Chapter XXXIII: Conclusion

An old Pani, in speaking of what was perhaps the first official visit by whites to his tribe, said:

“I heard that long ago there was a time when there were no people in this country except Indians. After that the people began to hear of men with white skins; they had been seen far to the east. Before I was born they came to our country and visited us. The man who came was from the Government. He wanted to make a treaty with us, and to give us presents—blankets and guns and flint and steel and knives.

“The head chief told him that we needed none of those things. He said, ‘We have our buffalo and our corn. These things the Ruler gave us, and they are all that we need. See this robe. This keeps me warm in winter. I need no blanket.’

“The white men had with them some cattle, and the chief said, ‘Lead out a heifer here on the prairie.’ They led her out, and the chief, stepping up to her, shot her through behind the shoulder with his arrow, and she fell down and died. Then the chief said, ‘Will not my arrow kill? I do not need your guns.’ Then he took his stone knife and skinned the heifer, and cut off a piece of fat meat. When he had done this, he said, ‘Why should I take your knives? The Ruler has given me something to cut with.’

“Then, taking the firesticks, he kindled a fire to roast the meat; and while it was cooking, he spoke and said, ‘You see, my brother, that the Ruler has given us all that we need: the buffalo for food and clothing; the corn to eat with our dried meat; bows, arrows, knives, and hoes—all the implements that we need for killing meat or for cultivating the ground. Now go back to the country from whence you came. We do not want your presents, and we do not want you to come into our country.’ ”

And the old chief was right. The Indians were supplied with all they needed; what the white man offered them was unnecessary, often it was harmful. They were happy and contented. They were doing very well in their own way.

But the old times are gone. To-day the Indians are few in number, and they are growing fewer. There are many ingenious arguments to prove the contrary. Three facts, however, are perfectly plain. First, there were whole tribes that have disappeared. The Beothuks and the Natchez are but two tribes which are gone; such tribes may be numbered by scores. Their names are on record; their old locations are known; sometimes we have some knowledge of their customs and ways, but _they_ are dead. Secondly, many tribes are rapidly dwindling. The Pani, between 1885 and 1889, a period of five years, fell from one thousand and forty-five to eight hundred and sixty-nine. When I knew the Tonkaways in the Indian Territory, they numbered but thirty-five persons, and had been disappearing at the rate of one-third of the population in eight years. The Haidas of Queen Charlotte Islands are becoming fewer. Dawson says: “One intelligent man told me that he could remember the time—which by his age could not have been more than thirty years ago—when there was not room to launch all the canoes of the village in a single row, the whole length of the beach, when the people set out on one of their periodical trading expeditions to Port Simpson. The beach is about half a mile long, and there must have been from five to eight persons in each canoe.” There are to-day less than five hundred people in that village, Skidgate. Thirdly, there are some tribes, like the Cherokees and Sioux, which are large, prosperous, and wealthy. It is a money advantage to belong to such tribes, and a great many men who should be considered white men are counted with such tribes and help to make them look as if they were not dwindling. It is quite certain that true Indians of pure blood are rapidly diminishing.

The whites have brought them whisky, which has killed thousands. They have brought vices and diseases which have swept off thousands more. They have put an end to the old free, open-air life. They have taught them unwholesome means of cookery that cause scrofula and other diseases. They have taught them to build close, stuffy houses, which cause consumption, which is fearfully destructive to the Indians. It seems to make little difference whether it is an open foe with the whisky bottle, or an apparent friend with money for a “civilized home” (“a nice, comfortable, little house”) who comes; the white man’s touch destroys the Indians.

Whether the Indians really die out or not, their old life will surely disappear. One after another many of the things we have here read of together have, disappeared. Others will soon die out. The houses, dress, weapons, games, dances, ceremonials, will go. It is only a matter of time. But they ought always to be interesting to us as Americans.

The condition of the Indians to-day is a sad and pathetic one. They may all echo the words of Red Jacket. They have been crowded upon by the white man’s hunger for land until now they have little left. Not long ago they held the continent; to-day they are almost prisoners upon a few patches of land called reservations. They are secure of these only until the white man wants them. Time after time Indians have given up their lands and removed to distant places because their old homes were wanted by white men. Every time they have been promised that in their new homes they should be undisturbed. Yet whenever, in their onward march, white men came to be neighbors, the old troubles came again. Encroachment, aggression, then perhaps open warfare, and then, another removal. Helen Hunt Jackson’s _Century of Dishonor_ tells only a part of the story. Every boy and girl in the United States should read it.

Here on a map you see the present location of most of the Indians. The reservations vary in size and in quality. Some of them have little that can attract the whites. In these the Indians may be left in peace. The present idea of what to do with the Indians is shown by the Dawes Bill. This is apparently a benevolent scheme for happily settling the Indians on individual farms. Imagine a reservation belonging to some tribe. A part of the reservation is cultivated by the more progressive Indians. The rest is not used except perhaps for hunting or fishing, or wandering over. The whole belongs to the tribe absolutely, and we have promised that it shall never be taken away from them. But now the Dawes Bill is passed. It is said, a little farm apiece is all that is necessary for these Indians. It would be much better to give each of them just what he needs and then to buy the balance of the land (cheap of course), and give it to white people. Whenever the Indians agree to it, we will divide up the land, allot each his land in severalty, and the Indian problem is solved. All this sounds very well, but it is enough to make one’s heart bleed to see the way in which it is carried out. Many times the Indians do not wish to take their land in severalty. Certainly they ought not to be forced to do so against their will. Yet commission after commission, special agent after special agent, is sent to tribes to persuade, beg, and harass them into accepting allotment. Many times half threats are made; hints are vaguely thrown out as to what may happen if they don’t take their little farms and sell the balance of their reservation. Surveyors are hired to go and survey within the reservation so as to make the Indians think their land will be taken away anyway. At last the poor harassed tribe yields. The men take their farms; they give up the balance of their land for a small price. Those who were industrious before take care of their land as they did before, no better, no worse. But the unprogressive Indian is not made industrious. He rents his land to some white man and spends his money in strong drink. As long as they were on the reservation there were laws to protect them from bad neighbors and whisky. But on his little farm the Indian may be next door to bad white men who sell him liquor whenever it is to their advantage.

There are many persons who think that missions and schools will make the Indians good and happy. So far as schools are concerned there are many. Some of them are simple day schools at the agency. Others are boarding schools still at the agency. Still others are great industrial schools at a town more or less distant. Of all these schools we think that those at the agency are the best kind. Such schools, well managed by thoroughly good teachers, ought to do the most good. They ought not to try to teach high branches, but to speak, read, and write English, a little arithmetic and a little knowledge of the great world. They ought to be industrial schools to the extent of teaching handiness in all the little things that need to be done about the house or the farm. They ought to aim to reach the parents and to interest them in their work. Progress in such schools is slow, but it is better for all to make a little progress, than for a few to get a great mass of information that they cannot use.

GLOSSARY OF INDIAN AND OTHER FOREIGN WORDS WHICH MAY NOT READILY BE FOUND IN THE ENGLISH DICTIONARY.

The spellings of Indian words vary much with different authors: in the following list the word as spelled in this book is first given, then the pronunciation, then the number of a page on which the meaning of the word will be found.

Single and combined consonants have their usual English sounds except _c_, which is equal to _sh_; _s_ is always as in _s_o; final _s_ as in gem_s_ is represented by _z_; soft _g_ is represented by _j_.

Vowels are as follows:—

a as in fat ā " mane ä " father â " talk e " met ē as in meat i " pin ī " pine o " not ō as in note u " tub ū " oo in spoon oi " boil

Abalone [á-ba-lōn], 77.

Acolhua [ā-kōl’-wā], 209.

Adobé [a-dō’-bā], 163.

Algonkin [al-gón-kin], 108.

Alibamu [ál-i-ba-mū], 128.

Apache [a-pá-chā], 39.

Apalache [a-pā-lá-chā], 128.

Arapaho [ä-rá-pä-ho], 60.

Arickara [a-rí-kä-rä], 64.

Assinaboin, [a-sí-nä-boin], 57.

Athapaskan [āth’-ä-pás-kan], 3.

Atlatl [át-la-tl], 211.

Atotarho [át-ō-tä’r-hō], 116.

Aztec [az-tek], 208.

Beothuk [bē-ō’-thuk], 223.

Burro [bū’r-o], 91.

Busk [busk], 133.

Caddo [ká-dō], 134.

Cañon [kán-yun], 176.

Cassine [kás-sēn], 133.

Catolsta [ka-tō’l-stä], 144.

Cayuga [kā-yū-gä], 116.

Chelley [cā], 176.

Cherokee [che-rō-kē], 140.

Cheyenne [cī’-en], 60.

Chiapas [chē-á-pas], 215.

Chicasaw [chi-kä-sâ], 128.

Chichen Itza [chē’-chen ē’-tsu], 218.

Chilkat [chíl-kat], 21.

Chinook [chi-nū’k], 182.

Choctaw [chók-tâ], 128.

Chunkey [chún-kā], 132.

Coahuilla [kō-wē’-yä], 201.

Cochiti [kō’-chē-tē’], 178.

Comanche [kō-mán-chē], 94.

Copan [kō-pan’], 218.

Corral [kō-rál], 165.

Coup [kū], 42.

Cree [krē], 108.

Creek [krēk], 128.

Estufa [es-tū-fä], 165.

Frijoles [frē-hō-lāz], 178 (means beans).

Glooskap [glōs-kap], 32.

Haida [hī-dä], 182.

Haliotis [ha-lē-ō-tis], 77.

Hano [hä-nō], 169.

Hayenwatha [hī-en-wä-thä], 116.

Hayoneta [hoi-ä-nā-tä], 145.

Hupa [hū’-pä], 76.

Itztapalapa [ēt’s-tä-pä-lä’-pä], 55.

Kiowa [kī’-ō-wä], 60.

Kisi [kē’-sē], 170.

Kwakiutl [kwä’-kē-ū’tl], 182.

Lenape [le-nä’-pā], 109.

Lipan [lē-pan’], 56.

Maguey [ma-gā’], 71.

Mandan [man’-dan], 159.

Maya [mī’-yä], 215.

Mendoza [men-dō’-zä], 73.

Mesa [mā’-sä], 161.

Mescal [mes-cal’], 204.

Metate [mā-tä’-tā], 180.

Micam [mē’-câm], 66.

Miko [mē’-kō], 131.

Moki [mō’-kē], 168.

M’teoulin [m’tā-ū’-lin], 84.

Muskoki [mus-kō’-kē], 128.

Nanabush [na’-nä-būc], 112.

Navajo [na’vä-hō], 21.

Neeskotting [nē’-sko-ting], 51.

Nekilstlas [ne-kils’-tläs], 189.

Ojibwa [ō-jib’-wä], 108.

Oneida [ō-nī’-dä], 116.

Onondaga [on’-on-dä’-gä], 116.

Oolachen [ū’-la-chen], 191.

Oraibe [ō-rai’-bā], 169.

Otoe [ō’-tō], 92.

Pani [pâ-nē’], 60.

Pemmican [pĕ’-mi-kan], 57.

Pima [pē’-mä], 59.

Plaza [pla’-zä], 171.

Ponka [pon’-kä], 96.

Pueblo [pweb’-lō], 161.

Puskita [pus’-kē-tä], 133.

Rito [rē’-tō], 178 (means brook)

Sac [säc], 54.

Santee [San-tē’], 155.

Saponie [sa’-pō-nā], 119.

Seneca [se’-ne-kä], 116.

Senel [sā’-nel], 95.

Sequoyah [se-kwoi’-yä], 146.

Shawnee [câ-nē’], 107.

Shenanjie [ce-nan’-jā], 126.

Shonko [con’-kō], 151.

Shoshoné [co’-cō-nā’], 169.

Sioux [sū], 155.

Sipapu [sē-pä’-pū], 171.

Sisseton [si’-se-ton], 155.

Skil [skēl], 187.

Skowl [skōl], 197.

Succotash [su’-kō-tac], 56.

Tabasco [ta-bas’-kō], 215.

Taos [tows], 162.

Tecpanecan [tek’-pan-ē’-kan], 209.

Tenochtitlan [te-nōch’-tē-tlan’], 208.

Teton [tē’-ton], 155.

Texcoco [tec-kō’-kō], 208.

Tikal [tē’-kal], 220.

Tirawa [tē-rä’-wä], 136.

Tlacopan [tla-kō’-pan], 209.

Tlingit [tlin’-git], 189.

Tonkaway [ton’-kä-wā], 134.

Totem [tō’-tem], 98.

Tshimpshian [tcim’-cē-an], 182.

Tuscarora [tus’-kā-rō’-rä], 118.

Tutelo [tū’-tu-lō], 119.

Umane [ū-mä’-nā], 156.

Uncpapa [unk-pä’-pä], 151.

Ute [yūt], 109.

Wahpeton [wä’-pē’-ton], 155.

Wakantanka [wä’-kän-tän’-kä], 156.

Walam Olum [wä’-läm ōl’-um], 111.

Walpi [wäl’-pē], 169.

Wampampeog [wäm’-päm-pē-og], 74.

Wichita [wi’-chi-tä], 134.

Winnebago [wi’-nē-bā’-gō], 155.

Yanktonnais [yank’-ton-ā], 155.

Yētl [yātl], 189.

Zizania [zē-zā-nē-ä], 109.

Zuñi [zūn’-yē], 89.

INDEX.

[Indian words are in italics; tribal names in small capitals.]

Abalone, 77.

ACOLHUA, 209.

Acorns, 202, 203.

Adams Co., Ohio, 101.

Adobé, 163.

Adoption, 126.

Agriculture, 4, 136, 164, 209.

Alaska, 21, 95, 181, 195.

_Algonkin_, 3, 53, 66, 74, 83, 108 _et seq._, 116;
houses, 8 _et seq._;
story, 32;
torture, 45;
villages, 9.

Algonkin words, 108.

Algonquian, 3.

ALIBAMU, 128.

Altar Mounds, 100.

Altars, 218.

Ambuscade, 41.

Animal names, 198.

Antelope society, 171, 172, 175.

APACHE, 39, 59, 87.

APALACHE, 128.

ARAPAHO, 60; sign for, 64.

Architecture, 216; of Pueblos, 162.

ARICKARA, 64.

Arizona, 161, 168, 175.

Armor, quilted, 212.

Arrow racing, 144.

Arrows, 46, 49.

ASSINABOIN, 57, 60, 155.

Athapaskan, 3.

Atlantic Ocean, 90, 108.

_Atlatl_—or spear-thrower, 211.

_Atotarho_, 116 _et seq._

AZTEC, 39, 55, 87, 129, 208 _et seq._, 215;
books, 71;
picture writing, 71.

Baby, 22 _et seq._, 182.

Badger, sign for, 61.

Ball, 145 _et seq._;
game, 29, 34;
sticks, 29.

Bandelier, A. F., 181.

Barrows, D. P., 205.

Basket making, 144.

Baskets, 27, 203.

Beads, 18;
shell, 76;
turquoise, 78.

Bead-work, 16, 17, 18, 25.

Bear—Story of Hunter and, 198.

Beaver, sign for, 62.

Beloved men, 131.

Belts, 20, 164.

BEOTHUK, 223.

Bernal Diaz del Castillo, 214.

Berries, 188.

Biography, picture, 66.

Birch-bark, 24, 53;
letter, 59;
records, 66.

Bird Dances, 205.

Black drink, 133.

BLACK-FOOT, 108, 109, 112 _et seq._, 132;
sign for, 64;
story, 35 _et seq._

Blankets, 16, 20, 21, 78, 186, 210.

Blowgun, 50.

Boas, F., 2, 6, 195.

Bones, buried, 93, 105.

Books, 71, 220.

Bonnets—feather, 44.

Bottles of seaweed stalk, 189.

Bow drill, 55.

Bows, 49.

Box burial, 96.

Boys—training of, 129.

Bread, 166, 167.

Breech-clout, 15, 210.

Bricks, 163.

Brinton, D. G., 108, 115.

British America, 108.

British Columbia, 21, 24, 79, 187.

Brooch, 17.

Brook of the Beans, 178 _et seq._

Buffalo, N. Y., 120.

Buffalo, sign for, 63.

Buffalo dance, 48, 87.

Buffalo hunt, 46, 47, 135 _et seq._

Bull-boat, 53.

Burial, 92 _et seq._;
in caves, 95.

Burros, 91, 165.

Bushotter, G., 159.

_Busk_, 133 _et seq._

CADDO, 134.

Caddoan, 134.

Calabashes, 209.

Calculiform characters, 221.

Calendar, Dakota, 67.

California, 4, 76, 95, 201 _et seq._;
baskets, 27;
cradle, 25;
dress, 21;
houses, 11.

Camp circle, 14, 156.

Canada, 32.

Cannibalism, 213.

Canoe burial, 97.

Canoes, 186;
birch-bark, 52;
dugout, 52.

Cañons, 176.

Captives, 45.

Cardinal points, 89, 90.

Carrying babies, 27.

Carrying strap, 27.

Carving, 185, 195, 217, 219, 220.

Cassine, 133.

Catherwood, F., 216.

Catlin, G., 30, 147 _et seq._

Catolsta, old, 144.

Cave burial, 95.

Cave houses, 176, 177.

CAYUGA, 2, 116, 118, 119.

Cedar bark, 21, 187, 188.

Central America, 71, 215.

Century of Dishonor, 225.

Chamberlain, A. F., 195.

Charles V., 72.

Charms, 84.

Charnay, 220.

Chelley River, 176.

CHEROKEES, 30, 52, 84, 89, 107, 108, 140 _et seq._, 224.

CHEYENNE, 60, 69.

Chiapas, 215, 216, 217.

CHICASAW, 128.

Chichen Itza, 218.

Chief of Men, 209.

CHILKAT, 21.

Chillicothe, Ohio, 99.

CHINOOK, 182 _et seq._

CHOCTAW, 30, 128.

_Chunkey_, 113, 132.

Cincinnati, Ohio, 99.

Clams, 188.

Clark, W. P., 41, 49, 64, 65.

Cliff-dwellers, 54.

Cliff-dwellings, 175 _et seq._

Cliff-ruins, 176.

Cloths, 180, 210.

Clubs, 188.

COAHUILLA, 201 _et seq._

Coahuilla Valley, 201.

_Cochiti_, 44, 77, 178, 181.

Coffins, 93.

Coiled baskets, 203.

Colorado, 175.

Columbia River, 182.

COMANCHE, 94;
sign for, 64.

Commemorative posts, 195 _et seq._, 197.

Companions for the dead, 94.

Condition of Indians, 223 _et seq._

Confederacy, 117 _et seq._, 128, 209.

Conjuring, 130, 145.

Conquest of Mexico, 214.

Cooking, 56.

Copan, 218, 220.

Copper, 79.

Coppers, 79.

Coracle (see Bull-boat).

Corpse:
displayed, 196;
treatment of, 92.

Corral, 91, 165.

Cortez, 209, 213, 214.

Cotton, 210.

Council:
tribal, 117;
confederacy, 119.

Council house, 130, 131.

Coup, 42.

Cradle, 22, 183.

Cram, Rev. Mr., 120.

Crazy, sign for, 64.

Creation legend, 112.

CREE, 83, 108.

CREEK, 108, 113, 128 _et seq._

Cremation, 95, 196.

Crooked Hand, 138.

Crow, 192.

CROW, 49, 60;
sign for, 64.

Cushing, F. H., 90, 162.

Cycle festival, 55.

DAKOTA: (see also SIOUX) 155;
tent, 12;
war feathers, 43.

Dakota Calendar, 67.

Dances: 85 _et seq._, 172;
bird, 205;
buffalo, 87;
rain, 88;
scalp, 87;
snake, 85, 88, 168 _et seq._;
sun, 155 _et seq._

Dancing, 32, 48.

Davis, E. H., 107.

Dawes Bill, 225 _et seq._

Dawson, G. M., 223.

Daylight, 189, 190.

Dayton, Ohio, 99.

Deaf-mutes, 61.

Deans, J., 195.

Death, 92;
posts, 195;
watch, 98.

Decreasing population, 135, 223.

Deformation of the head, 183.

DELAWARE (see also LENAPE) 108, 126.

Dentalium, 75.

Descent in female line, 198.

Destroying objects for the dead, 95.

Disease, 80, 82, 84, 224.

Display:
of corpse, 196;
of property, 196.

Dog, sign for, 63.

Dog, The, 151 _et seq._

Dorsey, J. O., 160.

Dress, 14 _et seq._, 169, 186, 210, 211;
dancing, 87.

Drum, 86, 90, 213.

Drying meat, 57.

Duck hunting, 209.

Dug-outs, 52, 186.

Eagle dance, 205.

Eastern Cherokees, 143.

Effigy mounds, 102.

Elephant-trunk decoration, 219.

El Rito de los Frijoles, 178 _et seq._, 181.

Elsie, old, 56.

Enclosures, 99.

ERIE, 119.

ESKIMO, 96.

Estufa (see also _Kiva_), 165, 170.

Eyes, 22.

Families, 198.

Families of Language, 2.

Fast, 130, 133, 160.

Feasts, 113.

Feather-cloth, 180.

Feather-on-the-head, 41.

Feathers, 43, 211.

Female descent, 198.

Fewkes, J. W., 170, 175.

Fibulæ, 17.

Figures—stone, 218.

Fire:
secured, 189, 190;
used, 186;
drill, 55;
making, 53;
perpetual, 131;
signals, 59;
sticks, 54;
for dead, 98.

Fisherman and Raven, story of, 192.

Fish hooks, 188.

Fishing, 50 _et seq._, 188;
devices, 51.

Five Nations, 188.

FLATHEAD, 183;
sign for, 64.

Flint and steel, 53.

Fly’s eggs, 210.

Food for dead, 98.

Foot race, 171.

Ft. Du Quesne, 126.

Ft. Stevenson, 153.

Forward Inlet, 76.

Four Bears, 153.

Franciscans, 206.

French and Indian Wars, 123.

Fresh water secured, 189.

Friendship, 41.

Furs, 186.

Gambling, 28, 113, 132, 204.

Game drives, 48.

Games, 28 _et seq._, 34, 113, 132, 144 _et seq._, 205.

Gatschet, A. S., 134.

Gauntlet running, 45.

Gay Head, 51.

Genesee River, 126.

Gens, 198.

Georgia, 140, 141.

Gestures, calling rain, 88.

_Glooskap_, 32 _et seq._

Gods, 211.

Granaries, 202.

Grass, dresses of, 21.

Grave posts, 95, 98, 195 _et seq._

Graves, 92 _et seq._

Great house, 130.

Great Lakes, 108.

Great removal, 142 _et seq._

Grinding meal, 167.

Grinnell, G. B., 39, 112, 138.

Guatemala, 215, 216.

Guessing games, 28.

Guess, or Guest, George, 146.

Hadley, L., 65.

Haida, 79, 82, 95, 96, 182 _et seq._, 223.

Hair, 182; forehead, 22.

Hair fabrics, 180.

Hale, H., 122.

Halibut, 182, 188.

Haliotis, 77.

Hammock, 25.

_Hano_, 169.

Hat, 187.

_Hayenwatha_, 116 _et seq._

Head deformation, 182, 220.

Head-dress, 211.

Helmet, 211.

Hieroglyphics, 218, 220.

Hoes, 136.

Holmes, W. H., 80, 219.

Honduras, 215, 218.

Hopeton, 99.

Horn bows, 49.

Horses—stealing, 42.

Hospitality, 5.

Houses, 7 _et seq._, 184, 202, 211, 216;
Pueblo, 162.

House circles, 105.

Housetops, life on, 163.

_Hoyoneta_, 145.

Hudson Bay Co., 79.

Hudson River, 115.

Hunting, 46 _et seq._, 135 _et seq._, 209;
ducks, 209;
snakes, 170.

HUPA, 76.

HURON, 119.

Hut rings, 105.

Hypnotism, 83.

Idol, 213.

Indian, 1.

Indian Territory, 143, 223.

Initiation, 129.

Iowa, 93, 106.

IROQUOIS, 39, 53, 66, 74, 108, 115 _et seq._, 129, 209;
ball play, 29;
houses, 7;
story, 32;
torture, 45.

_Itztapalapa_, 55.

Jacket, 16, 17.

Jackson, H. H., 147, 202, 225.

Jemison, Mary, 122 _et seq._

Jemison, T., 122.

Jesuits, 206.

Journeys of George Catlin, 148.

Keeper of the belts, 75.

Kentucky, 95.

Kilts, 20, 21.

King Philip, 74, 108.

KIOWA, 60, 61.

_Kisi_, 170 _et seq._

KOSKIMO, 183.

KWAKIUTL, 182.

Lacrosse, 29.

Ladders, 163.

Land in severalty, 225 _et seq._

Languages, 2.

Lapham, I. A., 107.

Leggings, 15, 17.

Leland, C. G., 38, 83.

LENAPE, 108, 109 _et seq._

Life:
of cliff-dwellers, etc., 181;
Mayan peoples, 220.

LIPAN, 56, 134.

Lip piercing, 183.

Lip plug, 183, 210.

Little Bear, 151 _et seq._

Lone Dog, 67, 69.

Long House, 7, 119.

Lorillard City, 220.

Los Angeles, Cal., 207.

Los Cerillos, N. M., 77.

Louisiana, 135.

Lower California, 206.

Lummis, C. F., 204.

Magicians (see medicine men).

Maguey, 71, 210.

Mallery, G., 65.

Mancos Cañon, 176, 179.

MANDAN, 90, 148, 153, 155, 159;
house, 11;
bull-boat, 53.

Manta, 169.

Map, 3, 201, 225.

Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., 51.

Mason, O. T., 30.

Massacre, 125.

_Massasoit_, 108.

Matthews, W., 153, 154.

Matting, 10.

MAYA, 215 _et seq._

McElmo Cañon, 181.

Meal:
acorn, 203;
sacred, 90.

Measure, arrow, 50.

Medicinal liquid, 133.

Medicine, 80.

Medicine man, 33, 80 _et seq._;
performances, 83;
tested, 84.

Memory helps, 66, 75.

Mendoza, 73.

Mesa, 161.

Mescal, 204.

_Metate_, 167, 180.

Mexico, 27, 39, 55, 71, 135, 136, 175, 206, 208 _et seq._, 215.

_Micam_, 66.

_Miko_, 131.

Milky Way, 38.

Mission Indians, 201, 206 _et seq._

Mission work, 227.

Missionaries, 197.

Mississippi Valley, 97.

Missouri River, 148, 150, 153.

Missouri Valley, 97.

Moccasin game, 28.

_Moccasins_, 19, 108.

MOHAWK, 2, 116, 118, 119.

Mohawk River, 116.

MOHICAN, 116.

MOKI, 20, 85, 90, 91, 161, 168 _et seq._, 181.

Money, 73 _et seq._

Monoliths, 218.

_Montezuma_, 209.

Morgan, L. H., 14.

Morning Star, 37, 137.

Morton, T., 74.

Mound builders, 99 _et seq._

Mounds, 98 _et seq._

Mourning, 97, 196.

_M’teoulin_, 84.

Mummies, 96, 180.

Museum, National—Mexico, 213.

Museum, National—United States, 154.

Music, 86.

Musical instruments, 86, 213.

MUSKOKI (see CREEK).

Mutilation—self, 97.

Mystery, 80.

Mystery men, 66, 80, 84.

_Nanabush_, 112.

Nashville, 103.

NATCHEZ, 223.

NAVAJO, 21, 78, 91, 109.

Neckrings, 17.

_Neeskotting_, 51.

_Nekilstlas_, 189, 190, 191.

Nets, for rabbits, 49.

Newark, Ohio, 100.

New Brunswick, 108.

New England, 2, 4, 32, 74.

New Fire, 133.

New Mexico, 77, 161, 162, 175, 178.

New Spain, 206.

New York, 2, 108, 115.

Niagara, 127, 128.

Niagara River, 116.

Niblack, A. P., 195, 201.

North, Lieut., 140.

North Carolina, 52, 140, 143.

Northwest Coast, 4, 21, 50, 52, 80, 86, 181 _et seq._, 189 _et seq._, 195
_et seq._

Notched rattles, 86.

Nova Scotia, 32, 108.

Objects buried with dead, 93, 94, 105.

Obsidian, 210.

Offerings to gods, 91.

Oglethorpe, 141.

Ohio, 99, 101, 106, 107.

Ohio River, 126.

Oil, 188.

OJIBWA, 69, 84, 108, 109, 111.

Oklahoma, 97, 135.

Old Pueblos, 176.

Old Zuñi, 176.

OMAHA, 155.

ONEIDA, 116, 117, 118, 119.

ONONDAGA, 2, 75, 116, 118, 119.

Onondaga Lake, N. Y., 118.

_Oolachen_, 82, 182, 188, 189;
secured, 191.

_Oraibe_, 169.

Orators, 120.

Oregon, 95; cradle, 24.

Ornaments, 17.

OTOE, 92, 155.

Ovens, 166.

Pacific Ocean, 75, 77, 95, 181.

Paddles, 186.

Paintings—Catlin’s, 148 _et seq._, 159, 160.

Paintings on rocks, 179.

Palace at Palenque, 217.

Palenque, 216 _et seq._, 220.

PANI = PAWNEE, 60, 91, 134, 223.

Paper, 71.

Paper bread, 167.

_Papoose_, 108.

Papoose board, 22.

Pebble-shaped characters, 221.

Peet, S. D., 102, 107.

_Pemmican_, 57.

Pennsylvania, 122.

Peon, 205.

Physical type, 182, 201, 215.

Picture records, 111.

Picture writing, 65 _et seq._

Piercing lips, 183.

Pilgrims, 108.

Pillars, 219.

PIMA, 59.

Pittsburg, Pa., 126.

Plains Indians, 13, 42, 47, 59, 60, 109, 134, 136, 155.

Plaster, 211, 217.

Playground, 130, 132.

Plaza, 171, 172, 173, 175.

Pleiades, story of, 31.

Pocahontas, 108.

Points, in blankets, 79.

Points of compass, 89, 90.

PONKA, 96, 155.

Port Simpson, 223.

Posts, carved, 185, 195 _et seq._;
kinds of, 195.

Pottery, 136, 144, 180.

Powell, J. W., 3, 7, 210.

Powell’s Linguistic Map, 3.

Powers, S., 14, 76.

Powhatan, 108.

Prayer, 160, 175.

Prayer sticks, 90, 170.

Printed sign-language, 65.

Prisoners of war, 45, 212.

Proclamation of Gen. Scott, 142.

Public Square, 130.

PUEBLOS, 6, 21, 76, 87, 88, 90, 91, 161 _et seq._, 168, 169, 176, 180,
181;
dress, 20;
cradle, 27;
game drives, 48;
scalps, 44.

Pump drill, 78.

Purification, 88, 156.

_Puskita_, 133.

Putnam, F. W., 101, 107.

Pyramids, 211.

Queen Charlotte Islands, 79, 82, 95, 195, 223.

Quills—porcupine, 18.

Rabbit sticks, 49.

Rackets (see Ball-sticks).

Rain dances, 88.

_Ramona_, 202.

Rattles, 86.

Rattlesnakes, 170 _et seq._

Raven stories, 189 _et seq._

Red Jacket, 120, 225.

Red Score, 111.

Relics, 180.

Reservations, 225.

Rio Grande, 77, 165, 169, 178.

Rock Paintings, 179.

Rocky Mountains, 108, 112.

Roof comb, 217.

Ruins, 175 _et seq._, 216 _et seq._;
types, 176.

Running the gauntlet, 45.

Rushing Eagle, 153.

Russians, 197.

Sacred colors, 91.

Sacred meal, 90.

Sacred numbers, 84, 89.

Sacred tree, 157.

Sacrifice, 137, 213.

Sacrificial stone, 213.

SAC AND FOX, 54, 56, 66;
cradle, 22;
dress, 17;
games, 28;
graves, 93, 94, 97;
hammock, 25;
house, 9;
moccasins, 19.

Salmon, 51, 182, 188.

Sand altar, 91.

Sandals, 180, 210.

San Diego, Cal., 207.

San Dionisio, Mex., 206.

San Francisco, Cal., 207.

San Gabriel, Cal., 202.

SANTEE (SIOUX), 155.

Santo Domingo, N. M., 6.

SAPONIE, 119.

Scaffold burial, 97.

Scalp, 16, 44.

Scalp dance, 87.

Scalping, 44.

Scar-face, story of, 35.

Schoolcraft, H. R., 69.

Schools, 227.

Scott, Gen. W., 142.

Scouts, Pani, 140.

Scraper for dressing skins, 15.

Scratcher, 89, 145.

Screaming of medicine man, 83.

Scum-cakes, 210.

Seaver, J. E., 128.

Seaweed, 188.

Secret Societies, 85.

SENECA, 2, 116, 118, 119.

SENEL, 95.

_Sequoyah_, 146.

Serpent mound, 101.

Servants, 137.

Shag, 191.

Shaman, 80, 95, 96.

SHAWNEE, 107, 124.

Shell money, 75.

_Shenanjie_, 126.

Shields, 211.

_Shonko_, 151.

SHOSHONE, 169;
sign for, 64.

Signals, fire, 59.

Sign language, 60 _et seq._

Signs, examples of, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64.

Sinking into ground, 83.

Siouan, 91, 97, 155.

SIOUX, 25, 44, 49, 60, 66, 67, 69, 138 _et seq._, 150, 151, 155 _et seq._,
224.

_Sipapu_, 171.

SISSETON (SIOUX), 155.

Six Nations, 119.

Skidgate, 223.

_Skil_, 187, 197, 200.

Skimming sticks, 28.

Skins, dressing, 14, 48.

Skirt, 17, 21.

_Skowl_, 197.

Skunk, sign for, 63.

Smith, E. A., 38.

Smoke, 90, 98.

Smoking, 34, 113.

Smoke signals, 59.

Snake, 170.

Snake Dance, 85, 88, 90, 91, 168 _et seq._

Snake hunt, 170.

Snake society, 173.

Snake washing, 171.

Societies, secret:
antelope, 85, 171, 172, 175;
snake, 85, 173.

Soul bone, 83.

Southern States, 27, 30, 50, 52.

Spain, 206.

Spear-thrower, 211.

Speech:
of Pani, 221;
of Red Jacket, 120;
of Sioux, 152.

Spinning, 210.

Spirits, 80.

_Squaw_, 108.

Squaw money, 76.

Squier, E. G., 107.

Stalking animals, 48.

Star, Hill of the, 55.

Stephens, J. L., 216.

Stocks, linguistic, 2.

Stone Age Culture, 106.

Stone boiling, 57, 186, 188.

Stone graves, 93, 103.

Stone tools, 86, 177, 180, 186.

Stories, 189 _et seq._;
Algonkin, 32;
Blackfoot, 35;
Hunter and bears, 198;
Iroquois, 31.

Story-telling, 113, 114.

Stucco, 217.

_Succotash_, 56.

Sun, 38.

Sun dance, 88, 150, 155 _et seq._

Superstition regarding portraits, 150 _et seq._

Sweat baths, 132.

Syllabary, Cherokee, 146 _et seq._

Sympathetic magic, 88.

Tabasco, 215.

Tablet of the Cross, 218.

Tablet of the sun, 218.

Tablets—of stone, 217, 220.

Tambourines, 86.

Taos, 162, 166, 169.

Taos River, 162.

Tattooing, 184.

TECPANECAN, 209.

Temples, 211, 217, 219.

Temple of _beau relief_, 217.

Temple of Tigers, 219.

Tennessee, 93, 103, 140, 143.

_Tenochtitlan_, 208, 213.

Tent, 12.

Terrace platforms, 217.

Test:
for bravery, 158;
for liar, 115;
for manhood, 129.

TETON (SIOUX), 155.

_Texcoco_, 208, 209.

Thomas, C., 107.

Three Bears, 41.

Threshing, 167.

_Tikal_, 220.

_Tirawa_, 136, 137.

_Tlacopan_, 209.

TLINGIT, 79, 95, 96, 182, 187, 189, 192, 195, 197, 198, 199.

Tobacco, 90.

TONKAWAY, 60, 87, 134, 223.

Torture:
of prisoners, 45;
of self, 159, 160, 220.

_Totem_, 95, 98, 111, 184, 186, 197, 198;
rights and privileges, 199.

Totem posts, 195 _et seq._

Towns—white and red, 129;
peace and war, 129.

Town square, 171.

Transformation, 34.

Trapping, 48.

Tree burial, 97.

Tribes of Indians, 2.

Tribute, 209.

TSHIMPSHIAN, 182, 187, 192.

Turquoise, 77.

TUSCARORA, 118, 119.

TUTELO, 119.

Types of Indians, 1.

_Umane_, 156.

UNCPAPA (SIOUX), 151.

Utah, 175.

UTE, 109.

Vancouver Island, 181, 183, 190.

Van Syce, 127.

Vices, introduced, 224.

Villages, 9, 184.

Virginia, 108.

WAHPETON (SIOUX), 155.

Waist, 210.

Waiting outside a village, 38.

_Wakantanka_, 156.

_Walum Olum_, 111.

Wall decoration, 211.

_Walpi_, 169.

_Wampampeog_, 74.

_Wampum_, 73, 108.

Wampum belts, 66, 74.

War, 39 _et seq._, 138 _et seq._, 211.

War drink, 132.

War feathers, 43.

Warriors, 211;
dress, 211.

Washing snakes, 171.

Water craft, 52.

Weapons, 211.

Weaving, 20, 169, 179, 186, 210.

WICHITA, 134.

_Wigwam_, 108.

Wild rice, 109.

William and Mary, The, 122.

Windows, 163, 164.

WINNEBAGO, 107, 155.

Winnowing, 168.

Wisconsin, 102, 103, 107.

Woman among Indians, 4.

Women, dress, 17.

Wyoming, Pa., 147.

Xenia, Ohio, 99.

YANKTON (SIOUX), 155.

YANKTONNAIS (SIOUX), 155.

Yarn, 180.

Yarrow, H. C., 98.

Yellowstone River, 150.

_Yetl_, 189 _et seq._

Young, E. R., 83.

Yucatan, 215 _et seq._, 216.

Zizania, 109.

_Zuñi_, 89, 90, 161, 162, 176.

Zuñian, 3.

FOOTNOTES

1 North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama.

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