Chapter XIV: Civilization and Its Benefits (1)

To “wonder furiously”--Better Government, or Worse?--Comparison of Standards--A Conversation with Aborigine Friends--The Question of Money--Tabus.

Looking back over what I learned, during the two years that I was in Formosa, of the manners and customs--collectively speaking--of the aboriginal tribes, and of the outlook on life of these _Naturvölker_, I am given to “think furiously” along lines other than anthropological; that is, along those that are sociological as well. Rather, perhaps, to “wonder furiously.”

If it be true, as Dr. Tylor--in _Primitive Culture_--points out, that “no human thought is so primitive as to have lost bearing on our own thought, or so ancient as to have broken connection with our own life,” it opens up an interesting field for speculation. For one thing, as to what would have been the line of social evolution of the so-called superior races had they, like the _seban_, continued to regard the cutting off of an enemy head as meritorious rather than otherwise. (Yet what is war between “civilized” races, except head-hunting on a grand scale; only with accompanying mangling and gassing and other horrors of which the island _seban_[102] knows nothing?) And if, also like the _seban_, prostitution had remained unknown, and the breaking of a promise been regarded as so heinous a crime that only the death of the one guilty of so foul a thing could save his family and relatives and all who came into contact with him from being contaminated by his own uncleanness.

What then? One wonders. What sort of civilization would have been evolved, had culture progressed--as in Europe, for example, in the matter of learning, of arts, and of sciences--yet had the standards of right and wrong remained as they are with the primitive folk among whom I spent two years, and if the fundamental conception of government had remained the same--that of a matriarchal theocracy, which is yet, in a sense, communistic.

Were they, too, matriarchal--the “tattooed and woaded, winter-clad in skins” European forefathers of ours? It is a dangerous thing to assume a unilineal line of evolution. Because there are evidences of mother-right[103] having been dominant in certain parts of the world, or with certain peoples--and of this mother-right still existing in a few isolated instances--it would be rashly unwise to assume, as a few writers and speakers have done, that the female of the species was once the dominant half of the _genus homo_. However, assuming for the sake of argument--or of phantasy--that matriarchal government was once universal, until the male learned that in the matter of governing the power of brute force equalled, in efficacious results, that of summoning spirits from the vasty deep on the part of priestess and sibyl, or of ruling the tribe through aruspicy and the cries of birds; or until he learned, perhaps, that brute force could even make his own those priestly offices which had been the prerogative of that sex once solely associated with the Mystic Force (by virtue of that medium still regarded by primitive folk as sacred and mysterious).[104]

Suppose, I say--and I underscore _suppose_--we assume this mother-right--matri-potestal as well as matrilineal and matri-local--once to have existed in Europe in as full force as it still does in a few islands of the South Pacific; and, again, suppose the male had never learned, or never chosen to apply, the force of muscular suasion, what sort of Midsummer’s Night Dream of a world should we have had? Would it have been an Eden--with Adam kept very much in his place--a sort of Golden Age, such as many equal-suffrage advocates assert would be the outcome of matriarchal rule; or would it have resulted in “confusion worse confounded” (in this year of grace, 1922, is such a state possible to conceive?), such as Weininger[105] and his school would assert could be the only result of woman-rule? Or would this school concede that there could be such a thing as a woman-ruled State? Would it not hold, rather, that such an attempt could end only in anarchy?

Yet the realm which the women-chiefs and priestesses of Formosa govern is the reverse of anarchic. Laws there are as the laws of the Medes and Persians; or as those are supposed to have been. Every act of daily life, personal as well as communal, is regulated by law, and any infringement of this law is met with dire penalty. This--incidentally--holds true with all primitive peoples, patriarchal as well as matriarchal. Those who fancy that a “return to nature”--meaning to primitive conditions--would give licence either for lawlessness or for the indulgence without restraint in individual preference, social or political, reckon without knowledge of conditions actually existing in primitive society. One shudders to think what would have been Rousseau’s fate had he really “returned to nature”--i.e. lived among the _Naturvölker_--and broken tabu of marriage or parenthood. For those who hold in contempt established convention, or life regulated by law, primitive society is not the place.

But to return to the question of gynarchic rule: All the women of this particular island--or of that particular part of it still under aboriginal control and hence matriarchal--are not Sapphos or Katherines--are not even the primitive prototypes of these illustrious ladies--any more than they are simpering _Doras_,[106] neurotics, or nymphomaniacs. As George Eliot made one of her characters, in speaking of her own sex, remark, “The Lord made ‘em fools to match the men,” so one is inclined to ask, after having seen the practical working of a gynocracy, if women were made also good and bad--in the comprehensive inclusiveness of those words--wise and foolish, to match the so-called sterner sex; the sex which seems, however, in reality neither sterner nor more bloodthirsty than the so-called gentler one; any more than it seems a greater lover of abstract justice, which, according to one English writer, “no woman understands.”[107]

Which train of wondering brings us back to the original wonder with which this chapter started: If our European forefathers had ever, in the dim “once-upon-a-time” of long ago, the same standards of right and wrong as the present-day _seban_ of Formosa; if they, too, were once matri-potestal--what would have been the line of evolution that Europe would have followed had this state of affairs continued, only gradually evolving, through letters and arts, from savagery to so-called civilization? Should we have been better governed or worse?

Or--another wonder intervenes. Would letters and arts have ever developed under a matriarchy? Probably yes. Perhaps even to a greater extent than has been the case during the long centuries of patriarchal rule that have followed the possible once-upon-a-time primitive matriarchates of antiquity. For even recognizing that the creative faculty--artistic and inventive--is the heritage of man rather than of woman, has it not, within historic times, in civilized countries, been ever under queen rulership that letters and art have flourished? Perhaps an unrecognized, sublimated form of sex-instinct--or so a certain school of psycho-analysts would argue--that has spurred masculine creative genius to its highest point; as it spurred, apparently, the venturous spirit of the great explorers, certainly of the Elizabethan age; and as, in a later age in England, it spurred those who dreamed of world conquest in the name of the “Great Good Queen.” Has personal idolatry rendered to a king ever equalled that rendered to a queen, whether by soldier or poet, artist or farm-labourer? The sex instinct here, as in other fields, has played its part, and in this particular field usually for good rather than for evil. Perhaps no more Sapphos would have arisen under the rule of women than of men; but it seems not improbable that more men poets might have arisen, worthily and lustily to sing the praises of queens.

And the governing--worse governed or better under theocratic queens than under kings or under mobs? Not worse, I think. Executive ability seems woman’s in surprising degree where she has had the opportunity to exercise it; often where the exercise of it has been unrecognized, because attributed to the male--her man--who stood before the world, or who sat upon the throne.

As executive and ruler in miniature--executive in the household and ruler over the children, since house, in any form, has existed or maternal responsibility, however elementary, been recognized--executive ability seems to have been developed in women; just as through child-bearing and rearing--or psycho-physical potentiality for this--intellectual creative faculty has, with the normal woman, remained dormant.

So much for wondering over possible might-have-beens in connection with matriarchal government, if this system in some supposititious long-ago ever existed in Europe.

As for the general standards of right and wrong--standards as they exist among the aborigines of Formosa, compared with standards which exist to-day in Europe: Would it be more agreeable to be in danger of losing one’s head, if one went for a sunset stroll and ventured too near enemy territory--provided oneself were not the first to secure the enemy head--yet to know that a word once given, by friend or enemy, would never be broken; that no lock would be needed to guard one’s possessions; that life-insurance had not to be taken into consideration, because, in case of one’s untimely demise, one’s wife and children would, as a matter of course, be given equal provender with the other members of the community; that not only was no special plea for mercy needed for “fatherless children and widows,” but that, as a matter of fact, these usually fared somewhat better than other members of the community, because the widow generally became a priestess, and as such wielded greater power and influence in the community than a mere wife could do?

Also to know that fire-insurance might equally be left out of the reckoning, as in case one’s house were destroyed by fire, all one’s neighbours could be relied upon to build one a new house.

Would it be more agreeable to know that battle, murder, and sudden death were ever-present possibilities, if one happened to be a man and a warrior (and to be one meant being the other), yet to know that while life lasted it would ever be a merry one; that if by chance old age or illness overtook one, one would be cared for, not as a matter of charity, but again--as in the case of widows and orphans--as a matter of course; or to cower before what old age and illness and out-of-work days mean for the poverty-stricken in present-day civilization?

To live knowing that death sudden, yet swift and comparatively painless, might one day be one’s portion--or the portion of one’s husband--yet ever to be certain, while one lived, of a home as good as that of any member of the people to whom one belonged; of clothing and fuel and food in abundance; or to live as the poor in the great cities of Christian civilization live, and to die as they die; to cry not only for bread where there is no bread, but for work where there is no work; in decrepit old age and illness to be cared for by the community, if at all, as a matter of contemptuous pity,--which were preferable?

I tried once to explain something of economic conditions in the white man’s world, and in that of modern Japan, to one of my Formosan aborigine friends. The idea that one should receive more than another, unless that other had by misconduct forfeited his share, was as difficult for my friend to understand as it was that a man could not work who wanted to work, or that there should not be food enough for all. That it was held to be a matter of shame to be helped by the community when one was too old or too ill to work was incomprehensible; as incomprehensible as was the question of prostitution. “But women who live so, how can they have strong sons and daughters?” he asked. “And how can they make good priestesses to the people?” an old priestess who was standing by asked. “Such women destroy faith,” she added, “not build it up for the guidance of men.”

I thought of the Inari temples--those devoted to the worship of the Fox-god--and of the votaries of these temples, in Japan. I thought of the stories of the temples of Babylon, of Egypt, of certain of those in ancient Greece--all these had represented mighty civilizations; the votaries of the Fox-god temples belong to a nation that is to-day one of the great world-powers; while the old Formosan woman was only a savage. How could she know anything of the refinements of civilization, or of what civilization demands?

But those ancient civilizations, I reflected--they were “heathen”; even present-day Japan is “heathen.” As a member of a race that is supposed to uphold Christian civilization and to convert heathen peoples to its tenets, there was momentary unction in this thought. Then, as the old man and old woman stood looking up at me, with inquiring, wrinkled faces, awaiting an answer to questions that would solve the problem that was puzzling them, there flashed across my mind the memory of a Christian temple, in a great Christian capital, which it was the fashion of the more fashionable stratum of the painted ladies of the city to attend, and where----

But no, they were not priestesses; only devotees who exchanged glances with the male devotees, and who after the services spoke with the latter, doubtless for the “upbuilding of their faith.”

And as for the question of the old man; how could women who lived so have strong sons and daughters? I thought of all the painted women of all the great cities of the world--those flaunting their silks and furs and jewels under the electric glare of the great thoroughfares, inviting with smiles and glances; and those others, shivering, wrapping their rags about them in dark corners, croaking, cackling, and clutching desperately, hoping to earn, in an ancient profession of civilization, enough to buy food and drink sufficient to keep life a little longer in unclean, diseased bodies. These women had no children; but I thought of their male companions; some their victims; some who had victimized and had started certain of the painted ones in their profession; some merely the boon companions of an hour. And I thought of hospitals I had visited; of operations that I had witnessed on the wives of the men who had “settled down after sowing a few wild oats”--years of agony in one life as a vicarious atonement for perhaps one night of wine and laughter and song in the life of another. And I thought of children I had seen, and of grandchildren.... It made it a little difficult to explain clearly, to the old man and the old woman, the benefits of a system inextricably interwoven with civilization, ancient and modern; and the reason why this system lent a delicate zest to the art of civilized living. And part of my wonder to-day is: Supposing, _supposing_, this art--this profession--had never been introduced into society----?

Almost as difficult to answer as was the question of the reason why of money-taking in exchange for love were other questions put to me by aboriginal friends in connection with money. Why money at all? What were the benefits of this “recognized medium of exchange,” and of the great banking systems, which are part of the economic fabric of every civilization of the world. I gave a few coins to some men and women of the Yami tribe; they began to beat them out into thin plates to add to their helmets. I gave some to the Ami people; they drilled holes in them and fastened them, as ornamental buttons, to their blankets. Those that I gave to the Paiwan they inserted in holes in their ears--all except one young warrior who set his _ni-ju-sen_[108] piece among the boars’ tusks that ornamented his cap. The Taiyal priestess to whom I gave a _go-ju-sen_[109] piece regarded it with reverence, and carefully wrapped it in a banana-leaf. A short time afterwards I saw her, sitting by the bedside of a patient, balancing the _go-ju-sen_ on a bamboo-rod, gripped between her knees; the small stone generally used on such occasions--mentioned in the chapter ILLNESS AND DEATH--having been replaced by the shining silver coin.

The Taiyal seemed to think that some particularly powerful _Ottofu_ was connected with silver coins. Perhaps the “White Fathers,” and also the Chinese and Japanese, used these shining pieces to draw down the _Ottofu_ of long-departed ancestors; hence had they waxed mighty. That such _Ottofu_ pieces might be used as media of exchange between different tribes, when these were not actively at war with each other--this was comprehensible; but that such should be needed, or conceivably ever used, between members of the same tribe or nation--this was not comprehensible. “Surely man does not kill meat for himself alone, when his brothers, too, are hungry; nor does a woman grow millet for her own children alone, when the children of other women are crying for food.”

Nor could I ever quite make my savage friends realize the blessings of civilization in the matters of the economic system, any more than of the social. They could only comprehend that among the enlightened ones of the world it was somehow tabu for one man to have as many shining pieces as another, or as much meat and drink, as good a house to shelter him from the wind, or as much fuel to make fire in the rainy season, as another, that somehow the shining _Ottofu_ pieces brought these blessings. But just why was it tabu for one man to have more than another? They were much puzzled, until at last one Taiyal man suggested that no doubt the White God-descended Ones knew, in their wisdom, which of their brothers were most worthy, most noble and holy; and to the most holy was awarded the largest share of the _Ottofu_ pieces.

And still I am wondering what if the speculations of my savage friends had been correct--what sort of a Europe should I be living in to-day? How would it contrast with the Europe that is?

When my friends learned of the tabu connected with the shining pieces, they wished to hear more of the tabus of the Great Ones. Were these the same as their own: tabus that surrounded young men and maidens, which prevented the latter from hearing an indelicate word or seeing a coarse gesture, that prevented the marriage of too near relations, that----

“Yes, yes,” I hurried to assent, “among the better classes all these tabus are observed.”

“But,” my interlocutors interrupted, “what is meant by classes, and, if there is more than one class among the same people, why should the young girls of one class be protected more than those of another?”

Again their intelligence failed to grasp my attempts at a logical explanation. But a priestess pressed for further knowledge on the subject of the white man’s--and especially the white woman’s--tabus. Was it tabu for a husband to be either brutal to his wife---- “Yes, among the better----” I began. But the priestess hurried on: “or indelicate in his attentions to her; was she, his wife--as regards marital relations--to be tabu to him altogether before the birth of her children, and for some time afterwards? Was a disloyal husband himself so tabu that, even in the tribes where he was not beheaded or stoned to death, no self-respecting member of the community--either man or woman--would speak to him or supply him with food; so that he had to flee to the woods and live as an outcast?”

I tried to explain that it was difficult to know; one could not be sure, for there were some points on which neither men nor women always told the exact truth.

“But not to tell the truth!” my friends cried in chorus. “Surely the curses of their ancestors are on those who do not speak the truth!”

And I thought, or tried to think, of a civilization--white or yellow--in which men and women spoke always the truth, with nothing added, nothing suppressed; where “yea” meant always _yea_, and “nay,” _nay_; where the realization that anything more “cometh of evil” was put into practice; consequently the anything more left unsaid. And still I am trying to think what civilization under these conditions would mean. Civilization--I am wondering.

Since my sojourn among the men and women who live in the mountains of Formosa that word--civilization--has had a new meaning; been a new source of wonder to me.

FOOTNOTES:

[102] In this connection I speak of the aborigines of this particular island--Formosa. Among many of the Melanesian aborigines of other islands of the South Pacific--as among many tribes of equatorial Africa, and certain tribes of American Indians--every form of torture is applied to the vanquished enemy before death releases him from suffering.

[103] See _Das Mutterrecht_, by J. J. Bachofen.

[104] On this subject see _Les Formes Élémentaires de la Vie Religieuse_, by E. Durkheim.

[105] See _Sex and Character_, by Otto Weininger.

[106] The _Dora_ of Dickens’s _David Copperfield_.

[107] See _The Female of the Species_, by Kipling.

[108] A Japanese silver coin, equivalent to about a sixpence in value.

[109] A Japanese coin, equivalent to about a shilling in value.

INDEX

Aborigines:
characteristics, 95 et seq., 105
future of, 198 et seq.
population, 87, 88
social organisation of, 109 et seq., 125-126
Aetas, 64, 106
Agricultural implements, 183, 184
Ainu of Hokkaido, 177
Saghalien, 177
_Aiyu-sen_, 100
American Indians, 103
Ami tribe, the, 75, 87, 99, 101, 103, 104
arts and crafts of, 174, 181, 182
characteristics of, 76, 211
customs of, 74, 114, 117, 122, 124, 128, 169, 187
marriage of, 154-156, 160-162
religion, 131-133, 151
traditions of, 96
transport, 193-195
Amoy dialect, 87, 103
Andaman islanders, 107, 126
Anping, 43, 49, 51
Arapani, 134
Archery, 120
Arizona, 28
Arts and crafts, 173 et seq.
Ashikaga dynasty, 44

“Bachelor-house” system, 122, 123
Bartsing, 131
Basketry, 181
Berri berri, 89
Botel Tobago, 97, 104, 114, 148, 149, 150, 176, 182
“Bradyaga,” 55
British trade, 51
Bunun tribe, the, 70
arts and crafts of, 99, 174, 177
characteristics of, 102, 103
customs of, 111, 169, 170 et seq.
marriage, 159
Bunun religion, 137, 139, 140
Bureau of Aboriginal Affairs, 101

Camphor, 31, 70
factories, 70, 90
wood, 69
Candidius, Father, 52, 91, 150, 196
Caps, 181
Chastity, 109
Children, 121, 122
China, 31, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 89
China grass, 120, 187
_China Review_, the, 103, 104
China Sea, 29
Chinese:
classification of tribes, 104
coolies, 79
customs, 169
dominance of Formosan, 49, 54 et seq.
expedition to Formosa, 42
influence in Formosa, 174
pirates, 45
population, 86, 87
records of Formosa, 37 et seq.
treatment of Aborigines, 88
under Japanese rule, 54
Chinese-Formosans, 37, 38, 51, 52, 58 et seq., 69, 88, 101
dialect, 78
villages, 74
_Chin-Huan_, 103, 104, 111, 127, 128, 154
Circumcision, 192
Clothing, 113
Cogett, Governor, 54
Communal system, 109
Confucian ethics, 81
Confucius, sayings of, 58

Dancing, 113
“Dead houses,” 168
Death, 163 et seq.
Deniker’s _The Races of Man_, 110
de Valdez, Don Antonio de Careño, 50
Dgagha, 131
Divorce, 107
Dominican Friars, 51
Dutch, the:
dominance of, 47 et seq., 90
education, 91
exit from Formosa, 54
first landing of, 47
influences of, 52, 53, 104, 194, 199
missionaries, 52, 53, 166
records, 166
Dutch East Indies, 54
Dwelling-houses, 173
Dyaks of Borneo, 110, 111
Dyes, 179

Ear-rings, 178, 186, 187
Evil omens, 113
Exogamy, 141, 161

Filipinos, 95
Fokien Province, 41, 42, 87
Foochow, 38
dialect, 87
Fort Zelandia, 49, 50

Game hunting, 119
Gan Shi-sai, 45
Garanbi, Cape, 38, 116
_Geisha_ system, 129
Giran, 71
_Go-ju-sen_, 211
Granaries, 124
Gravius (Dutch Minister), 52
Great Daimyos, 44
Guam, 126
Gynarchic rule, 204

_Hachiman_, 44
Hakkas, 46, 59, 86
Hamay, 95
Hawaii, 28
Head-hunting, 109 et seq.
“Hoe-culture,” 125
Holland, 49
Hong-Kong, 37
Houi, Mr., 70

Igorotes, 95, 96
Illness, customs in, 163 et seq.
Implements, 183, 184
Inari temples, 209
Indonesian origins, 97
Indoneso-Malay stock, 95
Iron, 41, 42
Ishii, Mr., 100, 101, 105

_Japanese Chronicle_, the, 32
Japanese classification of tribes, 102 et seq.
domination of Taruko, 106
education, 35, 89
first associations with Formosa, 44, 47
laws, 118
officialdom, 36, 58, 62 et seq.
pirates, 44, 45
population in Formosa, 87
tradition, 134
treatment of Chinese, 89
treatment of foreigners, 33
treatment of Formosans, 31, 32, 58, 89, 100, 198
_Jitsugetsutan_, 196

Kagoshima, 35, 36
Kakring, 130 et seq.
Kalapiat, 130 et seq.
Karenko, 71, 72
Keelung, 35, 44, 45, 50, 51, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 71, 72
Kipling, 56
Kobe, 32
Koksinga, 45, 54, 88
Korea, 33, 199
Kwantung, Province of, 86
Kyoto, 34

Ladrone Islands, 126
Linguistic affinity of tribes, 98
Linschotten, 46
Little Lu-chu, 43
Looms, 179
Lowie, 125
Lu-chu Islands, 39, 42, 43, 176, 192
Luzon (Philippines), 95, 96

Macao, 49
Mahayana Buddhism, 34
Malay language, 99
Malay origins, 40
Manila, 29
Maori skulls, 96
Marianne Islands, 126
Marin, Mr., 70
Marital fidelity, 128
Marriage, 110, 128, 152 et seq., 190, 191
Masculine vanity, 186
Matriarchate, 27, 28
government by, 201 et seq.
Matrilineal tribes, 27, 28
Matrilocal tribes, 27, 28
Ma Tuan-hui, 40
_Mavayaiya_, 118, 136
Melanesia, 176
Millet, 183
granaries, 176
hoe, 179
wine, 118
Mindanao, 50
Ming dynasty, 43, 44
Missionaries, 31, 36, 65, 73
Monkeys, 118
Monogamy, 109, 128
Moors, the, 50
Mother-of-pearl, 178
Mother-right, 109
Mt. Morrison, 38
Mt. Sylvia, 38
Musical instruments, 184
Mutilation, 86 et seq.

Nagasaki, 29
Nevada, 28
New Mexico, 28
_Ni-ju-sen_, 211

Ornaments, 185
_Ottofu_, 163-165, 168, 183, 212
Ox-hide, 47, 48
Paiwan tribe, the, 87, 99, 100, 101
arts and crafts, 174, 175, 177, 196
characteristics of, 103, 211
chieftainship of, 121
contact with the Chinese, 104
head-hunting, 102, 111, 119
marriage, 154, 159
religion, 134-136, 151
trading, 128
traditions, 116
Papuans, 195
Patrilocal tribes, 27
_Pepo-huan_, 103, 104
Pescadores, 39, 44, 47, 49
Philippine Islands, 28, 50, 64, 95, 106
Pigmy people, 106
women, 107, 108
Pinan, 71, 73, 74, 133
_Pithecanthropus_, 28
Piyuma tribe, the, 99, 100
arts and crafts, 196
chieftainship, 121
customs, 117, 118, 122, 188
marriage, 154, 160, 161
religion, 134
Polynesian skulls, 96
Portuguese, the, 46, 94
Pottery, 181 et seq.

Religion, 130 et seq.
Reyersz, Admiral Cornelius, 49
Rice-paddies, 30, 52, 60, 61
Russell, Bertrand, 199

Saisett tribe, the, 70, 99, 100, 102
marriage, 162
religion, 148
tattooing, 188
Sakurajuma, 35
Salt, 128
_Samurai_, 63
San Domingo, 50
Schetelig, Arnold, 96
_Seban_, 80, 81, 82, 200, 201
_Sek-huan_, 74, 103, 104
Sex, 153 et seq.
Shimonoseki, treaty of, 87
_Shin-shu_, 34
Siam, 43
Sino-Japanese War, 54, 88
Smoking, 113
Solomon Islands, 195
South China Sea, 29
Spain, 50, 51
Sugar, 31
Sui dynasty, 39, 98
Sun and Moon Lake, 196
Suspension-bridges, 177

Tabu, 161, 183
Tagalog tribe, 96, 134
Taihoku, 34, 35, 58, 59, 61, 64, 70
Tainan, 43, 45, 47, 49
Taiwan, 29, 43
Taiyal tribe, the:
arts and crafts, 173, 184
characteristics of, 96, 103, 105, 106, 127, 211
customs, 114, 125, 165, 168, 169, 187
head-hunting, 111, 112, 115
marriage, 152, 157, 159, 160
religion, 139 et seq., 181, 212
social organization, 120, 124
tattooing, 160, 161, 188, 191
transport, 196
Takao, 51, 71, 72, 74, 104
Takasago, 45
Taketon-Monogabari, 134
Tamsui, 50, 51
Taruko group, 105
Tattooing, 111, 112, 188 et seq.
Taylor, George, 116
Tea, 31
Teeth, 187
Terrace beach, 29, 30
Theriolatry, 135
Tobacco, 114
Totems, 135, 141, 146
Transport, 193 et seq.
Tribes, classification of, 103-104
Tropic of Cancer, 30
Tsarisen tribe, the, 99, 100
marriage, 161
religion, 136, 137
Tsuou tribe, the, 99
arts and crafts, 184
customs, 122, 188
marriage, 156
religion, 137-138
transport, 196
Tuber-juice, 179
Tung-Hai, 36
“Two-Button” officials, 34
Tyler, Dr., 200

Van Marwijk, Admiral, 47

Wallace’s _Malay Archipelago_, 99
Wan San-ho, 43, 44
Weapons, 120, 177, 178
Weaving, 179, 180
Weininger, Otto, 203
Wire, 178

Yami tribe, the, 99
arts and crafts, 176, 182, 185, 195
characteristics, 103, 211
customs, 97, 172, 114
religion, 148-150
Yangtsein, Admiral, 42
_Yoshiwara_, 129
Yuan dynasty, 42

_Zen-shu_, 34

_Printed in Great Britain by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury._

UNWIN’S “CHATS” SERIES

PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS FOR COLLECTORS

Most people nowadays are collectors in a small way of Autographs, China, Furniture, Prints, Miniatures, or Silver, and would take up these fascinating hobbies more extensively, and collect with profit, if they had a knowledge of the subject.

It is to the beginner and would-be collector that Unwin’s “Chats” Series of practical handbooks especially appeal. They are the recognized standard guides to collecting, each volume being the work of an expert on the subject dealt with.

Each volume is profusely illustrated with carefully-chosen specimens of the various styles and periods.

Full Indices, Bibliographies, and Lists of Sale Prices at Public Auctions are included in the volumes.

“As this is the age of collectors, so it is the age of books for their guidance. Mr. Unwin’s series of books for collectors now includes twenty-one volumes, and if bargains are missed it is certainly not the fault of the various writers.”

_The Nation._

HOW TO COLLECT WITH PROFIT

is the keynote of the series. The phenomenal prices realized at auction sales are obtained by those who have collected wisely. Prices are still rising, and those who have the knowledge are buying for future rises. Ask always for and see that you get UNWIN’S “Chats” Series--the standard popular handbooks on collecting.

THE “CHATS” SERIES IS ON SALE AT ALL BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD AND IS PUBLISHED BY T. FISHER UNWIN LTD., 1 ADELPHI TERRACE. LONDON, W.C. 2

LIST OF VOLUMES

=Chats on English China.= By ARTHUR HAYDEN. Illustrated with reproductions of 156 marks and 89 specimens of china.

Cloth, 15s. net. Fourth Edition.

This is the standard work on the subject. The volume will enable the possessors of old china to determine the factories at which their ware was produced.

“It gives in a few chapters just what the beginner wants to know about the principal varieties of English ware. We can warmly commend the book to the china collector.”

_Pall Mall Gazette._

“So simply yet so thoroughly written, that it is a sage guide to the veriest tyro in china collecting.”

_Bookman._

=Chats on Old Furniture.= By ARTHUR HAYDEN. With a coloured frontispiece and 104 other Illustrations.

Cloth, 12s. 6d. net. Fourth Edition. Eleventh Impression.

“The hints to collectors are the best and clearest we have seen; so that altogether this is a model book of its kind.”

_Athenæum._

“A fully illustrated practical guide for collectors.”

_The Times._

“Mr. Hayden has worked at his subject on systematic lines, and has made his book what it purports to be--a practical guide for the collector.”

_The Saturday Review._

=Chats on Old Prints.= How to Collect and Identify. By ARTHUR HAYDEN. With a coloured frontispiece and 72 full-page plates.

Cloth, 15s. net. Sixth Impression.

Every branch of the subject is carefully and explicitly handled in this book, and valuable information as to technical processes and identification of prints is given.

“If there is a better book of its kind on print collecting we have not yet come across it.”

_Daily Graphic._

“A very useful handbook for beginners, intended to help any reader of artistic tastes, but very moderate means, to collect to good purpose.”

_The Times._

=Chats on Costume.= By G. WOOLLISCROFT RHEAD, R.E. With a coloured frontispiece and 117 other Illustrations.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net. Second Impression.

A practical guide to historic dress. “Clothes” is a subject that has been neglected by collectors, and this book will be a useful guide to those who desire to repair that neglect by forming a collection.

“A book that is at once the work of an authority on the subject of costumes, and one that helps to enlarge our range of selection.”

_Pall Mall Gazette._

=Chats on Old Miniatures.= By J. J. FOSTER, F.S.A. With a coloured frontispiece and 116 other Illustrations.

Cloth, 6s. net.

This book presents in a concise and popular form a variety of valuable information on the collection and preservation of miniatures, on the leading English and French artists, and on the specimens exhibited in public galleries.

“Mr. Foster is truly a guide, philosopher and friend. He tells us not only how to judge and how to buy miniatures, but how to take proper care of them.... The splendid photographs by which the book is enriched adds in a great measure to its attractiveness and utility.”

_Aberdeen Free Press._

=Chats on Old Lace and Needlework.= By MRS. LOWES. With a frontispiece and 74 other Illustrations.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net. Third Impression.

Written by an expert and enthusiast in these most interesting branches of art. The low price at which the work is issued is exceptional in dealing with these subjects, and it is remarkable in view of the technical knowledge displayed and the many photographic illustrations which practically interleave the book.

“In commendable, clear and concise style Mrs. Lowes explains the technical features distinguishing each example, making the book the utmost value in identifying samples of old lace.”

_Weldon’s Ladies’ Jour._

=Chats on Oriental China.= By J. F. BLACKER. With a coloured frontispiece and 70 other Illustrations.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net. Fourth Impression.

Will be of the utmost service to collectors and to all who may have old Chinese and Japanese porcelain in their possession. It deals with oriental china from the various standpoints of history, technique, age, marks and values, and is richly illustrated with admirable reproductions.

“A treatise that is so informing and comprehensive that it commands the prompt recognisation of all who value the choice productions of the oriental artists.... The illustrations are numerous and invaluable to the attainment of expert knowledge, and the result is a handbook that is as indispensable as it is unique.”

_Pall Mall Gazette._

=Chats on English Earthenware.= A companion volume to “Chats on English China.” By ARTHUR HAYDEN. With a coloured frontispiece, 150 Illustrations and tables of over 200 illustrated marks.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net. Third Impression.

“To the ever-increasing number of collectors who are taking an interest in old English pottery ... will be found one of the most delightful, as it is a practical work on a fascinating subject.”

_Hearth and Home._

“Here we have a handbook, written by a well-known authority, which gives in the concisest possible form all the information that the beginner in earthenware collecting is likely to need. Moreover, it contains one or two features that are not usually found in the multifarious ‘guides’ that are produced to-day.”

_Nation._

=Chats on Autographs.= By A. M. BROADLEY. With 130 Illustrations.

Cloth, 6s. net.

“Being an expert collector, Mr. Broadley not only discourses on the kinds of autograph he owns, but gives some excellent cautionary advice and a valuable ‘caveat emptor’ chapter for the benefit of other collectors.”

_Westminster Gazette._

“It is assuredly the best work of the kind yet given to the public; and supplies the intending collector with the various sources of information necessary to his equipment.”

_Manchester Guardian._

=Chats on Old Pewter.= By H. J. L. J. MASSÉ, M.A. With 52 half-tone and numerous other Illustrations.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net. Second Impression.

“It is a remarkably thorough and well-arranged guide to the subject, supplied with useful illustrations and with lists of pewterers and of their marks so complete as to make it a very complete and satisfactory book of reference.”

_Manchester Guardian._

“Before setting out to collect old pewter it would be as well to read Mr. Massé’s book, which is exhaustive in its information and its lists of pewterers, analytical index, and historical and technical chapters.”

_Spectator._

=Chats on Postage Stamps.= By FRED J. MELVILLE. With 57 half-tone and 17 line Illustrations.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net. Second Impression.

“The whole book, with its numerous illustrations of excellent quality, is a _vade mecum_ for stamp collectors, even though their efforts may be but modest; we congratulate Mr. Melville on a remarkably good guide, which makes fascinating reading.”

_Academy._

“There is no doubt that Mr. Melville’s book fills a void. There is nothing exactly like it. Agreeably written in a popular style and adequately illustrated, it is certainly one of the best guides to philatelic knowledge that have yet been published.”

_World._

=Chats on Old Jewellery and Trinkets.= By MACIVER PERCIVAL. With nearly 300 Illustrations.

Cloth, 6s. net.

“The book is very thorough, dealing as it does with classic, antique and modern ornaments; with gold, silver, steel and pinchbeck; with the precious stones, the commoner stones and imitation.”

_Outlook._

“‘Chats on Old Jewellery and Trinkets’ is a book which will enable every woman to turn over her jewel-case with a fresh interest and a new intelligence; a practical guide for the humble but anxious collector.... A good glossary of technicalities and many excellent illustrations complete a valuable contribution to collector’s lore.”

_Illustrated London News._

=Chats on Cottage and Farmhouse Furniture.= A companion volume to “Chats on Old Furniture.” By ARTHUR HAYDEN. With a coloured frontispiece and 75 other Illustrations.

Cloth, 15s. net. Third Impression.

“One gets very much for one’s money in this book. Seventy-three full-page illustrations in half-tone embellish a letterpress which is replete with wise description and valuable hints.”

_Vanity Fair._

“Mr. Hayden’s book is a guide to all sorts of desirable and simple furniture, from Stuart to Georgian, and it is a delight to read as well as a sure help to selection.”

_Pall Mall Gazette._

“Mr. Hayden writes lucidly and is careful and accurate in his statements; while the advice he gives to collectors is both sound and reasonable.”

_Westminster Gazette._

=Chats on Old Coins.= By FRED W. BURGESS. With a coloured frontispiece and 258 other Illustrations.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net. Second Impression.

“A most useful and instructive book ... will prove a boon to the intending collector of old coins and tokens, and full of interest to every collector. As was to be expected of any volume of this series, the illustrations are numerous and good, and greatly assist the reader to grasp the essentials of the author’s descriptions.”

_Outlook._

“The author has not only produced ‘a practical guide for the collector’ but a handy book of reference for all. The volume is wonderfully cheap.”

_Notes and Queries._

=Chats on Old Copper and Brass.= By FRED W. BURGESS. With a coloured frontispiece and 86 other Illustrations.

Cloth, 6s. net.

“Mr. F. W. Burgess is an expert on old copper and bronze, and in his book there is little information lacking which the most ardent collector might want.”

_The Observer._

“Italian bronzes, African charms, Chinese and Japanese enamels, bells, mortars, Indian idols, dials, candlesticks, and snuff boxes, all come in for their share of attention, and the reader who has mastered Mr. Burgess’s pages can face his rival in the auction-room or the dealer in his shop with little fear of suffering by the transaction.”

_The Nation._

=Chats on Household Curios.= By FRED W. BURGESS. With 94 Illustrations.

Cloth, 6s. net.

“Mr. Burgess gives much information about such attractive antiques as old glass and enamels, old leather work, old clocks and watches, old pipes, old seals, musical instruments, and even old samplers and children’s toys. The book is, in short, an excellent and comprehensive guide for what one may call the general collector, that is, the collector who does not confine himself to one class of antique, but buys whatever he comes across in the curio line, provided that it is interesting and at moderate price.”

_Aberdeen Free Press._

=Chats on Japanese Prints.= By ARTHUR DAVISON FICKE. With a coloured frontispiece and 56 Illustrations.

Cloth, 6s. net. Third Impression.

“Mr. Ficke writes with the knowledge of the expert, and his history of Japanese printing from very early times and his criticism of the artists’ work are wonderfully interesting.”

_Tatler._

“This is one of the most delightful and notable members of an attractive series.... A beginner who shall have mastered and made thoroughly his own the beauty of line and the various subtlety and boldness of linear composition displayed in these sixty and odd photographs will have no mean foundation for further study.”

_Notes and Queries._

=Chats on Old Clocks.= By ARTHUR HAYDEN. With a frontispiece and 80 Illustrations. 2nd Ed.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net.

“A practical handbook dealing with the examples of old clocks likely to come under the observation of the collector. Charmingly written and illustrated.”

_Outlook._

“One specially useful feature of the work is the prominence Mr. Hayden has given to the makers of clocks, dealing not only with those of London, but also those of the leading provincial towns. The lists he gives of the latter are highly valuable, as they are not to be found in any similar book. The volume is, as usual with this series, profusely illustrated, and may be recommended as a highly interesting and useful general guide to collectors of clocks.”

_The Connoisseur._

=Chats on Old Silver.= By ARTHUR HAYDEN. With a frontispiece, 99 full-page Illustrations, and illustrated table of marks.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net. Third Impression.

“Mr. Hayden’s ‘Chats on Old Silver’ deals very thoroughly with a popular branch of collecting. There are a hundred full-page illustrations together with illustrated tables and charts, and the student of this book can wander round the old curiosity shops of these islands with a valuable equipment of knowledge.... Altogether we have here a well-written summary of everything that one could wish to know about this branch of collecting.”

_The Sphere._

“The information it gives will be of exceptional value at this time, when so many families will be forced to part with their treasures--and old silver is among the most precious possessions of the present day.”

_Morning Post._

=Chats on Military Curios.= By STANLEY C. JOHNSON, M.A., D.Sc. With a coloured frontispiece and 79 other Illustrations.

Cloth, 6s. net.

“Mr. Johnson in this book describes many of the articles a collector should be on the look out for, giving short but informative notes on medals, helmet and cap badges, tunic buttons, armour, weapons of all kinds, medallions, autographs, original documents relating to Army work, military pictures and prints, newspaper cuttings, obsolete uniforms, crests, stamps, postmarks, memorial brasses, money and curios made by prisoners of war, while there is also an excellent biography on the subject. The author has, indeed, presented the reader with a capital working handbook, which should prove a friendly and reliable guide when he goes collecting.”

_Field._

=Chats on Royal Copenhagen Porcelain.= By ARTHUR HAYDEN. With a frontispiece, 56 full-page Illustrations and illustrated tables of marks.

Cloth, 10s. 6d. net.

“This very beautiful and very valuable book will be eagerly welcomed by lovers of porcelain.... Mr. Hayden describes with great skill and preciseness all the quality and beauty of technique in which this porcelain excels; he loves it and understands it, and the examples he has chosen as illustrations are a valuable supplement to his descriptions.”

_Bookman._

=Chats on Old Sheffield Plate.= By ARTHUR HAYDEN. With frontispiece and 58 full-page Illustrations, together with makers’ marks.

Cloth, 21s. net.

Old plated ware has, by reason of its artistic excellence and its technique, deservedly won favour with collectors. The art of making plated ware, which originated at Sheffield (hence the name “Sheffield plate”), was continued at Birmingham and London, where a considerable amount of “old Sheffield plate” was made, in the manner of its first inventors, by welding sheets of silver upon copper. The manufacture lasted roughly a hundred years. Its best period was from 1776 (American Declaration of Independence) to 1830 (Accession of William IV). The author shows reasons why this old Sheffield plate should be collected, and the volume is illustrated with many examples giving various styles and the development of the art, together with makers’ marks. Candlesticks and candelabra, tea-caddies, sugar-baskets, salt-cellars, tea-pots, coffee-pots, salvers, spoons, and many other articles shown and described in the volume indicate the exquisite craftsmanship of the best period. The work stands as a companion volume to the author’s “Chats on Old Silver,” the standard practical guide to old English silver collecting.

=Bye Paths in Curio Collecting.= By ARTHUR HAYDEN, Author of “Chats on Old Silver,” etc. With a frontispiece and 72 full-page Illustrations.

Cloth, 21s. net. Second Impression.

“Every collector knows the name of Mr. Arthur Hayden, and knows him for a wise counsellor. Upon old furniture, old china, old pottery, and old prints there is no more knowing judge in the country; and in his latest volume he supplies a notable need, in the shape of a vade-mecum exploring some of the nondescript and little traversed bye-paths of the collector. There was never a time when the amateur of the antique stood more in need of a competent guide.... The man who wishes to avoid the pitfalls of the fraudulent will find much salutary advice in Mr. Hayden’s gossipy pages. There are chests, for example, a fruitful field for reproduction. Mr. Hayden gives photographs of many exquisite examples. There is a marriage coffer of the sixteenth century, decorated with carved figures of Cupid and Hymen, a fine Gothic chest of the fifteenth century, with rich foliated decorations; and a superb livery cupboard from Haddon Hall. From Flanders come steel coffers, with a lock of four bolts, the heavy sides strongly braized together. Then there are snuffers, with and without trays, tinder-boxes, snuff graters, and metal tobacco stoppers. The most fascinating designs are shown, with squirrels, dogs, and quaint human figures at the summit. Fans and playing-cards provide another attractive section.

Chicken-skin, delicate, white, Painted by Carlo van Loo. The fan has always been an object of the collector’s passion, because of the grace of the article and its beauty as a display. Mr. Hayden shows a particularly beautiful one, with designs after Fragonard, the sticks of ivory with jewelled studs. Then there are watch-stands, a little baroque in design, and table-bells, some of them shaped as female figures with spreading skirts, old toys and picture-books, and, of course, cradles, of which every English farm-house once boasted its local variety. Altogether the book abounds in inviting pictures and curious information, and is certain of a large, appreciative public.”

_Daily Telegraph._

=The Fan Book:= Including Special Chapters on European Fans of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. By MACIVER PERCIVAL, author of “Chats on Old Jewellery and Trinkets.” Fully Illustrated.

Demy 8vo, cloth, 21s. net.

POETRY THAT THRILLS

A COLLECTION OF SONGS FROM OVERSEAS THAT THRILL WITH VIVID DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ADVENTUROUS LIFE IN THE FROZEN NORTH, IN THE OUTPOSTS OF CIVILIZATION AND OF THE HEROISM OF SOLDIERS IN BATTLE

SONGS OF A SOURDOUGH. By ROBERT W. SERVICE.

Crown 8vo. Cloth, 4/6 net. Fortieth Impression.
Also a Pocket edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 4/6 net.

“Of the Canadian disciples of Kipling, by far the best is R. W. Service. His ‘Songs of a Sourdough’ have run through many editions. Much of his verse has a touch of real originality, conveying as it does a just impression of the something evil and askew in the strange, uncouth wilderness of the High North.”

_The Times._

“Mr. Service has got nearer to the heart of the old-time place miner than any other verse-maker in all the length and height of the Dominion.... He certainly sees the Northern Wilderness through the eyes of the man into whose soul it is entered.”

_Morning Post._

RHYMES OF A RED-CROSS MAN. By ROBERT W. SERVICE.

Crown 8vo. Cloth, 4/6 net. Sixth Impression.
Also a Pocket edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 4/6 net.

“It is the great merit of Mr. Service’s verses that they are literally alive with the stress and joy and agony and hardship that make up life out in the battle zone. He has never written better than in this book, and that is saying a great deal.”

_Bookman._

“Mr. Service has painted for us the unutterable tragedy of the war, the horror, the waste, and the suffering, but side by side with that he has set the heroism, the endurance, the unfailing cheerfulness and the unquenchable laughter.”

_Scots Pictorial._

BALLADS OF A CHEECHAKO. By Robert W. Service.

Crown 8vo. Cloth, 4/6 net. Fourteenth Impression.
Also a Pocket edition. Fcap. 8vo, Cloth, 4/6 net.

“It is to men like Mr. Service that we must look for really original verse nowadays; to the men on the frontiers of the world. ‘Ballads of a Cheechako’ is magnificent.”

_Oxford Magazine._

“All are interesting, arresting, and worth reading in their own setting for their own sakes. They are full of life and fire and muscularity, like the strenuous and devil-may-care fight of a life they describe.”

_Standard._

RHYMES OF A ROLLING STONE. By ROBERT W. SERVICE.

Crown 8vo. Cloth, 4/6 net. Fifteenth Impression.
Also a Pocket edition. Fcap. 8vo, Cloth, 4/6 net.

“There is real rollicking fun in some of the rhymed stories, and some sound philosophy in the shorter serious poems which shows that Mr. Service is as many steps above the ordinary lesser poets in his thought as he is in his accomplishments.”

_Academy._

“Mr. Robert Service is, we suppose, one of the most popular verse-writers in the world. His swinging measures, his robust ballads of the outposts, his joy of living have fairly caught the ear of his countrymen.”

_Spectator._

THE SPELL OF THE TROPICS. By RANDOLPH H. ATKIN.

Cloth, 4/6 net. Second Impression.

The poems are striking pen-pictures of life as it is lived by those men of the English-speaking races whose lot is cast in the sun-bathed countries of Latin-America. Mr. Atkin’s verses will reach the hearts of all who feel the call of the wanderlust, and, having shared their pleasures and hardships, his poems will vividly recall to “old-timers” bygone memories of days spent in the Land of the Coconut Tree.

THE SONG OF TIADATHA. By OWEN RUTTER.

Cloth, 4/6 net. Third Impression.

Composed on the familiar metre of “Hiawatha,” “The Song of Tiadatha” (Tired Arthur), an extravaganza written in the highest spirits, nevertheless is an epic of the war. It typifies what innumerable soldiers have seen and done and the manner in which they took it.

“This song of Tiadatha is nothing less than a little English epic of the war.”

_The Morning Post._

“Every Army officer and ex-officer will hail Tiadatha as a brother. ‘The Song of Tiadatha’ is one of the happiest skits born of the war.”

_Evening Standard._

SONGS OUT OF EXILE: Being Verses of African Sunshine and Shadow and Black Man’s Twilight. By CULLEN GOULDSBURY.

Cloth, 4/6 net. Fourth Impression.

“The ‘Rhodesian Rhymes’ won for their author the journalistic title of ‘The Kipling of South Africa,’ and indeed his work is full of crisp vigour, fire and colour. It is brutal in parts; but its brutality is strong and realistic. Mr. Gouldsbury has spent many years in Rhodesia, and its life, black and white, is thoroughly familiar to him.... Mr. Gouldsbury is undoubtedly a writer to be reckoned with. His verse is informed by knowledge of wild life in open places and a measure of genuine feeling which make it real poetry.”--_Standard._

FROM THE OUTPOSTS. By CULLEN GOULDSBURY.

Cloth, 4/6 net. Third Impression.

“Mr. Cullen Gouldsbury’s collections of his verses are always welcome, and the last, ‘From the Outposts’ is as good as its predecessor. No one has quite Mr. Gouldsbury’s experience and gift.”

_Spectator._

“It has been well said that Mr. Gouldsbury has done for the white man in Africa what Adam Lindsay Gordon in a measure accomplished for the Commonwealth and Kipling triumphantly for the British race, and he certainly is good to read.”

_Field._

THE HELL-GATE OF SOISSONS and other Poems. (“The Song of the Guns.”) By HERBERT KAUFMAN.

Cloth, 4/6 net. Fifth Impression.

“A singular gift for expressing in verse the facts, the heroism, even the humours of war; and in some cases voices its ideals with real eloquence.”

_The Times._

“Mr. Kaufman has undoubtedly given us a book worthy of the great hour that has brought it forth. He is a poet with a martial spirit and a deep, manly voice.”

_Daily Mail._

LYRA NIGERIA. By ADAMU. (E. C. ADAMS).

Cloth, 4/6 net. Second Impression.

“Mr. E. C. Adams (Adamu) is a singer of Nigeria, and it can safely be said he has few, if any, rivals. There is something in these illustrations of Nigerian life akin to the style of Kipling and Service. The heart of the wanderer and adventurer is revealed, and in particular that spirit of longing which comes to all ... who have gone out to the far-lands of the world.”

_Dundee Advertiser._

SUNNY SONGS. Poems. By EDGAR A. GUEST.

Cloth, 4/6 net.

In America Mr. Guest is an extraordinarily popular writer of verses, though this is his first introduction in book form to the British public. He brims over with sound sense and tonic cheeriness. He is keenly sensible of the humour of domestic life, but is deeply sympathetic with the associations which combine in the word “Home.” Hence he is read by women with amusement and pleasure. During the war his poem, “Said the Workman to the Soldier,” circulated by the hundred thousand. Like Béranger and all successful poets, he is essentially lyrical; that is to say, there is tune and swing in all his verses.

RICHARD MIDDLETON’S WORKS

POEMS AND SONGS (First Series). By RICHARD MIDDLETON.

Cloth, 5/- net.

“We have no hesitation in placing the name of Richard Middleton beside the names of all that galaxy of poets that made the later Victorian era the most brilliant in poetry that England had known since the Elizabethan.”

_Westminster Review._

POEMS AND SONGS (Second Series). By RICHARD MIDDLETON.

Cloth, 5/- net.

“Their beauty is undeniable and often of extraordinary delicacy for Middleton had a mastery of craftmanship such as is usually given to men of a far wider imaginative experience.”

_Poetry Review._