Chapter V (2)

Experimental work with these machines was carried on at the Government testing station Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., and the du Pont Experimental Station, Gibbstown, N. J., as well as experimental plant operations at the Morgan plant of the T. A. Gillespie Co., Parlin, N. J., and the Penniman plant of the du Pont Co., Penniman, Va. All difficulties of the operations were overcome so satisfactorily that the greater portion of the loaded shell was produced by this method.

The metal parts as received at the shell-filling plant are inspected and cleaned to remove all traces of foreign matter such as grit or grease before being sent to the loading room. After being loaded the shell are again inspected. At intervals a split shell is loaded and then taken apart and examined, so that any loading defects may be found quickly and conditions remedied, before any large quantities of shell are produced.

The cavity left in the amatol by the tube of the extruding machine is filled with molten T. N. T., and a cavity is produced in this T. N. T. into which the booster fits. This is necessary in order to provide for complete detonation. The booster cavity is produced either by the use of a former, which upon removal leaves a cavity of the proper size, or by plunging the booster into the shell filling before this is cooled, or by drilling out a cavity for the booster after the filling has been thoroughly cooled.

A large number of rounds of ammunition of all calibers had also to be loaded with a flashless compound that was inserted in the propelling charges, so that the discharge of the guns would not betray their positions to the enemy at night, while a smoke compound was inserted in a large quantity of shell so that each missile of this character might be located after firing to determine the accuracy of the shot.

Coordination of manufacture of metallic parts so as to cause the proper quantities of shell, fuse, and boosters to be produced without leaving any incomplete rounds that would have to be held awaiting other components caused the greatest difficulty.

The magnitude of the task of providing the necessary shell components in the tremendous quantities required can be better appreciated by a realization of the fact that the various parts of each component must be made to fit each other properly and perfectly. Gauging had to be resorted to frequently in the process of manufacture to make certain that there was perfect interchangeability of parts of each component to prevent any waste of time in selecting parts to fit each other.

The complete components, too, must themselves be made with equal care and scrupulous attention to make certain that they fit properly. Thus, the booster had to be made in such a fashion and with such precision and accuracy that it would fit perfectly into the shell as well as into the booster cavity in the shell filling into which it is screwed and also at the same time accommodate the fuse which screws into the booster.

This extreme accuracy made necessary a large number of gauges, which had to be designed at the same time as, and in coordination with, the design of the component. For example, in a complete round of artillery ammunition, 80 dimensions must be gauged. To standardize the gauges used for these 80 dimensions, 180 master gauges are required, while the actual number of different gauges used during the various stages of manufacture of a complete round is over 500.

Government inspectors required over 200 gauges in their work of inspecting and gauging the finished components for the shell, so in all about 800 gauges were used in the process of manufacturing a complete round of artillery ammunition, to insure interchangeability of parts, proper fit for the projectile in the gun, and perfect functioning of the various parts.

Notice safety door at the girl's elbow. A flash in this room will not communicate to an adjoining room. The room is heated by overhead hot-air heating system.]

Girl operating the same device on the left. The view shows the bulkhead between the operations.]

This view shows the exhaust hood open and turntable lowered. Operator raises turntable by foot lever and closes hood before spraying.]

Shell is received on the elevated platform and trucked to
the edge on hand trucks, where the trolley hook just enters
the eyebolt as shell is removed from truck, thus making it
unnecessary to lift the shell during any operation in this room.]

All fixed ammunition was assembled at the shell-filling plants, making it necessary to install at these points storage capacity and equipment to handle the propellant powder as well as to fill the high-explosive shell. Boosters and fuses were loaded at separate plants and shipped to the shell-filling assembly places to be packed for shipment with the shell for transportation overseas.

The cost of a loaded 75-millimeter shell with the fuse and propellant charge ready to be fired is about $11. Such a shell contains a little over 1½ pounds of high explosive, which costs $1. The loading and assembling of the complete round costs $4.

A loaded 155-millimeter shell complete with fuse costs about $30, exclusive of the propellant charge of powder, which is loaded separately. A shell of this caliber holds about 14¼ pounds of high explosive, which costs $10, while the loading and assembling costs $4.

The 75-millimeter and 155-millimeter shell were used in the greatest quantities on the European battle fields, and at the time of the signing of the armistice our American loading plants were concentrating on filling ammunition for guns of these two calibers.

The nature of the work carried on at these shell-loading plants, of course, made the danger of a disaster ever present. Prior to our entry into the war an explosion at the Canadian Car & Foundry Co.'s plant, Kingsland, N. J., resulted in the entire destruction of the plant with large loss of life.

In October, 1918, the Morgan plant of the T. A. Gillespie Co., South Amboy, N. J., was wiped out by an explosion in which about 100 employees lost their lives. Plans for rebuilding this plant, had progressed far when the armistice was signed. In the fall of 1917, 40 people were killed in an explosion at the Eddystone Loading Plant, Eddystone, Pa.

For the successful carrying out of our program for the production of vast quantities of explosives and propellants, as well as shell loading, the women of America must be given credit, on account of the highly important part they took in this phase of helping to win the war. Fully 50 per cent of the number of employees in our explosive plants were women, who braved the dangers connected with this line of work, to which they had been, of course, entirely unaccustomed, but whose perils were not unknown to them.

In connection with the production of shell themselves, the American Ordnance Department adopted certain changes of design which were not only radically different from what we had known before the war but were interesting for the way in which they were brought about and for the results they accomplished.

The modern shell as we knew it before the war was simply a metal cylinder cut off squarely at the base and roundly blunted at the nose. The shell is zoned with a so-called rotating ring, a circular band of copper which by engaging the rifling channels of the gun gives to the shell the whirl that keeps it from tumbling over and over and thus holds it accurately on its course in flight.

In the proof-firing of the 6-inch seacoast guns it was discovered that their fire was none too accurate; and the American ordnance engineers began studying the shell to see if the fault lay there. One of these experts was Maj. F. R. Moulton, who before accepting a commission in the Army had been professor of astronomy at the University of Chicago. Maj. Moulton began a study of the 6-inch shell; and soon it was discovered that the mathematics which could chart the orbits of comets could also deal with the flight of projectiles, calculate the influences of air resistance and gravitation, and eventually work out new, scientific contours for offsetting these influences as much as possible.

Maj. Moulton first dealt with the inaccuracy of our 6-inch shell. He discovered the cause in the rotating band. Although but a slight portion of this band was upraised above the surface of the shell's circumference, yet the enormous force exerted upon the projectile to start it from the gun actually caused the cold copper to "flow" backward. The result was that when the shell emerged from the muzzle of the gun it bore around its sides an entirely unsuspected and undesirable flange. This flange not only shortened the range of the shell by offering resistance to the air, but it was seldom uniform all the way around, a condition giving rise to the idiosyncracies of our 6-inch shell as they were fired at the target.

The remedy for this was a redesigned rotating band, making it somewhat thicker in front. The "flow" of the copper could thus be accommodated without causing any detrimental distortion to the projectile. When this improvement was made the 6-inch shell became as accurate as any.

But Maj. Moulton was to make an even greater contribution to the 6-inch shell. This shell, like those of our other types, was square ended at the base. Maj. Moulton in his new design tapered in the sides somewhat, making the shell "boat ended." He elongated the nose, bringing it out to a much sharper point. The result was the first American "streamline" design for a shell. Shell of this new model were built experimentally and tested. The 6-inch gun could fire its old shell 17,000 yards, while the streamline shell went 4,000 or 5,000 yards farther--2 or 3 miles added to the range of an already powerful weapon by the application of brains and mathematics.

FIGURE 10.

IMPROVEMENT OF FIELD GUNS SINCE THE NAPOLEONIC WARS.

MUZZLE VELOCITY.
-----------------------+------------+-------------------------------
Type. | Date. | Feet per second.
-----------------------+------------+-------------------------------
| |
Early rifled guns | 1863-1870 | ==== 1090
| |
Later rifled guns | 1870-1893 | ===== 1466
| |
Early quick firers | About 1900 | ====== 1695
| |
Modern quick firers | 1914-1918 | ======= 1770
| |
-----------------------+------------+-------------------------------
RANGE WITH SHRAPNEL.
-----------------------+------------+-------------------------------
| |
Smooth bores | 1815-1850 | ===== 1257
| |
Early rifled guns | 1863-1870 | ======= 2004
| |
Later rifled guns | 1870-1893 | =============== 4120
| |
Early quick firers | About 1900 | ======================= 6160
| |
Modern quick firers | 1914-1918 | ======================== 6,500
| |
-----------------------+------------+--------------------------------
RANGE WITH SHELL.
-----------------------+------------+--------------------------------
| |
Smooth bores | 1815-1850 | === 1,670
| |
Early rifled guns | 1863-1870 | ======== 3,965
| |
Later rifled guns | 1870-1893 | ============ 6,168
| |
Early quick firers | About 1900 | =============== 7,340
| |
Modern quick firers | 1914-1918 | ================= 8,500
| |
With streamline shell | 1918-19 | ======================== 12,130
| |
-----------------------+------------+--------------------------------

The limiting factor in the development of light field guns has
always been the continuous hauling power of 6 horses, which is
about 4,000 pounds. The gun has been as powerful as possible
within the limits of this weight, which includes the carriage
and limber as well as the cannon itself. Improved technique and
materials have reduced the necessary weight of the cannon from
1,650 pounds in 1815 to about 800 pounds to-day, permitting the
use of weight for recoil mechanism and shield of armor plate
without exceeding the limit.

The 800-pound nickel-steel gun of 1918 fires as heavy a
projectile (12-15 pounds) as the 1,650-pound bronze gun of the
Napoleonic wars. The improved material permits a more powerful
propellant charge, which results in greater muzzle velocity,
a flatter trajectory, and longer maximum range. The latter is
due in part also to improved shapes of projectiles and the
introduction of rifling. The efficiency of artillery is further
increased by the introduction of high-explosive bursting
charge. The modern 75-millimeter shell contains about 1.76
pounds of high explosive as against about 0.5 pound of black
powder in shell prior to 1893.]

The French were experimenting with streamline shell. We adopted the French streamline 75-millimeter shell and put it into production, calling it our Mark IV shell. Our regular 75-millimeter shell, known as the Mark I 1900 shell, had a maximum range of 9,000 yards. The Mark IV shell proved to have a maximum range of 12,130 yards, giving an increase in range of well over a mile. America up to April 3, 1919, turned out about 524,000 of these streamline shell.

The French also built shell of semisteel, steel to which iron was added. It was claimed that these shell, by bursting into fine fragments upon exploding, were more effective against troops than all-steel shell, because the fragments of the latter were larger. We adopted this shell also and produced it experimentally. In contour it was a compromise between the old cylindrical shell and the extreme streamline type and was easier to make than the latter.

_Artillery ammunition, complete rounds--Acceptances in United
States and Canada on U. S. Army orders only._

[Figures in thousands of rounds.]

--------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------
| To | 1918
| Jan. +------+------+------+------+------+------
| 1. | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June.
--------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
_Calibers for American | | | | | | |
Expeditionary Force | | | | | | |
program._ | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
75-mm. gun H. E. | | | | | | | 235
75-mm. gun shrapnel | 20| 121 | 124 | 483 | 888 |1,011 |1,049
75-mm. gun gas | | | | | | |
75-mm. A. A. shrapnel | | | | | | |
3-inch A. A. shrapnel | | | | | | |
4.7-inch gun H. E. | | | | | | |
4.7-inch gun, shrapnel | 9| 9 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 23 | 35
5-inch S. C. gun H. E. | | | | | | |
6-inch S. C. gun H. E. | | | | | | | 2
155-mm. gun H. E.[21] | | | | | | |
155-mm. howitzer H. E.[21]| | | | | | |
155-mm. shrapnel | | | | | | |
8-inch howitzer H. E. | | | | | | |
9.2-inch howitzer H. E. | | | | | | |
240-mm. howitzer H. E. | | | | | | |
8-inch S. C. gun H. E. | | | | | | |
10-inch S. C. gun H. E. | | | | | | |
+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
Total |[22]29|[22]130|[22]138|[22]500|[22]906|[22]1,034|1,321
+======+======+======+======+======+======+======
_Calibers for use in | | | | | | |
United States only._ | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
2.95-inch mountain gun | | | | | | |
H. E. | 22| | | | | |
2.95-inch mountain gun | | | | | | |
shrapnel | 37| | | | | |
3-inch F. G. H. E. | 333| 73 | 212 | 142 | 128 | 95 | 3
3-inch F. G. shrapnel | 957| 164 | 231 | 174 | 55 | 60 | 15
3.8-inch howitzer H. E. | 3| 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
3.8-inch howitzer shrapnel| 12| 1 | | | | |
4.7-inch howitzer H. E. | 14| 4 | | | 5 | 1 | 1
4.7-inch howitzer shrapnel| | | | | | 4 |
6-inch howitzer H. E. | 20| 1 | 3 | 24 | 35 | |
6-inch howitzer shrapnel | | | | | | | 1
+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
Total | 1,398| 246 | 448 | 342 | 224 | 160 | 20
+======+======+======+======+======+======+======
Grand total | 1,427| 376 | 586 | 842 |1,130 |1,194 |1,341
--------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------

--------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-----
| 1918
+------+------+------+------+------+------+Total
| July | Aug.| Sept.| Oct.| Nov.| Dec.|
--------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-----
_Calibers for American | | | | | | |
Expeditionary Force | | | | | | |
program._ | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
75-mm. gun H. E. | 287 | 809 |1,168 | 1,122| 1,175| 790 | 5,586
75-mm. gun shrapnel | 730 | 732 | 802 |1,057 | 812| 738 | 8,567
75-mm. gun gas | | 188 | 164 | 213 | 15 | | 580
75-mm. A. A. shrapnel | | 92 | 97 | 185 | 134 | 126 | 634
3-inch A. A. shrapnel | | | | 11 | 59 | 2 | 72
4.7-inch gun H. E. | | | 32 | 45 | 43 | 46 | 166
4.7-inch gun, shrapnel | 23 | 38 | 29 | 28 | 15 | 19 | 277
5-inch S. C. gun H. E. | | | 7 | | | 5 | 12
6-inch S. C. gun H. E. | | | 1 | 36 | 23 | | 62
155-mm. gun H. E.[21] | | | | 9 | 33 | 51 | 98
155-mm. howitzer H. E.[21]| 11 | 113 | 193 | 119 | 173 | 140 | 749
155-mm. shrapnel | | 12 | 22 | 66 | 41 | 93 | 234
8-inch howitzer H. E. | | | | 91 | 8 | | 99
9.2-inch howitzer H. E. | | | 13 | 8 | 24 | 3 | 48
240-mm. howitzer H. E. | | | | 2 | | | 2
8-inch S. C. gun H. E. | | | | 20 | 11 | | 31
10-inch S. C. gun H. E. | | | 20 | 50 | 4 | 11 | 85
+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------
Total |1,051 |1,984 |2,548 |3,062 |2,570 |2,024 |17,297
+======+======+======+======+======+======+======
_Calibers for use in | | | | | | |
United States only._ | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
2.95-inch mountain gun | | | | | | |
H. E. | | | | | | | 22
2.95-inch mountain gun | | | | | | |
shrapnel | 9 | 14 | 2 | | | | 62
3-inch F. G. H. E. | 1 | 84 | | | | | 1,071
3-inch F. G. shrapnel | | | | | | | 1,656
3.8-inch howitzer H. E. | | | | | | | 11
3.8-inch howitzer shrapnel| | | | | | | 13
4.7-inch howitzer H. E. | 1 | 1 | | | 12 | | 39
4.7-inch howitzer shrapnel| 23 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 10 | | 60
6-inch howitzer H. E. | | | | | | | 83
6-inch howitzer shrapnel | | 3 | | | | | 4
+------+------+------+------+------+------+------
Total | 34 | 107 | 10 | 10 | 22 | | 3,021
+======+======+======+======+======+======+======
Grand total |1,085 |2,091 |2,558 |1,072 |2,592 |2,024 |20,318
--------------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------

[21] All thick walled type; not all supplied with fuses.

[22] Shrapnel only.

The following table lists the name of each manufacturer of the various types and sizes of shell for big guns and states the quantity turned out by each:

---------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------
| Forgings. | Machinings.
+----------+---------+---------+---------
| Quantity | Quantity| Quantity| Quantity
Contractor. | ordered | accepted| ordered | accepted
| to | to | to | to
| Nov. 1, | Nov. 1,| Nov. 1,| Nov. 1,
| 1918. | 1918. | 1918. | 1918.
---------------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------
_3-inch antiaircraft | | | |
high-explosive shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | 1,938,806| 135,435| |
John Inglis Co., | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | 500,000| 131,542| |
Saskatchewan Bridge & Iron Works,| | | |
Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan | | | 84,000|
West Shell & Box Co., | | | |
North Edmonton, Alberta | | | 83,000|
Manitoba B. & I. Co., | | | |
Winnipeg, Manitoba | | | 83,000|
Medicine Hat P. & B. Co., | | | |
Medicine Hat, Alberta | | | 83,000|
Dominion Bridge Co., | | | |
Winnipeg, Manitoba | | | 84,000|
Salisbury Wheel & Axle Co., | | | |
Jamestown, N. Y. | | | 500,000| 1,097
| | | |
_3-inch antiaircraft shrapnel._ | | | |
| | | |
Symington Machine Corporation, | | | |
Rochester, N. Y. | 1,052,099|1,013,199|1,000,000|1,000,000
| | | |
_75-millimeter antiaircraft | | | |
high-explosive shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Moline Forge Co., Moline, Ill. | 939,866| 540,532| |
Jackson Munitions, Jackson, Mich.| 225,000| | |
Spencer Engine Co., Toledo, Ohio | 500,000| 28,293| |
Chamberlain Machine Works, | | | |
Waterloo, Iowa | 365,000| 23,669| |
| | | |
_75-millimeter antiaircraft | | | |
shrapnel._ | | | |
| | | |
Symington Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Rochester, N. Y. | 672,625| 672,625| 672,625| 672,625
| | | |
_75-millimeter gas and | | | |
high-explosive shell._ | | | |
| | | |
T. A. Gillespie, Parlin, N. J. | 1,400,000|1,400,000|1,400,000|1,977,149
American International | | | |
Corporation, New York City | 3,000,000|2,433,438| |
American Can Co., New York City | 7,000,000|2,563,151|4,000,000| 399,728
Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio |12,000,000|4,455,090| |
Valley Forge Co., Verona, Pa. | 4,000,000| 880,263| |
New York Air Brake Co., | | | |
New York City | 2,000,000| 192,774|1,300,000| 17,652
Worthington Pump Machine Co., | | | |
New York City | 2,650,000|1,473,929|2,660,000| 634,159
The Canadian Allis-Chalmers Co., | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | 2,267,062|1,802,117| 435| 140,647
Canada Car & Foundry Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | 1,656,302|1,592,877| |
A. P. Smith Co., Orange, N. J. | | | 125,000|
S. A. Wood Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Boston, Mass. | | |1,500,000| 405,344
Vermont Farm Machine Co., | | | |
Bellows Falls, Vt. | | | 750,000| 188,300
American Machinery Corporation, | | | |
Port Huron, Mich. | | | 200,000|
Consolidated Car Heating Co., | | | |
Albany, N. Y. | | | 810,000| 181,885
Wire Wheel Corporation, | | | |
Springfield, Mass. | | | 300,000| 71,239
The Canadian Crocker Wheeler, | | | |
St. Catherines, Ontario | | | 475,000| 160,935
Lachine Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Lachine, Quebec | | | 660,000| 255,264
The Electric Steel & Metal Co., | | | |
Welland, Ontario | | | 11,458| 11,458
J. Bertram & Co., Dundas, Ontario| | | 100,000| 51,141
Canadian Fairbanks Morse, Toronto| | |1,584,548|1,377,800
W. H. Banfield & Sons, Toronto | | |1,620,000| 670,000
Canadian Bridge Co., | | | |
Walkerville, Ontario | | |1,450,000| 456,993
Canadian Metal Co., Toronto | 3,250,000|1,154,371| |
Goldie & McCullough, | | | |
Galt, Ontario | 1,100,000| 921,206| 410,000| 61,476
John Inglis Co., Toronto | 1,700,000| 775,033| 75,000| 42,400
Cluff Ammunition Co., Toronto | 600,000| 509,343| |
G. W. McFarland Engineering Co., | | | |
Paris, Ontario | 1,500,000| 285,335| |
Dayton, Ohio, Products Co., | | | |
New York City | 3,500,000| 732,842| |
E. W. Bliss Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. | 1,300,000| 701,804| |
Lymburner (Ltd.) Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | 800,000| 630,978|2,474,000|1,126,556
Moline Forging & Machining Co., | | | |
Moline, Ill. | 1,500,000| 471,281| |
Laconia Car Co., Laconia, N. H. | 550,000| | |
Symington Machine Co., | | | |
Rochester, N. Y. | 4,025,000| |6,025,000|1,200,686
Roberts Filter Co., Darby, Pa. | | | 600,000| 151,975
Auto Transportation Co., | | | |
Buffalo, N. Y. | | | 350,000| 107,441
Dominion Bridge Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | | | 795,000| 301,144
Canadian Ingersoll Rand Co., | | | |
Sherbrooke, Quebec | | |1,100,000| 290,431
Steel Co. of Canada, | | | |
Brantford, Ontario | | | 515,000| 162,399
Allis-Chalmers Co., | | | |
Milwaukee, Wis. | | |1,520,000| 347,635
Jackson Munitions, Jackson, Mich.| | | 775,000| 67,570
Maxwell Motor Co., Detroit, Mich.| | | 800,000| 61,761
Batavia Steel Products, | | | |
Batavia, N. Y. | | |1,175,000| 311,417
Wheeling Mold & Foundry, | | | |
Wheeling, W. Va. | | | 500,000| 118,496
Eddystone Munitions, | | | |
Eddystone, Pa. | | |1,000,000| 190,100
Lachine Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Lachine, Quebec | | | |
The International Clay & Machine,| | | |
Dayton, Ohio | | | 124,000| 3,812
Smead & Co., | | | |
Jersey City, N. J. | | |1,100,000| 246,841
Manufacturing Production Co., | | | |
Dayton, Ohio | | |1,600,000| 340,885
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | | | 250,000| 132,321
Mueller Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Port Huron, Mich. | | | 500,000| 78,300
The Westfield Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Westfield, Mass. | | |1,740,000| 413,578
The Platt Iron Works, | | | |
Dayton, Ohio | | |1,600,000| 170,312
The Mueller Metal Co., | | | |
Wayne, Mich. | | | 750,000|
| | | |
_75-millimeter field-gun | | | |
shrapnel._ | | | |
| | | |
American Can Co., New York City | 969,039| 969,039| 904,067| 904,067
Eddystone Munitions Co., | | | |
Eddystone, Pa. | 769,961| 769,961| 750,000| 750,000
Bartlett-Hayward Co., | | | |
Baltimore, Md. | 6,565,519|4,272,900|6,200,000|3,492,863
Symington Machine Co., | | | |
Rochester, N. Y. | 5,459,378|4,868,942|8,375,000|3,329,025
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 650,000| 4,713| 750,000| 4,713
Laconia Car Co., Laconia, N. H. | 450,000| 369,483| |
Bossert Corporation, Utica, N. Y.| 200,000| | |
Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | 2,285,000| 10,000| |
Canada Forge Co., | | | |
Welland, Ontario | 730,000| | |
The Liberty Ordnance Co., | | | |
Bridgeport, Conn. | 1,000,000| 27,000| |
| | | |
_155-millimeter howitzer | | | |
high-explosive shell, | | | |
Mark I, type B._ | | | |
| | | |
Whittaker Glessner, | | | |
Portsmouth, Ohio | 130,000| 137,406| |
American Rolling Mills, | | | |
Middletown, Ohio | 100,000| 49,785| |
Pressed Steel Car Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh Pa. | 600,000| 552,867| |
American Car & Foundry Co., | | | |
New York City | 2,800,000|1,110,964| |
New York Air Brake Co., | | | |
New York City | 350,000| 1,158| 138,316|
Wm. Wharton Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 280,000| 61,224| |
Standard Steel Car Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 450,000| | |
Standard Forging Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | 21,141| | |
Curtis & Co., Manufacturing Co., | | | |
St. Louis, Mo. | 500,000| 404,645| |
American Steel Foundry Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | 412,042| 412,042| |
Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 130,000| 130,000| |
Detroit Shell Co., | | | |
Detroit, Mich. | | | 500,000| 45,563
J. J. Cavrick, Batavia, N. Y. | | | 300,000| 92,974
Standard Sanitary Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | | | 600,000| 94,409
Potter & Johnson, | | | |
Pawtucket, R. I. | | | 175,000|
North American Motor Co., | | | |
Pottstown, Pa. | | | 30,000| 29,446
Minneapolis Steel & Machine Co., | | | |
Minneapolis, Minn. | | | 400,000| 245,344
W. J. Oliver Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Knoxville, Tenn. | | | 130,000| 88,662
Twin City Forge & Foundry Co., | | | |
Stillwater, Minn. | | | 600,000| 54,483
Winslow Bros. Co., Chicago, Ill. | | | 600,000| 176,081
American Brake Shoe & Foundry | | | |
Co., New York City | | | 750,000| 184,697
American Clay & Machine Co., | | | |
Bucyrus, Ohio | | | 700,000|
Elyria Machine Co., Elyria, Ohio | | | 100,000| 32,139
American Machine & Manufacturing | | | |
Co., Atlanta, Ga. | | | 240,000| 75,063
Haroun Motor Corporation, | | | |
Wayne, Mich. | | | 200,000| 23,899
Wagner Electric Manufacturing | | | |
Co., St. Louis, Mo. | | | 300,000| 12,569
| | | |
_155-millimeter howitzer | | | |
high-explosive shell, | | | |
Mark IV, type D._ | | | |
| | | |
National Tube Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 800,000| 48,263| |
P. Lyall & Sons, | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | 400,000| 4,774| 150,000| 2,559
National Iron Works, | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | 400,000| 9,137| |
Dominion Steel Foundry, | | | |
Hamilton, Ontario | 400,000| 23,270| |
Studebaker Corporation, | | | |
Detroit, Mich. | 800,000| | 800,000|
Fairfax Forge Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | 400,000| | 150,000|
Pressed Steel Car Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 1,000,000| 15,122| |
Cleveland Crane Co., | | | |
Wickliffe, Ohio | 500,000| | |
Bethlehem Steel Co., | | | |
South Bethlehem, Pa. | 600,000| 139,103| |
G. W. McFarland, Paris, Ontario | 370,000| 521| |
LaClede Gas Light Co., | | | |
St. Louis, Mo. | 850,000| | 850,000|
Standard Forging Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | 500,000| | |
Whittaker Glessner Co., | | | |
Portsmouth, Ohio | 900,000| 31,909| |
Curtis & Co., St. Louis, Mo. | 130,000| | |
Warden King & Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | 180,000| | |
John Inglis Co., | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | 400,000| | |
Canada Iron Foundry Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | 100,000| | 100,000|
Cluff Ammunition Co., | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | 500,000| | |
Taylor Forbes (Ltd.), | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | 90,000| | |
Moon Motor Co., St. Louis, Mo. | | | 200,000|
Standard Sanitary, | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | | | 150,000|
Holden Morgan Thread Co., | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | | | 100,000|
E. Leonard & Sons, | | | |
London, Ontario | | | 80,000|
Otis Fenson Elevator Co., | | | |
Hamilton, Ontario | | | 200,000|
Dominion Copper Products, | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | | | 150,000| 2,056
Caron Bros., Montreal, Quebec | | | 125,000| 235
Potter & Johnson, | | | |
Pawtucket, R. I. | | | 350,000|
Biscoe Motor, Jackson, Mich. | | | 325,000|
Hudson Motor, Detroit, Mich. | | | 400,000|
Munition & M. N. (Ltd.), Sorel | | | 50,000|
John Bartram Sons, | | | |
Dundas, Ontario | | | 450,000|
| | | |
_155-millimeter howitzer | | | |
gas shell._ | | | |
| | | |
American Rolling Mills, | | | |
Middletown, Ohio | 500,000| 492,399| |
Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 120,000| 96,799| |
American Radiator Co., | | | |
Washington, D. C. | 625,000| 500| 416,667|
Wilson Foundry & Machine Co., | | | |
Pontiac, Mich. | 400,000| | 300,000|
Rathbone Sard & Co., Aurora, Ill.| 600,000| | 400,000|
| | | |
_155-millimeter gun | | | |
high-explosive shell, | | | |
Mark III, type B._ | | | |
| | | |
Standard Steel Car Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 1,000,000| 568,092|1,000,000| 431,238
Whittaker Glessner Co., | | | |
Portsmouth, Ohio | 350,471| 350,471| |
Standard Forging Co., | | | |
Indiana Harbor, Ind. | 800,000| 730,950| |
Mead Morris & Co., | | | |
Gloucester, Mass. | 300,000| 2,056| |
Twin City Forge & Foundry Co., | | | |
Stillwater, Minn. | 425,000| 136,053| |
Chicago Rlg. Equipment Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | 400,000| 23,356| |
Minneapolis Steel & Machine Co., | | | |
Minneapolis, Minn. | | | 200,000| 41,254
International Arms & Fuse, | | | |
Bloomfleld, N. J. | | | 500,000| 310,130
North American Motors, | | | |
Pottstown, Pa. | | | 70,000|
Potter & Johnson, | | | |
Pawtucket, R. I. | | | 100,000| 73,836
Templer Motor Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | | | 450,000| 45,014
New York Air Brake Co., | | | |
New York City | | | 211,684|
Jackson Munitions, Jackson, Mich.| | | 177,500| 25,981
Pullman Co., Pullman, Ill. | | | 300,000|
New Home Sewing Machine Co., | | | |
Orange, Mass. | | | 200,000|
| | | |
_155-millimeter gun | | | |
high-explosive shell, | | | |
Mark V, type D._ | | | |
| | | |
Symington Chicago Corporation, | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | 1,000,000| | 805,000|
American Rolling Mills, | | | |
Middletown, Ohio | 755,000| 36,161| |
Milton Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Milton, Pa. | 10,000| | |
Whittaker Glessner Co., | | | |
Portsmouth, Ohio | 750,000| | |
Dominion Foundry & Steel Co., | | | |
Hamilton, Ontario | 500,000| | |
Winslow Bros., Chicago, Ill. | | | 400,000|
Grant Motor Car Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | | | 260,000|
Cribbon Sexton Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | | | 200,000|
| | | |
_155-millimeter gun gas shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Bethlehem Steel Co., | | | |
South Bethlehem, Pa. | 100,000| 92,430| |
Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. | 850,000| 100| 657,000| 100
American Radiator Co., | | | |
Washington, D. C. | 125,000| | 83,333|
Whittaker Glessner Co., | | | |
Portsmouth, Ohio | 5,000| 5,000| |
American Car & Foundry Co., | | | |
New York City | | |1,350,000| 63,914
| | | |
_155-millimeter gun and | | | |
howitzer shrapnel._ | | | |
| | | |
Dayton, Ohio, Production Co., | | | |
Dayton, Ohio | 850,000| 131,329| |
Wm. Wharton, jr., | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 540,947| 345,457| |
Bartlett-Hayward Co., | | | |
Baltimore, Md. | 200,000| |1,600,000| 135,590
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 100,000| | |
| | | |
_3.8-inch howitzer shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 1,000| 1,000| 15,928| 11,757
Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | 105,000| | |
F. R. Wilford & Co. | 105,000| | |
| | | |
_3.8-inch howitzer shrapnel._ | | | |
| | | |
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 18,522| 14,264| 43,522| 14,264
Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | 35,000| | |
| | | |
_4.72-inch shell._ | | | |
| | | |
National Tube Co., | | | |
Christie Pks. Works | 12,500| 5,614| |
United States Government | 1,850| 1,850| 1,850| 1,850
Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| | | 12,705|
Twin City Forge, | | | |
Stillwater, Minn. | | | 2,500|
| | | |
_4.7-inch antiaircraft shell._ | | | |
| | | |
National Tube Co., | | | |
Christie Pks. Works | 230,000| 188,495| |
Maritime Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | | | 100,000|
Spartan Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | | | 46,000| 45,159
Darling Bros., Montreal, Quebec | | | 42,500| 15,060
Alberta Foundry & Machinery Co., | | | |
Alberta | | | 42,500| 6,170
| | | |
_4.7-inch antiaircraft shrapnel._| | | |
| | | |
The E. W. Bliss Co., | | | |
Brooklyn, N. Y. | 10,000| | |
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 60,000| | 60,000|
National Tube Co., | | | |
Christie Pks. Works | 100,000| 42,840| |
Alberta Foundry & Machinery Co., | | | |
Alberta | | | 42,500|
| | | |
_4.7-inch drill projectile._ | | | |
| | | |
Grand Rapids Brass Co., | | | |
Grand Rapids, Mich. | 2,975| 404| 2,975| 405
| | | |
_4.7-inch gun gas shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Milton Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Milton, Pa. | 400,000| 194,612| 400,000| 92,342
American Radiator Co., | | | |
Buffalo, N. Y. | | | 189,360|
| | | |
_4.7-inch gun shrapnel._ | | | |
| | | |
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 22,897| 22,440| 22,897| 22,440
Bartlett-Hayward Co., | | | |
Baltimore, Md. | 312,005| 327,183| 701,500| 306,635
National Tube Co., | | | |
Christie Pks. Works | 754,777| 338,507| |
Metal Production Co., Beaver, Pa.| | | 150,000| 11,264
| | | |
_4.7-inch howitzer shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 87,833| 26,614| 87,833| 26,614
| | | |
_4.7-inch howitzer shrapnel._ | | | |
| | | |
Bartlett-Hayward, Baltimore, Md. | 46,115| 46,294| 40,000| 40,000
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 79,865| 19,999| 79,865| 20,379
| | | |
_4.7-inch gun | | | |
high-explosive shell._ | | | |
| | | |
National Tube Co., | | | |
Christie Pks. Works | 1,284,848| 908,543| |
Allegheny Steel Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 900,000| 435,978| |
The E. W. Bliss Co., | | | |
Brooklyn, N. Y. | 10,000| | |
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 40,286| 12,047| 40,286| 12,047
Milton Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Milton, Pa. | 700,000| 351,731| 700,000| 285,000
Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | 200,000| | |
Darling Bros., Montreal, Quebec | | | 65,000|
Spartan Machine Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | | | 165,000|
Robb Engineering Co., | | | |
Amherst, N. J. | | | 95,000| 3,720
Motor Trucks Co., | | | |
Brantford, Ontario | | | 205,000| 11,083
P. Lyall & Sons, Montreal, Quebec| | | 845,000| 318,578
Steel Products Co., | | | |
Huntington, W. Va. | | | 100,000| 9,023
Armstrong Ck. Co., Lancaster, Pa.| | | 475,000| 20,238
Campbell Howard Machine Co., | | | |
Sherbrooke, Quebec | | | 350,000|
Thurlow Steel Works, Chester, Pa.| | | 136,500| 35,116
Bell Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Fairmount, Ind. | | | 75,000| 5,289
Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y.| | | 350,000| 70,975
Indiana Fiber Co., Marion, Ind. | | | 75,000| 12,520
Canadian Westinghouse Co., | | | |
Hamilton, Ontario | | | 300,000| 94,156
Ry. Ind. Engineering Co., | | | |
Greensburg, Pa. | | | 100,000| 34,347
Sherbrooke Ironworks, Sherbrooke | | | 60,000| 14,026
Bridgeport Project Co., | | | |
Bridgeport, Conn. | | | 20,000| 16,802
American & British Manufacturing | | | |
Co., Bridgeport, Conn. | | | 87,319| 57,932
Maritime Manufacturing Co., | | | |
St. Johns, New Brunswick | | | 100,000|
Alberta Foundry & Machinery Co., | | | |
Alberta | | | 50,000|
| | | |
_8-inch gun and howitzer | | | |
high-explosive and gas shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Carnegie Steel Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 561,548| 210,171| |
Root & Vandervoort Engineering | | | |
Co., East Moline, Ill. | 40,000| 40,928| 190,000| 144,815
Wagner Electrical & Manufacturing| | | |
Co., St. Louis, Mo. | 40,000| 40,000| 170,000| 48,586
McMyler Interstate Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | 500,000| 263,674| 450,000| 238,470
Pollak Steel Co., New York City | 100,000| | |
Curtis & Co., St. Louis, Mo. | 295,000| 167,202| |
Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 140,000| 135,176| |
Standard Steel Car Co., | | | |
Butler, Pa. | 100,000| 6,072| |
Pressed Steel Car Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 250,000| | |
Westinghouse Electric & | | | |
Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | | | 360,000| 166,803
Willys Overland Co., | | | |
Toledo, Ohio | | | 600,000|
Motor Products Corporation, | | | |
Detroit, Mich. | | | 100,000|
British War Mission, Munsey | | | |
Building, Washington, D. C. | 101,817| 100,277| |
Imperial Munitions Board, Ottawa | 8,612| 7,722| |
Pollak Steel Co., New York City | 75,000| 22,681| |
American Steel Foundry Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | 570,000| 247,649| |
Dominion Steel Foundry Co., | | | |
Hamilton, Ontario | 100,000| 91,191| |
Canada Cement Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | 150,000| 22,304| 650,000| 4,700
British Forgings (Ltd.), | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | 275,000| 24,933| |
Dominion Bridge Co., | | | |
Montreal, Quebec | 150,000| 55,324| |
Standard Forging Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | 300,000| 38,659| |
Pressed Steel Car Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 250,000| 85,750| |
Wm. Wharton, jr., & Co., | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 125,000| | |
Dominion Foundries & Co. (Ltd.), | | | |
Hamilton, Ontario | 250,000| 10,746| |
American Brake Shoe & Foundry | | | |
Co., New York City | | | 250,000| 197,250
Maritime Manufacturing | | | |
Corporation, St. John, | | | |
New Brunswick | | | 460,000| 26,000
| | | |
_9.2-inch howitzer | | | |
high-explosive shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Russell Motor Car Co., | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | | | 335,000| 15,049
St. Lawrence Bridge Co., Montreal| | | 335,000| 31,880
United States Ammunition | | | |
Corporation, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.| | | 250,000| 6,486
Fisher Motor Co., Orilla, Ontario| | | 180,000| 100
Canadian Bridge Co., | | | |
Walkersville, Ontario | | | 110,000|
| | | |
_240-millimeter | | | |
high-explosive shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Carnegie Steel Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 190,000| 92,316| |
Curtis & Co. Manufacturing Co., | | | |
St. Louis, Mo. | 275,000| 174,174| |
American Car & Foundry Co., | | | |
New York City | 90,000| | 400,000| 47,953
American Steel Foundries Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | 80,000| 3,277| |
Scullin Steel Co., St. Louis, Mo.| 350,000| | |
A. F. Smith Manufacturing Co., | | | |
East Orange, N. J. | | | 25,000|
Motors Truck (Ltd.), | | | |
Brantford, Ontario | | | 125,000|
Laclede Gas Light Co., | | | |
St. Louis, Mo. | | | 526,014|
| | | |
_5-inch seacoast gun shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Cleveland Crane & Engineering | | | |
Co., Wickliffe, Ohio | 244,812| 122,324| |
McMyler Interstate Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | 5,000| 5,107| |
Milton Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Milton, Pa. | 30,000| 29,121| |
Machine Products Co., | | | |
Cleveland, Ohio | | | 75,000| 21,532
A. J. Vance & Co., | | | |
Winston-Salem, N. C. | | | 40,000| 1,578
Twin City & Foundry Co., | | | |
Stillwater, Minn. | | | 400|
A. B. Ormsby Co. (Ltd.), | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | | | 50,000| 10,029
P. Tyrall Construction Co., | | | |
Montreal | | | 105,000| 38,385
| | | |
_6-inch seacoast gun shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Frankford Arsenal, | | | |
Philadelphia, Pa. | 40,950| 25,957| 40,950| 25,957
Bethlehem Steel Co., | | | |
Bethlehem, Pa. | 16,000| 22,053| 16,000| 15,910
Columbian Iron Works, | | | |
Chattanooga, Tenn. | 40,000| 40,346| 132,542| 149,281
The Pressed Steel Car Co., | | | |
McKeesport, Pa. | 385,000| 370,677| |
Standard Steel Car Co., | | | |
Hammond, Ind. | 400,000| 376,827| |
Anniston Steel Co., | | | |
Anniston, Ala. | 243,812| | |
Westinghouse Electric | | | |
Manufacturing Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 35,000| 31,310| 385,000| 192,684
Wm. Wharton, jr., Easton, Pa. | 24,000| | |
The Southern Machinery Co., | | | |
Chattanooga, Tenn. | | | 447,458| 19,537
| | | |
_10-inch seacoast gun shell._ | | | |
| | | |
American Car & Foundry Co., | | | |
New York City | 24,360| 24,360| 275,000| 130,040
Carnegie Steel Co., | | | |
Pittsburgh, Pa. | 60,000| 61,770| |
Carnegie Steel Co., Munhall, Pa. | 225,000| 137,168| |
| | | |
_12-inch seacoast gun shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Carnegie Steel Co., | | | |
McKees Rocks, Pa. | 165,000| 7,627| |
Watertown Arsenal, | | | |
Watertown, Mass. | 15,000| 1,449| |
Washington Steel & Ordnance Co., | | | |
Giesboro Manor, D. C. | 28,631| 6,129| 38,000| 1,907
Leaside Munitions Corporation, | | | |
Toronto, Ontario | 105,000| | 105,000|
Standard Forging Co., | | | |
Chicago, Ill. | 15,000| | |
Bethlehem Steel Co., | | | |
Bethlehem, Pa. | 32,000| | |
American Clay Machine Co., | | | |
Bucyrus, Ohio | | | 15,000|
| | | |
_14-inch seacoast gun shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Carnegie Steel Co., | | | |
McKees Rocks, Pa. | 10,000| 220| |
Watertown Arsenal, | | | |
Watertown, Mass. | 9,000| | |
Washington Steel & Ordnance Co., | | | |
Washington, D. C. | | | 80|
| | | |
_16-inch seacoast | | | |
howitzer shell._ | | | |
| | | |
Washington Steel & Ordnance Co., | | | |
Washington, D. C. | 140| | 140|
---------------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------