Chapter VI: Contract (2)

Thomas Aquinas (1225 or 1227-1274), Summa Theologiae.

Convenient translation of the parts relating to law in
Aquinas Ethicus.

Reference may be made to Berolzheimer, System der Rechts-
und Wirthschaftsphilosophie, II, Sec.Sec. 21-23 (World's Legal
Philosophies, 93-111).

Oldendorp, Iuris naturalis gentium et ciuilis [Greek: eisagoge] (1539).

Hemmingius (Henemingsen) De Iure naturale apodictica methodus (1562).

Winckler, Principiorum iuris libri V (1615).

These are collected conveniently in Kaltenborn, Die Vorlaeufer
des Hugo Grotius.

Reference may be made to Berolzheimer, System der Rechts-
und Wirthschaftsphilosophie, II, Sec. 24 (World's Legal
Philosophies, 112-114); Hinrichs, Geschichte der Rechts-
und Staatsprincipien seit der Reformation, I, 1-60;
Gierke, Johannes Althusius, 2 ed., 18-49, 142-162, 321.

Soto, De justitia et iure (1589).

Suarez, De legibus ac deo legislatore (1619).

Reference may be made to Figgis, Studies of Political Thought
from Gerson to Grotius, Lect. V.

Grotius, De iure belli et pacis (1625).

Whewell's edition with an abridged translation is convenient.

Pufendorf, De jure naturae et gentium (1672).

Kennet's translation (1703) may be found in several editions.

Burlamaqui, Principes du droit naturel (1747).

Nugent's translation is convenient.

Wolff, Institutiones juris naturae et gentium (1750).

Rutherforth, Institutes of Natural Law (1754-1756).

Vattel, Le droit des gens, Preliminaires (1758).

There are many translations of Vattel.

Rousseau, Contrat social (1762).

Tozer's translation is convenient.

Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Introduction, sect. II (1765).

Reference may be made to Berolzheimer, System der Rechts-
und Wirthschaftsphilosophie, II, Sec.Sec. 25-27, 29 (World's Legal
Philosophies, 115-134, 141-156); Hinrichs, Geschichte der
Rechts- und Staatsprincipien seit der Reformation, I, 60-274,
II, III, 1-318; Korkunov, General Theory of Law, transl. by
Hastings, Sec. 7; Charmont, La renaissance du droit naturel,
10-43.

Hobbes, Leviathan (1651).

Spinoza, Ethica (1674).

----, Tractatus theologico-politicas (1670).

Elwes' translation of the two last in Bohn's Libraries must
be used with caution.

Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780).

A convenient reprint is published by the Clarendon Press.

----, Theory of Legislation. (Originally published in French, 1820). Translated by Hildreth (1864), and in many editions.

Mill, On Liberty (1859).

Courtney's edition (1892) is convenient.

Reference may be made to Duff, Spinoza's Political and
Ethical Philosophy; Berolzheimer, System der Rechts- und
Wirthschaftsphilosophie, II, Sec. 28 (World's Legal Philosophies,
134-141); Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England, Lect. 6;
Albee, History of English Utilitarianism; Stephen, The
English Utilitarians; Solari, L'idea individuale e l'idea
sociale nel diritto privato, Sec.Sec. 31-36.

Kant, Metaphysische Anfangsgruende der Rechtslehre (2 ed. 1798). Translated by Hastie as "Kant's Philosophy of Law" (1887).

Fichte, Grundlage des Naturrechts (1796, new ed. by Medicus, 1908). Translated by Kroeger as "Fichte's Science of Rights" (1889).

Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1821), ed. by Gans (1840), new ed. by Lasson (1911). Translated by Dyde as "Hegel's Philosophy of Right" (1896). This translation must be used cautiously.

Krause, Abriss des Systemes der Philosophie des Rechtes (1828).

Ahrens, Cours de droit naturel (1837, 8 ed. 1892). Twenty-four editions in seven languages. The German 6th edition (Naturrecht, 1870-1871) contains important matter not in the French editions.

Green, Principles of Political Obligation. Lectures delivered in 1879-1880. Reprinted from his Complete Works (1911).

Lorimer, Institutes of Law (2 ed. 1880).

Lasson, Lehrbuch der Rechtsphilosophie (1882).

Miller, Lectures on the Philosophy of Law (1884).

Boistel, Cours de philosophie du droit (1870, new ed. 1899).

Herkless, Lectures on Jurisprudence (1901).

Brown, The Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation (1912).

Mention may be made of Beaussire, Les principes du droit
(1888); Beudant, Le droit individuel et l'etat (1891); Carle,
La vita del diritto (2 ed. 1890); Dahn, Rechtsphilosophische
Studien (1883); Giner y Calderon, Filosofia del derecho
(1898); Harms, Begriff, Formen und Grundlegung der
Rechtsphilosophie (1889); Hennebicq, Philosophie de droit et
droit naturel (1897); Herbart, Analytische Beleuchtung des
Naturrechts und der Moral (1836); Jouffroy, Cours de droit
naturel (5 ed. 1876); Kirchmann, Grundbegriffe des Rechts
und der Moral (2 ed. 1873); Krause, Das System der
Rechtsphilosophie (posthumous, ed. by Roeder, 1874); Miraglia,
Filosofia del diritto (3 ed. 1903, transl. in Modern Legal
Philosophy Series, 1912); Roeder, Grundzuege des Naturrechts
oder der Rechtsphilosophie (2 ed. 1860); Rosmini, Filosofia
del diritto (2 ed. 1865); Rothe, Traite de droit naturel,
theorique et applique (1884); Schuppe, Grundzuege der Ethik
und Rechtsphilosophie (1881); Stahl, Philosophie des Rechts
(5 ed. 1878); Tissot, Introduction historique et philosophique
a l'etude du droit (1875); Trendelenburg, Naturrecht auf dem
Grunde der Ethik (1868); Vareilles-Sommieres, Les principes
fondamentaux du droit (1889); Wallaschek, Studien zur
Rechtsphilosophie (1889).

Reference may be made to Gray, Nature and Sources of the Law,
Sec.Sec. 7-9; Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Essay
12; Pollock, Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics, 1-30;
Korkunov, General Theory of Law, translated by Hastings, Sec. 4;
Bergbohm, Jurisprudenz und Rechtsphilosophie, Sec.Sec. 6-15; Pound,
The Scope and Purpose of Sociological Jurisprudence, 24
Harvard Law Rev., 501; Pound, the Philosophy of Law in
America, Archiv fuer Rechts- und Wirthschaftsphilosophie, VII,
213, 285.

Jhering, Der Zweck im Recht (1877-1883, 4 ed. 1904). The first volume is translated by Husik under the title "Law as a Means to an End" (1913).

Jhering, Scherz und Ernst in die Jurisprudenz (1884, 9 ed. 1904).

Reference may be made to the appendices to Jhering, Law as a
Means to an End, transl. by Husik; Berolzheimer, System der
Rechts- und Wirthschaftsphilosophie, II, Sec. 43 (World's Legal
Philosophies, 327-351); Korkunov, General Theory of Law,
translated by Hastings, Sec.Sec. 13-14; Tanon, L'evolution du droit
et la conscience sociale (3 ed. 1911), pt. I, ch. 3.

Stammler, Ueber die Methode der geschichtlichen Rechtstheorie (1888).

----, Wirthschaft und Recht (1896, 2 ed. 1905).

----, Die Gesetzmaessigkeit in Rechtsordnung und Volkswirthschaft (1902).

----, Lehre von dem rechtigen Rechte (1902).

----, Systematische Theorie der Rechtswissenschaft (1911).

----, Rechts- und Staatstheorien der Neuzeit (1917).

Del Vecchio, The Formal Bases of Law, translated by Lisle (1914). A translation of I presupposti filosofici della nozione del diritto (1905), Il concetto del diritto (1906, reprinted 1912), Il concetto della natura e il principio del diritto (1908).

For critiques of Stammler, see Berolzheimer, System der
Rechts- und Wirthschaftsphilosophie, II, Sec. 48 (World's Legal
Philosophies, 398-422); Kantorowicz, Zur Lehre vom richtigen
Recht; Croce, Historical Materialism and the Economics of
Karl Marx, ch. 2; Geny, Science et technique en droit prive
positif, II, 127-130; Binder, Rechtsbegriff und Rechtsidee
(1915); Binder, Kritische und metaphysische Rechtsphilosophie,
Archiv fuer Rechts- und Wirthschaftsphilosophie, IX, 142, 267;
Vinogradoff, Common Sense in Law, ch. 9.

Kohler, Rechtsphilosophie und Universalrechtsgeschichte, in Holtzendorff, Enzyklopaedie der Rechtswissenschaft, I (6 ed. 1904, 7 ed. 1913). (Not in prior editions.)

Kohler, Lehrbuch der Rechtsphilosophie (1909, 2 ed. 1917). Translated by Albrecht as "Philosophy of Law" (1914).

Kohler, Moderne Rechtsprobleme (1907, 2 ed. 1913).

Berolzheimer, System der Rechts-und Wirthschaftsphilosophie (1904-1907). Vol. II, history of juristic thought, translated by Jastrow (somewhat abridged) under the title "The World's Legal Philosophies" (1912), Vol. III, general system of legal and economic philosophy, Vol. IV, philosophy of interests of substance, Vol. V, philosophy of criminal law, are important for our purposes.

See also Berolzheimer, Rechtsphilosophische Studien (1903);
Barillari, Diritto e filosofia (1910-1912); Kohler, Das Recht
(1909); Kohler, Recht und Persoenlichkeit in die Kultur der
Gegenwart (1914).

Radbruch, Grundzuege der Rechtsphilosophie (1914).

Miceli, Principii di filosofia del diritto (1914).

Tourtoulon, Principes philosophiques de l'histoire du droit (1908-1920).

Demogue, Notions fondamentales du droit prive (1911).

Geny, Methode d'interpretation et sources en droit prive positif (1899, 2 ed. 1919). A book of the first importance.

----, Science et technique en droit prive positif (1913).

Duguit, L'etat, le droit objectif et la loi positive (1901).

----, Le droit social, le droit individuel et la transformation de l'etat (2 ed. 1911).

----, Les transformations generales du droit prive (1912). Translated in Continental Legal History Series, Vol. XI, ch. 3.

----, Law and the State (1917).

Reference may be made to Modern French Legal Philosophy
(1916) in the Modern Legal Philosophy Series; Jung, Das
Problem des natuerlichen Rechts (1912).

See also Boucaud, Qu'est-ce que le droit naturel (1906);
Charmont, La renaissance du droit naturel (1910); Charmont,
Le droit et l'esprit democratique (1908); Djuvara, Le
fondement du phenomene juridique (1913); Fabreguettes, La
logique judiciaire et l'art de juger (1914); Leroy, La loi
(1908).

Compare Cathrein, Recht, Naturrecht und Positives Recht
(1901).

See also Cohen, Jus naturale redivivum, Philosophical Rev.,
XXV, 761 (1916).

Spencer, Justice (1891).

See also Anzilotti, La filosofia del diritto e la sociologia
(1907); Brugi, Introduzione enciclopedica alle scienze
giuridiche e sociale (4 ed. 1907, 1 ed. 1890); Cosentini,
Filosofia del diritto e sociologia (1905); Cosentini,
Criticismo e positivismo nella filosofia del diritto (1912);
Daguanno, La genesi e l'evoluzione del diritto civile (1890);
Eleutheropoulos, Rechtsphilosophie, Sociologie und Politik
(1908); Fragapane, Obbietto e limiti della filosofia del
diritto (1897); Levi, Il diritto naturale nella filosofia di
R. Ardigo (1904); Nardi Greco, Sociologia giuridica (1906);
Porchat, Sociologia e direito (1902); Ratto, Sociologia e
filosofia del diritto (1894); Vadale Papale, La filosofia del
diritto a base sociologica (1885); Vander Eycken, Methode
positive de l'interpretation juridique (1907).

Post, Der Ursprung des Rechts (1876).

----, Bausteine fuer eine allgemeine Rechtswissenschaft (1880).

----, Die Grundlagen des Rechts und die Grundzuege seiner Entwickelungsgeschichte (1884).

Kuhlenbeck, Natuerliche Grundlagen des Rechts (1905).

A discussion of fundamental problems of jurisprudence from
the Darwinian standpoint.

Richard, Origine de l'idee de droit (1892).

Vaccaro, Les bases sociologiques du droit et de l'etat (1898). Translation of Le basi del diritto e dello stato (1893). A theory of law as the outcome of class struggles.

For critiques of the foregoing, see Tanon, L'evolution du
droit et la conscience sociale (3 ed. 1911); Tourtoulon,
Principes philosophiques de l'histoire du droit (1908-1920);
Charmont, La renaissance du droit naturel (1910).

Tarde, Les transformations du droit (6 ed. 1909). First published in 1894.

Vanni, Lezioni di filosofia del diritto (3 ed. 1908). First published in 1901-1902.

See also Bonucci, L'orientazione psicologica dell' etica e
della filosofia del diritto (1907); Bozi, Die Weltanschauung
der Jurisprudenz (1907, 2 ed. 1911); Bozi, Die Schule der
Jurisprudenz (1910); Cruet, La vie du droit et l'impuissance
des lois (1914); Grasserie, Principes sociologiques du droit
civil (1906); Jellinek, Die sozialethische Bedeutung von
Recht, Unrecht und Strafe (2 ed. 1908, 1st ed. 1878);
Lagorgette, Le fondement du droit (1907); Miceli, Le fonti
del diritto dal punto di vista psichico-sociale (1905);
Miceli, Lezioni di filosofia del diritto (1908).

Holmes, The Path of the Law, 10 Harvard Law Review, 467 (1897); Collected Papers, 167-202.

Ehrlich, Soziologie und Jurisprudenz (1903).

Wurzel, Das juristische Denken, 98-102 (1904). Translated in The Science of Legal Method (Modern Legal Philosophy Series, Vol. 9, 421-428).

Gnaeus Flavius (Kantorowicz), Der Kampf um die Rechtswissenschaft (1906).

Kantorowicz, Rechtswissenschaft und Soziologie (1911).

Kelsen, Ueber Grenzen zwischen juristischer und soziologischer Methode (1911).

Brugeilles, Le droit et la sociologie (1910).

Rolin, Prolegomenes a la science du droit (1911).

Ehrlich, Erforschung des lebenden Rechts, in Schmoller's Jahrbuch fuer Gesetzgebung, XXV, 190 (1911).

----, Grundlegung der Soziologie des Rechts (1913).

----, Das lebende Recht der Voelker der Bukowina (1913).

Page, Professor Ehrlich's Czernowitz Seminar of Living Law, Proceedings of Fourteenth Annual Meeting of Association of American Law Schools, 46 (1914).

Cosentini, Filosofia del diritto (1914).

Ehrlich, Die juristische Logik (1918).

Kornfeld, Allgemeine Rechtslehre und Jurisprudenz (1920).

See also Cosentini, La reforme de la legislation civile
(1913) (revised and augmented translation of La riforma
della legislazione civile, 1911); Kornfeld, Soziale
Machtverhaeltnisse, Grundzuege einer allgemeinen Lehre vom
positiven Rechte auf soziologischer Grundlage (1911); Levi,
La societe et l'ordre juridique (1911); Levi, Contributi
ad una teoria filosofica dell' ordine giuridico (1914).

LECTURE II

Miller, The Data of Jurisprudence, ch. 6.

Salmond, Jurisprudence, Sec. 9.

Pulszky, Theory of Law and Civil Society, Sec. 173.

Bentham, Theory of Legislation, Principles of the Civil Code, pt. I, ch. 1-7.

Holland, Jurisprudence, ch. 6.

Kant, Philosophy of Law (Hastie's translation) 45-46.

Spencer, Justice, ch. 5-6.

Willoughby, Social Justice, ch. 2.

Paulsen, Ethics (Thilly's translation), ch. 9.

Gareis, Vom Begriff Gerechtigkeit.

Demogue, Notions fondamentales de droit prive, 119-135.

Picard, Le droit pur, liv. 9.

Pound, The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines, 27 Harvard Law Review, 195.

Holmes, Common Law, Lect. 1.

Post, Ethnologische Jurisprudenz, II, Sec.Sec. 58-59.

Fehr, Hammurapi und das Salische Recht, 135-138.

Ames, Law and Morals, 22 Harvard Law Review, 97.

Voigt, Das Ius naturale, aequum et bonum und Ius Gentium der Roemer, I, 321-323.

Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, 189-255.

Maine, Early History of Institutions (American ed.), 398-400.

Ritchie, Natural Rights, ch. 12.

Demogue, Notions fondamentales de droit prive, 63-110, 136-142.

Jhering, Scherz und Ernst in die Jurisprudenz (10 ed.), 408-425.

Pound, Liberty of Contract, 18 Yale Law Journal, 454.

----, The End of Law as Developed in Juristic Thought, 27 Harvard Law Review, 605, 30 Harvard Law Review, 201.

Berolzheimer, The World's Legal Philosophies, Sec.Sec. 17-24.

Figgis, Studies of Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius, Lect. 6.

Berolzheimer, The World's Legal Philosophies, Sec.Sec. 25-27.

Hobbes, Leviathan, ch. 15.

Berolzheimer, The World's Legal Philosophies, Sec. 29.

Korkunov, General Theory of Law (translated by Hastings), Sec. 7.

Ritchie, Natural Rights, ch. 3.

Charmont, La renaissance de droit naturel, 10-43.

Berolzheimer, The World's Legal Philosophies, Sec.Sec. 35-37.

Korkunov, General Theory of Law (translated by Hastings), 320-322.

Gray, Nature and Sources of the Law, Sec. 58.

Berolzheimer, The World's Legal Philosophies, Sec. 28.

Mill, On Liberty, ch. 4.

Dicey, Law and Public Opinion in England, Lect. 6.

Berolzheimer, The World's Legal Philosophies, Sec.Sec. 43-48, 52.

Stammler, Wesen des Rechts und der Rechtswissenschaft (in Systematische Rechtswissenschaft, i-lix).

Kohler, Rechtsphilosophie und Universalrechtsgeschichte, Sec.Sec. 13-16, 33-34, 51.

LECTURE III

Geny, Methode d'interpretation et sources en droit prive positif (2 ed. 1919).

Vander Eycken, Methode positive de l'interpretation juridique (1907).

Mallieux, L'Exegese des codes (1908).

Ransson, Essai sur l'art de juger (1912).

See Wigmore, Problems of Law, 65-101; Pound, The Enforcement
of Law, 20 Green Bag, 401; Pound, Courts and Legislation, 7
American Political Science Review, 361-383.

Science of Legal Method, Modern Legal Philosophy Series, Vol. 9 (1917).

Gnaeus Flavius (Kantorowicz), Der Kampf um die Rechtswissenschaft (1906).

Fuchs, Recht und Wahrheit in unserer heutigen Justiz (1908).

----, Die gemeinschaedlichkeit der konstruktiven Jurisprudenz (1909).

Oertmann, Gesetzeszwang und Richterfreiheit (1909).

Rumpf, Gesetz und Richter (1906).

Bruett, Die Kunst der Rechtsanwendung (1907).

Gmelin, Quousque? Beitraege zur soziologischen Rechtsfindung (1910).

Reichel, Gesetz und Richterspruch (1915).

Jellinek, Gesetz, Gesetzesanwendung und Zweckmaessigkeitserwaegung (1913).

Kuebl, Das Rechtsgefuehl (1913).

Heck, Gesetzesauslegung und Interessenjurisprudenz (1914).

Stampe, Grundriss der Wertbewegungslehre (1912, 1919).

See Kohler, Lehrbuch des buergerlichen Rechts, I, Sec.Sec. 38-40;
Austin, Jurisprudence (3 ed.), 1023-1036; Pound, Spurious
Interpretation, 7 Columbia Law Review, 379; Gray, Nature
and Sources of the Law, Sec.Sec. 370-399; Somlo, Juristische
Grundlehre, Sec.Sec. 110-122; Stammler, Rechts- und Staatstheorien
der Neuzeit, Sec. 18; Pound, Introduction to English Translation
of Saleilles, Individualization of Punishment; Saleilles,
Individualization of Punishment, translated by Jastrow, ch.
9; Pound, Administrative Applications of Legal Standards, 44
Rep. American Bar Assn., 445; Laun, Das freie Ermessen und
seine Grenzen (1910).

LECTURE IV

Holmes, Collected Papers, 49-116 (1920).

Baty, Vicarious Liability (1916).

Hasse, Die Culpa des roemischen Rechts (2 ed. 1838).

Jhering, Der Schuldmoment im roemischen Privatrecht (1867).

Ruemelin, Schadensersatz ohne Verschulden (1910).

Triandafil, L'Idee de faute et l'idee de risque comme fondement de la responsabilite (1914).

See Binding, Die Normen und ihre Uebertretung, I, Sec.Sec. 50-51;
Meumann, Prolegomena zu einem System des Vermoegensrechts, 80
ff. (1903); Duguit in Progress of Continental Law in the
Nineteenth Century (Continental Legal History Series, Vol.
XI), 124-128; Geny, Risque et responsabilite, Revue
trimestrielle de droit civil, I, 812; Rolin, Responsabilite
sans faute, Revue de droit international et legislation
comparee, XXXVIII, 64; Demogue, Fault, Risk and Apportionment
of Risk in Responsibility, 15 Illinois Law Review, 369;
Thayer, Liability Without Fault, 29 Harvard Law Review, 801;
Smith, Tort and Absolute Liability, 30 Harvard Law Review,
241, 319, 409; Bohlen, The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher, 59
University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 298, 373, 423; Isaacs,
Fault and Liability, 31 Harvard Law Review, 954.

LECTURE V

Ely, Property and Contract in Their Relation to the Distribution of Wealth, I, 51-93, 132-258, 295-443, II, 475-549.

Hobson and Others, Property, Its Rights and Duties, Historically, Philosophically and Religiously Considered (2 ed.), essays 1-3, 5-8.

Green, Principles of Political Obligation, Sec.Sec. 211-231.

Miller, Lectures on the Philosophy of Law, Lect. 5.

Herkless, Jurisprudence, ch. 10.

Russell, Social Reconstruction, ch. 4.

Spencer, Justice, ch. 12.

Kohler, Philosophy of Law, Albrecht's translation, 120-133.

Maine, Ancient Law, ch. 8.

----, Early History of Institutions (American ed.), 98-118.

----, Early Law and Custom (American ed.), 335-361.

Duguit, in Progress of the Law in the Nineteenth Century (Continental Legal History Series, Vol. XI), 129-146.

Wagner, Volkswirthschaft und Recht, besonders Vermoegensrecht (1894).

Perreau, Cours d'economie politique, II, Sec.Sec. 623-695 (1916).

De la Grasserie, Les principes sociologiques du droit civil, ch. 3.

Cosentini, La reforme de la legislation civile, 371-422 (1913).

Fouillee, La propriete sociale et la democratie (1884).

Landry, L'Utilite sociale de la propriete individuelle (1901).

Meyer, L'Utilite publique et la propriete privee (1893).

Thezard, La propriete individuelle: Etude de philosophie historique du droit (1872).

Thomas, L'Utilite publique et la propriete privee (1904).

Berolzheimer, System der Rechts- und Wirthschaftsphilosophie, IV, Sec.Sec. 1-13.

Felix, Entwickelungsgeschichte des Eigenthums (1883-1899).

Karner, Die sociale Funktion der Rechtsinstitute, besonders des Eigenthums (1904).

Conti, La proprieta fondiaria nel passato e nel presente (1905).

Cosentini, Filosofia del diritto, 250-279 (1914).

Fadda, Teoria della proprieta (1907).

Labriola, Sul fondamento della proprieta privata (1900).

Loria, La proprieta fondiaria e la questione sociale (1897).

Piccione, Concetto positivo del diritto di proprieta (1890).

Velardita, La proprieta secondo la sociologia (1898).

Grotius, De jure belli et pacis, II, 3, 1-5, II, 6, 1 and 14, Sec. 1.

Pufendorf, De jure naturae et gentium, IV, 4, Sec.Sec. 2-6, 14.

Locke, On Government, ch. 5.

Blackstone, Commentaries, II, 3-10.

Kant, Metaphysische Anfangsgruende der Rechtslehre (2 ed.), Sec.Sec. 1, 6-7, 8, 10, 18-21.

Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Sec.Sec. 44, 46, 49.

Lorimer, Institutes of Law (2 ed.), 215 ff.

LECTURE VI

Ely, Property and Contract in Their Relation to the Distribution of Wealth, II, 576-751.

Amos, Systematic View of the Science of Jurisprudence, ch. 11.

Herkless, Jurisprudence, ch. 12.

Kohler, Philosophy of Law, Albrecht's translation, 134-191.

De la Grasserie, Les principes sociologiques du droit civil, ch. 6.

Duguit, in Progress of the Law in the Nineteenth Century (Continental Legal History Series, Vol. XI), 100-124.

Kant, Metaphysische Anfangsgruende der Rechtslehre (2 ed.), Sec.Sec. 18-21.

Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Sec.Sec. 71-81.

Richte, Grundlage des Naturrechts, Sec.Sec. 18-20.

Williston, Contracts, I, Sec.Sec. 99-204.

Ames, The History of Assumpsit, 2 Harvard Law Review, 1, 53.

----, Two Theories of Consideration, 12 Harvard Law Review, 515; 13 Harvard Law Review, 29.

Beale, Notes on Consideration, 17 Harvard Law Review, 71.

Langdell, Mutual Promises as a Consideration for Each Other, 14 Harvard Law Review, 496.

Pollock, Afterthoughts on Consideration, 17 Law Quarterly Review, 415.

Hershey, Letters of Credit, 32 Harvard Law Review, 1.

Lorenzen, Causa and Consideration in the Law of Contracts, 28 Yale Law Journal, 621.

Pound, Consideration in Equity, 13 Illinois Law Review, 667 (Wigmore Celebration Essays, 435).

Index

Abstract promise 262, 263

Acquisition
by creation 195
by discovery 195, 201
by occupation 196, 211
civil 196-197
derivative 207
in Roman law 194-200
Kant's theory of 210-213
natural 195
things not subject to 197

Act, as basis of liability 158

Acting at one's peril 167, 178

Action
_de deiectis et diffusis_ 162
_de recepto_ 162
_in factum_ 160
_in personam_ 151
_noxal_ 162

Adjudication
administrative element in 122-123
steps in 100

Administration 108
adjustment with law 137

Administrative tribunals 130, 136

Ames, James Barr 178

Analogy, reasoning by 32

Analysis 53

Analytical application 123-125
reasoning 105
theory 53-54

Anglo-Saxon Law 148

Application of Law 100 ff.
agencies of individualizing 129-138
analytical 123-125
equitable 122, 126-129
historical 125-126
latitude of 120, 129
margin of 112
rules 142
theories of 123-129

Aquilian _culpa_ 156, 159, 162

Aquinas, St. Thomas 25-26

Aristotle 25, 38, 76, 82, 138
on application of law 109-110
threefold classification of governmental powers 15

Austin, John 172-174, 259

Bacon 258

Bailment 170, 270, 275

Bartolus 37

Baty, T. 166

Bentham 54, 84

Bergson 141

Bills of Rights 43, 53, 216

Binding 164

Blackstone 26, 180, 208, 268, 278

Buckland, W. W. 161

Callings, restrictions on engaging in 88

Camden, Lord 119

Canon law 252, 254

Carrier, liability of 186

Casuists 254

Catholic jurist-theologians 39

_Causa_ 259
_civilis_ 248, 250, 251
_debendi_ 251, 254, 255

Causation 162, 164

Certainty 142-143

Change, reconciliation with stability 30, 38

Cicero 27, 30, 31, 117

Civilization, as a measure of value 98
jural postulates of, 56, 169-179, 284

Civil law, 237-240

Classes, social, 91

Codification, 46-47, 139-140

Coke, Sir Edward, 133

Commentators, the, 37

Common Law, the, and legislation, 139-140
professional view as to, 278
types of delictal liability in, 168

Community property, 229

Composition, 149, 241-242

Compromises, 94-95

Conceptions, legal, 116

Conditions "implied in law", 259

Conduct, application of law to, 137-139
expectations arising from, 189

Consciousness, as starting point, 84

Consideration, 240, 258-259, 267, 268, 271-273, 278-279
adequacy of, 273-274
circumstances keeping doctrine alive, 278-282
in equity, 258-259, 277
meanings of, 276-277
meritorious, 259

Contract
analogy of real transactions, 242
Anglo-American law of, 257-259
anomalies in law of, 282
bargain theory of, 269, 271-273
by estoppel, 187
categories of, 248
civil-law enforcement of, 238-240
common-law categories of, 274-275
common-law enforcement of, 240
consensual, 249
equivalent theory of, 255-256, 257-259, 269, 273-277
Fichte's theory of, 261-262
formal, 245-271
Hegel's theory of, 263
historical background of law of, 241 ff.
historical category of, 172
historical theory of, 266-269
injurious-reliance theory of, 261
innominate, 249, 261
Kant's theory of, 261
metaphysical theories of, 260-265
natural-law theory of, 260
"natural principle of", 45-46
objective theory of, 264-265
oral, 282
philosophy of, 253
philosophical theories of, 241
positive theory of, 265
real, 249, 275
religious origins of, 242-247, 252
Roman categories of, 45, 253, 260, 266
Romanist theory of, 263-265
simple, 275
specific enforcement of, 238-240
Spencer's theory of, 265
subjective theory of, 271
theory of basis in personality, 263-265
theory of inherent moral force, 259-260, 261
third-party beneficiaries of, 273
will theory of, 264-265, 269-271, 281-282

_Corpus Iuris Canonici_, 252

Court and jury, 111

Courts, contest with Crown, 53

_Culpa_, 170, 175
abstract standard of, 177
concrete standard of, 178
contractual, 170
delictal, 170

Culpability 158
as basis of liability 184
fiction of 158, 178

Custody 222-223

D'Aguesseau 254

Debt 174, 244, 275

Defamation 280, 281

Delicts, equitable 159
historical category of 172
nominate 162, 169-170, 175

Demosthenes 22

_Depositum_ 249

Derivative acquisition 207

Derry v. Peek 281

Dicey, A. V. 184

Digest of Justinian 107

Discovery 195, 201

Discretion 117, 119, 129
margin of 132
of the chancellor 130-133
relation of to rule 112, 141-143

Dispensing power 113

Distributions, Statute of 142

Division of labor 56, 176, 191

Doctor and Student 252, 259

Doe, Chief Justice 185

_Dolus_ 156, 159, 169, 175

_Dominium_ 199, 225

Due care 170, 175
standard of 119-120

Duguit, L. 98, 232

Dumoulin 39

Dunedin, Lord 276

Duress 159

Duties 173
relational 85

Economic interpretation 66-67, 179-180

Eldon, Lord 47

Empiricism, judicial 34, 283
juristic 34

End of law 54, 59-99
as a measure of value 96
Greek conception of 74-77
ideals of as basis of juristic theories 71-72
keeping the peace as 72-74
maximum individual self-assertion as 84-87
medieval conception of 78-80
nineteenth-century conception of 83-85
preserving social _status quo_ as 74-81
rise of new ideas as to 87-99
Roman conception of 77-78
theories of 72-99

English juristic theory 64

Englishmen, common-law rights of 43, 53

Enterprises, conduct of 137-189

Equality 82-85

Equitable application of law 122, 126-129

Equities 121

Equity 28, 47, 57, 59, 117, 130-133, 137-138, 258-259, 271
and natural law 41, 102, 112, 114, 153, 178
of the tribunal 102
provision for a child as consideration in 272, 274
securing a creditor as consideration in 272
settlement on a wife as consideration in 272, 274
will not aid a volunteer 272

Ethical interpretation 266

_Familia_ 200

Fichte, theory of contract 261-262

Fictions 102-108, 115
dogmatic 179, 180, 274
of culpability 178-179
of negligence 179
of representation 166, 179
of undertaking 171

_Fiducia cum amico_ 249

Fifth Amendment 51

Finding law 100, 104-105

Form and intention 154-155

Formal contracts, 245, 271, 275
historical origin of, 245-247

Formal undertaking, 155

Forms in primitive thinking, 247-248

Formulas, elasticity of, 121

Fortescue, 38

Fourteenth Amendment, 51

Freedom of contract, 191, 265, 267-269

Freedom of industry, 191

French Civil Code, 48, 162, 163
law of delictal liability, 167-168
monarchy, legal theory under, 64

Functional attitude, 91

Generalizations, 145

General security, 72, 96, 149-150, 171, 175, 176, 179, 193, 282
how infringed, 177

Germanic law, 36, 41, 79, 251, 254

Gifts, reformation of, 273

Gloss, The, 37

Glossators, 40

Good faith, 153, 155, 157, 170
corollaries of, 188-189

Gray, J. C., 102

Greek city, problem of order in, 75
security of social institutions in, 75

Greek law, 20-27, 151, 175

Greek philosophers, conception of the end of law, 35, 74-77
conception of the nature of law, 81
conception of the general security, 74
on subjects of litigation, 97, 241

Grotius, 196, 205-207, 260

Hammurapi, 60

Hard bargains, 132

Hegel, 84, 216, 274
theory of contract, 262
theory of property, 214-216

Heraditus, 76

Hindu law, 226-227, 243-245

Hippodamus, 241

Historical application of law, 125-126

Historical categories, 172

Historical school, 279

Holmes, Mr. Justice, 166

Household, partition of, 226-227

Husband and wife, 188
matrimonial property regime, 229

_Hybris_, 77

Idealism, juridical, 41-42, 91

Idealistic interpretation, 266

_Imperium_, 199

"Implied" undertakings, 158, 171

Individual free self-assertion, 54

Individualization, 111, 113-114
by juries, 133-134
in criminal procedure, 138
in punitive justice, 134-135
judicial, 120-121
moral element in, 137
of penal treatment, 129-130

Individual life, 96

Inheritance, 139

Innkeeper, liability of, 186

Insult, 151

Intention, 189
as source of liability, 157

Interdependence, 56

Interdicts, 200

Interests, 89-90
compromises of, 94-95
delimitation of, 192
giving effect to, 90
group, 225
harmony of, 96
individual, in promised advantages, 236
intrinsic importance of, 95
inventory of, 90
of substance, 139, 237
recognition of, 90, 192
securing of 96, 97
valuing of 89, 95-99
weighing of 89, 94

Interpretation 51-52, 100
fiction of 102-108
genuine 105, 124
relation to law making 105

Jessel, Sir George 268

Judicial, contrasted with administrative 108

Jural postulates 169-179, 188, 192-193, 193-194, 237, 249, 284

Juridical idealism 41-42, 91

Jurisconsults 30, 43-44

Jurisprudence, problems of 111

Juristic theories, nature of 69

Jurists, metaphysical 52, 68
search for the more inclusive order 145
seventeenth and eighteenth-century 43-44

Jurist-theologians 39
Spanish 81-82, 83

Jury 129, 133-134
lawlessness of 138

_Jus_ 31

_Jus disponendi_ 221

Just, the, by nature or by convention 25, 27, 31, 55

Justice, Aristotle on 25, 77
definition of in the Institutes 77
executive 137
idea of 65
without law 102, 113

Justinian, Institutes of 77-78

Kant 84, 202, 219, 260
theory of contract 260-261
theory of property 210-214

Kenyon, Lord 47

Kin organization 74

_Laesio enormis_ 274

Langdell, C. C. 259

Law, adjustment with administration 137
and morals 27, 30, 41, 111, 112
application of 100 ff.
as an aggregate of rules 110
as a body of agreements 63
as a body of commands 64
as a body of divinely ordained rules 60
as a keeping of the peace 72-74
as a reflection of divine reason 63
as a system of principles 62, 66
as custom 61, 62
as declaratory of economic or social laws 67-68
as precepts discovered by experience 65
as recorded traditional wisdom 61
as restraint on liberty 60
as rules imposed by dominant class 66
as standing between the individual and society 53
as unfolding an idea of right 65
basis of authority of 19, 23-24, 27, 28-29, 38, 69-72
Byzantine theory of 110
distinguished from rules of law 24
elements of 115-116
end of 35-36, 59 ff.
effectiveness of 193
finding 100, 104-105
forms of 27-28
government of 136
historical theory of 65, 68
how far made 107-108
idea of self-sufficiency of 17, 67
judge made 35
jurist made 35
maturity of 48, 59, 102
merchant 155, 271, 275
nature of 59, 91, 111
nature of theories of 68-69
political theory of 68
restatement of the 282
science of 101
soft spots in the 282
theories of the nature of 60-68

Law making, judicial 105
presuppositions of 59

Legal standards 51, 114, 116-120, 129, 141

Legal transactions 153
_bonae fidei_ 248
categories of 247
formal 249
_stricti iuris_ 248

Lending 150

Letters of credit 275, 276-277

_Lex_ 31

_Lex Aquilia_ 159

Liability, absolute 179
act as basis of 158, 182
analytical theory of 152-153
as corollary of fault 163-164, 166, 168, 181, 187, 283-284
basis of delictal 177
delictal 163, 167-169
elements of 162-163
employer's 163
fault as basis of 160, 163-164, 167
for cattle going on vacant lands 180-181
for injury by animal 163, 164, 180
for injury by child 159
for injury by minor 162
for injury by a _res ruinosa_ 162
for injury by slave 159
for intentional harm 168
for negligence 175, 180
for non-restraint of agencies 176
for tort, basis of 167
for tort, common-law theory of 168-169
for trespassing cattle 180
for unintended non-culpable harm 168
for unintentional culpable harm 168
for vicious animals 182, 186
from culpability 184
from legal transactions 187
fundamentals of 174
historical anomalies in 166, 179, 186
in French law 161-164
intention as basis of 157, 160
justifiable reliance as basis of 189
meaning of 147
natural sources of 156
noxal 159
of carrier 186
of innkeeper 159, 160, 186
of master of ship 159, 160
of stable keeper 159, 160
on "implied" terms of transaction 170
philosophical theories of 193-194
primitive grounds of 149-151
quasi-contractual 156
quasi-delictal 156
relational 186-188
to make restitution 187
theories of 148
will-theory of 157, 177, 179, 189
without fault 156, 162, 166, 177, 179

Liberty 84-85
idea of 65, 267
idea of as source of liability 157
law and 60

Locke, John 208

Lorimer, James 218

Louis IX 128

Magistrate, power of 112

Maine, Sir Henry 208

_Mala prohibita_ 26

Mandate 272

Mansfield, Lord 47, 260, 262, 273

Manu 60

Maturity of law 48, 59, 102

Maxims 34

Metaphysical jurists 92

_Metus_ 159

Middle Ages, conception of end of law in 78-80
idea of law in 77-81
juristic need in 36

Miller, W. G. 216-217

Mining customs 195
law 201, 222

Minos (pseudo-Platonic dialogue) 24

Mosaic law 60

_Mutuum_ 249

Narada 244

Nationalism in law 39

Natural, meaning of in philosophy of law 31-32

Natural law 25, 31, 35, 40, 41, 45-52, 55, 154, 166, 209, 253,
278, 280
American variant of 50
as a theory of growth 33-34
as deduced from "a free government" 52
as ideal critique 52
economic 205
theory of 42

Natural obligation 250

Natural reason 202

Natural rights 15, 42-43, 55, 83, 92-93, 146, 204, 205
historical-metaphysical theory of 52
theories of 44-45
to produce of labor 209

Nature, meaning of in Greek philosophy 31-32
state of 45

Necessary distinctions 172, 174

Negative community 207

Negligence 119-120, 165, 168, 177, 179, 270, 280
fiction of 179, 180
in speaking 280, 281
_per se_ 179

Neo-Hegelians 94, 98

Neo-Kantians 93, 98

New York, Code of Civil Procedure 105

_Nexum_ 249

_Nomos_, meanings of 22

Noxal liability 159

_Nudum pactum_ 246, 254, 273, 280

Oaths and vows 251

Obligation, civil 252
_ex contractu_ 146, 172
_ex delicto_ 146, 172, 174
_ex uariis causarum figuris_ 16, 172
meaning of 147
moral basis of 250
natural 250, 252-253
nature of 145
oaths as basis of 251-252
_quasi ex contractu_ 257
religious 244
will as basis of 250

Occupation 196, 211
as a legal transaction 213-214

Office or calling, duties attached to 173

Options 272, 274

Ownership, analytical theory of 222-224
development of the idea of 221-231
dogma that everything must be owned 199
things excluded from 199

_Pacta donationis_ 272

Pacts 248, 250, 261, 275

Partition 226-227, 228

Part performance 282

Paul, St. 77

_Peculium_ 227-228

_Pecunia credita_ 249

_Pedis possessio_ 222

Penal treatment, individualizing of 129-130

Penalty, for delict 149
of reparation 149

Personal government 135-136

Personality 191

Pessimism, juristic 57

Petty courts 130, 138

Philosophers, attempt to unify law and law making 19
attempt to reconcile authority with need of change 19
quest for an ultimate solving idea 19

Philosophical thinking, achievements of in law 16-18
as a force in administration of justice 16
needs determining as to law 18
possibilities of in law of contracts 284

Plato 24, 76

Pledge 251

Political interpretation 266

Positivism 54-56

Possession 233-234

Post-Glossators 37

Pothier 45

Primitive law 72-74
faith of in verbal formulas 154

Primogeniture 50

Principles 34, 53, 116

Procedure 111

Proculians 196

Promised advantages 191

Promises, abstract 255, 262, 263
an element in wealth 236
exchange of 254
"from ostentation" 256, 280, 281
moral duty to keep 262
philosophical theory of enforcing 283
simple 275
theories of enforcing 269-276
theory of inherent force of 259-260

Promissory oath 150-151, 251

Property, acquisition of 194-200, 204
analytical theory of 221-224
basis in creation 209
basis in division by agreement 205
basis in economic nature of man 205, 209
community 229
effectiveness of law as to 193
Grotius' theory of 205-207
Hegel's theory of 214-216
historical development of law of 224-232
historical theory of 219, 221-232
household 226-227, 229
inequalities in 215, 221
in natural media of life 201-202
jural postulates of 193, 194
Kant's theory of 210-214
law of 141
Lorimer's theory of 218
medieval theory of 202
metaphysical theories of 210-218
modes of acquiring 194-202
"natural" acquisition of 195
natural-law theories of 204-210
natural limits of right of 195
negative community in 207
philosophical theories of 194 ff.
positive theory of 219-221
psychological theory of 209, 23, 234
restrictions on appropriation of 88
restrictions on use and disposition of 87-88
self-acquired 227-228
seventeenth-century theory of 202
socialization of 233
social-utilitarian theory of 225
sociological theories of 232
Spencer's theory of 219
theories of 202-225
theory of in Anglo-American law 208
theory of in antiquity 202
things not subject to 197
titles to 195-197, 211
twentieth-century theories of 232

Protestant jurist-theologians 39

Psychology 90, 94, 279-280

Publicists, French 110

Public utilities 117, 136
exemption of from competition 88-89
power to contract 187

Pufendorf 207-208

Punitive justice 111
individualization of 134-135

Quasi-delict 161, 162

_Ratio legis_, doctrine of 32, 46

Reason, excessive faith in 39, 46-47

Reform movement, legislative 47, 85

Relations 171
duties attached to 173
economic value of 192
interference with 192
legal protection of 193

Release 272, 274

Religion 242 ff.

Reparation 149

Representation 179

_Res communes_ 197, 198, 199, 207, 210
_extra commercium_ 197, 201, 216, 217
_ipsa loquitur_ 180, 185-186
_nullius_ 199, 205
_publicae_ 198, 210
_religipsae_ 198
_ruinosa_ 162-163
_sacrae_ 198
_sanctae_ 198

Responsibility at one's peril 167

Right, idea of 65
natural and conventional 15, 25-26, 31

Rights, _in personam_ 146
_in rem_ 147

Roman conception of end of law 77-78
jurisconsults 30, 43

Roman law 26, 36, 41, 45, 105-106, 145, 151, 155, 170, 173-174,
195, 199, 200, 225, 228, 245-250, 254, 275
as basis of medieval law 40
as basis of law in XVII and XVIII centuries 41
contribution of to legal philosophy 36

Rousseau 214

Rules 115-116
adapted to commercial transactions 141
adapted to property 141
and discretion 141-143
application of 142
as guides 121
mechanical application of 142-143

Rylands v. Fletcher 168, 182-186

Sabinians 196

Sale 249

Satisfaction of wants, as an ideal 98-99

Savigny, F. C. von 213

Scholastic philosophy 36
permanent contribution of 38

Seals 240, 271, 275
contract under seal 255

Security of transactions 193, 237

Seisin 225

Self help 73

Seller's talk 280

Separation of powers 102-103, 107

Set off 250

Social contract 204

Social control 99, 225

Social engineering 99

Social ideal 56
as a measure of values 98

Social interdependence 232
as a measure of values 98

Social interests 99
in peace and order 148
in security of transactions 237

Social laws 54-55

Social order, feudal 79-80
idealized form of the 35
static 85

Social sciences, unification of 91

Social status quo, as end of law 35-36

Social utilitarianism 92-98

Socialists 209

Society, Greek conception of 79
jural postulates of civilized 169-179
kin-organized 73-74
medieval conception of 79

Sociology 94

_Sophrosyne_ 77

Sovereignty, Byzantine theory of 40

Specification 195

Specific performance 131-132, 238-240

Spencer, Herbert 84, 97, 201, 265
his law of equal freedom 219
his theory of property 219-221

Spirit and letter 154

Standards, legal 51, 114, 116-120, 129, 141

_Stare decisis_ 140

Status to contract 266

Statute of Frauds 282

Statute of Uses 277

Stipulation 246
of counsel 273, 274

Stoics 197

Strict law 33, 101, 112-113, 153, 155, 165, 280

Substance, interests of 139, 225

Super constitution 15, 51

Symbols 248

Teleology, legal 92

Theories of law, elements in 70-71

Third-party beneficiaries 273

Title, by creation 195
by discovery 195
by occupation 196, 211
"natural" 195

"Tort of negligence" 105

Torts 283
development of liability for 164-167
generalization of liability for 167
law of 117, 167
nominate 164, 165, 170, 175, 283

_Traditio_ 249

Trust, constructive 173
gratuitous declaration of 272, 274

Twelve Tables 249

Unjust enrichment 173, 187

Utilitarians 267, 268

Utility 53

Value, criteria of 89, 95-99

Vrihaspati 243

Waiver 272, 274

Wants, as juristic starting point 89-90
limitations on satisfaction of 97-98
satisfaction of 89-90

Warranties 174, 249

Whale fishing 195

Will, as basis of liability 157, 169
as basis of obligation 250
as juristic starting point 84, 89

Will theory 189
of contract 264-265

Williston, S. 282

Wills, harmonizing of 84, 90, 92-93

Workman's compensation 167

STORRS LECTURES

PUBLISHED BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS

THE REFORM OF LEGAL PROCEDURE. By Moorfield Storey.
THE JUDICIARY AND THE PEOPLE. By Frederick N. Judson.
CONCERNING JUSTICE. By Lucilius A. Emery.
WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE BY CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT. By Henry
St. George Tucker.
THE NATURE OF THE JUDICIAL PROCESS. By Benjamin N. Cardozo.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.

2. The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations.

3. The following misprints have been corrected:
"predicability" corrected to "predictability" (page 33)
"Aristole" corrected to "Aristotle" (page 313)

4. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, and hyphenation have been retained.