Chapter III: Part 3

and the prince of sculptors, Michael Angelo, both drew their
inspiration from the contemplation of the art-works of antiquity.
The former was led to improve the art of painting by the frescoes of
the baths of Titus, the latter by the sight of a mere torso imbibed
the principles of proportion and effect which were so admirably
developed in that fragment[26]. And not only the arts of sculpture
and painting, but those which enter into our daily life, are
furthered by the wise consideration of the past. Who can have
witnessed the noble exhibitions in Hyde Park or at Kensington
without feeling how much the objects displayed were indebted to
Hellenic art? In reference to the former of these Mr Wornum says:
“Repudiate the idea of copying as we will, all our vagaries end in a
recurrence to Greek shapes; all the most beautiful forms in the
Exhibition, (whether in silver, in bronze, in earthenware, or in
glass,) are Greek shapes; it is true often disfigured by the
accessory decorations of the modern styles, but still Greek in their
essential form[27].”

Footnote 26:

For this and the preceding facts see the _Museum of Classical
Antiquities_, Vol. I. pp. 13-15. The frescoes of the baths of
Titus have subsequently lost their brilliancy. See Quatremère de
Quincy’s _Life of Raphael_, p. 263. Hazlitt’s Translation.
(Bogue’s European Library).

Footnote 27:

_The Exhibition as a Lesson in Taste_, p. xvii.*** (Printed at the
end of the _Art-Journal Illustrated Catalogue_, 1851).

And yet I must, in concluding this Introductory Lecture, most
strongly recommend to you the study of archæology, not only for its
illustration of ancient literature, not only for its furtherance of
modern art, but also, and even principally, for its own sake. “Hæc
studia adolescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res
ornant, adversis perfugium ac solatium præbent; delectant domi, non
impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur,
rusticantur[28].” Every one who follows a pursuit in addition to the
routine duties of life has, by so doing, a happiness and an
advantage of which others know little. The more elevated the
pursuit, the more exquisite the happiness and the more solid the
advantage. Now if

The proper study of mankind is man,

then most assuredly archæology is one of the most proper pursuits
which man can follow. For she is the interpreter of the remains
which man in former ages has left behind him. By her we read his
history, his arts, his civilisation; by her magical charms the past
rises up again and becomes a present; the tide of time flows back
with us in imagination; the power of association transports us from
place to place, from age to age, suddenly and in a moment. Again the
glories of the nations of the old world shine forth;

Again their godlike heroes rise to view,
And all their faded garlands bloom anew.

Footnote 28:

Cicero _pro Archia poeta_, c. vii.

To adopt and adapt the words of one who is both a learned
archæologist and a learned astronomer of this University, I feel
that I may, under any and all circumstances, impress upon your minds
the utility and pleasure of “every species and every degree of
archæological enquiry.” For “history must be looked upon as the
great instructive school in the philosophical regulation of human
conduct,” as well as the teacher “of moral precepts” for all ages to
come; and no “better aid can be appealed to for” the discovery, for
“the confirmation, and for the demonstration of the facts of
history, than the energetic pursuit of archæology”[29].

Footnote 29:

See an address delivered at an Archæological meeting at Leicester,
by John Lee, Esq., LL.D. (_Journal of Archæol. Association_ for
1863, p. 37).

-------

NOTES.

Pp. 15-20. Nearly everything contained in the text relating to
pre-historic Europe will be found in the _Revue Archéologique_ for
1864, and in Sir C. Lyell’s _Antiquity of Man_, London, 1863; see
also for Thetford, _Antiq. Commun._ Vol. I. pp. 339-341, (Cambr.
Antiq. Soc. 1859); but the following recent works (as I learn from
Mr Bonney, who is very familiar with this class of antiquities) will
also be found useful to the student:

_Prehistoric Times._ By John Lubbock, F.R.S. London, 1865. 8vo.

_The Primeval Antiquities of Denmark._ By Prof. Worsäe. London,
1849. 8vo. (Engl. Transl.).

_Les Habitations Lacustres._ Par F. Troyon. Lausanne, 1860.

_Les Constructions Lacustres du Lac de Neufchâtel._ Par E. Desor.
Neufchâtel, 1864.

_Antiquités Celtiques et Antédiluviennes._ Par Boucher de Perthes.
Paris, 1847.

_Die Pfahlbauten._ Von Dr Ferd. Keller. Ber. I-V. (_Mittheilungen
der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich_). 1854, sqq. 4to.

_Die Pfahlbauten in den Schweizer-Seeen._ Von I. Staub. Zurich,
1864. 8vo.

Besides these there are several valuable papers in the _Transactions
of the Royal, Geological, and Antiquarian Societies_ (by Messrs John
Evans, Prestwich, and others), the _Natural History Review_, and
other Periodicals.

p. 26. For the literature relating to ancient Egypt see Mr R. S.
Poole’s article on Egypt, in Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_, Vol.
I. p. 512.

pp. 29-31. Besides the works of Robinson, De Saulcy, Lewin, Thrupp,
and others, the following books may be mentioned as more especially
devoted to the archæology of Jerusalem:

_The Holy City._ By George Williams, B.D. (Second edition, including
an architectural History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre by the
Rev. Robert Willis, M.A., F.R.S. 1849.)

_Jerusalem Explored._ By Ermete Pierotti. Translated by T. G.
Bonney, M.A. 1864.

_Le Temple de Jérusalem._ Par le Comte Melchior de Vogüé, 1865. The
Count considers none of the present remains of the Temple to be
earlier than the time of Herod.

To these I should add Mr Williams’ and Mr Bonney’s tracts, directed
against the views of Mr Fergusson, in justification of those of Dr
Pierotti.

p. 31, l. 20. From some remarks made to me by my learned friend,
Count de Vogüé, I fear that this is not so certain a characteristic
of Phœnician architecture as has been commonly supposed. He assigns
some of the bevelled stones which occur in Phœnicia to the age of
the Crusades.

p. 31, last line. For the very remarkable Phœnician sarcophagus
discovered in 1855, and for various references to authorities on
Phœnician antiquities, see Smith’s _Dict. of the Bible_, Vol. II. p.
868, and Vol. III. p. 1850.

p. 36. As a general work on Greek and Roman Coins Eckhel’s _Doctrina
Numorum Veterum_ (Vindobonæ, 1792-1828, with Steinbuchel’s
_Addenda_, 8 Vols. 4to.) still remains the standard, though now
getting a little out of date.

The same remark must be made of Mionnet’s great work, _Description
de Médailles Antiques, Grecques et Romaines_, Paris, 1806-1813 (7
Vols.), with a supplement of 9 Vols. Paris, 1818-1837, giving a very
useful _Bibliothèque Numismatique_ at the end; to which must be
added his _Poids des Médailles Grecques_, Paris, 1839. These
seventeen volumes comprise the Greek coins: the other part of his
work, _De la Rareté et du Prix des Médailles Romaines_, Paris, 1827,
in two volumes, is now superseded.

Since Mionnet’s time certain departments of Greek and other ancient
numismatics have been much more fully worked out, especially by the
following authors:

De Luynes (coins of Satraps; also of Cyprus); L. Müller (coins of
Philip and Alexander; of Lysimachus; also of Ancient Africa); Pinder
(Cistophori); Beulé (Athenian coins); Lindsay (Parthian coins);
Longpérier, and more recently Mordtmann (coins of the Sassanidæ);
Carelli’s plates described by Cavedoni (coins of Magna Græcia, &c.);
other works of Cavedoni (Various coins); Friedländer (Oscan coins);
Sambon (coins of South Italy); De Saulcy, Levy, Madden (Jewish
coins); V. Langlois (Armenian, also early Arabian coins); J. L.
Warren (Greek Federal coins; also more recently, copper coins of
Achæan League); R. S. Poole (coins of the Ptolemies); Waddington
(Unedited coins of Asia Minor).

For Roman and Byzantine coins (including Æs grave and Contorniates)
see the works of Marchi and Tessieri, Cohen, Sabatier, and De
Saulcy.

Others, as Prokesch-Osten, Leake, Smyth, Hobler, and Fox, have
published their collections or the unedited coins of them; and all
the numismatic periodicals contain various previously unedited Greek
and Roman and other ancient coins.

p. 40. Fabretti’s work is entitled, _Glossarium Italicum in quo
omnia vocabula continentur ex Umbricis, Sabinis, Oscis, Volscis,
Etruscis, cæterisque monumentis collecta, et cum interpretationibus
variorum explicantur_ (Turin, 1858-1864). Many figures of the
antiquities, on which the words occur, are given in their places.

p. 43. Cromlechs in some, if not in all cases, appear to be the
skeletons of barrows.

p. 44. The following works will be found useful for the student of
early British antiquities:

_Pictorial History of England_, Vol. I. Lond. 1838.

_Archæological Index to remains of Antiquity of the Celtic,
Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon periods._ By J. Y. Akerman, F.S.A.
London, 1847 (with a classified index of the Papers in the
_Archæologia_, Vols. I-XXXI.).

_Ten years’ diggings in Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills in the Counties
of Derby, Stafford, and York, from 1848-1858._ By Thomas Bateman.
London, 1861. A most useful work, which will indicate the existence
of many others. In connection with this see Dr Thurnam’s paper on
British and Gaulish skulls in _Memoirs of Anthropological Soc._ Vol.
I. p. 120.

_The Land’s End District, its Antiquities, Natural History_, &c. By
Richard Edmonds. London, 1862.

_Catalogue of the Antiquities of Stone, Earthen, and Vegetable
Materials, in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy._ By W. B.
Wilde, M.R.I.A. Dublin, 1857.

_The Coins of the Ancient Britons._ By John Evans, F.S.A. The plates
by F. W. Fairholt, F.S.A. London, 1864. By far the best and most
complete work hitherto published on the subject.

Also, the _Transactions_ of various learned Societies in Great
Britain and Ireland, among which the _Archæologia Cambrensis_ is
deserving of special mention.

For the Romano-British Antiquities may be added Horsley’s _Britannia
Romana_, 1732; Roy’s _Military Antiquities of the Romans in
Britain_, 1793; Lysons’ _Relliquiæ Britannico-Romanæ_. London, 1813,
4 Vols. fol.

Monographs on York, by Mr Wellbeloved; on Richborough and other
towns, by Mr C. R. Smith; on Aldborough, by Mr H. E. Smith; on
Wroxeter, by Mr Wright; on Caerleon, by Mr Lee; on Cirencester, by
Messrs Buckman and Newmarch; on Hadrian’s wall, by Dr Bruce; on
various excavations in Cambridgeshire, by the Hon. R. C. Neville.

p. 45. For the Roman Roads, &c. in Cambridgeshire, see Prof. Charles
C. Babington’s _Ancient Cambridgeshire_, Cambr. 1853 (Cambr. Ant.
Soc).

— No doubt need have been expressed about Wroxeter, which should
hardly have been called ‘our little Pompeii’; the area of Wroxeter
being greater, however less considerable the remains. See Wright’s
_Guide to Uriconium_, p. 88. Shrewsbury, 1860. For various examples
of Roman wall-painting in Britain see _Reliq. Isur._ by H. E. Smith,
p. 18, 1852.

p. 46. For Romano-British coins see

_Coins of the Romans relating to Britain, described and
illustrated._ By J. Y. Akerman, F.S.A. London, 1844.

Petrie’s _Monumenta Historica Britannica_, Pl. I-XVII. London, 1848
(for beautiful figures).

Others, published by Mr C. R. Smith in his valuable _Collectanea
Antiqua_; also by Mr Hobler, in his _Records of Roman History,
exhibited on Coins_. London, 1860. Others in the _Numismatic
Chronicle_, in the _Transactions of the Cambridge Antiquarian
Society_, and perhaps elsewhere.

For medieval and modern numismatics in general we may soon, I trust,
have a valuable manual (the MS. of which I have seen) from the pen
of my learned friend, the Rev. W. G. Searle. He has favoured me with
the following notes:

On medieval and modern coins generally we have

Appel, _Repertorium zur Münzkunde des Mittelalters und der neuern
Zeit_, 6 Vols. 8vo. Pesth, 1820-1829.

Barthélémy, _Manuel de Numismatique du moyen âge et moderne_. Paris,
1851. 12mo.

The bibliography up to 1840 we get in

Lipsius, _Biblioth. Numaria_, Leipz. 1801 (2 Vols.) 8vo., and in

Leitzmann, _Verzeichniss aller seit 1800 erschienenen Numism.
Werke_, Weissensee, 1841, 8vo.

On medieval coins, their types and geography, we have

J. Lelewel, _La Numismatique du Moyen-âge, considérée sous le
rapport du type_. Paris, 1835, 2 vols. 8vo. Atlas 4to.

Then there are the great Numismatic Periodicals:

_Revue Numism._ 8vo. Paris, 1836.

_Revue de la Num. Belge_, 8vo. Brussels, 1841.

Leitzmann, _Numismatische Zeitung_, 4to. Weissensee, 1834.

On Bracteates:

Mader, _Versuch über die Bracteaten_. Prague, 1797, 4to.

And the great Coin Catalogues of

Welzl v. Wellenheim. 3 vols. 8vo. Vienna, 1844 ff. (c. 40,000
coins).

v. Reichel at St Petersburgh, in at least 9 parts.

On current coins we have

Lud. Fort, _Neueste Münzkunde_, engravings and descr. 8vo. Leipzig,
1851 ff.

p. 45. For almost everything relating to ivories and for a great
deal on the subjects which follow, see _Handbook of the Arts of the
Middle Ages and Renaissance_, Translated from the French of M. Jules
Labarte, with notes, and copiously illustrated, London, 1855, which
will lead the student to the great authorities for medieval art, as
Du Sommerard, &c. I have also examined and freely used _Histoire des
Arts industriels au moyen âge et à l’époque de la Renaissance_, Par
Jules Labarte. Paris, 1864, 8vo. 2 volumes; accompanied by an album
in quarto with descriptions of the plates, also in two volumes.

p. 47. For examples of medieval calligraphy and illuminations see Mr
Westwood’s _Palæographia Sacra Pictoria_, (Lond. 1845), and his
_Illuminated Illustrations of the Bible_, (London, 1846).

p. 48. A good deal of information about Celtic, Romano-British, and
medieval pottery will be found in Mr Jewitt’s _Life of Wedgwood_,
London, 1865. For ancient pottery in general (excluding however the
medieval) see Dr Birch’s _Ancient Pottery and Porcelain_, London,
1858, which will conduct the student to the most authentic sources
of information. In connection with this should be studied Mr
Bunbury’s article in the _Edinburgh Review_ for 1858, to which Mr
Oldfield’s paper on Sir W. Temple’s vases in the _Transactions of
the Royal Soc. of Lit._ Vol. VI. pp. 130-149 (1859), may be added.

—— For medieval sculpture see Flaxman’s _Lectures_. The ‘horrible
and burlesque’ style of the earlier ages was discarded in the
thirteenth century, when the art revived in Italy. Italian artists
executed various sepulchral statues in this country, which possess
considerable merit, as do others by native artists, but the great
beauty of our sepulchral monuments consists in their architectural
decorations.

p. 49. For the coinage of the British Islands see the works of
Ruding, Hawkins, and Lindsay, also for the Saxon coins found in
great numbers in Scandinavia, Hildebrand and Schröder. Humphreys’
popular work on the coinage of the British Empire, so far as the
plates are concerned, is useful, but the author is deficient in
scholarship.

p. 52. For the statements here made on oil-painting see Bryan’s
_Dict. of Painters and Engravers_, by Stanley, (London, 1849), under
Van Eyck, and Sir C. L. Eastlake’s _Materials for a History of
Oil-painting_. (London 1847.)

p. 53. For medieval brasses, see

Bowtell, _Monumental Brasses and Slabs_. London, 1847, 8vo.

——— _Monumental Brasses of England, a Series of engravings in wood_.
London, 1849.

Haines, _Manual of Monumental Brasses_. 2 parts. London, 1861, 8vo.
This contains also a list of all the brasses known to him as
existing in the British Isles. Mr Way has given an account of
foreign sepulchral brasses in _Archæol. Journ._, Vol. VII.

p. 56. Several English frescoes are described and figured in the
_Journal of the Archæological Association_, passim.

p. 62, l. 13. The omission of ancient costume has been pointed out
to me. The _actually existing_ specimens however are mostly very
late; with the exception of a few articles of dress found in Danish
sepulchres of the bronze period, or in Irish peat bogs of uncertain
date, the episcopal vestments of Becket now preserved at Sens are
the earliest which occur to my recollection; and there are few
articles of dress, I believe, so early as these. However both
ancient and medieval costume is well known from the
_representations_ on monuments of various kinds. See _inter alia_
Hope’s _Costume of the Ancients_; Becker’s _Gallus_ and _Charicles_;
Strutt’s _Dress of the English People_, edited by Planché, (Lond.
1842); Shaw’s _Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages_.

p. 67. The statement about Patin is made on the authority of a note
in Warton’s edition of Pope’s Works, Vol. III. p. 306. (London
1797.)

p. 68. The remark about the crab was made to me by the late Mr
Burgon, and I do not know whether it has ever been printed; its
truth seems pretty certain. For the Rhodian symbol see my paper in
the _Numismatic Chronicle_ for 1864, pp. 1-6.

--------------

_PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION_,

An Introduction to the Study of Greek Fictile Vases; their
Classification, Subjects, and Nomenclature. Being the substance
of the Disney Professor’s Lectures for 1865, and of those which
he purposes to deliver in 1866.

---------------------

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

● Transcriber’s Notes:
○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.
○ Typographical errors were silently corrected.
○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent
only when a predominant form was found in this book.
○ Text that:
was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).