Chapter XXIV: Part 24

SARGENT PALM (_Pseudophœnix sargentii_) is interesting but not commercially important, but may become so as an ornamental plant. It is occasionally planted on lawns in south Florida. Leaves are five or six feet long with stems still longer. The clusters of flowers are sometimes three feet in length. A single species is known, occurring on certain keys in southern Florida, and is so limited in its range that it would be possible to count every tree in existence. A grove of 200 or 300 trees occurs on Key Largo.

ROYAL PALM (_Oreodoxa regia_) is one of the largest palms of this country. It is said to reach a height of eighty feet, but such sizes are rare. The trunk rises from an enlarged base, and may be two feet in diameter. Bark is light gray in color, and its appearance suggests a column of cement. Leaves are ten or twelve feet long, and the stems increase the total length to twenty feet or more. Flowers are two feet in length, and in Florida open in January and February. The fruit is smaller than would be expected of a tree so large. It is a drupe about the size of a half-grown grape. The wood is spongy, but the outer portion of the stem is strong and is made into canes and other small articles. Trunks are sometimes used as wharf piles. This palm’s range is confined to south Florida in this country, but it is common in the West Indies. In Miami and other towns of southern Florida it is much planted for ornament.

FANLEAF PALM (_Neowashingtonia filamentosa_) also called Washington palm, California fan palm, Arizona palm, and wild date, ranges through southern California, and occupies depressions in the desert west of the Colorado river. There are said to be several forms and varieties. It ranges in height from thirty-five to seventy feet and in diameter from twenty to thirty inches. Trunks are of nearly the same diameter from bottom to top, or taper very gradually. They usually lean a little. Dead leaves hang about the trunks and blaze quickly when fire touches them, but the palm is seldom killed by fire. The small black fruit is about a third of an inch in diameter, and of no commercial importance; wood is little used; and the tree is chiefly ornamental, and has been much planted in California.

MOHAVE YUCCA (_Yucca mohavensis_) is one of a half dozen or more palms of the yucca genus and the lily family. Trees of this group are characterized by their stiff, sharp-pointed leaves, some of which are called daggers and others bayonets. Both names are appropriate. The Mohave yucca takes its name from the Mohave desert in California, where it is occasionally an important feature of the doleful landscape. The ragged, leather-like leaves, forming the tops of the short, weird trees, rattle in the wind, or resound with the patter of pebbles when sandstorms sweep across the dry wastes. It is believed to be one of the most slowly-growing trees of this country. Trunks are seldom more than fifteen feet high and eight or ten inches in diameter. The wood is spongy and interlaced with tough, stringy fibers. Stockmen whose ranges include this tree, make corrals of the stems by setting them in the ground as palisades. When weathered by wind and made bone dry by the sun’s fierce heat, the trunks are reduced to almost cork-lightness. Other yuccas are the Spanish bayonet (_Yucca treculeana_) of Texas; Joshua-tree (_Yucca arborescens_), which ranges from Utah to California and is known as tree yucca, yucca cactus, and the Joshua; Schott yucca (_Yucca brevifolia_) of southern Arizona; broadfruit yucca (_Yucca macrocarpa_) of southwestern Texas; aloe-leaf yucca (_Yucca aloifolia_) with a range from North Carolina near the coast to Louisiana; and Spanish dagger (_Yucca gloriosa_), on the coast and islands of South Carolina.

GIANT CACTUS (_Cereus giganteus_) is a leafless tree of Arizona and
attains a height of forty or sixty feet, diameter of one or two.
About twenty genera of cactus are known in the world and a large
number of species. Two genera, the cereuses and opuntias, have
representatives of tree size in this country. The two genera differ
in form. Cereus in the Latin language means a candle, and the
cactuses of that genus stand up in straight stems like candles, or
have branches like old-fashioned candlesticks. The opuntias have
flat, jointed stems, like thick leaves. Giant cactus bears flowers
four inches long and two wide; fruit two inches long and one wide,
and edible. Indians derive a considerable part of their food from
this cactus. They use the wood for rafters, fences, fuel, lances,
and bows. The trunks consist of bundles of fiber, very hard and
strong. In the dry region where this cactus grows, the woody parts
of fallen stems last long periods, some say for centuries, but there
are no records. Schott cactus (_Cereus schottii_) and Thurber cactus
(_Cereus thurberi_) are found in southern Arizona and southward in
Mexico.

CHOLLA (_Opuntia fulgida_) ranges from Nevada southward into Mexico.
It is popularly called “divil’s tongue cactus,” but there are other
species with the same name. Trunks are occasionally ten or twelve
feet high, and the wood is made into canes and small articles of
furniture, but as lumber it is not important. The fruit is not
eaten. A closely-related species is known as tassajo (_Opuntia
sponsior_). It is found on the dry mesas of southern Arizona where
trunks may be ten feet high and a few inches in diameter. It has the
same uses as cholla. A third species is _Opuntia versicolor_ of
southern Arizona. It is similar to the other opuntias. Attempts have
been made to grow spineless varieties of this group of cactuses. It
is believed that cattle, sheep, and goats would thrive on the pulpy
growth, if the thorns could be gotten rid of. The semi-desert
regions of the Southwest produce enormous quantities of cactus of
many kinds, and if those worthless species could be made way with
and thornless varieties substituted, it is probable that much land
now worthless would become valuable.

MINOR SPECIES

A considerable number of trees grow in this country which, taken singly, are of small importance, but in the aggregate they fill a place which would be difficult to fill without them. Most of them are local, and are seldom heard of outside of the regions where they grow. Some are small, and for that reason are not demanded by the ordinary user of lumber; but small size is not necessarily a bar to the use of a wood. Many places may be filled by pieces too small for the sawmill. Sometimes a diminutive trunk contains material of extraordinary hardness, or it may be polished to a rare smoothness, or the colors may be exquisite. Numerous commodities can be successfully manufactured from blocks or billets which are only a few inches in diameter and a foot or two in length. This is particularly true of some of the rare hardwoods of Florida and southern Texas where tropical species have extended their ranges northward over the borders of the United States. Some of the small trees in that group are known by name in only the immediate locality where they grow, and their qualities are scarcely appreciated even there. In some instances railroad ties are hewed from wood which is fit for the finest furniture.

It is no uncommon thing for Mexicans along the Rio Grande to warm their huts and cook their meals with fuel chopped from trunks of Texas ebony, algarita, cat’s claw, bluewood, huisache, retama, and junco. Those who have traveled among the Indian rancherias of New Mexico and Utah have grown familiar with the peculiar odor filling the air in the vicinity of camp fires. It is the smoke of the rare junipers which the Indians burn for fuel; and yet it is wood of such soft tones and exquisite blending of colors that the shades of a Persian rug suffer by comparison. Among the ten thousand islands which fringe the coasts of south Florida, and also among the hummocks of the mainland, are rare trees whose wood is unsurpassed in hardness, fineness of texture, and beauty. These are not being used at all, or only as fuel to feed some fisherman’s or camper’s fire, or to make a smoke to drive away mosquitoes. The time will come when small and scarce woods will be sought, if they are valuable for any special purpose. In preceding pages of this book many minor species have been listed and briefly described in connection with those more important, and with which they are closely related. There are more than a hundred others which were necessarily omitted from former pages. A few of these deserve at least a brief mention, and are listed in the following paragraphs.

KŒBERLINIA (_Kœberlinia spinosa_) is commonly considered a curiosity; a tree without a relative in the world, and without leaves, flowers, or fruit. The popular notion is wrong, of course, for no tree is without relatives, and none without leaves, flowers, and fruit, or something that takes their place. The flowers, leaves, and fruit of this tree are small and escape notice of the casual observer, but they exist. Its nearest relative in this country is the paradise tree of Florida and the ailanthus introduced from China. It has a small, thorny, crooked trunk; the wood is dark, turning nearly black with exposure; it is rich with oil; and it is very hard. The species grows in certain places along the Rio Grande. The wood is made into canes, rulers, knife handles, turned articles, and a little furniture of the smaller kinds. The trunks are too small for ordinary sizes of lumber.

GUM ELASTIC (_Bumelia lanuginosa_) ranges from Georgia to Texas, and in Florida is called black haw. Children in Texas mix its berries with chewing gum, to increase the quantity, and the name which they apply to it is “gum stretch it.” An exuded resin is also used for chewing gum. Trees are sometimes sixty feet high and two in diameter, and a considerable number of logs go to hardwood mills, where they lose their name, and possibly appear as ash lumber, or occasionally as maple. The wood is white, tinged with yellow, and is manufactured into agricultural implements. A scarce and smaller species, known as buckthorn bumelia and ironwood (_Bumelia lycioides_) covers nearly the same range. From a tree of the same family in southern Asia the gutta percha of commerce is obtained. Other woods of the same family in this country are mastic (_Sideroxylon mastichodendron_) of south Florida, a tree sometimes sixty feet high and three feet in diameter, useful for boat building; satinleaf (_Chrysophyllum monopyrenum_), also of Florida, a tree twenty-five feet high and one in diameter, the wood very heavy, hard, and strong; tough bumelia (_Bumelia tenax_), ranging from South Carolina to Florida, a tree twenty feet high and six inches in diameter, called black haw in some parts of its range; saffron plum or ant’s wood (_Bumelia angustifolia_), growing in Florida and Texas, the trunk twenty feet high and six inches in diameter; wood orange colored, and the fruit sweet; bustic (_Dipholis salicifolia_), in south Florida, a tree forty feet high and eighteen inches in diameter, with wood exceedingly hard, strong, and heavy, and dark brown or red in color; wild sapodilla or dilly (_Mimusops sieberi_), a tree of south Florida with rich, very dark brown wood, height of tree twenty feet, diameter one foot.

DWARF SUMACH (_Rhus copallina_) is known by many names. It is distinguished from staghorn sumach by its smooth branches, those of staghorn being hairy. Sumach’s chief importance is due to its value as tanning material. Leaves and small branches are used. The family has some well-known members in other parts of the world, among them the mangoes. The name dwarf sumach is not well selected, for the species is nearly as large as any other sumach. Trees are sometimes thirty feet high and ten inches in diameter. The tree’s range extends from New England to Florida and Texas. It reaches its largest size west of the Mississippi river. In the East and North it is usually a shrub. Trees of largest size are not believed to exceed fifty years in age. The wood is richly striped with yellow and black. Balls turned of it, seven inches in diameter, are used for newel-post ornaments, and smaller balls are made for use in darning stockings. Cups are turned on the lathe, and the bright stripes in the wood give the wares a striking appearance. It was formerly much employed for spiles in tapping maple trees for sugar making. Staghorn sumach (_Rhus hirta_) is of a different species but of the same genus. Its range extends from New Brunswick nearly to the Mississippi river. Its name refers to the down on the young branches resembling the velvet on the horns of a deer at certain seasons. The tree is known as Virginia sumach and hairy sumach. Its compound leaves are sometimes two feet long--two or three times the size of dwarf sumach’s. Trunks have been reported forty feet high and more than a foot through. The uses of this wood are the same as of dwarf sumach, including tanning. It is more abundant east than west of the Alleghanies. Poisonwood (_Rhus metopium_) belongs to the same family. It is known in Florida as doctor gum, hog plum, coral sumach, bumwood, and mountain manchineel. The juice is exceedingly poisonous, and gum produced by wounding the bark is reported to have medicinal value. Trees are sometimes forty feet high and two feet in diameter. The American smoke tree (_Cotinus cotinoides_) is another member of the sumach family. It is found in the southern states from eastern Tennessee to Texas. It is nowhere common, and its only reported use is as fence posts. Trees may be a foot in diameter and thirty feet high. The wood is a bright clear orange color, and a yellow dye has been manufactured from it. Poison sumach (_Rhus vernix_) is not the same as poisonwood, though sometimes the two are confounded. It is usually a shrub, and rarely twenty feet high. It is overloaded with names, as might be expected of a plant considered as dangerous as this. Among its names are poison elder, poison dogwood, swamp sumach, poison oak, poisonwood, poisontree, and thunderwood. It grows from New England to Georgia, and west to Minnesota and Louisiana. It is apt to occur in wet swamps, and Sargent pronounces it “one of the most dangerous plants of the North American flora.” A black, lustrous varnish can be made of the acrid poisonous juice, and this may sometime give the species a commercial value. When the skin is poisoned by contact with this tree, an effective remedy may be found in a saturated alcoholic solution of acetate of lead, if applied as a wash within an hour or two after the poisoning occurs. A wash with pure alcohol is also effective if applied within an hour. Following either treatment the skin should be thoroughly washed with soap and water. Western sumach (_Rhus integrifolia_), a closely related California species, is a small evergreen, seldom more than twenty feet high and a foot in diameter. The wood is heavy, hard, and red, is used as fuel, and occasionally in small turnery. The fruit is a berry half an inch long.

CASCARA BUCKTHORN (_Rhamnus purshiana_) is of the buckthorn family, and is known by many names on the Pacific coast where the species is best developed. It grows as far east as Colorado and Texas. Cascara sagrada, its Mexican name, is often used for this tree. It is known also as bearberry, bearwood, yellow-wood, pigeonberry, coffeeberry, bayberry, and California coffee. The tree’s usual size is from ten to thirty feet high and twelve to twenty inches in diameter. It is often shrubby, and is more valuable for its bark than its wood. Large quantities are peeled for medicinal uses, and many trees are thus destroyed. A little of the wood is burned as fuel, and some is made into handles. Yellow buckthorn (_Rhamnus caroliniana_), with a range from New York to Texas, and evergreen buckthorn (_Rhamnus crocea_), a California species, are closely related to cascara buckthorn, but are of comparatively little importance. Blue myrtle (_Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_) is a California species, sometimes called wild lilac or blue blossoms. It ranges in height from thirty-five feet, among the redwoods on the Santa Cruz mountains, to only one foot high on some of the wind-swept coasts. The wood is pale yellowish-brown, and is somewhat used for novelties. Tree myrtle (_Ceanothus arboreus_), often known as lilac, is also a California tree, closely related to blue myrtle, but is of smaller size and of very restricted range. Its prospective value lies more in its bloom than in its wood. Naked-wood (_Colubrina reclinata_), a Florida species, is of a kindred genus. Trees are sometimes fifty feet high and three in diameter. The wood is hard, very strong, and is dark brown tinged with yellow.

LIGNUM-VITÆ (_Guajacum sanctum_) grows in Florida, and a species which is probably the same is found in south Texas along the Rio Grande. In Texas the tree is known as guayacon, which name has come down from the times when the Carib Indians ruled the West Indies. That was their name for the tree. The annual rings are usually too vague and too involved to be counted, but the tree is known to be of slow growth. The wood is pitted and it contains cavities and creases; but the clear wood is very hard and of fine and various colors. It is dark green, brown, black, yellow and of mixed colors, and clouded effects, all in the same block. Small pieces of furniture, like bureau cabinets, present attractive combinations of colors. The wood is of such exceeding hardness that it turns, breaks, or batters the carpenter’s tools. Candlesticks, egg cups, goblets, vases, checker pieces, dominos, boxes, trays, canes, paper knives, and souvenirs are manufactured in a small way. Trees attain a height of thirty feet and a diameter of two or more. The compound leaves adhere to the branches until those of the following season appear. The fruit is an orange-colored pod three-fourths of an inch long.

PRICKLY ASH (_Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_). Some know this species as toothache tree, tear-blanket, sting-tongue, and Hercules’ club. The wood shows little difference in color between heartwood and sap, and bears some resemblance to buckeye. It takes good polish and some of it looks like birdseye maple, but the figure does not seem to be due to adventitious buds. It has been made into picture frames and looks well. It is a rapid grower, and since its color fits it for the stencil, it might be worthy of consideration for box material. Trees reach a height of twenty-five or thirty feet, and a diameter of a foot or more. Its range extends from Virginia to Texas. Satinwood (_Xanthoxylum cribrosum_) is of the same genus, but it does not grow north of Florida where it is sometimes called yellow-wood. Mature trees are a foot or more in diameter and twenty-five or thirty-five feet high; wood heavy, exceedingly hard and brittle, but not strong; color light orange. It has some use as furniture material, and for certain classes of handles which need not be strong. Wild lime (_Xanthoxylum fagara_) is a similar tree, growing in both Florida and Texas, but it is of small size. Hoptree (_Ptelea trifoliata_) is another member of the family. Its fruit is sometimes substituted for hops for brewing beer. It is known also as wafer ash, wahoo, and quinine tree; the last name being due to its bitter bark. It grows from Canada to Florida, and west to New Mexico, and seldom exceeds twenty feet in height. Baretta (_Helietta parvifolia_) which occurs as a small tree in southern Texas, is a near relative. Torchwood (_Amyris maritima_), so named because of its fine properties as fuel, grows in southern Florida, sometimes reaching a height of forty feet and a diameter of one. Canotia (_Canotia holacantha_) is a small, scarce tree of Arizona and California and has fine-grained, rich brown wood.

NANNYBERRY (_Viburnum prunifolium_), known as black haw, sloe, sheepberry, and stagbush, grows from Connecticut to Oklahoma and is usually a shrub which springs up along highways and hedges, but it sometimes reaches a height of twenty feet and a diameter of eight inches. It is valuable in some localities in the manufacture of canes and umbrella sticks. Rusty nannyberry (_Viburnum rufotomentosum_) is a similar species, but attains a larger size, and grows from Virginia to Texas. The wood may be known by its disagreeable odor. Sheepberry (_Vibernum lentago_) has a more northern range, from Quebec to Saskatchewan, and south along the mountains to Georgia.

BLUE ELDER (_Sambucus glauca_) is one of three tree elders in the United States, the others being Mexican elder (_Sambucus mexicana_) and red-berried elder (_Sambucus callicarpa_). They are ornamental rather than useful. The three species occur on the Pacific coast. The largest recorded size of an elder was forty feet high and twenty-eight inches in diameter. Its age was about fifty years.

FRINGE TREE (_Chionanthus virginica_) is known also as white fringe, American fringe, white ash, old man’s beard, flowering ash, and sunflower tree. Its natural range extends from Pennsylvania to Florida and west to Texas, but it has been widely planted in this country and Europe. It is seldom more than twenty feet high and eight inches in diameter. The bark possesses medicinal value. Devilwood (_Osmanthus americanus_) belongs to the same family, but to a different genus. It grows from North Carolina to Florida and west to Louisiana. The largest trunks are a foot in diameter and forty feet high. The wood is strong, heavy, hard, dark brown, and difficult to work.

BLACK IRONWOOD (_Rhamnidium ferreum_) of Florida is among the heaviest, probably is the heaviest, wood of the United States. It weighs 81.14 pounds per cubic foot, and when a hundred pounds of the wood is burned, it leaves eight pounds of ashes--the highest in ash of all woods of the United States. Its fuel value is very high. Trees are small, seldom more than thirty feet high and six inches in diameter. Bluewood (_Condalia obovata_) is a related Texas species, called also logwood and purple haw. It produces heavy, hard, close-grained wood, light red in color. Trees six inches in diameter and twenty-five feet high are fully up to the average. Along the lower Rio Grande it forms dense, tangled thickets. Red ironwood (_Reynosia latifolia_) of southern Florida belongs to a related species, and is sometimes called darling plum, because its purple fruit is edible. The tree is small, the wood heavy, hard, strong, and of rich brown color. White ironwood (_Hypelate trifoliata_) belongs to a different family. It occurs in Florida where trees are sometimes thirty-five feet high and eighteen inches in diameter. The heavy, hard, rich brown wood is durable in contact with the ground, and is used for fence posts, handles, and boats. Inkwood (_Exothea paniculata_) is of the same family as white ironwood but of a different genus. It is also a Florida species and is known in some localities as ironwood. The tree is occasionally a foot in diameter and forty feet high, wood very hard, heavy, and strong, and bright red in color. It is used by boat builders, for wharfs, and as handle wood.

CINNAMON BARK (_Canella winterana_), also called whitewood and wild cinnamon, is a south Florida species seldom more than twenty-five feet high and ten inches in diameter. The wood is exceedingly heavy, hard, and strong, and of dark reddish-brown color. The wild cinnamon bark of commerce comes from this tree.

JOEWOOD (_Jaquinia armillaris_) grows in the Florida everglades. The dark and beautiful medullary rays of this wood may sometime make it valuable for turnery and small novelties. Trunks seldom exceed six or seven inches in diameter. Marlberry (_Icacorea paniculata_) belongs in the same family with joewood. Trunks are small, but the hard, rich brown wood is beautifully marked with dark medullary rays.

CRABWOOD (_Gymnanthes lucida_) is known chiefly by the fine canes made of it. The tree occurs in southern Florida where it is sometimes known as poisonwood. It is dark brown, streaked with yellow. Trunks more than eight inches in diameter are unusual. Manchineel (_Hippomane mancinella_) is of the same family, and occurs in Florida. The wood is light and soft.

SINGLELEAF PINON (_Pinus monophylla_). This is the only pine in this country with single needles. They are one and one-half inches long, and are curved like the old fashioned sewing awl used by shoemakers. The needles fall during the fourth and fifth years. The cones are one and one-half or two and one-half inches long. The trees are small, averaging fifteen or twenty feet high and eight or twelve inches in diameter. Its range covers portions of Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California, but it occupies dry, sterile regions as nearly under desert conditions as can be found in this country. The tree maintains a foothold on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada mountains at an altitude of 9,000 feet and it descends into the Colorado desert in California at an elevation of 2,000 feet. It endures winter cold below zero on the mountains, and summer temperature of 122 in the Mojave desert. It is fitted to live in a dry, sterile region. The leaves are small and the branches bear few of them. The thin foliage uses little water, which is a fortunate circumstance, for there is little to use. Slow growth is the result. The trunk often adds less than an inch to its diameter in twenty years. The trees form very open forest, resembling old orchards, and the greenness usually associated with pine landscapes is generally wanting. The singleleaf pine has filled an important place in the development of the region, and furnishes an example of the great service which a small, crooked tree can give when it is the only one to be had. Mines worth many millions of dollars have been worked with little of any other wood. This has been the fuel for the kitchen, the engine house, the blacksmith shop. It has supplied the props, posts, stulls, and lagging for the underground operations. Fences for stock corrals, sheds, stables, cabins, and bridges have been constructed of the small, crooked trunks and the distorted limbs, when no other wood could be had in fifty or a hundred miles. Extensive tracts have been cut clean in the vicinity of mines. The product of the singleleaf pine forest cannot be measured in board or log feet, because of the smallness of the trunks and branches, but by the cord. The wood is medium heavy, rather high in fuel value, very weak, brittle, and soft. The resin passages are few and small, color yellow or light brown, the sapwood nearly white. In contact with the soil the wood is not durable, but its principal use has been in a very dry climate, and it lasts well there. It is the most important of the nut pines.

It produces enormous crops which are larger some years than others. John Muir believed that the singleleaf pinon’s annual nut yield surpassed California’s yield of wheat. Only a small part of the nut crop is ever put to use by man. Scattered over mountains, mesas, and deserts, 100,000 square miles in extent, most of the nuts fall and decay, though the animals of the rocks and sands, and the birds of the air live on them while they last. The Indians of the region long looked upon the nut crop, as the Egyptians upon the overflow of the Nile--a guarantee against famine. The Indians are not so dependent on the nuts now as formerly because scattered settlements throughout the region supply other sources of food. Many nuts are still gathered, and are sold in stores from San Francisco to Denver. They look like peanuts, but are richer in oil, and if eaten raw they speedily cloy the appetite. The Indians usually roast them, and frequently crush them into meal. When the harvest is ripe the Indians gather from all sides and camp during a month or more, thrash the cones from the trees with poles, extract the nuts, and keep up the operation until all present needs are supplied, and every available basket is filled for future use. The packhorses and burros of the mining country in Nevada where this pine grows, acquire a liking for the nuts. They are as nourishing as oats, and the pack animals like them better. Indians do considerable business collecting the nuts and selling them by the gunny sack to pack trains, for horse feed. A single Indian will sometimes gather thirty or forty bushels, for which he can get a dollar a bushel when he has carried them to market.

The singleleaf pine’s future will be about as its past has been, as far as can now be foreseen. Little planting will ever be done, nor is it necessary. Nature plants all that the sterile soil will support. It is of too slow growth to tempt the forester. A century is required to produce a fence post, and 200 years for a crosstie. Forest fires do little injury, for the ground is generally so bare that fire dies out of its own accord in a short distance. The tree can never be planted much for ornament. Even if it would grow outside of its dry habitat, it possesses no more beauty than a half-dead apple tree in a neglected orchard. The trunks resemble mesquite in Texas; but the Texas tree is redeemed by the beauty of its foliage in summer, while the foliage of the singleleaf pine is so pale and thin that it attracts no attention.

CAROLINA HEMLOCK (_Tsuga caroliniana_) is of far less importance than its northern neighbor which goes south along the Appalachian mountains to meet it. The two species mingle on the mountain tops from southwestern Virginia to northern Georgia. The Carolina hemlock is usually confined to altitudes 2,500 or 3,000 feet above sea level, and prefers rocky banks of streams. It does not usually occur in dense stands of even moderate size, as the northern hemlock does. A few trees in clumps or scattered solitary represent its habit of growth. Typical development of the species occurs on the headwaters of the Savannah river in South Carolina. For a long time this hemlock and its northern relative were supposed to be the same. Botanists did not formerly separate them, and the mountaineers do not generally do so now. There are several differences, however, which may be observed upon close examination, and by comparing the two species. The Carolina hemlock’s leaves have more rows of stomata and therefore are a little whiter on the under side. The leaves are also longer, and the cones are larger. The tree does not attain the dimensions of the northern species, its average size being forty or fifty feet in height, and two or less in diameter. It is not abundant, and has never been and never can be much used for commercial purposes. It is an attractive park tree and has been widely planted.

LIMBER PINE (_Pinus flexilis_) owes its name to its long, drooping branches. It is often called white pine, Rocky Mountain white pine, western white pine, and limber twig pine. It is not the tree usually called western white pine (_Pinus monticola_), but is a high mountain species, ranging from the Rocky Mountains of Montana to western Texas; it grows also on the mountains of Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California. The upper limit of its range in the Sierra Nevadas is 12,000 feet. It descends to an altitude of only 4,000 feet in the Rocky Mountains, and forms open, scattered stands of round-topped trees of little commercial value, and is usually associated with western yellow pine or Rocky Mountain cedar. At altitudes of 8,500 or 10,000 feet it is more stunted, and associates with Lyall larch and other high mountain species. Intermediate between its lower and its higher belts it produces a little merchantable lumber. The wood is light, soft, medium brittle, of slow growth and with narrow bands of summerwood. The resin passages are large and numerous. The wood, when a choice trunk is found, resembles that of eastern white pine; but generally the trunks are inferior in size and form. The heartwood is light, clear yellow, the sapwood nearly white. Trees range in height from thirty to fifty feet, and one to three in diameter. A sawlog ten feet long is about as much as can be had from a trunk, and of course, when compared with commercial trees, it holds a low place; but in some remote mountain regions it is the principal wood available, and to that extent it is of importance. When green, the wood is very heavy, and sometimes will sink. It is used for posts and in the mines. The farmer seasons posts on the stump. He peels the trees six months before cutting them. They immediately exude resin over the whole peeled surface, and the tree quickly dies. At the end of six months the trunk is seasoned, and is cut for posts. The ends are smeared with resin. Such posts have lasted twenty years with little decay. Railroads make ties of fire-killed limber pine. Charcoal burners use it also. The growing trees resist the fumes of copper smelters better than any other species associated with it.

PARRY PINON (_Pinus quadrifolia_). The names by which this tree is
known in the region where it grows indicate one of its leading
features, a bearer of nuts. It is called nut pine, Parry’s nut pine,
pinon, and Mexican pinon. The nuts exceed half an inch in length,
are reddish-brown, and the wings narrow and small. They cannot carry
the nuts far, and the species is not spreading. Reproduction takes
place beneath the parent tree, and frequently the old trunk dies
without having succeeded in planting a single seed to perpetuate the
species. The nuts are nutritious, and are eagerly sought by birds,
rodents, and larger animals, including human beings. The cones are
seldom two inches long, and the leaves are little more than an inch.
They are usually in clusters of four, and fall the third year. The
tree’s characteristics betray its environment. It is fitted for dry,
sterile situations. Its abnormally large seeds provide food for the
seedling until it can get its rootlets deep enough in the poor soil
to get a start. The Parry pinon’s range is confined to the extreme
southern part of California and to Lower California where it
occupies arid mesas and low mountain slopes. It is common on Santa
Rosa mountains, California, at an elevation of 5,000 feet. It is too
small to be worth much for lumber, the usual height being less than
thirty feet, the trunk diameter from ten to sixteen inches. The wood
is medium heavy, weak, low in elasticity, but rather high in fuel
value. The annual rings are very narrow, and the thin bands of
summerwood are not conspicuous. It is one of the slowest-growing of
the pines, and probably it is surpassed in that respect by lodgepole
pine alone. Its only uses are fuel, a few fence posts, and small
ranch timbers.

KNOBCONE PINE (_Pinus attenuata_). This pine is known as
prickly-cone pine, sun-loving pine, sunny-slope pine, narrow-cone
pine, and knobcone pine. Its leaves are in clusters of three, and
are four and five inches long. The cones are from three to six
inches long. They often adhere to the branches thirty or forty
years, and may become entirely overgrown and hidden by bark and
wood--hence the name knobcone. The wood is light, soft, weak,
brittle; the growth is slow and the annual rings are narrow. The
resin passages are large and numerous. The average height of the
mature knobcone pine is from twenty-five to forty feet, and the
trunk diameter eight to twelve inches. It grows on dry mountain
regions of California and Oregon, and is not a valuable timber tree.
A little is occasionally sawed in small dimensions, but the
principal use is for mine props. It is short lived, even when it
does not fall a victim to accidents. In accordance with the
provisions of nature, it prepares for early death by bearing seeds
when only five or six feet high. The cones act as storing places for
seed, sometimes during the whole life of the tree. Thus a knobcone
pine may hold in its tightly closed cones the seeds produced during
the tree’s whole life. When death overtakes it, the cones open and
scatter the seeds. The accumulated crops may total three or four
pounds of seeds. Fire usually kills the trees, but the heat is
generally not sufficient to burn the cones. When they open soon
after the fire has passed, they find a bared mineral soil ready to
receive them. The knobcone pine lives in adversity and usually dies
by violence.

ARIZONA PINE (_Pinus arizonica_). This tree is confined to the
mountains of southern Arizona at from 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea
level. It is the prevailing pine near the summit of the Santa
Catalina mountains. Much of the timber is of small size and yields
only inferior lumber; but when larger trunks are obtainable, the
lumber grades with western yellow pine, and goes to market with it.
Arizona pine is medium light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, of
slow growth, with the summerwood comparatively broad and very
resinous; color, light red or often yellow, the sapwood lighter
yellow or white. The leaves are in clusters of five and are tufted
at the ends of the branches. They are from five to seven inches
long, and are deciduous the third year.

DWARF JUNIPER (_Juniperus communis_) is an interesting tree because
its range practically runs round the world in the north temperate
and frigid zones, but in the United States the only reported use of
the wood is in southern Illinois where it grows on the limestone
hills and is occasionally cut for fence posts. In nearly all other
parts of its range in this country it is little more than a shrub.
Some trees with a spread of limbs twenty feet across are only three
or four feet high. The seeds mature slowly, not ripening until the
third year; and they often hang a year or two after ripening. The
wood is narrow-ringed, hard, very durable in contact with the soil,
of light brown color, with pale sapwood. In Europe the aromatic
fruit of this tree is used in large quantities to flavor gin, but
there is no report that it has been so employed in this country. In
the United States it occurs in Pennsylvania and northward, and
northward from Illinois, and throughout the Rocky Mountains north of
Texas. It occurs on the Pacific coast north of California. It grows
from Greenland to Alaska, and through Siberia, and northern Europe.

DROOPING JUNIPER (_Juniperus flaccida_) is confined in the United
States to the Chisos mountains in western Texas, but grows in
Mexico. The tree attains a height of thirty feet and a diameter of
one. Its name refers to its graceful branches. It has been planted
in this country less than in southern Europe and northern Africa.
The bark is light cinnamon-brown, and easily separates in loose,
papery scales. The lumberman will never go far to procure drooping
juniper logs. They are too small, scarce, and of form too poor. The
wood has the usual characteristics of the junipers which grow in
western mountains. It looks more like alligator juniper than any
other. In Texas it goes to the lathe to be manufactured into
candlesticks, pin boxes, picture molding, and other articles of
turnery.

UTAH JUNIPER (_Juniperus utahensis_) is known also as juniper,
desert juniper, and western red cedar. The last name is properly
applied to a different tree in Washington and Oregon. The Utah
juniper occupies the great basin between the Rocky Mountains and the
Sierra Nevadas, particularly in Utah, Nevada, California, Arizona,
and Colorado. It thrives best about 8,000 feet above the sea, but
descends to 5,000 feet or less. It is a desert tree, usually small,
often a mere shrub, but occasionally attaining a height of twenty
feet or more and a diameter of one or two. The trunk is irregular in
shape, and is generally deeply fluted. The wood is light brown in
color, though it varies greatly in different specimens, and even in
the same tree. The sapwood is thick and nearly white. The tree has
not been much used except for fence posts and fuel. The Indians of
the region eat the berries raw or bake them in cakes.

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES

Acacia, 535
African mahogany, 463
Ailanthus, 676
Alaska cypress, 121
Alaska pine, 193
Alder, 589
Algaroba, 559
Alleghany sloe, 622
Alligator juniper, 111
Alligator wood, 325
Almondleaf willow, 471
Aloe-leaf yucca, 693
Alpine fir, 166
Alpine larch, 88
Alpine spruce, 195
Alpine western spruce, 196
Alpine whitebark pine, 37
Alternate-leaved dogwood, 526
Alvord oak, 220
Amabilis fir, 165
American apple, 553
American arborvitæ, 97
American ash, 409
American crab, 453
American fringe, 700
American holly, 643
American larch, 80
American linden, 637
American planertree, 397
American smoke-tree, 697
Andromeda, 526
Angelica-tree, 676
Ant’s wood, 696
Apple haw, 459
Arborvitæ, 97
Arizona cork fir, 154
Arizona cypress, 142
Arizona madrona, 663
Arizona palm, 693
Arizona pine, 705
Arizona spruce, 135
Arizona sycamore, 610
Arizona white oak, 218
Arrow-wood, 507
Ash-leaved maple, 445
Aspen, 667, 675
Aspen-leaf, 675
August plum, 621

Bald cypress, 139
Balm of Gilead, 145, 667, 673
Balm of Gilead fir, 145
Balsam, 135, 136, 151, 166, 673
Balsam fir, 145, 151, 159
Balsam poplar, 673
Baltimore oak, 205
Banana, 640
Baretta, 699
Barren oak, 316
Barren scrub oak, 283
Bartram oak, 322
Basket elm, 393
Basket oak, 208, 229
Basket willow, 472
Basswood, 637
Bat-tree, 494
Bayberry, 698
Bay poplar, 337
Bay tree, 529
Beaded locust, 555
Bearberry, 646, 698
Bear oak, 315
Bearwood, 698
Beaver-tree, 495
Bebb willow, 471
Beech, 625
Beetree, 637
Bell-tree, 601
Bellwood, 602
Berlandier ash, 418
Big buckeye, 649
Big-bud, 363
Big-bud hickory, 363
Bigcone pine, 68
Bigcone spruce, 172
Big cottonwood, 667
Bigelow willow, 472
Big hickory nut, 363
Big laurel, 494
Bigleaf laurel, 507
Bigleaf maple, 439
Big pine, 31
Big shellbark, 369
Bigtree, 175
Big white birch, 583
Biltmore ash, 424
Birch, 565
Bird cherry, 619
Bishop’s pine, 69
Bitter cherry, 616
Bitter hickory, 361
Bitternut, 367
Bitternut hickory, 361
Bitter pecan, 361, 375
Bitter walnut, 361
Bitter waternut, 374
Bitterwood, 676
Black ash, 415, 416, 423, 445
Blackbark pine, 75
Black birch, 565, 577, 580
Black calabash, 475
Black cherry, 613
Black cottonwood, 667, 669, 679
Black gum, 159, 331
Black haw, 460
Black hickory, 364, 367, 696, 699
Black ironwood, 700
Black jack, 283
Black jack oak, 291
Black larch, 80
Black limetree, 637
Black locust, 535, 541
Black mangrove, 688
Black maple, 447
Black mulberry, 513
Black oak, 259, 260, 271, 277
Black olivetree, 688
Black pine, 63, 67, 70, 75
Black poplar, 681
Black slash pine, 55
Black sloe, 621
Black spruce, 129
Black thorn, 459
Blacktree, 688
Black walnut, 343
Black willow, 469
Black wood, 688
Bleeding-heart tree, 500
Blister pine, 145, 151
Blue ash, 417, 422
Blue beech, 627
Blue birch, 565, 577, 585
Blue blossoms, 698
Blue dogwood, 526
Blue elder, 700
Blue jack oak, 285
Blue myrtle, 698
Blue oak, 205, 213, 226
Blue spruce, 136
Bluet, 508
Bluewood, 700
Bodark, 511
Bodock, 511
Bog spruce, 130
Bois d’arc, 511
Bois inconnu, 405
Bottom shellbark, 369
Bow-wood, 511
Box elder, 445, 601
Box oak, 223
Box white oak, 223
Boxwood, 523
Bracted fir, 157
Brash oak, 223
Brewer oak, 220
Bristlecone fir, 171
Bristlecone pine, 19, 38
Broadfruit yucca, 693
Broadleaf maple, 439
Broadleaf willow, 472
Broom hickory, 367
Brown ash, 423
Brown hickory, 367
Brown pine, 43
Buckeye, 649
Buckthorn bumelia, 696
Buckwheat-tree, 502
Bullace plum, 621
Bull bay, 494
Bull pine, 49, 75
Bumwood, 697
Burning bush, 499
Burnwood, 502
Bur oak, 211
Bustic, 696
Butternut, 349
Buttonball, 607
Buttonwood, 607

Cabbage palmetto, 691
Cabbage-tree, 691
Cactus, 693
Cajeput, 529
Calico-bush, 505
Calicowood, 601
California bay tree, 529
California black oak, 285
California blue oak, 229
California box elder, 447
California buckeye, 649, 651
California chestnut oak, 313
California coffee, 698
California fan palm, 693
California hemlock spruce, 193
California holly, 645
California juniper, 112
California laurel, 529, 655
California live oak, 307
California nutmeg, 201
California olive, 529
California post cedar, 109
California red bud, 549
California red fir, 164
California sassafras, 529
California scrub oak, 237
California swamp pine, 69
California sycamore, 609
California tanbark oak, 313
California walnut, 351
California white oak, 249
California white pine, 67
Canada plum, 621
Canadian Judas tree, 548
Canadian red pine, 61
Canoe birch, 583
Canoe cedar, 115
Canoewood, 487
Canotia, 699
Canyon birch, 580
Canyon live oak, 308
Carolina cherry, 620
Carolina hemlock, 703
Carolina pine, 49
Carolina poplar, 667
Cascara buckthorn, 698
Cascara sagrada, 698
Catalpa, 475
Catawba, 475
Catawba rhododendron, 507
Cat spruce, 130
Cedar, 91, 97, 109, 118
Cedar elm, 380, 392
Cedar pine, 57
Cereuses, 693
Chalky leucæna, 562
Chapman oak, 208
Chattahoochee pine, 202
Check pine, 70
Checkered-barked juniper, 111
Cherry birch, 565, 580
Chestnut, 631
Chestnut oak, 241, 313
Chickasaw plum, 622
Chihuahua pine, 76
Chinaberry, 665
China-tree, 664
Chinquapin, 634
Chinquapin oak, 247
Chittamwood, 602
Cholla, 691
Cigartree, 476
Cinnamon bark, 701
Cinnamon oak, 286
Clammy locust, 537
Cliff elm, 385
Cockspur, 459
Cocoa plum, 622
Coffeebean, 547
Coffee-berry, 698
Coffeenut, 547
Coffeetree, 547
Colorado blue spruce, 136
Common catalpa, 475, 477
Common thorn, 459
Cornel, 523
Coral bean, 554
Coral sumach, 697
Cork-barked Douglas spruce, 169
Cork elm, 380, 385, 399
Cork pine, 19
Corkwood, 423
Corky elm, 399
Cotton gum, 337
Cottonwood, 667, 673
Cotton-tree, 667
Coulter pine, 68
Cowlicks, 604
Cow oak, 229
Crab, 453
Crab apple, 453
Crabwood, 701
Crack willow, 472
Creeping pine, 37
Cuban pine, 45
Cucumber, 481
Cucumber tree, 487
Currant-tree, 451
Custard apple, 640
Cut-leaved maple, 445
Cypress, 70, 139

Dahoon holly, 645
Darling plum, 700
Darlington oak, 295
Date plum, 517
Deciduous holly, 646
Deer tongue, 507
Delmar pine, 64
Desert juniper, 705
Desert willow, 477
Devil’s claw, 544
Devil’s tongue cactus, 694
Devilwood, 700
Digger pine, 75
Dilly, 696
Doctor gum, 697
Dogwood, 523
Double fir, 151
Double spruce, 130
Douglas fir, 169
Douglas spruce, 169
Douglas-tree, 169
Down-cone, 166
Downy basswood, 639
Downy-cone subalpine fir, 166
Downy poplar, 669
Drooping juniper, 705
Drummond maple, 436
Duck oak, 320
Durand oak, 208
Dwarf ash, 412
Dwarf chestnut oak, 247
Dwarf cypress, 184
Dwarf juniper, 705
Dwarf maple, 442, 446
Dwarf marine pine, 69
Dwarf rose bay, 507
Dwarf sumach, 696
Dwarf walnut, 351
Dyer’s oak, 271

Ebony, 517
Elder, 700
Elderleaf ash, 416
Emory oak, 238
Engelmann oak, 231
Engelmann spruce, 135
English cornel, 526
English dogwood, 526
English hawthorn, 460
European alder, 592
Evergreen buckthorn, 698
Evergreen cherry, 620
Evergreen magnolia, 481, 493
Eysenhardtia, 526

False acacia, 535
False box-dogwood, 523
False mahogany, 531
False shagbark, 346
Fanleaf palm, 693
Farkleberry, 508
Fat pine, 43
Feather-cone red fir, 157
Feather-leaf, 97
Fetid buckeye, 651
Fetid yew, 202
Fighting wood, 199
Finger-cone pine, 25
Fir balsam, 151
Fire cherry, 619
Firewood, 502
Fir pine, 145
Florida ash, 412
Florida basswood, 639
Florida boxwood, 501
Florida buttonwood, 688
Florida cat’s claw, 538
Florida mahogany, 531
Florida maple, 435
Florida pine, 43
Florida torreya, 202
Florida yew, 201
Flowering ash, 700
Flowering cornel, 523
Flowering dogwood, 523
Flowering willow, 477
Forked-leaf black jack, 283
Forked-leaf oak, 217, 283
Forked-leaf white oak, 217
Four-winged halesia, 601
Foxtail pine, 19, 38, 39
Fragrant crab, 453
Fraser fir, 151
Fraser umbrella, 481, 495
Fremont cottonwood, 667, 670
Fremontia, 400
Frijolito, 554
Fringe ash, 412
Fringetree, 700

Gambel oak, 214
Garden wild plum, 622
Georgia oak, 267
Georgia pine, 43
Giant arborvitæ, 115
Giant cactus, 693
Gigantic cedar, 115
Glaucous willow, 472
Glossyleaf willow, 496
Golden cup oak, 308
Golden fir, 164
Goldenleaf chinquapin, 633
Gooseberry, 508
Goose plum, 621, 622
Gopherwood, 553
Gowen cypress, 184
Grand fir, 163
Gray birch, 585
Gray elm, 380
Gray pine, 75
Great California fir, 163
Great laurel, 494, 505
Great western larch, 86
Green ash, 422
Greenbark acacia, 555
Green osier, 526
Gregg ash, 411
Guayacon, 698
Gum, 325
Gumbo limbo, 676
Gum elastic, 696
Gum stretch it, 696
Gum-tree, 325
Gyminda, 49

Hackberry, 403
Hackmatack, 80, 86
Hack-tree, 403
Hairy balm of Gilead, 674
Hardbark hickory, 363
Hardhack, 595
Hard maple, 427
Hard pine, 43, 61, 63
Hardshell, 363
Hardwoods, 4
Hardy catalpa, 475
Haw, 459
Hawthorn, 459
Healing balsam, 151
Heart-leaved thorn, 460
Heart pine, 43
Heartwood, 5
Heavy pine, 67
Heavy-wooded pine, 67
Hedge, 511
Hedge-tree, 511
Hemlock, 187
Hemlock spruce, 187, 193, 195
Hercules’ club, 676, 699
Hickory, 357
Hickory elm, 385
Hickory oak, 308
Hickory pine, 38, 52
Hickory poplar, 487
High-ground willow oak, 286
Highland oak, 296
Hog haw, 459
Hog plum, 621, 697
Holly, 643
Hollyleaf cherry, 616
Honey locust, 535, 541, 559
Honey-shucks locust, 541
Honey pod, 559
Hooker’s oak, 249
Hooker willow, 472
Hoop ash, 403, 415
Hooptree, 415
Hop hornbeam, 595
Hoptree, 699
Hornbeam, 595, 627
Horsebean, 549
Horse chestnut, 651
Horse plum, 621
Huajillo, 538
Huckleberry, 508
Huckleberry oak, 309

Incense cedar, 109
Indian bean, 476
Indian cherry, 451
Indian pear, 451
Indigo thorn, 556
Inkwood, 700
Iowa crab, 454
Iron oak, 223, 308
Ironwood, 501, 502, 559, 595, 627, 696
Ivy, 505

Jack oak, 319
Jack pine, 69
Jamaica dogwood, 526, 550
Jeffrey pine, 75
Jersey pine, 57
Joewood, 701
Joshua-tree, 693
Judas tree, 548
June berry, 451
Juniper, 70, 91, 99, 109, 118, 706
Juniper-bush, 91
Juniper cedar, 99
Juniper tree, 403

Kalmia, 505
Kenai birch, 565, 585
Kingnut, 369
Kingstree, 51
Knobcone pine, 704
Knowlton hornbeam, 598
Kœberlinia, 697

Lanceleaf alder, 592
Lanceleaf cottonwood, 667, 670
Lancewood, 657
Larch, 79, 165
Large buckeye, 649
Largeleaf umbrella, 481, 483
Large poplar, 675
Largetooth aspen, 667, 675
Laurel, 494, 505, 507, 529
Laurel bay, 494
Laurel cherry, 620
Laurel-leaved magnolia, 494
Laurel oak, 295, 319
Laurel tree, 531
Lea oak, 292
Leatherleaf ash, 418
Leatherwood, 400, 502
Leucæna, 562
Leverwood, 595
Lignum-vitæ, 698
Lilac, 698
Limber pine, 19, 703
Limber-twig pine, 703
Linn, 637
Liquid-amber, 325
Little shagbark, 346
Little sugar pine, 25
Little walnut, 351
Live oak, 253, 313
Loblolly pine, 55
Locust, 535
Lodgepole pine, 73
Logwood, 700
Lombardy poplar, 682
Longcone pine, 68
Longleaf pine, 43
Longleaf service, 452
Longleaf willow, 496
Longleaved pine, 63
Longschat, 63
Longshucks pine, 55
Longstalk willow, 471
Longstraw pine, 55
Lovely fir, 165
Lovely red fir, 165
Lowland spruce pine, 51
Low maple, 435
Lyall willow, 496
Lynn, 637

Mackenzie willow, 472
Macnab cypress, 178
Madrona, 661
Magnificent fir, 164
Magnolia, 494
Mahogany, 463, 547
Mahogany birch, 565
Manchineel, 701
Mangrove, 685
Manzanita, 663
Maple, 439
Marlberry, 701
Mastic, 696
Maul oak, 308
May cherry, 451
May haw, 459
Meadow pine, 45, 55
Menzies’ spruce, 133
Mesquite, 559, 562
Mexican cottonwood, 667, 669
Mexican elder, 700
Mexican madrona, 663
Mexican mulberry, 514
Mexican palmetto, 692
Mexican persimmon, 517
Mexican pinon, 19, 33, 704
Mexican walnut, 351
Mexican white pine, 19
Michaux basswood, 639
Mimosa, 562
Minor species, 695
Missouri willow, 473
Mocker nut, 356, 363
Mocker nut hickory, 363
Mock olive, 620
Mock orange, 511, 620
Mohave yucca, 693
Monterey cypress, 141
Monterey pine, 69
Moose elm, 391
Moose maple, 435
Morehus oak, 297
Mountain alder, 592
Mountain ash, 411, 454, 675
Mountain balsam, 151, 166
Mountain birch, 580
Mountain cedar, 111
Mountain elm, 399
Mountain hemlock, 195
Mountain holly, 645
Mountain ivy, 505
Mountain juniper, 99
Mountain laurel, 505, 529
Mountain mahogany, 199, 465
Mountain manchineel, 697
Mountain maple, 435, 441
Mountain pine, 25
Mountain spruce, 135
Mountain white oak, 213
Mulberry, 513
Myrtleberry, 508
Myrtle-tree, 529
Myrtle oak, 297

Naked-wood, 698
Narrowberry, 699
Narrowcone pine, 704
Narrowleaf cottonwood, 667, 669
Narrowleaf crab, 453
Narrowleaf willow, 496
Native plum, 621
Necklace poplar, 667
Netleaf oak, 219
Nettle-tree, 403
New England boxwood, 523
Newcastle thorn, 459
New Mexican locust, 537
New Mexican pinon, 28
Noble fir, 157
Nootka cypress, 121
North American red spruce, 127
North Carolina pine, 49
North Carolina shagbark hickory, 376
Northern cork elm, 385
Northern spruce pine, 19
Northern white cedar, 97
Norway pine, 61
Nutmeg hickory, 374
Nutpine, 28, 33, 68, 704
Nuttall willow, 472

Oak-barked cedar, 111
Obispo pine, 69
Ohio buckeye, 649, 651
Old-field birch, 585
Old-field pine, 49
Old man’s beard, 700
Olivetree, 337
One-berry, 403
One-seed juniper, 99
Opossum wood, 601
Opuntias, 694
Oregon ash, 421
Oregon balsam, 166
Oregon crabapple, 454
Oregon fir, 163
Oregon maple, 439
Oregon oak, 235
Oregon pine, 169
Oregon white oak, 235
Oreodaphne, 529
Osage apple tree, 511
Osage orange, 511
Osier willow, 496
Overcup oak, 217, 223