374;
publishes Indian vocabularies, 375;
issues circulars inviting information, 375;
correspondence with individuals, 375, 376;
republishes Synopsis, 377;
scientific character of his results, 377, 378;
his advice requested concerning Smithson's bequest, 378;
its publications submitted to him, 378, 379;
founds American Ethnological Society, 379;
defrays cost of publishing its transactions, 379;
essay on nations of Mexico and Central America, 380;
authorizes General Scott to purchase documents in Mexico, 380;
writes introduction to Hale's "Indians of Northwest America," 380;
gathers information regarding gold in America for Humboldt, 381;
describes his reasons for success, 381;
his caution in reasoning, 382;
fails to establish a literary periodical, 382;
chosen president of New York Historical Society, 382;
his inaugural address on course of United States History, 382-384;
opinion of Washington, 383, 384;
friendly greeting to Adams in 1844, 384;
eulogized by Adams, 384, 385;
his party career contrasted with that of Adams, 385;
personal appearance and portraits, 385, 386;
crushed by loss of wife, 387;
death, 387;
eulogized by Bradish before Historical Society, 388;
acknowledges indebtedness to Bentham, 388;
his brain, 389;
summary of character and services, 389.

_Characteristics._
General estimates, 1, 388, 389;
unfriendly views of, 90, 297, 338;
his own estimate, 381;
ambition, 5, 10, 58, 127, 180, 328;
business ability, 28, 60, 361, 362;
cosmopolitanism, 7, 389;
courage, 75, 76, 84;
debt, aversion to, 21;
diplomatic ability, 303, 324, 325, 330, 345;
financial ability, 45, 179, 185, 215;
friendliness, 24, 30, 300, 372;
geography, love of, 16;
history, love of, 3, 302;
indolence, 43;
leadership, 128, 133, 159, 167, 357;
literary interest, 382;
maturity, early, 31;
partisanship, 140, 147, 167;
personal appearance, 385, 386, 389;
political shrewdness, 76, 95, 128, 357;
social habits, 44, 348, 363, 367, 368;
temper, evenness of, 65, 152, 154, 303, 324;
thoroughness, 182, 381.

_Political Opinions._
Alien Bill, 152, 158;
appointments to office, 281, 282, 286, 359;
army, 108, 123, 129, 180, 303;
Bank of United States, 231, 252-256, 262, 266, 296;
banking, 256, 268, 273, 277;
cabinet, 188, 222, 245, 283;
coinage, 140, 268;
Congress, powers of, 109, 110, 112, 143, 144, 153, 161;
constitution of Pennsylvania, 41, 42;
debt, public, 45, 125, 126, 191, 203, 205, 208, 222, 269;
democracy, 6, 8, 10, 33, 34, 42, 48, 55, 126, 389;
education, 45, 291, 368-370;
election of 1800, 164-166;
embargo, 201, 206, 230, 291;
England, diplomacy of, 304, 344;
England, policy toward, 228, 292, 310, 327, 337, 343-347;
ethnology, 373-381;
excise, 53, 80; executive, 144-146, 359;
Federalist party, 119, 129, 139, 140, 164, 179;
financial measures of Hamilton, 184, 185;
foreign correspondence bill, 155;
foreign ministers, 142, 143, 145, 147;
France, diplomacy of, 304, 344;
France, policy toward, 134, 135, 148, 149, 157, 159, 167, 310, 332,
333, 338, 340;
free trade, 240-243;
French Revolution, 56, 76, 139, 328;
gunboat scheme, 289;
impeachment, 138;
Indians, 108, 122, 320, 323, 373-381;
internal improvements, 45, 224, 290;
Jacksonian democracy, 359;
Jay treaty, 119, 136;
manifest destiny, 352;
Mexican war, 352;
military matters, 137, 289;
money, relation to wealth, 260;
navy, 123, 124, 130, 137, 186, 303;
northeastern boundary, 347-349;
northwest boundary, 343, 347, 351;
panic of 1815, 262;
paper money, 46, 207, 264, 267, 268;
party management, 38, 41, 95, 128, 164, 359;
peace, 149, 150, 167, 284;
public lands, 46, 122, 238, 239;
Republican party, 355, 359;
revenue, internal, 221, 233, 234;
revenue, sources of, 187, 223, 232;
Sedition Act, 152, 158, 159;
slavery, 47, 140;
Spain, policy toward, 336, 337;
suffrage, 42;
surplus, use of, 206, 216;
taxation, 123, 199, 200;
Texas annexation, 351;
territory, constitutional power to acquire, 285;
Treasury, administration of, 64, 106-108, 125, 130, 154, 189, 205,
208, 217, 245-247;
treaty of Ghent, 317, 318, 319, 323;
treaty power, 114;
United States, history of, 382, 383;
war of 1812, 320;
war finances, 190, 200, 203, 207, 208, 222, 224, 229, 232, 234, 298;
Whiskey Insurrection, 94.

Gallatin family, 2;
prominence in Geneva, 2;
military reputation, 2;
interest in all its members, 8;
on oligarchic side in Genevese politics, 10;
alarmed at report of Gallatin's death, 27;
visited by Gallatin in 1814, 326;
claims Roman descent, 386 n.

Gallatin, Frances, marries B. K. Stevens, 371;
Lafayette's letter of congratulation to, 371;
considered "a beauty" at French court, 372.

Gallatin, James, accompanies his father to Europe, 301.

Gallatin, Jean, father of Albert Gallatin, 2;
his death, 2.

Gallatin, P. M., guardian of Albert, 10;
his kindness on Gallatin's departure for America, 11;
promises to aid him, and forwards letters of recommendation, 11.

Gallatin, Susanne Vaudenet, grandmother of Gallatin, her character, 7;
friend of Frederick of Hesse-Cassel and of Voltaire, 7;
controlling spirit of family, 8;
quarrels with Albert over his refusal of a Hessian commission, 8.

Gambier, Lord, on English peace commission, 316.

Gardner, John L., at free-trade convention, 241.

Genet, Edmond C., effect of his intemperance on parties, 57;
marries daughter of George Clinton, 102;
aids Democratic societies, 102;
condemned by Federalists, 134.

Geneva, place of Gallatin family in, 2;
education in, 2, 3;
religious spirit of, 3;
a resort of foreigners, 4;
political situation in, 6, 7, 10;
parties in, 10;
revolutions in, 20, 361;
government of, 33;
visited by Gallatin, 325, 326;
colonization from, planned by Gallatin, 361.

Geneva Academy, studies of Gallati in, 2, 3;
his friends at, 4, 5.

Germans, in Pennsylvania, oppose improvement of education, 45.

Gerry, Elbridge, on French mission, 139;
remains to negotiate loan, 152.

Gibbs, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379.

Gilbert, Ezekiel, on Committee on Finance, 107.

Giles, William B., Republican leader in debate, his character, 100, 133;
bitterly opposes address to Washington, 128, 129;
in debate on relations with France, 135;
loses leadership to Gallatin, 140.

Gilman, Nicholas, on Committee on Finance, 106.

Girard, Stephen, assists Gallatin to float loan, 213, 214;
his reasons, 259.

Goderich, Lord, renews convention of 1815 with Gallatin, 347.

Goldberg, ----, Dutch commissioner to make commercial treaty, 334.

Goodhue, Jonathan, at free-trade convention of 1831, 241.

Goodhue, ----, member of "The Club," 367.

Goodrich, Chauncy, in Congress, 99;
in debate on foreign relations, 143;
on resolution to punish foreign correspondence, 156.

Goulburn, Henry, on English peace commission, 316;
informed of American request for instructions, 318;
told by Castlereagh and Liverpool to moderate his demands, 319;
protests against acceptance of Indian article, 321.

Grenville, Lord, sends Fauchet letter to Washington, 103;
connection with Jay treaty, 117, 350;
his proposition to Pinckney, 134.

Griswold, Roger, attacks Gallatin's account of sinking fund, 65;
leader of Federalists in House, 98, 133;
replies to Gallatin in debate on treaty power, 113;
his collision with Lyon, 141;
on doctrine of checks, 143;
on bill to punish foreign correspondence, 156;
on Senate bill to require annual financial reports, 161.

Gunboats, Jefferson's scheme for, 288;
origin of his idea, 288;
opposed by Gallatin, 289.

Gurney, ----, in Pennsylvania legislature, 183.

Hale, ----, introduction to his work on Indians written by Gallatin,
380.

Hamilton, Alexander, his career compared to that of Gallatin, 28, 32;
amends excise law, 52;
demands punishment of Pittsburgh leaders of opposition, 53, 54;
drafts proclamation against them, 54;
attacked by Gallatin in Senate, 64;
deprecates demand for minute information, 64, 65;
submits plan for crushing insurgents, 76, 77;
impatient at delay, writes as "Tully" advocating punishment, 87;
accompanies army to Pittsburgh, 88;
investigates insurrection, 90;
fails to find indictment against Gallatin, 90;
dissuades troops from violence, 92;
resigns from Treasury, 97;
continues to lead party, 99;
stoned in defending Jay treaty, 103;
letters of Wolcott to, complaining of Republican opposition, 126, 154;
attends Congress as general, 155;
his influence on government, 168, 169;
review of his career in the Treasury,
174-176;
his place in history, 176;
his enmity to Gallatin, 179;
attacks of Gallatin upon his system, 184, 185;
his revenue system maintained by Gallatin, 218, 234;
and reënacted by Democrats in 1813, 235;
his report on public lands, 237, 238;
his organization of Treasury Department, 243;
his financial reports, 245;
on Bank of North America, 249;
his report on national bank, 250, 251.

Hamilton, J. C., accuses Gallatin of cowardice in Whiskey Rebellion, 84.

Harper, Robert Goodloe, leader of Federalists in House, 98, 133;
denounces call for Jay treaty papers as unconstitutional, 111, 112;
closes argument on Federalist side, 114;
recognizes Gallatin as leader of Republicans, 115;
in debate on relations with France, 134, 135;
called a "bungler" by Gallatin, 140;
moves appropriation for foreign intercourse, 141;
his share in debate, 142, 146;
introduces bill to suspend intercourse with France, 151;
altercation with Gallatin over Alien Bill, 152;
on resolution to furnish foreign correspondence, 156;
on Senate bill to require annual financial reports, 161.

Harvard College, gives Gallatin permission to teach French, 17;
his connection with, 18;
gives Gallatin certificate, 18.

Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph, superintendent of coast survey, 290.

Hawks, ----, member of Ethnological Society, 379.

Henry, Patrick, recommends Gallatin to county surveyor and commissions him to locate lands, 24; advises Gallatin to go West, predicts success, 29.

Henry, Prof. Joseph, letter of Gallatin to, on Squier and Davis's "Ancient Monuments," 379.

Hillhouse, James, Federalist in Congress, 99;
on committee on finance, 107.

Holland, vain attempt to sign commercial treaty with, 334;
arbitrates northeast boundary, 347, 349;
its decision rejected, 349.